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Machado M, Queiroz-Machado CRR, Gardner DR, Castro MB, Câmara ACL, Pimentel LA, Galiza GJN, Riet-Correa F. Leucaena leucocephala toxicity in Brazilian horses. Toxicon 2024; 240:107655. [PMID: 38382883 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Leucaena leucocephala poisoning is reported in horses in different Brazilian regions. The poisoning occurred one month after the horses were introduced into paddocks invaded by the plant or after 10 days of consuming cut Leucaena administered as the only food. Affected horses showed moderate to severe hair loss on the mane and tail, orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis with marked follicular telogenization, and hyperplasia of thyroid follicular cells. Mimosin concentration in leaves (5.5 mg/g) was determined by a new HLPC-UV method which is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizael Machado
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal (PSA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental del Norte, Tacuarembó, Uruguay.
| | - Cintia R R Queiroz-Machado
- Centro Universitario Regional (CENUR) Noreste, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Dale R Gardner
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, USA
| | - Márcio B Castro
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos L Câmara
- Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Luciano A Pimentel
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Hospital Universitário de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB), Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Glauco J N Galiza
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Saúde Animal, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Animais nos Trópicos, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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2
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Sousa DER, Wilson TM, Macêdo IL, Romano APM, Ramos DG, Passos PHO, Costa GRT, Fonseca VS, Mares-Guia MAMM, Giovanetti M, Alcantara LCJ, de Filippis AMB, Paludo GR, Melo CB, Castro MB. Case report: Urbanized non-human primates as sentinels for human zoonotic diseases: a case of acute fatal toxoplasmosis in a free-ranging marmoset in coinfection with yellow fever virus. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1236384. [PMID: 37670831 PMCID: PMC10475956 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1236384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Free-ranging non-human primates (NHP) can live in anthropized areas or urban environments in close contact with human populations. This condition can enable the emergence and transmission of high-impact zoonotic pathogens. For the first time, we detected a coinfection of the yellow fever (YF) virus with Toxoplasma gondii in a free-ranging NHP in a highly urbanized area of a metropolis in Brazil. Specifically, we observed this coinfection in a black-tufted marmoset found dead and taken for a necropsy by the local health surveillance service. After conducting an epidemiological investigation, characterizing the pathological features, and performing molecular assays, we confirmed that the marmoset developed an acute fatal infection caused by T. gondii in coinfection with a new YF virus South American-1 sub-lineage. As a result, we have raised concerns about the public health implications of these findings and discussed the importance of diagnosis and surveillance of zoonotic agents in urbanized NHPs. As competent hosts of zoonotic diseases such as YF and environmental sentinels for toxoplasmosis, NHPs play a crucial role in the One Health framework to predict and prevent the emergence of dangerous human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi E. R. Sousa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Tais M. Wilson
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Isabel L. Macêdo
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Alessandro P. M. Romano
- Technical Group of Arbovirus Surveillance, General Coordination of Communicable Diseases, Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance, Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Daniel G. Ramos
- Technical Group of Arbovirus Surveillance, General Coordination of Communicable Diseases, Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance, Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Pedro H. O. Passos
- Technical Group of Arbovirus Surveillance, General Coordination of Communicable Diseases, Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance, Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Gabriela R. T. Costa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
- Environmental Health Surveillance Directorate of the Federal District, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Vagner S. Fonseca
- Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marta Giovanetti
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, University of Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Arbovírus e Vírus Hemorrágicos (LARBOH), Instituto Osawldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria B. de Filippis
- Laboratório de Arbovírus e Vírus Hemorrágicos (LARBOH), Instituto Osawldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giane R. Paludo
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Cristiano B. Melo
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Márcio B. Castro
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Machado M, Oliveira LGS, Schild CO, Boabaid F, Lucas M, Buroni F, Castro MB, Riet-Correa F. Lantana camara poisoning in cattle that took refuge during a storm in a forest invaded by this plant. Toxicon 2023; 229:107124. [PMID: 37054993 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of poisoning by Lantana camara occurred in cattle when a herd sought refuge in a Eucalyptus forest heavily infested by this plant. The animals showed apathy, elevated serum activities of hepatic enzymes, severe photosensitivity, jaundice, hepatomegaly and nephrosis. After a clinical manifestation period of 2-15 days, 74 out of 170 heifers died. The main histological changes were random hepatocellular necrosis, cholestasis, biliary proliferation and, in one animal, centrilobular necrosis. Immunostaining for Caspase 3 detected scattered apoptotic hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizael Machado
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Plataforma de Salud Animal, Estación Experimental del Norte, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Luiz G S Oliveira
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Plataforma de Salud Animal, Estación Experimental del Norte, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Carlos O Schild
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Plataforma de Salud Animal, Estación Experimental del Norte, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Fabiana Boabaid
- Polo de Desarrollo Universitario Del Instituto Superior de La Carne, Centro Universitario Regional (CENUR) Noreste, Universidad de La República, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Martín Lucas
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Plataforma de Salud Animal, Estación Experimental del Norte, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Buroni
- División de Laboratorios Veterinarios "Miguel C. Rubino" Regional Norte, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP), Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Márcio B Castro
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Plataforma de Salud Animal, Estación Experimental del Norte, Tacuarembó, Uruguay; Postgraduate Program in Animal Science in the Tropics, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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Nascimento VC, Rodrigues-Santos KC, Carvalho-Alencar KL, Castro MB, Kruger RH, Lopes FAC. Trichoderma: biological control efficiency and perspectives for the Brazilian Midwest states and Tocantins. BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 82:e260161. [PMID: 35946640 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.260161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brazil is one of the world leaders in the agribusiness sector tending to directly influence a growing dependence on imported inputs, specifically synthetic agrochemicals. At the state level, in 2013, Tocantins stood out in first place in the ranking of agrochemical consumers, however, these products can cause several problems, such as poisoning to humans, environmental contamination, and increased resistance to phytopathogens. Biological control is an alternative to the use of agrochemicals towards eliminating pests naturally by using living organisms called Biological Control Agents (BCA). Currently, fungi of the Trichoderma genus are some of the most used organisms in biological pest control for their relevant characteristics that favor them in terms of survival in the environment, such as high capacity to adapt to ecological conditions, potential to colonize the rhizosphere of plants, mycoparasitism, production of volatile and non-volatile metabolites. In addition, it works on plant growth and productivity. In general, the use of Trichoderma favors the control of soil pathogens, such as Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Sclerotinia, and nematodes. Thus, this review aims to demonstrate the importance of using Trichoderma in biological control, as well as to present an overview and perspectives of research developed by respondents in the Brazilian Midwest region and Tocantins state.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Nascimento
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins - UFT, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Porto Nacional, TO, Brasil
| | - K C Rodrigues-Santos
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins - UFT, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Porto Nacional, TO, Brasil
| | - K L Carvalho-Alencar
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins - UFT, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Porto Nacional, TO, Brasil
| | - M B Castro
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins - UFT, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Porto Nacional, TO, Brasil
| | - R H Kruger
- Universidade de Brasília - UnB, Laboratório de Enzimologia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - F A C Lopes
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins - UFT, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Porto Nacional, TO, Brasil
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Machado M, Queiroz CR, Wilson TM, Sousa DE, Soto-Blanco B, Armién AG, Barros SS, Riet-Correa F, Castro MB. Neurological and gastrointestinal manifestations of spontaneous poisoning by Ricinus communis in goats. Toxicon 2022; 214:74-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Machado M, Castro MB, Wilson TM, Gonçalves AAB, Portiansky EL, Riet-Correa F, Barros SS. Poisoning by Nierembergia veitchii: Effects on vascular smooth muscle cells in the pathogenesis of enzootic calcinosis. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:814-823. [PMID: 35587717 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221098430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular mineralization is a hallmark of enzootic calcinosis. Histopathological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical investigations were performed on the external carotid arteries of seven sheep naturally poisoned by Nierembergia veitchii. Histologically, moderate to marked hyperplasia of the tunica intima was observed without mineralization. The tunica media exhibited mild to severe mineralization and osteochondroid metaplasia. Sheep with enzootic calcinosis showed arterial overexpression of osteopontin and tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase and immunolabeling for osteonectin and osteocalcin in both intima and media layers of the tested arteries. The main ultrastructural finding in the tunica media was a marked phenotypic change of vascular smooth muscle cells from a contractile phenotype (VSMC-C) into a synthetic phenotype (VSMC-S). In the tunica media, VSMC-S produced matrix and extracellular vesicles, forming mineralizable granules associated with arterial mineralization. VSMC-S were also present in the tunica intima, but matrix and extracellular vesicles and mineralization were not observed. The absence of matrix and extracellular vesicles in the intimal hyperplasia, even in the presence of noncollagenous bone proteins, tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, and vitamin D receptors, reinforces the hypothesis that the presence of matrix and extracellular vesicles are crucial for the development of vascular mineralization in enzootic calcinosis. It is proposed that the two different VSMC-S phenotypes in calcinosis are due to the expression of at least two genetically different types of these cells induced by the action of 1,25(OH)2D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizael Machado
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | | | | | | | - Enrique L Portiansky
- National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Tacuarembó, Uruguay.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Severo S Barros
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Wilson TM, Machado M, Sousa DER, Laufer-Amorim R, Neto RT, Chagas NTC, Castro MB. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:1-3. [PMID: 34910679 DOI: 10.2460/javma.19.08.0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In collaboration with the American College of Veterinary Pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tais M Wilson
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Mizael Machado
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Davi E R Sousa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Renee Laufer-Amorim
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Nicolas T C Chagas
- Sector of Wild Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Márcio B Castro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
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Machado M, Queiroz CRR, Wilson TM, Sousa DER, Castro MB, Saravia A, Lee ST, Armién AG, Barros SS, Riet-Correa F. Endemic Xanthium strumarium poisoning in cattle in flooded areas of the Araguari River, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Toxicon 2021; 200:23-29. [PMID: 34217747 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe poisoning outbreaks of Xanthium strumarium in cattle on the borders of the Araguari River, Southeastern Brazil. In this region, several hydroelectric plants promote transient flooding, which creates a favorable environment for the invasion of X. strumarium in extensive areas, often as the predominant species in those areas. The outbreaks occurred between July and September (dry season). Bovines of all ages were affected, including suckling animals. Mortality varied from 2% to 5.5%. The animals exhibited ataxia, weakness, loss of balance, recumbency, and the majority were found dead. Laboratory results showed a marked increase in the serum activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase. Histological and ultrastructural changes in the liver consisted of centrilobular necrosis and hemorrhage. On toxicological evaluation, the dicotyledons contained 0.30 μg/mg of atractyloside and 0.37 μg/mg of carboxyatractyloside. Considerable economic loss has occurred in this region due to the lack of knowledge regarding X. strumarium as a toxic plant and its adaptation to the environmental and climatic conditions of the region, which have made the condition endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizael Machado
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Plataforma de Salud Animal, Estación Experimental INIA Tacuarembó, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Cintia R R Queiroz
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tais M Wilson
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Via L4 Norte, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Davi E R Sousa
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Via L4 Norte, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Márcio B Castro
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Via L4 Norte, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Anderson Saravia
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Plataforma de Salud Animal, Estación Experimental INIA La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, USA
| | - Aníbal G Armién
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Severo S Barros
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science in the Tropics, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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Machado M, Castro MB, Gimeno EJ, Barros SS, Riet-Correa F. Enzootic calcinosis in ruminants: A review. Toxicon 2020; 187:1-9. [PMID: 32798504 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Enzootic calcinosis (EC), is a chronic disease, caused by toxic plants, which has mainly affected ruminants for more than 100 years. It is characterized by a soft tissue calcification, hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypoparathiroidism, hypercalcitoninism, osteonecrosis, and osteopetrosis. The toxic compound reported in some of these plants are 1,25(OH)2D3 glycosides. Characterization of calcinogenic principles were performed with Solanum glaucophyllum, Trisetum flavescens, Cestrum diurnum, and Stenotaphrum secundatum. Other plant species involved in EC are: Nierembergia rivularis, Nierembergia veitchii, Solanum torvum, and Solanum stuckertii. Clinical and pathological findings are well characterized. We present different aspects of the pathogenic mechanism of EC, including genetic modulation, expression of bone proteins, cellular de-differentiation of arterial smooth muscle cells, phenotypic changes, production of a calcifiable matrix, and modulation of the calcium and phosphorus balance. The use of comparative pathology can bring significant advances in the understanding of the pathogenic mechanism. In this review we present a broad approach to the different aspects of intoxication: history of EC on different continents; plant species, distribution and morphology; toxic principle; pathogenesis; epidemiology; clinical signs; diagnosis; and control and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizael Machado
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA Tacuarembó, Plataforma de Salud Animal, Ruta 5 Km 386, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Márcio B Castro
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Av. L4 Norte, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Eduardo J Gimeno
- Faculdad de Ciencias Veterinárias, National University of La Plata, Calle 60 y 118, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Severo S Barros
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA Tacuarembó, Plataforma de Salud Animal, Ruta 5 Km 386, Tacuarembó, Uruguay.
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Câmara ACL, Gonzaga MC, Ziober TM, Queiroz CRR, Fino TC, Castro MB, Borges JRJ, Soto-Blanco B. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in 58 ruminants showing neurological disorders. Pesq Vet Bras 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Ruminants may be affected by a wide variety of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis forms the basis for ante mortem diagnostic evaluation of ruminants with clinical signs involving the CNS. Despite its importance as a tool to aid diagnosis, data regarding CSF examinations in spontaneous cases of CNS diseases in ruminants from Brazil are limited, and most reports involve experimental studies. Therefore, this study aimed to report the results of CSF analysis in 58 ruminants showing signs of neurological disorders. CSF samples for analysis were obtained from 32 cattle, 20 sheep, and 6 goats by cerebello-medullary cistern (n=54) or lumbosacral space (n=4) puncture. These ruminants showed neurological signs related to viral (n=13), mycotic (n=3), or bacterial (n=15) infections, and toxic (n=21), traumatic (n=4), or congenital disorders (n=2). CSF analysis from ruminants with viral infections presented lymphocytic pleocytosis, even though CSF showed no changes in several cases of rabies. Neutrophilic pleocytosis, cloudiness, presence of fibrin clots, and abnormal coloration were evident in the CSF of most cases of CNS bacterial infection, such as meningoencephalitis, meningitis, abscesses, myelitis, and a case of conidiobolomycosis. On the other hand, CSF was unchanged in most cases of toxic disorders, as botulism and hepatic encephalopathy. Elevated CSF density was observed in 60% of ruminants diagnosed with polioencephalomalacia. Our findings show that evaluation of CSF is a valuable diagnostic tool when used in association with epidemiological, clinical and pathological findings for diagnosis of CNS diseases in ruminants.
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Sousa DER, Wilson TM, Machado M, Pereira AABG, Costa GRT, Dutra V, Castro MB. Pulmonary actinomycosis in a free-living black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata). Primates 2019; 60:119-123. [PMID: 30635747 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-018-00713-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Actinomycosis is a very rare infection in wild animals with a few reports in captive non-human primates. Herein we report a case of pulmonary actinomycosis in a free-living black-tufted marmoset in the urban area of the Federal District, Brazil. The animal presented severe dyspnea and died in the garden of a residence. At necropsy, the left-pulmonary lobes showed multiple nodules filled with purulent content. A myriad of beaded, branching, filamentous Gram-positive and modified Ziehl-Neelsen-negative bacilli arranged in aggregates or star-like colonies, surrounded by macrophages, neutrophils, and Splendori-Hoepli phenomenon were observed in histological sections of the lungs. According to the pathological findings and characteristic morphotintorial pattern of the infectious agent, pulmonary actinomycosis was diagnosed. Until now, fatal pulmonary actinomycosis had never been reported in free-living Simiiformes. Knowledge about the diseases that affect commensal free-range simians in urban areas forms the basis for actions aimed at conservation of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi E R Sousa
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Via L4 Norte, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Tais M Wilson
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Via L4 Norte, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Mizael Machado
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Via L4 Norte, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandra A B G Pereira
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Via L4 Norte, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriela R T Costa
- Environmental Health Surveillance Directorate of the Federal District (DIVAL), SAAN-Estrada do Contorno do Bosque, lote 04, Brasília, DF, 70790-060, Brazil
| | - Valéria Dutra
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Veterinary Hospital, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Márcio B Castro
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Via L4 Norte, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.
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Labruna MB, Costa FB, Port-Carvalho M, Oliveira AS, Souza SLP, Castro MB. Lethal Fascioliasis in Capybaras ( Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in Brazil. J Parasitol 2018; 104:173-176. [PMID: 29185852 DOI: 10.1645/17-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda: Fasciolidae) causes fascioliasis, which affects mostly domestic ruminants and humans worldwide. This parasite has an Old World origin and was introduced into the New World by European colonizers. Capybara ( Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is the largest living rodent species, with adults weighing over 60 kg. We report a fascioliasis outbreak caused by F. hepatica that reduced a capybara group from 21 to 2 animals within a 9-mo period. Animal infection and associated lesions were confirmed by postmortem examinations that revealed extensive liver damage associated with the presence of large number of adult and immature forms of F. hepatica. Both macroscopic and microscopic alterations in the liver were compatible with acute fascioliasis, which is characterized by a large parasite burden in the liver. Taxonomic identification of flukes collected from capybara livers were confirmed by molecular methods, which generated a mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase I (NDI) gene partial sequence that was 100% identical to a F. hepatica NDI sequence from the United Kingdom. This is the first report of deleterious effects caused by F. hepatica in capybaras, highlighting the potential harm caused by this exotic parasite in the capybara.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Labruna
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - F B Costa
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - M Port-Carvalho
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - A S Oliveira
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - S L P Souza
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - M B Castro
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
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Castro MB, Gracindo CV, Landi MF, Cabral Filho SL, Resende Filho NJ, Lima EM, Riet-Correa F. Sheep adaptation management, and investigation of inherited resistance to prevent Brachiaria spp. poisoning. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
RESUMO: Objetivou-se realizar a caracterização clínica e histopatológica de bulbos oculares de cães e gatos, removidos cirurgicamente por indicação clínica, no período entre 2005-2015. Foram realizados 101 procedimentos de remoção do bulbo ocular, 93 enucleações (92%) e 8 exenterações (8%). Os procedimentos foram realizados em 80 cães, (79% dos casos) e em 21 gatos (21% dos casos). Os cães submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica apresentavam perfurações oculares (n=31, 39%), glaucoma (n=19, 24%), protrusão ocular (n=13, 16%), diagnósticos sugestivos de neoplasia (n=10, 12,5%) e outros (n=3, 2,97%). Dentre os gatos os diagnósticos clínicos compreenderam perfuração ocular (n=9, 49%), glaucoma (n=3, 14,2%), microftalmia (n=3, 14,2%), sugestivo de neoplasia (n=2, 9,5%), protrusão ocular (n=2, 9,5%) e outros (n=2, 9,5%). Vinte e sete amostras de bulbos oculares foram submetidas para avaliação histopatológica, sendo 23 provenientes de cães e quatro de gatos. Dentre as amostras de origem canina, sete exibiram achados histopatológicos compatíveis com glaucoma, sete perfurações oculares, seis neoplasias intraoculares, duas panoftalmites e um quadro de Phthisis bulbi. Nos bulbos oculares de gatos foram diagnosticadas duas neoplasias intraoculares, uma microftalmia e uma perfuração ocular. Constatou-se que o glaucoma secundário, as neoplasias e as perfurações oculares estão entre as principais causas de enucleação em cães, e associadas a alterações primárias como a ceratoconjuntivite seca e as uveítes. Estas afecções, diferentemente das neoplasias, podem ter êxito terapêutico mediante diagnóstico e tratamento precoces, prevenindo a cegueira e a remoção do bulbo ocular.
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Porto MR, Moscardini AR, Novais EP, Cabral Filho SL, Lima EM, Castro MB. Intoxicação natural e experimental por Leucaena leucocephala em equinos. Pesq Vet Bras 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000800008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO: Este trabalho investigou as principais alterações clínicas e dermatopatológicas de equinos intoxicados natural e experimentalmente por Leucaena leucocephala. Os surtos ocorreram nos estados de São Paulo e Goiás, onde seis cavalos após a ingestão de casca e/ou folhas de L. leucocephala apresentaram alopecia, principalmente na crina e cauda. Nesses animais o diagnóstico foi baseado na observação da ingestão da planta e dos sinais clínicos. Nos animais intoxicados experimentalmente, foi realizado o exame clínico, biópsias da pele das regiões de crina, dorso e cauda e foi feita dosagem sérica de tri-iodotironina (T3) e tiroxina (T4). Alopecia da crina e cauda foi o principal sinal clínico observado, seguido de anorexia, emagrecimento e apatia em todos os equinos. Os níveis de T3 e T4 total apresentaram redução significativa (p≤0,05) na terceira semana de ingestão da leucena quando comparado aos níveis basais. As alterações histológicas observadas nas biópsias de pele demonstram acentuada telogenização dos folículos pilosos ao final dos experimentos. Os achados clínico-patológicos em equinos intoxicados são semelhantes aos observados em ruminantes. A intoxicação experimental de equinos por L. leucocephala evidenciou o acentuado declínio dos níveis dos hormônios tireoideanos, sugerindo efeito bociogênico da mimosina e seus compostos derivados, com hipotireoidismo transitório e alopecia devido à acentuada redução da atividade folicular.
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Câmara ACL, Gadelha ICN, Castro MB, Medeiros RMT, Riet-Correa F, Soto-Blanco B. Embryotoxic effects of Poincianella (Caesalpinia) pyramidalis leaves on pregnant rats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:137-142. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638716682564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the embryotoxic and fetotoxic effects of Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L.P. Queiroz (syn. Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul.) leaves on pregnant rats ( Rattus norvegicus). Pregnant rats were divided into 4 groups: G1—fed a ration containing 5% P. pyramidalis leaves beginning on day 1 of pregnancy; G2—fed a ration containing 5% P. pyramidalis leaves commencing on day 6 of pregnancy; G3—fed a ration containing 10% P. pyramidalis leaves starting on day 6 of pregnancy; G4—control group. On day 21 of pregnancy, parameters of reproductive performance were recorded. Fetal growth was measured, and fetuses were subjected to external examination and identification of skeletal anomalies. Rations containing P. pyramidalis resulted in dead or undeveloped fetuses and reduced the number, length, and weight of the fetuses. Rations also increased postimplantation losses and the frequency of skeletal anomalies. Furthermore, P. pyramidalis was also responsible for dose-dependent lesions in the placentas. In conclusion, the ingestion of P. pyramidalis promotes fetal and placental damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Carlos L. Câmara
- Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (Câmara, Gadelha)
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Universidade de Brasília (UNB)
- Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil (Castro)
- Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Medeiros, Riet-Correa)
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Soto-Blanco)
| | - Ivana Cristina N. Gadelha
- Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (Câmara, Gadelha)
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Universidade de Brasília (UNB)
- Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil (Castro)
- Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Medeiros, Riet-Correa)
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Soto-Blanco)
| | - Márcio B. Castro
- Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (Câmara, Gadelha)
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Universidade de Brasília (UNB)
- Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil (Castro)
- Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Medeiros, Riet-Correa)
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Soto-Blanco)
| | - Rosane Maria T. Medeiros
- Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (Câmara, Gadelha)
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Universidade de Brasília (UNB)
- Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil (Castro)
- Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Medeiros, Riet-Correa)
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Soto-Blanco)
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (Câmara, Gadelha)
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Universidade de Brasília (UNB)
- Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil (Castro)
- Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Medeiros, Riet-Correa)
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Soto-Blanco)
| | - Benito Soto-Blanco
- Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (Câmara, Gadelha)
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Universidade de Brasília (UNB)
- Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil (Castro)
- Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Medeiros, Riet-Correa)
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Soto-Blanco)
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Abstract
Abstract The digital cushion is characterized as a modified subcutaneous tissue that absorbs the shock during gait, assists venous return of the hoof and supports a considerable part of body weight. Digital cushions have particular importance in the pathogenesis of the hoof, since they need to properly work in order to prevent compression and traumas in soft tissues. This study aimed to measure and determine how is the arrangement of these structures, and for this it was established the proportions of connective, adipose, vascular tissues and collagen fibers and collagen types found in palmar and plantar digital cushion of bovine using fore and hindlimbs of twelve adult zebu cattle of both sexes, 11 male and one female, with 269kg average carcass weight and without limb disorders. Fragments of cushions were subjected to conventional histology, cut to a thickness of 4µm and stained with Red Picrosirius. With digital optical microscope, the quantification of the connective tissue and differentiation of types of collagen used the Image Pro Plus® software, and of adipose and vascular tissue, the test point system. The mean and standard error were estimated with the GraphPad Prism 5.0 software, and then data were subjected to Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test and Student's t-test with significance level set at 5% for determining the amount of different tissues between fore and hindlimbs of studied animals. In forelimbs the mean and standard error of the connective tissue proportion was 50.10%+1.54, of the adipose tissue was 21.34%+1.44, and of vascular tissue was 3.43%+0.28. Hindlimbs presented a proportion of connective tissue of 61.61%+1.47, 20.66%+1.53 of adipose tissue, and 3.06%+0.20 of vascular tissue. A significant difference (p<0.001) was detected in the connective tissue proportion between fore and hindlimbs. Types I and II collagen fibers have presented, respectively, a proportion of 31.89% and 3.9% in forelimbs and 34.05% and 1.78% in hindlimbs. According to the used methodology, digital cushions had a clear differentiation relative to adipose tissue between fore and hindlimbs.
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Mustafa VS, Guedes KM, Lima EM, Borges JR, Castro MB. Doenças da cavidade nasal em pequenos ruminantes no Distrito Federal e no Estado de Goiás. Pesq Vet Bras 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2015000700005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resumo As enfermidades que acometem a cavidade nasal de pequenos ruminantes podem causar prejuízos aos rebanhos de ovinos e caprinos na região central do Brasil. Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo dos laudos de necropsia do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade de Brasília (LPV-UnB) nos anos de 2003 a 2014 para verificar a ocorrência das doenças que acometeram a cavidade nasal de pequenos ruminantes. Foram analisados 463 protocolos de ovinos e 75 de caprinos totalizando 538 casos. Seis ovinos (6/463 1,29%) foram necropsiados com rinite granulomatosa micótica ou oomicótica e 22 animais do estudo (22/538; 4,08%) tiveram o diagnóstico de oestrose, sendo 86,36% ovinos e 13,64% caprinos. As rinites piogranulomatosas em ovinos ocorreram em áreas alagadas, com abundante material vegetal em decomposição. Os ovinos com pitiose rinofacial apresentaram como principais alterações aumento de volume na região nasal devido a extensas lesões granulomatosas associadas a necrose tecidual, caracterizadas por inúmeros macrófagos e polimorfonucleares circundando centros necróticos contendo o agente envolto por reação de Splendore-Hoeppli. Os ovinos com conidiobolomicose exibiram extensas áreas de necrose e inflamação piogranulomatosa, associadas à presença de hifas fúngicas na nasofaringe e também na região peribulbar e exoftalmia. A maioria dos animais com oestrose não apresentou alterações clínico-patológicas significativas, apesar de serem encontradas larvas principalmente nos seios e conchas nasais, traqueia e seio paranasal. A importância dessas enfermidades ainda é pouco conhecida na região, sendo de grande relevância que as condições clínico-patológicas e epidemiológicas sejam elucidadas para o diagnóstico, o controle e a prevenção, para evitar a expansão e prejuízos para os rebanhos.
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Barbosa EDF, Cardoso SP, Salomon Cabral Filho SL, Borges JRJ, Mendes de Lima EM, Riet-Correa F, Castro MB. Sinais clínicos e patologia da intoxicação crônica experimental de caprinos por Palicourea marcgravii. Pesq Vet Bras 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2015000300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Palicourea marcgravii é considerada a principal planta tóxica de interesse pecuário no Brasil, porém, até o momento, é conhecido apenas o quadro agudo da intoxicação. Esse estudo avaliou as alterações clínico-patológicas de 10 caprinos cronicamente intoxicados por P. marcgravii. Os animais receberam, diariamente, 0,2g/kg de peso corporal da planta fresca por 6 a 38 dias. Os caprinos apresentaram como principais sinais clínicos anorexia, apatia, taquicardia, arritmia, pulso venoso jugular positivo e decúbito. Nas necropsias, os achados macroscópicos foram hidropericárdio, palidez dos rins e do miocárdio, atrofia gelatinosa da gordura cardíaca, evidenciação do padrão lobular hepático e edema pulmonar. Os principais achados microscópicos foram tumefação e vacuolização de cardiomiócitos, necrose de fibras cardíacas e infiltrado inflamatório mononuclear no miocárdio. Nos rins foi encontrada marcante degeneração hidrópico-vacuolar difusa. Os achados demonstraram nos caprinos cronicamente intoxicados, quadro clínico-patológico com características distintas do observado na forma aguda da intoxicação por P. marcgravii. Essas observações comprovam o risco para caprinos da ingestão da planta, mesmo que em pequenas doses, resultando no surgimento de quadro clínico e graves lesões ainda pouco conhecidas, e que poderiam ser confundidas com outras enfermidades.
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Mustafa VS, Moscardini ARC, Borges JR, Reckziegel GC, Riet-Correa F, Castro MB. Intoxicação natural por Brachiaria spp. em ovinos no Brasil Central. Pesq Vet Bras 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2012001200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brachiaria spp. é a principal forrageira utilizada para ruminantes no Brasil Central, mas a sua toxicidade, devida à presença de saponinas esteroidais, torna-se um importante entrave à sua utilização. Neste trabalho descrevem-se 34 surtos e um foco de intoxicação por Brachiaria spp em ovinos, que ocorreram em diferentes épocas do ano. A morbidade geral foi de 23,2% e a letalidade foi 88,3%. O tempo que os animais permaneceram no pasto até o surgimento dos sinais clínicos da intoxicação por Brachiaria spp. variou de 15 dias até mais de 12 meses. Em 90,1% dos surtos os animais eram menores de 12 meses de idade. O curso clínico da intoxicação variou de 2 a 45 dias. Os sinais clínicos e as lesões macroscópicas foram características de fotossenssibilização hepatógena, no entanto, nos casos mais agudos não foram observadas dermatite nem icterícia, ocorrendo severo edema em face e orelhas. Na histologia do fígado as lesões mais características foram a presença de macrófagos com citoplasma espumoso, encontrados principalmente nos sinusoides hepáticos e, às vezes, com imagens negativas de cristais acutiformes no citoplasma. Em oito das 11 fazendas visitadas os surtos ocorreram em pastagens de Brachiaria decumbens; em duas em pastagens de B. brizantha e uma em pastagem de B. decumbens, B. humidicola e Andropogon sp. As concentrações de saponinas nas pastagens, em 5 surtos, variou de 0.3% a 2.56%. As informações geradas neste trabalho permitem a proposta de medidas para controle e profilaxia da intoxicação por Brachiaria spp. no Brasil Central.
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Guedes KM, Colodel EM, Castro MB, Souza MA, Arruda LP, Dianezi DM, Borges JRJ, Riet-Correa F. Calcinose enzoótica em ruminantes no Brasil Central. Pesq Vet Bras 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2011000800002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A calcinose enzoótica é uma enfermidade caracterizada por mineralização de artérias e tecidos moles, osteopetrose, hipercalcemia e hiperfosfatemia. Neste trabalho descreve-se uma calcinose enzoótica em ruminantes no Mato Grosso, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Tocantins e no Distrito Federal, em campos onde não foi encontrada nenhuma das plantas calcinogênicas conhecidas. Os primeiros casos foram diagnosticados em 2004, e até 2010 foram necropsiados 86 casos da doença provenientes de 42 propriedades. Trinta e três propriedades foram visitadas, e em 32 os pastos eram caracterizados por moderada a acentuada degradação e invasão por plantas daninhas. A doença foi diagnosticada em ovinos em 19 fazendas, em bovinos em 17, em caprinos em 5 e em uma fazenda foram afetados tanto caprinos quanto ovinos. Animais adultos foram mais acometidos, mas a doença foi observada, também, em animais lactentes. A enfermidade foi observada durante todo o ano, mas a maioria dos surtos ocorreu nos meses de maior índice pluviométrico. Em duas fazendas foram determinados, mensalmente, os níveis séricos de Ca e P observando-se uma elevação significativa dos mesmos durante o período de chuvas. Os principais sinais clínicos observados foram de emagrecimento progressivo, caquexia e flexão de membros anteriores, com andar rígido. As principais lesões macroscópicas e histológicas foram de mineralização das artérias, valvas cardíacas, pulmões e rins. Sugere-se que a doença é provocada por uma planta calcinogênica ainda desconhecida. Mesmo sem conhecer a causa da calcinose recomenda-se evitar o pastejo de ruminantes em áreas degradadas e reformar pastagens degradadas.
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Wright SA, Tucker JR, Donohue AM, Castro MB, Kelley KL, Novak MG, Macedo PA. Avian hosts of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) and the detection of Borrelia burgdorferi in larvae feeding on the Oregon junco. J Med Entomol 2011; 48:852-859. [PMID: 21845945 DOI: 10.1603/me11001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Larval and nymphal western blacklegged tick, Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls (Acari: Ixodidae), were collected from birds, rodents, and lizards at Quail Ridge Reserve located in Napa County in northwestern California. Species from three vertebrate classes were sampled simultaneously from two transects during two consecutive spring seasons. Feeding larval and nymphal ticks were removed and preserved for counting, examination and testing for the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner. Mean infestations with I. pacificus subadults on lizards were 10.0, on birds 2.9, and on rodents 1.3. I. pacificus larvae (204) collected from 10 avian species and (215) collected from two rodent species were tested for the presence of B. burgdorferi s.s. via real-time polymerase chain reaction. Three B. burgdorferi-infected larvae were taken from two Junco hyemalis and two infected larvae from one Neotoma fuscipes Baird. This is the detection of B. burgdorferi ss in an Ixodes pacificus larvae feeding on a Junco hyemalis L., [corrected] in western North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Wright
- Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District, 8631 Bond Rd., Elk Grove, CA 95624, USA.
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Szabó MPJ, Pereira LDF, Castro MB, Garcia MV, Sanches GS, Labruna MB. Biology and life cycle of Amblyomma incisum (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Appl Acarol 2009; 48:263-271. [PMID: 19130270 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-008-9234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Amblyomma incisum Neumann is a major tick species in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Tapir is the main host for adult ticks and a high aggressiveness of nymphs to humans has been reported. In this work data on the biology and life cycle of this tick species is presented for the first time. It was shown that horse is a suitable host for A. incisum adults and rabbit for larvae and nymphs. It was also shown that A. incisum is a big tick species (mean engorged female weight of 1.96 g) with a long life cycle which lasts 262.3 days when maintained at 27 degrees C and 85% RH. These laboratory conditions were, however, inappropriate and egg hatching rate (1.2%) was very low. Nevertheless egg hatching of ticks in a forest patch increased considerably (72.2%) indicating that this A. incisum population is highly dependent on a forest-like environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Pablo J Szabó
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, Campus Umuarama-Bloco 2T, Uberlândia, MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil.
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Szabó MPJ, Labruna MB, Garcia MV, Pinter A, Castagnolli KC, Pacheco RC, Castro MB, Veronez VA, Magalhães GM, Vogliotti A, Duarte JMB. Ecological aspects of the free-living ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on animal trails within Atlantic rainforest in south-eastern Brazil. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2009; 103:57-72. [PMID: 19173777 DOI: 10.1179/136485909x384956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In a recent ecological study of the ticks on animal trails within an area of Atlantic rainforest in south-eastern Brazil, Amblyomma aureolatum, A. brasiliense, A. incisum, A. ovale and Haemaphysalis juxtakochi were found questing on the vegetation. Most of the ticks recorded by a small, man-made dam on the forest border were A. dubitatum but a few A. brasiliense and A. cajennense, one A. incisum and one H. juxtakochi were also found. The seasonal activity of the ticks indicated that A. incisum and A. brasiliense had one generation/year. On the animal trails, most tick species and stages quested on the vegetation at a height of 30-40 cm above ground level. The questing larvae and adults of A. incisum tended to be found higher, however, with the greatest numbers recorded 40-50 cm (larvae) or 60-70 cm (adults) above ground level. Most of the adult ticks (81.1%-100%), nymphs (78.6%-100%) and larval clusters (100%) found on a forest trail remained questing at the same location over a 24-h period. Carbon-dioxide traps in the rainforest attracted <50% of the ticks observed questing on the nearby vegetation and, curiously, the CO2 traps set deep in the forest attracted far fewer ticks than similar traps set by the dam. The ecological relationships between the ticks, their hosts and the rainforest environment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P J Szabó
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Avenida Pará, 1720, Campus Umuarama - Bloco 2T, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
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Furtado RA, Rodrigues EP, Araújo FRR, Oliveira WL, Furtado MA, Castro MB, Cunha WR, Tavares DC. Ursolic acid and oleanolic acid suppress preneoplastic lesions induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in rat colon. Toxicol Pathol 2008; 36:576-80. [PMID: 18467683 DOI: 10.1177/0192623308317423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) are pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds found in plants used in the human diet and in medicinal herbs, in the form of aglycones or as the free acid. These compounds are known for their hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, antimutagenic, antioxidant, and antifertility activities. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of UA and OA on the formation of 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine (DMH)-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the colon of the male Wistar rat. The animals received subcutaneous (sc) injections of DMH (40 mg/kg body weight) twice a week for two weeks to induce ACF. UA, OA and a mixture of UA and OA were administered to the rats five times a week for four weeks by gavage at doses of 25 mg/kg body weight/day each, during and after DMH treatment. All animals were sacrificed in week 5 for the evaluation of ACF. The results showed a significant reduction in the frequency of ACF in the group treated with the triterpenoid compounds plus DMH when compared to those treated with DMH alone, suggesting that UA and OA suppress the formation of ACF and have a protective effect against colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Furtado
- Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 Parque Universitário, Franca-SP, Brazil
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Szabó MPJ, Castro MB, Ramos HGC, Garcia MV, Castagnolli KC, Pinter A, Veronez VA, Magalhães GM, Duarte JMB, Labruna MB. Species diversity and seasonality of free-living ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in the natural habitat of wild Marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) in Southeastern Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2006; 143:147-54. [PMID: 16962241 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the presence and seasonal activity of free-living ticks in remaining marsh areas by the Paraná river, in Brazil. Eight field trips (once per season) for collection of ticks were performed during 2 years. Using CO2 traps, dragging, and visual inspection of vegetation, five free-living tick species were collected, in the following order of abundance: Amblyomma cajennense, Amblyomma dubitatum, Amblyomma triste, Amblyomma coelebs, and Amblyomma nodosum. The seasonal pattern of A. cajennense was characterized by the highest peaks for adult ticks in the summer/spring months, for nymphs in the winter and for larvae in the autumn and winter. A. dubitatum and A. triste presented similar seasonal patterns characterized by peaks of adult ticks in the autumn. Nymphs of A. dubitatum peaked in the winter of the first year and in the winter/spring of the second year. A. triste was the only species to be collected in significantly higher numbers in the marsh than in surrounding drier areas such as forest patches. Among domestic animals living close the marsh areas, horses were infested by Anocentor nitens, A. cajennense, and Boophilus microplus, bovines were infested solely by B. microplus, and dogs were infested by Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Adults of A. triste showed to be well adapted to the marsh environment. This result, at least partially, explains local previous observations on the association of A. triste with marsh deer, as this vertebrate host inhabits mainly the marsh area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias P J Szabó
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720/Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2T, CEP 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ocular conjunctivas of healthy dogs were studied by conjunctival impression cytology for evaluation of feasibility, protocol standardization, and normal cytologic pattern recognition of this technique. ANIMALS STUDIED Twenty healthy, adult, cross-breed dogs. PROCEDURES Samples of the bulbar conjunctiva were collected after instillation of topical anesthetic drops at the ocular surface. Impression cytology was performed by applying asymmetric strips of Millipore filter on the superior temporal bulbar conjunctiva near the limbus. The filter strip was gently pressed against the conjunctiva for 5 s and removed with a peeling motion. Samples were immediately fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol, stained with periodic acid-Schiff and hematoxylin, and mounted on slides cover-slipped using synthetic resin. The slides were examined by light microscopy. RESULTS Microscopic examination of the impressions revealed superficial, intermediate and basal epithelial cells arranged in sheets. Keratinized epithelial cells, goblet cells and leukocytes, as well as cellular debris and mucus were observed. CONCLUSIONS Feasibility of impression cytology for sampling the bulbar conjunctiva of the dog and the standardization the the proposed protocol was shown. The results allowed the recognition the the normal cytologic pattern of healthy conjunctivas in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline A Bolzan
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Szabó MPJ, Labruna MB, Castagnolli KC, Garcia MV, Pinter A, Veronez VA, Magalhães GM, Castro MB, Vogliotti A. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing humans in an Atlantic rainforest reserve of Southeastern Brazil with notes on host suitability. Exp Appl Acarol 2006; 39:339-46. [PMID: 16900313 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-006-9013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/04/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
While conducting projects on ticks from deer and on tick ecology in animal trails in an Atlantic rainforest reserve in Southeastern Brazil, researchers of our group were bitten by ticks several times. Some of these episodes were recorded. Three species of adult ticks attached to humans: Amblyomma brasiliense Aragão, Amblyomma incisum Neumann, and Amblyomma ovale Koch. Eight nymphal attachments with engorgement on humans were recorded. From these, six molted to adults of A. incisum, one to an adult of A. brasiliense, and one had an anomalous molting, therefore the adult tick could not be properly identified. Local reactions to tick attachment varied among individual hosts from almost imperceptible to intense. Especially itching, but hyperemia and swelling as well, were prominent features of the reaction. Overall it can be affirmed that human beings can be a physiologically suitable host species for ticks in the Atlantic rainforest and that itching was an important if not the major component of the resistance to tick bite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias P J Szabó
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, Campus Umuarama-Bloco 2T, Uberlândia, MG, CEP 38400-902, Brasil.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Castro
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Service, University of Franca, Av Dr Armando Salles de Oliveira 201, CEP 14404-600, Franca, SP, Brazil
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Castro MB, Nicholson WL, Kramer VL, Childs JE. Persistent infection in Neotoma fuscipes (Muridae: Sigmodontinae) with Ehrlichia phagocytophila sensu lato. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001; 65:261-7. [PMID: 11693866 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Dusky-footed wood rats (Neotoma fuscipes Baird) and two species of Peromyscus mice (P. maniculatus Wagner and P. truei Shufeldt) were collected over a 16-month period from three sites in Sonoma County, California. Blood was collected from 93 wood rats and 177 mice and serum or plasma was tested for seroreactivity with Ehrlichia phagocytophila sensu lato (also known as the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent). Thirty-five (37.6%) wood rats and 15 (8.5%) mice were seropositive. Positive Neotoma serology by site ranged from 9.4% to 62.1%. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for the Ehrlichia groESL heat shock operon was performed on all the seropositive and selected seronegative wood rats; 24 (68.6%) seropositive animals were PCR positive. Two seroconversions and no seroreversions were detected among 18 of the seropositive wood rats that were recaptured and tested multiple times (range = 2-6). Fourteen (77.8%) of the 18 were also PCR positive with six of these positive at every testing point (range = 2-6). One wood rat remained serologically and PCR positive in six specimens collected over a 14-month period. One male of 84 questing adult Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls collected was PCR-positive for E. phagocytophila. Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, was cultured from ear punch biopsies from six of seven E. phagocytophila seropositive and one of four seronegative wood rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Castro
- Vector-Borne Disease Section, Division of Communicable Disease Control, California Department of Health Services, Santa Rosa 95404, USA
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Schaffel R, Nucci M, Portugal R, Castro MB, Ferreira SB, Almeida L, Spector N, Pulcheri W. Thiabendazole for the treatment of strongyloidiasis in patients with hematologic malignancies. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31:821-2. [PMID: 11017840 DOI: 10.1086/314023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 21 patients with hematologic malignancies were given thiabendazole for treatment of strongyloidiasis. Fifteen patients were cured. Since there were no relapses, it is unlikely that maintenance therapy has a role in the management of strongyloidiasis in this population of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schaffel
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Nicholson WL, Castro MB, Kramer VL, Sumner JW, Childs JE. Dusky-footed wood rats (Neotoma fuscipes) as reservoirs of granulocytic Ehrlichiae (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae) in northern California. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:3323-7. [PMID: 10488199 PMCID: PMC85556 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.10.3323-3327.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dusky-footed wood rats (Neotoma fuscipes) and Peromyscus sp. mice (P. maniculatus and P. truei) were collected from one site in Placer County, one site in Santa Cruz County, and two sites in Sonoma County in northern California. Serum or plasma samples from 260 rodents were tested for antibodies to the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Of these, samples from 25 wood rats (34% of those tested) and 10 (8%) Peromyscus sp. mice were found to be seropositive, but only those from one site. PCR assays targeting the groESL heat shock operon were conducted on all seropositive specimens and a subset of seronegative blood specimens. Ehrlichial DNA was identified in 17 (68%) of the 25 seropositive wood rat blood samples and in 1 of the 10 (10%) Peromyscus sp. specimens. None of 40 seronegative blood samples was PCR positive. Both seropositive and PCR-positive animals were collected during each trapping period. One male tick out of 84 Ixodes pacificus adults collected was PCR positive; samples of Dermacentor occidentalis nymphs and adults were negative. Nucleotide sequences of amplicons from three wood rat blood specimens and from the single PCR-positive tick differed by one and two bases, respectively, from a sequence previously obtained from Ehrlichia equi. At one site in Sonoma County, wood rats had a concurrent high prevalence of seropositivity and PCR positivity, while other sigmodontine rodents collected at the site were only occasionally infected. We suggest that dusky-footed wood rats serve as reservoirs of granulocytic ehrlichial agents in certain areas of northern California. The tick species involved in the transmission of granulocytic ehrlichiae among wood rats remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Nicholson
- Viral and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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Malm O, Branches FJ, Akagi H, Castro MB, Pfeiffer WC, Harada M, Bastos WR, Kato H. Mercury and methylmercury in fish and human hair from the Tapajós river basin, Brazil. Sci Total Environ 1995; 175:141-50. [PMID: 8560242 DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Mercury is being released in the Amazon in an abusive way due to goldmining activities. The Tapajós river basin was the first to be intensively exploited in the modern Amazon gold rush. Fish and hair samples as the best indicators of human methylmercury contamination were investigated in the main cities and villages along the Tapajós river basin. The upper basin has typical fish fauna with much larger carnivorous fish with higher mercury levels reaching an average value of 0.69 microgram.g-1 wet wt. in 43 fish. This was accompanied by high levels in hair of the human population living in the same area. The maximum hair value reach 151 micrograms.g-1 dry wt. with two villages presenting an average value close to 25 micrograms.g-1 dry wt. An analytical laboratory intercalibration exercise was performed between Japanese and Brazilian laboratories for total mercury analysis. Critical fish, areas, and more exposed human groups are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Malm
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Ilha do Fundão, Brasil
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Martínez AH, Castro MB, Zabala Suárez JE. [Evaluation of the indirect hemagglutination test for trichinosis]. Rev Argent Microbiol 1980; 12:71-8. [PMID: 7348319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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