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Sebbag L, Pe’er O. Role of Inflammation in Canine Primary Glaucoma. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:110. [PMID: 38200841 PMCID: PMC10777923 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary glaucoma is a painful, progressive, and blinding disease reported in many canine breeds, characterized by intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation in the absence of antecedent intraocular disease. Clinical observations of dogs with primary glaucoma suggest that many affected eyes develop concurrent intraocular inflammation in addition to elevated IOP. In this work, we summarize the current knowledge that relates inflammation to primary glaucoma in dogs, reviewing studies focused on genetics, physiology, histopathology, bioanalysis of ocular fluids, therapeutics, and clinical outcomes of glaucomatous patients. Through disruption of the blood-aqueous and blood-retinal barriers, pigment dispersion, and biochemical changes to the aqueous humor and tear film, the pathogenesis of canine primary glaucoma appears to involve inflammatory changes to various extents and with various consequences from the front to the back of the eye. Among others, inflammation further impacts IOP by reducing aqueous humor outflow at the level of the iridocorneal angle and accelerates vision loss by promoting neuronal degeneration. As such, the vicious cycle of ocular inflammation and IOP elevation might warrant the use of anti-inflammatory medications as a core component of the treatment regime for dogs with primary glaucoma, either therapeutically (i.e., actively glaucomatous eye) or prophylactically in the yet unaffected contralateral eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Sebbag
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Abstract
This article provides a simplified approach to diagnosis and clinical decision making in cases of canine glaucoma for the general practitioner. An overview of the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology related to canine glaucoma is provided as a foundation. Classifications of glaucoma based on cause are described as congenital, primary, and secondary, and a discussion of key clinical examination findings is provided to guide appropriate therapy and prognostication. Finally, a discussion of emergency and maintenance therapy is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Sandmeyer
- Veterinary Ophthalmology, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada.
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Park S, Casanova MI, Bannasch DL, Daley NL, Kim S, Kuchtey J, Gomes FE, Leonard BC, Good KL, Martins BDC, Murphy CJ, Thomasy SM. Ocular morphologic traits in the American Cocker Spaniel may confer primary angle closure glaucoma susceptibility. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18980. [PMID: 36348026 PMCID: PMC9643544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute primary angle closure glaucoma is a potentially blinding ophthalmic emergency requiring prompt treatment to lower the elevated intraocular pressure in humans and dogs. The PACG in most of canine breeds is epidemiologically similar to humans with older and female patients overrepresented with the condition. The American Cocker Spaniel (ACS) is among the most common breeds observed with PACG development in dogs. This study initially sought to identify genetic risk factors to explain the high prevalence of PACG in ACSs by using a case-control breed-matched genome-wide association study. However, the GWAS failed to identify candidate loci associated with PACG in this breed. This study then assessed intrinsic ocular morphologic traits that may relate to PACG susceptibility in this breed. Normal ACSs without glaucoma have a crowded anterior ocular segment and narrow iridocorneal angle and ciliary cleft, which is consistent with anatomical risk factors identified in humans. The ACSs showed unique features consisting of posterior bowing of iris and longer iridolenticular contact, which mirrors reverse pupillary block and pigment dispersion syndrome in humans. The ACS could hold potential to serve as an animal model of naturally occurring PACG in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwan Park
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - M. Isabel Casanova
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Danika L. Bannasch
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Nicole L. Daley
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Soohyun Kim
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - John Kuchtey
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Filipe Espinheira Gomes
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Ithaca, New York, 14853 USA ,Present Address: Small Animal Specialist Hospital, North Ryde, NSW 2113 Australia
| | - Brian C. Leonard
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kathryn L. Good
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Bianca da C. Martins
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Christopher J. Murphy
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95817 USA
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95817 USA
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Muellerleile LM, Bernkopf M, Wambacher M, Nell B. Topical bevacizumab for the treatment of corneal vascularization in dogs: A case series. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24:554-568. [PMID: 34487608 PMCID: PMC9292418 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effect and safety of topical anti‐human vascular endothelial growth factor bevacizumab in dogs with persistent corneal vascularization. Animals studied Prospective case series of 15 adult dogs (20 eyes). Procedures Dogs received 0.25% bevacizumab eye drops BID for 28 days. Follow‐ups were scheduled 28 days and 6–7 months after treatment start. Macroscopic findings were scored for conjunctival hyperemia, chemosis, ocular discharge, corneal edema, vascularization, and pigmentation. Vascularized area was assessed by analyzing photographs using an imaging software. Results The treatment response was variable. Some cases showed a marked reduction in vascularized area and edema, while other eyes had subtle signs of improvement. Vascularization score decreased from 1.5 to 1.1 and vascularized area was reduced by 48.8% after 28 days. A thinning of vessels, consolidation of areal bleedings into fine vascular networks, decrease in distal vessel branching, and a change from blurry vascularized beds into demarcated thin vessels were observed. One dog developed a SCCED 6 months after the last bevacizumab administration. Two dogs died 4 and 4.5 months after the last bevacizumab administration, aged 16 and 12 years, respectively. In all events, a causal relationship is unlikely but cannot be ruled out with certainty. Conclusions Our findings suggest that topical 0.25% bevacizumab may be an effective treatment option for corneal vascularization in dogs. Further long‐term placebo‐controlled studies with larger patient cohorts are recommended to provide scientific evidence of efficacy and to investigate dosage, safety, possible use as a single treatment, and routes of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Marie Muellerleile
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Bernkopf
- E-Learning and New Media, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Wambacher
- Hospital Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Nell
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Komáromy AM, Koehl KL, Park SA. Looking into the future: Gene and cell therapies for glaucoma. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24 Suppl 1:16-33. [PMID: 33411993 PMCID: PMC7979454 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex group of optic neuropathies that affects both humans and animals. Intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation is a major risk factor that results in the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. Currently, lowering IOP by medical and surgical methods is the only approved treatment for primary glaucoma, but there is no cure, and vision loss often progresses despite therapy. Recent technologic advances provide us with a better understanding of disease mechanisms and risk factors; this will permit earlier diagnosis of glaucoma and initiation of therapy sooner and more effectively. Gene and cell therapies are well suited to target these mechanisms specifically with the potential to achieve a lasting therapeutic effect. Much progress has been made in laboratory settings to develop these novel therapies for the eye. Gene and cell therapies have already been translated into clinical application for some inherited retinal dystrophies and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Except for the intravitreal application of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) by encapsulated cell technology for RGC neuroprotection, there has been no other clinical translation of gene and cell therapies for glaucoma so far. Possible application of gene and cell therapies consists of long-term IOP control via increased aqueous humor drainage, including inhibition of fibrosis following filtration surgery, RGC neuroprotection and neuroregeneration, modification of ocular biomechanics for improved IOP tolerance, and inhibition of inflammation and neovascularization to prevent the development of some forms of secondary glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- András M. Komáromy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kristin L. Koehl
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shin Ae Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Komáromy AM, Bras D, Esson DW, Fellman RL, Grozdanic SD, Kagemann L, Miller PE, Moroi SE, Plummer CE, Sapienza JS, Storey ES, Teixeira LB, Toris CB, Webb TR. The future of canine glaucoma therapy. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:726-740. [PMID: 31106969 PMCID: PMC6744300 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Canine glaucoma is a group of disorders that are generally associated with increased intraocular pressure (IOP) resulting in a characteristic optic neuropathy. Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss in dogs and may be either primary or secondary. Despite the growing spectrum of medical and surgical therapies, there is no cure, and many affected dogs go blind. Often eyes are enucleated because of painfully high, uncontrollable IOP. While progressive vision loss due to primary glaucoma is considered preventable in some humans, this is mostly not true for dogs. There is an urgent need for more effective, affordable treatment options. Because newly developed glaucoma medications are emerging at a very slow rate and may not be effective in dogs, work toward improving surgical options may be the most rewarding approach in the near term. This Viewpoint Article summarizes the discussions and recommended research strategies of both a Think Tank and a Consortium focused on the development of more effective therapies for canine glaucoma; both were organized and funded by the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists Vision for Animals Foundation (ACVO-VAF). The recommendations consist of (a) better understanding of disease mechanisms, (b) early glaucoma diagnosis and disease staging, (c) optimization of IOP-lowering medical treatment, (d) new surgical therapies to control IOP, and (e) novel treatment strategies, such as gene and stem cell therapies, neuroprotection, and neuroregeneration. In order to address these needs, increases in research funding specifically focused on canine glaucoma are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- András M Komáromy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Dineli Bras
- Centro de Especialistas Veterinarios de Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | | | | | - Larry Kagemann
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.,New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul E Miller
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sayoko E Moroi
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Caryn E Plummer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Eric S Storey
- South Atlanta Veterinary Emergency & Specialty, Fayetteville, Georgia
| | - Leandro B Teixeira
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Carol B Toris
- Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Terah R Webb
- MedVet Medical & Cancer Centers for Pets, Worthington, Ohio
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Park SA, Sledge D, Monahan C, Bartoe JT, Komáromy AM. Primary angle-closure glaucoma with goniodysgenesis in a Beagle dog. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:75. [PMID: 30832652 PMCID: PMC6399873 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Open angle glaucoma is the only type of primary glaucoma reported in Beagles. This case report describes a primary angle-closure glaucoma in a Beagle and its diagnostic and prognostic relevance. Case presentation A 12-year-old, neutered male Beagle presented to the Michigan State University (MSU) Comparative Ophthalmology Service for evaluation of suspected visual impairment. Complete ophthalmic examination of the left eye (OS) revealed: blepharospasm, absent menace response, moderate episcleral congestion, mild diffuse corneal edema, mydriasis, asteroid hyalosis, decreased myelination and cupping of the optic nerve head, and mild retinal vascular attenuation. Examinations of the right eye (OD) were within normal limits. Intraocular Pressure (IOP) were 24 mmHg OD and 49 mmHg OS. Gonioscopy OD revealed a narrow iridocorneal angle with moderate pectinate ligament dysplasia characterized by broad-based pectinate ligament strands (fibrae latae) and solid sheets (laminae) throughout all 4 quadrants. DNA testing revealed that the dog did not carry the Gly661Arg ADAMTS10 mutation responsible for primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in Beagles. The OS was medically managed with latanoprost 0.005% and dorzolamide HCl 2% /timolol malate 0.5% ophthalmic solutions for 7 months and then enucleated due to uncontrolled IOP. Histopathologic evaluation was consistent with goniodysgenesis with a broad, non-perforate, sheet-like band of uveal stroma bridging from the base of the iris to the terminal arborization of Descemet’s membrane. Approximately 14 months from the initial diagnosis of glaucoma OS, OD also developed glaucoma and was enucleated. Histopathologic findings were consistent with goniodysgenesis OD. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of PACG with goniodysgenesis in a Beagle supported by clinical, genetic, and histopathologic data. It highlights the importance of gonioscopy in Beagles with glaucoma. Further studies with a larger number of dogs are warranted to characterize clinical manifestations and inheritance of PACG in this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Ae Park
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Dodd Sledge
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Colleen Monahan
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Joshua T Bartoe
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,MPI Research, Mattawan, MI, USA
| | - András M Komáromy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor is Increased in Aqueous Humor of Acute Primary Angle-Closure Eyes. J Glaucoma 2017; 25:e647-51. [PMID: 25719239 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure and compare the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the aqueous humor of patients with acute primary angle closure (APAC), primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), and normal cataract (controls). METHODS Aqueous humor samples were prospectively collected from 38 APAC eyes, 36 PACG eyes, and 25 nonglaucomatous cataract control eyes. The levels of aqueous humor VEGF were measured using enzyme-linked immunoassays. The clinical characteristics of participants were also collected for correlation analysis. RESULTS VEGF was detected in aqueous humor samples of 35 of 38 APAC patients (mean±SE of the mean, 935±258 pg/mL), 30 of 36 PACG patients (165±37.5 pg/mL), and 16 of 25 cataract controls (69.5±13.5 pg/mL). The mean concentration of VEGF in APAC eyes was 13.5 and 5.7 times higher than that in controls and PACG eyes, respectively, and these differences were statistically significant (both P<0.0167). In the correlation analysis that included all participants, the aqueous humor VEGF level was found to correlate negatively with axial length (ρ=-0.342, P=0.001), and positively with intraocular pressure (ρ=0.434, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS VEGF was significantly increased in aqueous humor of APAC eyes. An increase in aqueous humor VEGF may be the result of the characteristic ocular ischemia and hypoxia observed in APAC eyes as a consequence of sudden excessive increases in intraocular pressure during the acute episode.
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Galera PD, Araújo RL, Sant’Ana FJD, Castro MB. Caracterização clínica e histopatológica de bulbos oculares de cães e gatos (2005-2015). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017001000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO: Objetivou-se realizar a caracterização clínica e histopatológica de bulbos oculares de cães e gatos, removidos cirurgicamente por indicação clínica, no período entre 2005-2015. Foram realizados 101 procedimentos de remoção do bulbo ocular, 93 enucleações (92%) e 8 exenterações (8%). Os procedimentos foram realizados em 80 cães, (79% dos casos) e em 21 gatos (21% dos casos). Os cães submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica apresentavam perfurações oculares (n=31, 39%), glaucoma (n=19, 24%), protrusão ocular (n=13, 16%), diagnósticos sugestivos de neoplasia (n=10, 12,5%) e outros (n=3, 2,97%). Dentre os gatos os diagnósticos clínicos compreenderam perfuração ocular (n=9, 49%), glaucoma (n=3, 14,2%), microftalmia (n=3, 14,2%), sugestivo de neoplasia (n=2, 9,5%), protrusão ocular (n=2, 9,5%) e outros (n=2, 9,5%). Vinte e sete amostras de bulbos oculares foram submetidas para avaliação histopatológica, sendo 23 provenientes de cães e quatro de gatos. Dentre as amostras de origem canina, sete exibiram achados histopatológicos compatíveis com glaucoma, sete perfurações oculares, seis neoplasias intraoculares, duas panoftalmites e um quadro de Phthisis bulbi. Nos bulbos oculares de gatos foram diagnosticadas duas neoplasias intraoculares, uma microftalmia e uma perfuração ocular. Constatou-se que o glaucoma secundário, as neoplasias e as perfurações oculares estão entre as principais causas de enucleação em cães, e associadas a alterações primárias como a ceratoconjuntivite seca e as uveítes. Estas afecções, diferentemente das neoplasias, podem ter êxito terapêutico mediante diagnóstico e tratamento precoces, prevenindo a cegueira e a remoção do bulbo ocular.
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Beamer G, Reilly CM, Pizzirani S. Microscopic Lesions in Canine Eyes with Primary Glaucoma. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2016; 45:1213-33, vi. [PMID: 26456753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although the clinical classification of primary glaucoma in dogs is quite simple, the phenotypes of glaucoma in most of the species are indeed multiple. Ophthalmologists can often evaluate the dynamic changes of clinical signs at different times in the course of the disease, whereas pathologists are often presented with globes that have undergone abundant therapies and are at the end stage. Therefore, an open collaboration between clinicians and pathologists can produce the most accurate interpretation in the pathology report and improve patient outcomes. This article focuses on the histomorphologic elements that characterize, and are important to, canine primary glaucomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Beamer
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
| | - Christopher M Reilly
- Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stefano Pizzirani
- Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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12
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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentration in the aqueous humor of healthy and diseased dogs: A preliminary pilot study. J Fr Ophtalmol 2015; 38:288-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Dorbandt DM, Moore PA, Myrna KE. Outcome of conjunctival flap repair for corneal defects with and without an acellular submucosa implant in 73 canine eyes. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 18:116-22. [PMID: 25047064 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report and compare the success rate of a conjunctival pedicle flap (CPF) alone vs. a CPF with an underlying acellular submucosa implant for the repair of deep or perforating corneal wounds in dogs. PROCEDURES Records of 69 dogs (73 eyes) receiving a CPF with or without an acellular submucosa implant between 2004 and 2012 were reviewed. Successful outcome was defined as a comfortable eye with vision at the last post-operative evaluation. Age, breed, underlying corneal disease, surgical time, lesion characteristics, topical therapies, and postoperative complications were investigated. RESULTS Groups consisted of dogs that had a CPF alone (n = 37) and dogs that had a CPF plus an acellular submucosa implant (n = 36). Age, lesion size, surgical time, and time to discontinuation of topical anti-proteolytic medications was not significant between groups. Topical antibiotic use was terminated 13 days sooner (P ≤ 0.01) in dogs with an acellular submucosa implant. The combined success rate of all corneal wounds was 93% with success rate of corneal perforations, descemetoceles, and deep stromal wounds being 89%, 95%, and 100%, respectively. There was no difference in overall success rate between groups. Increasing age was associated with a negative outcome (P ≤ 0.01). Lesion size, presence of a corneal perforation, and concurrent keratoconjunctivitis sicca was not associated with a negative outcome. CONCLUSIONS A comparable success rate is achieved for deep or perforating corneal wounds stabilized with a CPF alone vs. a CPF plus acellular submucosa. Glaucoma, persistent uveitis, and cataract formation were not reported as post-operative complications in this study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Dorbandt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Balicki I, Sobczyńska-Rak A. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor concentration in dogs diagnosed with chronic superficial keratitis. Acta Vet Hung 2014; 62:22-32. [PMID: 24334076 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2013.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to measure the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in dogs diagnosed with chronic superficial keratitis (CSK). The study was performed on 25 German shepherds (14 males and 11 females, aged between 3 and 11 years). The VEGF levels were determined in blood serum using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Quantikine Canine VEGF Immunoassay, R&D Systems). The test group of affected German shepherds was subdivided into two subgroups, based on the area of corneal neovascularisation. The first subgroup (9 patients) comprised dogs with neovascularisation observed in 1 to 2 quadrants of the right and left cornea, while the second subgroup (16 patients) comprised dogs with neovascularisation observed in 3 to 4 quadrants of the right and left cornea. The control group comprised 12 clinically healthy German shepherds (7 males and 5 females, aged between 3 and 9 years). The results were then statistically analysed by the Mann-Whitney test. The study indicated that the median serum VEGF concentration in healthy dogs was 14.9 pg/mL. The VEGF level observed in sick German shepherds was elevated (19.5 pg/mL) as compared to the values found in healthy dogs; however, a statistically significant increase in VEGF concentration, as compared to the values observed in healthy dogs, was only noted in the first subgroup, where the median VEGF concentration was 22.0 pg/mL. Elevated serum VEGF concentration was observed in German shepherds diagnosed with CSK. A statistically significant increase in VEGF levels was observed in dogs in the first stage of the disease, i.e. the early stage of neovascularisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz Balicki
- 1 University of Life Sciences in Lublin Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Gleboka 30 20-612 Lublin Poland
| | - Aleksandra Sobczyńska-Rak
- 1 University of Life Sciences in Lublin Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Gleboka 30 20-612 Lublin Poland
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15
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Scott EM, Esson DW, Fritz KJ, Dubielzig RR. Major breed distribution of canine patients enucleated or eviscerated due to glaucoma following routine cataract surgery as well as common histopathologic findings within enucleated globes. Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 16 Suppl 1:64-72. [PMID: 23406449 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the most significantly represented breeds that were enucleated or eviscerated due to intractable glaucoma following elective cataract surgery and to describe the major histopathologic features of enucleated globes. METHODS A retrospective review of the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin database revealed 153 canine evisceration or enucleation submissions that met inclusion criteria. The most commonly represented breeds were identified, and enucleated globes of these breeds were further evaluated histologically (n = 69). Following standard hematoxylin & eosin staining, globes were evaluated for the presence of; corneal pathology, goniodysgenesis, pigment dispersion, pre-iridal fibrovascular membranes (PIFVMs), peripheral anterior, and/or posterior synechiation, inflammatory infiltrates, lens pathology, retinal pathology, and/or endophthalmitis. RESULTS The most significantly represented breeds were the Cocker Spaniel (11.7%), Boston Terrier (10.5%), Labrador Retriever (6.5%), Bichon Frise (6.5%), Shih Tzu (5.8%), and Jack Russell Terrier (5.8%). Common histopathologic findings included inflammatory keratitis, the presence of PIFVMs, and lymphoplasmacytic uveal infiltrates. CONCLUSIONS The Cocker Spaniel, Boston Terrier, Labrador Retriever, Bichon Frise, Shih Tzu, and Jack Russell Terrier may be at increased risk of the development of glaucoma following elective cataract surgery. These findings have potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Scott
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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