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Abstract
In this chapter I describe Tumour Immune Escape mechanisms associated with MHC/HLA class I loss in human and experimental tumours. Different altered HLA class-I phenotypes can be observed that are produced by different molecular mechanisms. Experimental and histological evidences are summarized indicating that at the early stages of tumour development there is an enormous variety of tumour clones with different MHC class I expression patterns. This phase is followed by a strong T cell mediated immune-selection of MHC/HLA class-I negative tumour cells in the primary tumour lesion. This transition period results in a formation of a tumour composed only of HLA-class I negative cells. An updated description of this process observed in a large variety of human tumors is included. In the second section I focus on MHC/HLA class I alterations observed in mouse and human metastases, and describe the generation of different tumor cell clones with altered MHC class I phenotypes, which could be similar or different from the original tumor clone. The biological and immunological relevance of these observations is discussed. Finally, the interesting phenomenon of metastatic dormancy is analyzed in association with a particular MHC class I negative tumor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Garrido
- Departamento de Analisis Clinicos e Inmunologia, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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Crochiere M, Kashyap T, Kalid O, Shechter S, Klebanov B, Senapedis W, Saint-Martin JR, Landesman Y. Deciphering mechanisms of drug sensitivity and resistance to Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export (SINE) compounds. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:910. [PMID: 26573568 PMCID: PMC4647283 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exportin 1 (XPO1) is a well-characterized nuclear export protein whose expression is up-regulated in many types of cancers and functions to transport key tumor suppressor proteins (TSPs) from the nucleus. Karyopharm Therapeutics has developed a series of small-molecule Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export (SINE) compounds, which have been shown to block XPO1 function both in vitro and in vivo. The drug candidate, selinexor (KPT-330), is currently in Phase-II/IIb clinical trials for treatment of both hematologic and solid tumors. The present study sought to decipher the mechanisms that render cells either sensitive or resistant to treatment with SINE compounds, represented by KPT-185, an early analogue of KPT-330. METHODS Using the human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line, resistance to SINE was acquired over a period of 10 months of constant incubation with increasing concentration of KPT-185. Cell viability was assayed by MTT. Immunofluorescence was used to compare nuclear export of TSPs. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and immunoblots were used to measure effects on cell cycle, gene expression, and cell death. RNA from naïve and drug treated parental and resistant cells was analyzed by Affymetrix microarrays. RESULTS Treatment of HT1080 cells with gradually increasing concentrations of SINE resulted in >100 fold decrease in sensitivity to SINE cytotoxicity. Resistant cells displayed prolonged cell cycle, reduced nuclear accumulation of TSPs, and similar changes in protein expression compared to parental cells, however the magnitude of the protein expression changes were more significant in parental cells. Microarray analyses comparing parental to resistant cells indicate that a number of key signaling pathways were altered in resistant cells including expression changes in genes involved in adhesion, apoptosis, and inflammation. While the patterns of changes in transcription following drug treatment are similar in parental and resistant cells, the extent of response was more robust in the parental cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that SINE resistance is conferred by alterations in signaling pathways downstream of XPO1 inhibition. Modulation of these pathways could potentially overcome the resistance to nuclear export inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Crochiere
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA.
| | - Trinayan Kashyap
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA.
| | - Ori Kalid
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA.
| | - Sharon Shechter
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA.
| | - Boris Klebanov
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA.
| | - William Senapedis
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA.
| | | | - Yosef Landesman
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA 02459, USA.
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Lakshmanan I, Ponnusamy MP, Macha MA, Haridas D, Majhi PD, Kaur S, Jain M, Batra SK, Ganti AK. Mucins in lung cancer: diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. J Thorac Oncol 2015; 10:19-27. [PMID: 25319180 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of mucins is associated with cancer development and metastasis. An overexpression of few mucins contributes to oncogenesis by enhancing cancer cell growth and providing constitutive survival signals. This review focuses on the importance of mucins both in the normal bronchial epithelial cells and the malignant tumors of the lung and their contribution in the diagnosis and prognosis of lung cancer patients. During lung cancer progression, mucins either alone or through their interaction with many receptor tyrosine kinases mediate cell signals for growth and survival of cancer cells. Also, stage-specific expression of certain mucins, like MUC1, is associated with poor prognosis from lung cancer. Thus, mucins are emerging as attractive targets for developing novel therapeutic approaches for lung cancer. Several strategies targeting mucin expression and function are currently being investigated to control lung cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imayavaramban Lakshmanan
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, †Department of Pathology and Microbiology, ‡Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, §Department of Internal Medicine, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska, and ‖Division of Oncology-Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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Kortenhorst MSQ, Wissing MD, Rodríguez R, Kachhap SK, Jans JJM, Van der Groep P, Verheul HMW, Gupta A, Aiyetan PO, van der Wall E, Carducci MA, Van Diest PJ, Marchionni L. Analysis of the genomic response of human prostate cancer cells to histone deacetylase inhibitors. Epigenetics 2013; 8:907-20. [PMID: 23880963 DOI: 10.4161/epi.25574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have emerged as important targets for cancer treatment. HDAC-inhibitors (HDACis) are well tolerated in patients and have been approved for the treatment of patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). To improve the clinical benefit of HDACis in solid tumors, combination strategies with HDACis could be employed. In this study, we applied Analysis of Functional Annotation (AFA) to provide a comprehensive list of genes and pathways affected upon HDACi-treatment in prostate cancer cells. This approach provides an unbiased and objective approach to high throughput data mining. By performing AFA on gene expression data from prostate cancer cell lines DU-145 (an HDACi-sensitive cell line) and PC3 (a relatively HDACi-resistant cell line) treated with HDACis valproic acid or vorinostat, we identified biological processes that are affected by HDACis and are therefore potential treatment targets for combination therapy. Our analysis revealed that HDAC-inhibition resulted among others in upregulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes and deregulation of the mitotic spindle checkpoint by downregulation of genes involved in mitosis. These findings were confirmed by AFA on publicly available data sets from HDACi-treated prostate cancer cells. In total, we analyzed 375 microarrays with HDACi treated and non-treated (control) prostate cancer cells. All results from this extensive analysis are provided as an online research source (available at the journal's website and at http://luigimarchionni.org/HDACIs.html). By publishing this data, we aim to enhance our understanding of the cellular changes after HDAC-inhibition, and to identify novel potential combination strategies with HDACis for the treatment of prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine S Q Kortenhorst
- Department of Gynecology; Catharina Hospital Eindhoven; Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Prostate Cancer Program; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
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5
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Yao S, Bee A, Brewer D, Dodson A, Beesley C, Ke Y, Ambroisine L, Fisher G, Møller H, Dickinson T, Gerard P, Lian LY, Risk J, Lane B, Smith P, Reuter V, Berney D, Gosden C, Scardino P, Cuzick J, Djamgoz MBA, Cooper C, Foster CS. PRKC-ζ Expression Promotes the Aggressive Phenotype of Human Prostate Cancer Cells and Is a Novel Target for Therapeutic Intervention. Genes Cancer 2011; 1:444-64. [PMID: 21779455 DOI: 10.1177/1947601910376079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We show protein kinase C-zeta (PKC-ζ) to be a novel predictive biomarker for survival from prostate cancer (P < 0.001). We also confirm that transcription of the PRKC-ζ gene is crucial to the malignant phenotype of human prostate cancer. Following siRNA silencing of PRKC-ζ in PC3-M prostate cancer cells, stable transfectant cell line si-PRKC-ζ-PC3-M(T1-6) is phenotypically nonmalignant in vitro and in vivo. Genome-wide expression analysis identified 373 genes to be differentially expressed in the knockdown cells and 4 key gene networks to be significantly perturbed during phenotype modulation. Functional interconnection between some of the modulated genes is revealed, although these may be within different regulatory pathways, emphasizing the complexity of their mutual interdependence. Genes with altered expression following PRKC-ζ knockdown include HSPB1, RAD51, and ID1 that we have previously described to be critical in prostatic malignancy. Because expression of PRKC-ζ is functionally involved in promoting the malignant phenotype, we propose PKC-ζ as a novel and biologically relevant target for therapeutic intervention in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yao
- Division of Cellular Pathology and Molecular Genetics, University of Liverpool, UK
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6
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Bee A, Brewer D, Beesley C, Dodson A, Forootan S, Dickinson T, Gerard P, Lane B, Yao S, Cooper CS, Djamgoz MBA, Gosden CM, Ke Y, Foster CS. siRNA knockdown of ribosomal protein gene RPL19 abrogates the aggressive phenotype of human prostate cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22672. [PMID: 21799931 PMCID: PMC3142177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide novel functional data that posttranscriptional silencing of gene RPL19 using RNAi not only abrogates the malignant phenotype of PC-3M prostate cancer cells but is selective with respect to transcription and translation of other genes. Reducing RPL19 transcription modulates a subset of genes, evidenced by gene expression array analysis and Western blotting, but does not compromise cell proliferation or apoptosis in-vitro. However, growth of xenografted tumors containing the knocked-down RPL19 in-vivo is significantly reduced. Analysis of the modulated genes reveals induction of the non-malignant phenotype principally to involve perturbation of networks of transcription factors and cellular adhesion genes. The data provide evidence that extra-ribosomal regulatory functions of RPL19, beyond protein synthesis, are critical regulators of cellular phenotype. Targeting key members of affected networks identified by gene expression analysis raises the possibility of therapeutically stabilizing a benign phenotype generated by modulating the expression of an individual gene and thereafter constraining a malignant phenotype while leaving non-malignant tissues unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Bee
- Section of Cellular Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Brewer
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Beesley
- Section of Cellular Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Dodson
- Section of Cellular Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Shiva Forootan
- Section of Cellular Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Dickinson
- Section of Cellular Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Gerard
- Section of Cellular Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Lane
- Liverpool Microarray Facility, Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sheng Yao
- Section of Cellular Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Colin S. Cooper
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Mustafa B. A. Djamgoz
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine M. Gosden
- Section of Cellular Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Youqiang Ke
- Section of Cellular Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher S. Foster
- Section of Cellular Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Du C, Wang Y. The immunoregulatory mechanisms of carcinoma for its survival and development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2011; 30:12. [PMID: 21255410 PMCID: PMC3031251 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-30-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The immune system in patients detects and eliminates tumor cells, but tumors still progress persistently. The mechanisms by which tumor cells survive under the pressure of immune surveillance are not fully understood. This review is to present the evidence from clinical studies, showing a significant correlation of clinicopathological features of carcinoma with: (1) the loss of classical human leukocyte antigen class I, (2) the up-regulation of non-classical human leukocyte antigen class I, pro-apoptotic Fas ligand and receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells I, and (3) the formation of immunosuppressive microenvironment by up-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta, Galectin-1, inhibitory ligand B7s, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and arginase, as well as by recruitment of tumor-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells. All of these factors may together protect carcinoma cells from the immune-cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caigan Du
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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8
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Honma I, Torigoe T, Hirohashi Y, Kitamura H, Sato E, Masumori N, Tamura Y, Tsukamoto T, Sato N. Aberrant expression and potency as a cancer immunotherapy target of alpha-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase in prostate cancer. J Transl Med 2009; 7:103. [PMID: 20003233 PMCID: PMC2797764 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) is an enzyme playing an important role in the beta-oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives. High expression levels of AMACR have been described in various cancers, including prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and kidney cancer. Because of its cancer-specific and frequent expression, AMACR could be an attractive target for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-based immunotherapy for cancer. In the present study, we examined the induction of AMACR-specific CTLs from prostate cancer patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and determined HLA-A24-restricted CTL epitopes. RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that AMACR was strongly expressed in prostate cancer cell lines and tissues as compared with benign or normal prostate tissues. Four AMACR-derived peptides carrying the HLA-A24-binding motif were synthesized from the amino acid sequence of this protein and analyzed to determine their binding affinities to HLA-A24. By stimulating patient's PBMCs with the peptides, specific CTLs were successfully induced in 6 of 11 patients. The peptide-specific CTLs exerted significant cytotoxic activity against AMACR-expressing prostate cancer cells in the context of HLA-A24. Our study demonstrates that AMACR could become a target antigen for prostate cancer immunotherapy, and that the AMACR-derived peptides might be good peptide vaccine candidates for HLA-A24-positive AMACR-expressing cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiya Honma
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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9
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Seliger B, Stoehr R, Handke D, Mueller A, Ferrone S, Wullich B, Tannapfel A, Hofstaedter F, Hartmann A. Association of HLA class I antigen abnormalities with disease progression and early recurrence in prostate cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 59:529-40. [PMID: 19820934 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0769-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Defects in HLA class I antigen processing machinery (APM) component expression often have a negative impact on the clinical course of tumors and on the response to T cell-based immunotherapy. Since only scant information is available about the frequency and clinical significance of HLA class I APM component abnormalities in prostate cancer, the APM component expression pattern was analyzed in 59 primary prostate carcinoma, adjacent normal tissues, as well as in prostate carcinoma cell lines. The IFN-gamma inducible proteasome subunits LMP2 and LMP7, TAP1, TAP2, calnexin, calreticulin, ERp57, and tapasin are strongly expressed in the cytoplasm of normal prostate cells, whereas HLA class I heavy chain (HC) and beta(2)-microglobulin are expressed on the cell surface. Most of the APM components were downregulated in a substantial number of prostate cancers. With the exception of HLA class I HC, TAP2 and ERp57 not detectable in about 0.5% of tumor lesions, all other APM components were not detected in at least 21% of lesions analyzed. These APM component defects were associated with a higher Gleason grade of tumors and an early disease recurrence. Prostate carcinoma cell lines also exhibit a heterogeneous, but reduced constitutive APM component expression pattern associated with lack or reduced HLA class I surface antigens, which could be upregulated by IFN-gamma. Our results suggest that HLA class I APM component abnormalities are mainly due to regulatory mechanisms, play a role in the clinical course of prostate cancer and on the outcome of T cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112 Halle, Germany.
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10
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Morgenbesser SD, McLaren RP, Richards B, Zhang M, Akmaev VR, Winter SF, Mineva ND, Kaplan-Lefko PJ, Foster BA, Cook BP, Dufault MR, Cao X, Wang CJ, Teicher BA, Klinger KW, Greenberg NM, Madden SL. Identification of genes potentially involved in the acquisition of androgen-independent and metastatic tumor growth in an autochthonous genetically engineered mouse prostate cancer model. Prostate 2007; 67:83-106. [PMID: 17013881 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major focus of prostate cancer research has been to identify genes that are deregulated during tumor progression, potentially providing diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. METHODS We have employed serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) and microarray hybridization to identify alterations that occur during malignant transformation in the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) model. Many of these alterations were validated by real-time PCR (rtPCR). RESULTS We identified several hundred mRNAs that were deregulated. Cluster analysis of microarray profiles with samples from various stages of the disease demonstrated that androgen-independent (AI) primary tumors are similar to metastases; 180 transcripts have expression patterns suggesting an involvement in the genesis of late-stage tumors, and our data support a role for phospholipase A2 group IIA in the acquisition of their highly aggressive characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses identified well-characterized genes that were previously known to be involved in prostate cancer, validating our study, and also uncovered transcripts that had not previously been implicated in prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon D Morgenbesser
- Department of Oncology Research, Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, MA 01701-9322, USA.
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Nanda NK, Birch L, Greenberg NM, Prins GS. MHC class I and class II molecules are expressed in both human and mouse prostate tumor microenvironment. Prostate 2006; 66:1275-84. [PMID: 16741922 PMCID: PMC2276872 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a determined search for therapies specifically aimed at eradicating tumor cells while leaving normal host cells unaffected. This goal can potentially be accomplished by engaging tumor antigen-specific T-cell repertoire to attack the tumor. A pre-requisite for a successful T-cell-mediated attack against tumors or pathogens is that the target tissues express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Using newer anti-MHC class I and MHC class II antibody reagents, we re-examined the expression of MHC in both human and mouse prostate tumors and their microenvironments. METHODS Using immunocytochemistry, we examined the expression of MHC class I, class II, and CD3 molecules on cryopreserved human and mouse prostate tumor samples. RESULTS MHC class I molecules are expressed by the entire spectrum of different stages of both human and mouse prostate tumor cells. Additionally, cells of the hematopoietic lineage, dispersed in the tumor microenvironment, showed significant expression of MHC class II molecules. Human prostate tumors also show a significant infiltrate of CD3+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS Expression of MHC class I and class II molecules within the prostate tumor microenvironment are consequential for T-cell-mediated immunotherapeutic approaches against prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navreet K Nanda
- Department of Microbiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
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12
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Liu M, Acres B, Balloul JM, Bizouarne N, Paul S, Slos P, Squiban P. Gene-based vaccines and immunotherapeutics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101 Suppl 2:14567-71. [PMID: 15333750 PMCID: PMC521989 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0404845101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines, comprised of plasmid DNA encoding proteins from pathogens, allergens, and tumors, are being evaluated as prophylactic vaccines and therapeutic treatments for infectious diseases, allergies, and cancer; plasmids encoding normal human proteins are likewise being tested as vaccines and treatments for autoimmune diseases. Examples of in vivo prophylaxis and immunotherapy, based on different types of immune responses (humoral and cellular), in a variety of disease models and under evaluation in early phase human clinical trials are presented. Viral vectors continue to show better levels of expression than those achieved by DNA plasmid vectors. We have focused our clinical efforts, at this time, on the use of recombinant viral vectors for both vaccine as well as cytokine gene transfer studies. We currently have four clinical programs in cancer immunotherapy. Two nonspecific immunotherapy programs are underway that apply adenoviral vectors for the transfer of cytokine genes into tumors in situ. An adenovirus-IFN gamma construct (TG1042) is currently being tested in phase II clinical trials in cutaneous lymphoma. A similar construct, adenovirus-IL2 (TG1024), also injected directly into solid tumors, is currently being tested in patients with solid tumors (about one-half of which are melanoma). Encouraging results are seen in both programs. Two cancer vaccine immunotherapy programs focus on two cancer-associated antigens: human papilloma virus E6 and E7 proteins and the epithelial cancer-associated antigen MUC1. Both are encoded by a highly attenuated vaccinia virus vector [modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA)] and both are coexpressed with IL-2. Encouraging results seen in both of these programs are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Liu
- Transgene, 11 Rue de Molsheim, 67082 Strasbourg, France.
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13
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Ciavarra RP, Holterman DA, Brown RR, Mangiotti P, Yousefieh N, Wright GL, Schellhammer PF, Glass WF, Somers KD. Prostate Tumor Microenvironment Alters Immune Cells and Prevents Long-Term Survival in an Orthotopic Mouse Model Following flt3-Ligand/CD40-Ligand Immunotherapy. J Immunother 2004; 27:13-26. [PMID: 14676630 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200401000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel orthotopic metastatic model of mouse prostate cancer was developed using MHC-negative TRAMP-C1P3 (transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate) cells derived by serial passage of the parental TRAMP-C1 line in mouse prostate glands. TRAMP-C1P3 cells grew efficiently in mouse prostate glands and reproducibly metastasized to draining lymph nodes. Using this model, we show that Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand (flt3-L) dramatically inhibited growth of preexisting orthotopic TRAMP-C1P3 tumors and the development of metastatic disease. Mice remained in remission for several months following termination of flt3-L treatment but eventually relapsed and died of progressive disease. flt3-ligand treatment induced a pronounced mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate that consisted of CD8alpha-CD4- dendritic cells (CD11c+), macrophages, granulocytes (Gr-1+) and to a lesser extent T cells (CD4+ and CD8+). Dendritic cells isolated from TRAMP-C1P3 tumors were phenotypically immature (CD11c+ B7.2-I-A-CD40-), and this phenotype was also predominant in peripheral organs of mice treated with flt3-L alone or in combination with the DC maturation factor, CD40-L. Diminished expression of TCR-beta, CD3-epsilon, and CD3-zeta was also observed on intratumoral T cells, although these signaling proteins were reexpressed following in vitro culture with IL-2. The TCR/CD3 complex remained intact on peripheral T cells except in mice treated with flt3-L where CD3-zeta loss was observed. In contrast to alphabeta-T cells, tumor-infiltrating gammadelta-T cells maintained expression of their antigen receptors but not CD3epsilon. Thus, TRAMP-C1P3 tumors quickly establish a microenvironment that profoundly diminishes expression of molecules critical for normal dendritic cell and T cell function, thus limiting the efficacy of flt3-L and CD40-L immunotherapy. Overall, these data suggest that long-term cures of established MHC-negative tumors may not be achieved until therapeutic interventions are engineered to overcome this immunosuppressive microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Ciavarra
- Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Virginia Prostate Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23501, USA.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Maake
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, CH- 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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15
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Hillman GG, Xu M, Wang Y, Wright JL, Lu X, Kallinteris NL, Tekyi-Mensah S, Thompson TC, Mitchell MS, Forman JD. Radiation improves intratumoral gene therapy for induction of cancer vaccine in murine prostate carcinoma. Hum Gene Ther 2003; 14:763-75. [PMID: 12804139 DOI: 10.1089/104303403765255156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Our goal was to convert murine RM-9 prostate carcinoma cells in vivo into antigen-presenting cells capable of presenting endogenous tumor antigens and triggering a potent T-helper cell-mediated immune response essential for the generation of a specific antitumor response. We showed that generating the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I+/class II+/Ii- phenotype, within an established subcutaneous RM-9 tumor nodule, led to an effective immune response limiting tumor growth. This phenotype was created by intratumoral injection of plasmid cDNAs coding for interferon gamma, MHC class II transactivator, and an antisense reverse gene construct (RGC) for a segment of the gene for Ii protein (-92,97). While this protocol led to significant suppression of tumor growth, there were no disease-free survivors. Nevertheless, irradiation of the tumor nodule on the day preceding initiation of gene therapy yielded 7 of 16 mice that were disease-free in a long-term follow up of 57 days compared to 1 of 7 mice receiving radiotherapy alone. Mice receiving radiotherapy and gene therapy rejected challenge with parental RM-9 cells and demonstrated specific cytotoxic T-cell activity in their splenocytes but not the mouse cured by radiation alone. These data were reproduced in additional experiments and confirmed that tumor irradiation prior to gene therapy resulted in complete tumor regression and specific tumor immunity in more than 50% of the mice. Increasing the number of plasmid injections after tumor irradiation induced tumor regression in 70% of the mice. Administering radiation before this novel gene therapy approach, that creates an in situ tumor vaccine, holds promise for the treatment of human prostate carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda G Hillman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Harper Hospital, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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16
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Kramer G, Steiner GE, Sokol P, Mallone R, Amann G, Marberger M. Loss of CD38 correlates with simultaneous up-regulation of human leukocyte antigen-DR in benign prostatic glands, but not in fetal or androgen-ablated glands, and is strongly related to gland atrophy. BJU Int 2003; 91:409-16. [PMID: 12603425 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2003.04091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether CD38 loss in benign and malignant prostatic disease is related to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR up-regulation, by assessing the histopathology of the prostate and the effect of androgen deprivation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serial sections of frozen fetal (eight), infant (six), normal adult (10), benign hyperplastic (BPH, 24), and primary (10) and hormone-treated (11) carcinomatous human prostatic tissues were analysed by immunohistology for anti-CD38 and HLA-DR antigens. RESULTS In BPH samples there was a significant correlation between CD38 loss (mean 21% of acini) and HLA-DR up-regulation (mean 20%; P < 0.001). Moreover, 76% of all CD38-negative acini in BPH had HLA-DR up-regulation in the same prostate epithelial cells, predominantly in atrophic and cystic glands, and in cells with retained secretions (74%). In contrast to the uniform expression in normal adult prostate, CD38 was negative or partly expressed in fetal acini (mean 19%) and almost completely negative in acini of the early infant period (mean 0.7%). In contrast to BPH, cancer cells did not selectively up-regulate HLA-DR when CD38 was lost. In patients with cancer treated by androgen deprivation, cancer cells were CD38-negative. CONCLUSIONS The absence of CD38 and presence of HLA-DR expression in prostatic epithelium is consistent in BPH and tissue surrounding tumour, and strongly related to gland atrophy. This is particularly interesting as HLA-DR triggering can induce apoptosis of cells, whereas CD38 prevents it. A permissive role for androgens to maintain full CD38 expression in epithelial cells is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kramer
- Department of Urology, University of Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Evans JD, Cornford PA, Dodson A, Greenhalf W, Foster CS, Neoptolemos JP. Detailed tissue expression of bcl-2, bax, bak and bcl-x in the normal human pancreas and in chronic pancreatitis, ampullary and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Pancreatology 2002; 1:254-62. [PMID: 12120204 DOI: 10.1159/000055820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate expression of the bcl-2 family of apoptosis regulating proteins in normal and diseased human pancreatic tissues. METHOD Expression of bcl-2, bax, bcl-x, bak and p53 was determined in formalin-fixed paraffin wax-embedded archival specimens of normal pancreatic tissue (n = 7), chronic pancreatitis (n = 7), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (n = 23) and ampullary cancer (n = 7) by immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies. RESULTS In normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis tissues, bcl-2, bax and bcl-x were predominantly expressed in ductal epithelial cells while p53 was not detected. In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and ampullary cancer, bcl-2 was not detected compared with expression seen in normal acini (p < 0.01), minor (p < 0.001) and major ducts (p < 0.01), bax expression was reduced with respect to minor ducts (p < 0.01) but no different from normal acini or major ducts. bak and bcl-x were more strongly expressed in malignant epithelia compared with acini and major ducts but reduced when compared with minor ducts (p < 0.01). Overexpression of p53 was identified in 11 (48%) of 23 pancreatic adenocarcinomas and 4 (57%) of 7 ampullary cancers. Differential survival of individual patients was predicted by the relative level of bcl-x expression but not bax or bak, such that strong expression of bcl-x was associated with a median postoperative survival of 171 days when compared with 912 days for diminished expression (p < 0.001) of bcl-x. CONCLUSION Pancreatic and ampullary cancer are associated with absent bcl-2 expression. bax, bak and bcl-x expression was reduced compared with normal minor ducts whilst bak and bcl-x expression was increased when compared with major ducts. bcl-x expression correlates with survival following resection and may represent a potential prognosis marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Evans
- Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- F Garrido
- Departamento de Analisis Clinicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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19
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Abstract
Increased shedding of beta-2 microglobulin (B2m, 11.8 kDa), a component of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I), by tumor cells has significance with regard to escape from immune-surveillance, cellular proliferation, and tumor development and progression. Aberrant expression of MHC I is known to occur in prostate cancer (PCa) but not in benign prostatic hyperplasia. We have determined B2m released by PCa cells in culture and in the urine of 101 patients with advanced PCa by Western blotting and radioimmunoassay. B2m levels in the conditioned medium of human PCa cell lines and primary cultures derived from distant metastasis as well as in the urine of patients with bone and visceral metastasis were higher than normal and also higher than those from patients with local/regional extensions of the disease. In the group of patients with bone metastasis (66 patients), high urine B2m was associated with significantly shortened survival. In addition to the 11.8 kDa B2m, a high molecular weight B2m immunoreactivity of approximately 38 kDa was found in highly tumorigenic PC-3 cell line, but not in the relatively indolent DU-145 and LNCaP human PCa cell lines. The approximately 38 kDa B2m was found in the urine of several PCa patients but not of healthy controls examined by Western analysis. The conditioned medium of a prostatic small cell carcinoma cell line, NCI-H660, had high levels of chromogranin A and B2m, but prostate specific antigen was absent. In conclusion, increased B2m shedding was associated with distant metastasis of PCa and an abnormal B2m immunoreactivity was found in PCa.
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20
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Wright GL, Beckett ML, Newhall KR, Adam BL, Cazares LH, Cartwright SL, Xiao Z, Gong L, Schellhammer PF. Identification of a superimmunoglobulin gene family member overexpressed in benign prostatic hyperplasia . Prostate 2000; 42:230-8. [PMID: 10639194 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(20000215)42:3<230::aid-pros9>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), a nonmalignant disease with an increasing rate of occurrence associated with advancing age, requires auxiliary markers to help identify its presence and distinguish its progression from prostate cancer. METHODS Hybridoma technology was used to generate an antibody against a BPH antigen, which was subsequently characterized by Western blot analysis, sequence homology, and RT-PCR. RESULTS A BPH-associated protein, designated P25/26, was identified that showed a strong sequence similarity with superimmunoglobulin family members, overexpressed in BPH, with lower expression observed in both normal and prostate cancer tissues. CONCLUSIONS Further studies appear warranted to assess the role that this and other superimmunoglobulin family members may have in the pathogenesis of BPH, and to determine if these glycoproteins have any clinical utility in the differential diagnosis or therapeutic monitoring of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Wright
- Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23501, USA.
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21
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Lu QL, Abel P, Mitchell S, Foster C, Lalani EN. Decreased HLA-A expression in prostate cancer is associated with normal allele dosage in the majority of cases. J Pathol 2000; 190:169-76. [PMID: 10657015 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(200002)190:2<169::aid-path517>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A comparison has been made of the phenotypic expression of MHC class I antigens with the corresponding HLA-A genotype in 15 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 34 cases of primary locally invasive prostatic carcinoma. Expression of class 1 protein, detected by immunocytochemistry, was partially or completely lost in approximately 90% of the tumours examined. Comparative genomic analysis of the beta2 microglobulin (beta2m) gene and 15 individual HLA-A haplotypes using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method demonstrated abnormal gene dosage in the minority of cases: homozygous deletion of the beta2m locus was detected in one case and HLA-A allele in two cases (HLA-A1 and HLA-A2, respectively), representing approximately 8% of the population studied. This first comparative study of gene dosage and expression of class 1 protein reported for prostate cancer reveals that deletion is not the cause of the partial or complete loss seen in the majority of cases. This raises the possibility, in the future, for novel selective immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies which stimulate a clinically significant re-expression of class 1 protein and associated cytotoxic T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q L Lu
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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22
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Marincola FM, Jaffee EM, Hicklin DJ, Ferrone S. Escape of human solid tumors from T-cell recognition: molecular mechanisms and functional significance. Adv Immunol 1999; 74:181-273. [PMID: 10605607 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 805] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F M Marincola
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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23
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Berlyn KA, Ponniah S, Stass SA, Malone JG, Hamlin-Green G, Lim JK, Cottler-Fox M, Tricot G, Alexander RB, Mann DL, Malone RW. Developing dendritic cell polynucleotide vaccination for prostate cancer immunotherapy. J Biotechnol 1999; 73:155-79. [PMID: 10486925 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(99)00118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been successfully used to treat some human malignancies, principally melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Genetic-based cancer immunotherapies were proposed which prime T lymphocyte recognition of unique neo-antigens arising from specific mutations. Genetic immunization (polynucleotide vaccination, DNA vaccines) is a process whereby gene therapy methods are used to create vaccines and immunotherapies. Recent findings indicate that genetic immunization works indirectly via a bone marrow derived cell, probably a type of dendritic antigen presenting cell (APC). Direct targeting of genetic vaccines to these cells may provide an efficient method for stimulating cellular and humoral immune responses to infectious agents and tumor antigens. Initial studies have provided monocytic-derived dendritic cell (DC) isolation and culture techniques, simple methods for delivering genes into these cells, and have also uncovered potential obstacles to effective cancer immunotherapy which may restrict the utility of this paradigm to a subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Berlyn
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201-1192, USA
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24
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Cornford P, Evans J, Dodson A, Parsons K, Woolfenden A, Neoptolemos J, Foster CS. Protein kinase C isoenzyme patterns characteristically modulated in early prostate cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 154:137-44. [PMID: 9916928 PMCID: PMC1853450 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/1998] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Expression of protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes -alpha, -beta, -delta, -epsilon, -gamma, -iota, -lambda, -mu, -theta, and -zeta, and of their common receptor for activated C-kinase (RACK)-1, was determined immunohistochemically using specific antibodies in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens of early prostatic adenocarcinomas (n = 23) obtained at radical prostatectomy. Expression of each isoenzyme by malignant tissues was compared with nonneoplastic prostate tissues removed at radical cystectomy (n = 10). The most significant findings were decreased PKC-beta expression in early neoplasia when compared to benign epithelium (P < 0.0001), together with a reciprocal increase in expression of PKC-epsilon (P < 0.0001). Detectable levels of PKC-alpha and PKC-zeta were also significantly increased in the cancers (P = 0.045 and P = 0.015 respectively) but did not correlate with either PKC-beta or PKC-epsilon for individual cases. Alterations in the levels of the four PKC isoenzymes occurred specifically and consistently during the genesis and progression of human prostate cancer. PKC-delta, -gamma, and -theta were not expressed in the epithelium of either the benign prostates or the cancers. Levels of expression for PKC-A, -iota, -mu, and RACK-1 were not significantly different between the benign and malignant groups. Although changes in PKC isoenzyme expression may assist in explaining an altered balance between proliferation and apoptosis, it is likely that changes in activity or concentrations of these isoenzymes exert important modulating influences on particular pathways regulating cellular homeostasis. The findings of this study raise an exciting possibility of novel therapeutic intervention to regulate homeostatic mechanisms controlling proliferation and/or apoptosis, including expression of the p170 drug-resistance glycoprotein, intracellular Ca2+ concentrations, and enhanced cellular mobility resulting in the metastatic dissemination of human prostate cancer cells. Attenuation of PKC-beta expression is currently being assessed as a reliable objective adjunct to morphological appearance for the diagnosis of early progressive neoplasia in human prostatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cornford
- Department of Surgery, The University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
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25
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Yu DM, Tokuda N, Naito S, Yoshikawa M, Takahashi K, Uozumi J, Kumazawa J. Antiproliferative effect of calcitriol on human prostatic cancer cell lines: unrelated to the expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens or intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Int J Urol 1998; 5:595-600. [PMID: 9855130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.1998.tb00418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to its role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism, calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; 1,25-D3) demonstrates multiple effects on cell proliferation/differentiation by expressing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). It has recently been reported that 1,25-D3 inhibits the growth of prostatic cancer (PCa) cells. In this study we examined the effect of 1,25-D3 on both the growth and expression of HLA-ABC, HLA-DR and ICAM-1 antigens in PCa cells. METHODS Four human PCa cell lines (PC-3, PPC-1, ALVA-41 and ALVA-101) were examined. The cell numbers were enumerated, and the effects of interferon-y (IFN-gamma) and 1,25-D3 on the expression of HLA-ABC, HLA-DR and ICAM-1 were quantitated by flow cytometry. RESULTS A dose-dependent antiproliferative effect of 1,25-D3 was found in all PCa cells lines except ALVA-41.1,25-D3 was approximately 10 times as potent as its analogue 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in inhibiting the growth of PC-3 cells. Also, the relative inhibitory ability of these compounds paralleled the strength of their binding affinities for the 1,25-D3 receptor, indicating that the antiproliferative effect may require a receptor-ligand interaction. HLA-ABC was expressed in PC-3, ALVA-41 and ALVA-101, but not in PPC-1 cells, while HLA-DR was not expressed on any of the tested cells. IFN-gammacould enhance or induce HLA-ABC but not HLA-DR expression in the tested cells. ICAM-1 was expressed in all cells and slightly upregulated by IFN-gamma. CONCLUSION In this study 1,25-D3 had an antiproliferative effect on 3 of the 4 examined PCa cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Yu
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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26
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Wingett DG, Vestal RE, Forcier K, Hadjokas N, Nielson CP. CD40 is functionally expressed on human breast carcinomas: variable inducibility by cytokines and enhancement of Fas-mediated apoptosis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1998; 50:27-36. [PMID: 9802617 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006012607452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The CD40 molecule, a member of the TNF receptor gene family, has been intensively studied with respect to regulation of B cell proliferation and survival. Although CD40 is also expressed on carcinoma cell lines, information concerning the biological function of CD40 on cells of epithelial origin is limited. In this study we detected constitutive CD40 on human breast carcinoma cell lines and an increase in CD40 expression following treatment with cytokines IL-1alpha and IFN-gamma. CD40 ligation was also found to increase MHC II expression in cells pretreated with IFN-gamma. In contrast to normal B cells, where CD40 signaling provides a potent survival signal, we observed that CD40 ligation in breast carcinoma cells results in growth inhibition and enhanced susceptibility to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Enhanced apoptosis appears to be attributable, at least in part, to an up-regulation of Fas expression caused by CD40 ligation. These results suggest a potentially important role for CD40 in breast tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Wingett
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho 83702, USA
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27
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Blades RA, Keating PJ, McWilliam LJ, George NJ, Stern PL. Loss of HLA class I expression in prostate cancer: implications for immunotherapy. Urology 1995; 46:681-6; discussion 686-7. [PMID: 7495121 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(99)80301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is currently no reliable predictor of the metastatic potential of apparently localized prostate cancer in an individual patient or satisfactory treatment for patients with advanced disease. One of the factors that may influence tumor progression is the cellular arm of the immune response, and central to this is the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system, which acts to restrict T-cell recognition of potential tumor antigens. It has been reported in some cancers that down regulation of HLA class I expression by the tumor cells is associated with poor prognosis. In this report, HLA class I and II expression have been investigated in both benign and malignant prostate disease, first to define the extent of altered HLA expression and second to assess whether HLA expression may be related to disease progression. METHODS HLA expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry utilizing a set of monoclonal antibodies that recognize both monomorphic determinants and the commoner HLA class I allelic products. RESULTS In contrast to the normal HLA class I expression of the benign tissue, complete loss of HLA class I expression occurred in 34% of primary prostate cancers and 80% of lymph node metastases. When individual allelic expression was assessed, the minimum estimate of down regulation was 85% in the primary prostate cancers and 100% of the metastases. CONCLUSIONS This investigation has demonstrated a higher rate of HLA class I loss than has been reported in other tumors and would suggest that the immune system may have an important role in the progression of prostate cancer, as well as having implications for the design and success of immunotherapy regimens in advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Blades
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of South Manchester, United Kingdom
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