1
|
Donner DG, Elliott GE, Beck BR, Bulmer AC, Lam AK, Headrick JP, Du Toit EF. Trenbolone Improves Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Myocardial Tolerance to Ischemia-Reperfusion in Male Rats With Testosterone-Deficient Metabolic Syndrome. Endocrinology 2016; 157:368-81. [PMID: 26584015 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of obesity adds another dimension to the pathophysiology of testosterone (TEST) deficiency (TD) and potentially impairs the therapeutic efficacy of classical TEST replacement therapy. We investigated the therapeutic effects of selective androgen receptor modulation with trenbolone (TREN) in a model of TD with the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Male Wistar rats (n=50) were fed either a control standard rat chow (CTRL) or a high-fat/high-sucrose (HF/HS) diet. After 8 weeks of feeding, rats underwent sham surgery or an orchiectomy (ORX). Alzet miniosmotic pumps containing either vehicle, 2-mg/kg·d TEST or 2-mg/kg·d TREN were implanted in HF/HS+ORX rats. Body composition, fat distribution, lipid profile, and insulin sensitivity were assessed. Infarct size was quantified to assess myocardial damage after in vivo ischaemia reperfusion, before cardiac and prostate histology was performed. The HF/HS+ORX animals had increased sc and visceral adiposity; circulating triglycerides, cholesterol, and insulin; and myocardial damage, with low circulating TEST compared with CTRLs. Both TEST and TREN protected HF/HS+ORX animals against sc fat accumulation, hypercholesterolaemia, and myocardial damage. However, only TREN protected against visceral fat accumulation, hypertriglyceridaemia, and hyperinsulinaemia and reduced myocardial damage relative to CTRLs. TEST caused widespread cardiac fibrosis and prostate hyperplasia, which were less pronounced with TREN. We propose that TEST replacement therapy may have contraindications for males with TD and obesity-related MetS. TREN treatment may be more effective in restoring androgen status and reducing cardiovascular risk in males with TD and MetS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Donner
- Heart Foundation Research Centre (D.G.D., G.E.E., A.C.B., J.P.H., E.F.D.T.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia; School of Allied Health Science (B.R.B.), Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia; and Cancer Molecular Pathology (A.K.L.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Grace E Elliott
- Heart Foundation Research Centre (D.G.D., G.E.E., A.C.B., J.P.H., E.F.D.T.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia; School of Allied Health Science (B.R.B.), Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia; and Cancer Molecular Pathology (A.K.L.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Belinda R Beck
- Heart Foundation Research Centre (D.G.D., G.E.E., A.C.B., J.P.H., E.F.D.T.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia; School of Allied Health Science (B.R.B.), Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia; and Cancer Molecular Pathology (A.K.L.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Andrew C Bulmer
- Heart Foundation Research Centre (D.G.D., G.E.E., A.C.B., J.P.H., E.F.D.T.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia; School of Allied Health Science (B.R.B.), Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia; and Cancer Molecular Pathology (A.K.L.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Heart Foundation Research Centre (D.G.D., G.E.E., A.C.B., J.P.H., E.F.D.T.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia; School of Allied Health Science (B.R.B.), Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia; and Cancer Molecular Pathology (A.K.L.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - John P Headrick
- Heart Foundation Research Centre (D.G.D., G.E.E., A.C.B., J.P.H., E.F.D.T.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia; School of Allied Health Science (B.R.B.), Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia; and Cancer Molecular Pathology (A.K.L.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Eugene F Du Toit
- Heart Foundation Research Centre (D.G.D., G.E.E., A.C.B., J.P.H., E.F.D.T.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia; School of Allied Health Science (B.R.B.), Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia; and Cancer Molecular Pathology (A.K.L.), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Donner DG, Beck BR, Bulmer AC, Lam AK, Du Toit EF. Improvements in body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors and insulin sensitivity with trenbolone in normogonadic rats. Steroids 2015; 94:60-9. [PMID: 25554582 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trenbolone (TREN) is used for anabolic growth-promotion in over 20 million cattle annually and continues to be misused for aesthetic purposes in humans. The current study investigated TREN's effects on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors; and its tissue-selective effects on the cardiovascular system, liver and prostate. Male rats (n=12) were implanted with osmotic infusion pumps delivering either cyclodextrin vehicle (CTRL) or 2mg/kg/day TREN for 6 weeks. Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry assessment of body composition; organ wet weights and serum lipid profiles; and insulin sensitivity were assessed. Cardiac ultrasound examinations were performed before in vivo studies assessed myocardial susceptibility to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Circulating sex hormones and liver enzyme activities; and prostate and liver histology were examined. In 6 weeks, fat mass increased by 34±7% in CTRLs (p<0.01). Fat mass decreased by 37±6% and lean mass increased by 11±4% with TREN (p<0.05). Serum triglycerides, HDL and LDL were reduced by 62%, 57% and 78% (p<0.05) respectively in TREN rats. Histological examination of the prostates from TREN-treated rats indicated benign hyperplasia associated with an increased prostate mass (149% compared to CTRLs, p<0.01). No evidence of adverse cardiac or hepatic effects was observed. In conclusion, improvements in body composition, lipid profile and insulin sensitivity (key risk factors for cardiometabolic disease) were achieved with six-week TREN treatment without evidence of adverse cardiovascular or hepatic effects that are commonly associated with traditional anabolic steroid misuse. Sex hormone suppression and benign prostate hyperplasia were confirmed as adverse effects of the treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Donner
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Belinda R Beck
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew C Bulmer
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eugene F Du Toit
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|