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Brodie J, Misra A, Jones CD, Jenkins C, Bachmann MO. Is diabetic retinopathy screening worthwhile among people first diagnosed with diabetes at older ages? A cohort study of Norfolk diabetic retinopathy screening programme. Diabet Med 2024; 41:e15164. [PMID: 37303287 DOI: 10.1111/dme.15164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS England's Diabetic Eye Disease Screening Programme offers screening to every resident over age 12 with diabetes, starting as soon as possible after diagnosis and repeated annually. People first diagnosed with diabetes at older ages have shorter life expectancy and therefore may be less likely to benefit from screening and treatment. To inform decisions about whether diabetic eye screening policy should be stratified by age, we investigated the probability of receiving treatment according to age at first screening episode. METHODS This was a cohort study of participants in the Norfolk Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Programme from 2006 to 2017, with individuals' programme data linked to hospital treatment and death data recorded up to 2021. We estimated and compared the probability, annual incidence and screening costs of receiving retinal laser photocoagulation or intravitreal injection and of death, in age groups defined by age at first screening episode. RESULTS The probability of death increased with increasing age at diagnosis, while the probability of receiving either treatment decreased with increasing age. The estimated cost of screening per person who received either or both treatments was £18,608 among all participants, increasing with age up to £21,721 in those aged 70-79 and £26,214 in those aged 80-89. CONCLUSIONS Diabetic retinopathy screening is less effective and less cost-effective with increasing age at diagnosis of diabetes, because of the increasing probability of death before participants develop sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy and can benefit from treatment. Upper age limits on entry into screening programmes or risk stratification in older age groups may, therefore, be justifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brodie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Aseema Misra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Colin D Jones
- Department of Ophthalmology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Christel Jenkins
- Department of Ophthalmology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Max O Bachmann
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Chen JS, Lin MC, Yiu G, Thorne C, Kulasa K, Stewart J, Nudleman E, Freeby M, Han MA, Baxter SL. Barriers to Implementation of Teleretinal Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Programs Across the University of California. Telemed J E Health 2023; 29:1810-1818. [PMID: 37256712 PMCID: PMC10714257 DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2022.0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To describe barriers to implementation of diabetic retinopathy (DR) teleretinal screening programs and artificial intelligence (AI) integration at the University of California (UC). Methods: Institutional representatives from UC Los Angeles, San Diego, San Francisco, Irvine, and Davis were surveyed for the year of their program's initiation, active status at the time of survey (December 2021), number of primary care clinics involved, screening image quality, types of eye providers, image interpretation turnaround time, and billing codes used. Representatives were asked to rate perceptions toward barriers to teleretinal DR screening and AI implementation using a 5-point Likert scale. Results: Four UC campuses had active DR teleretinal screening programs at the time of survey and screened between 246 and 2,123 patients at 1-6 clinics per campus. Sites reported variation between poor-quality photos (<5% to 15%) and average image interpretation time (1-5 days). Patient education, resource availability, and infrastructural support were identified as barriers to DR teleretinal screening. Cost and integration into existing technology infrastructures were identified as barriers to AI integration in DR screening. Conclusions: Despite the potential to increase access to care, there remain several barriers to widespread implementation of DR teleretinal screening. More research is needed to develop best practices to overcome these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy S. Chen
- Division of Ophthalmology Informatics and Data Science, Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mark C. Lin
- Division of Ophthalmology Informatics and Data Science, Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Glenn Yiu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Christine Thorne
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kristen Kulasa
- Department of Endocrinology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jay Stewart
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eric Nudleman
- Division of Ophthalmology Informatics and Data Science, Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Matthew Freeby
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maria A. Han
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sally L. Baxter
- Division of Ophthalmology Informatics and Data Science, Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Health Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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3
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Hasan SU, Siddiqui MAR. Diagnostic accuracy of smartphone-based artificial intelligence systems for detecting diabetic retinopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023; 205:110943. [PMID: 37805002 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of blindness globally, early detection is critical to prevent vision loss. Traditional screening that, rely on human experts are, however, costly, and time-consuming. The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the diagnostic accuracy of smartphone-based artificial intelligence(AI) systems for DR detection. METHODS Literature review was conducted on MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL Plus, and Cochrane from inception to December 2022. We included diagnostic test accuracy studies evaluating the use of smartphone-based AI algorithms for DR screening in patients with diabetes, with expert human grader as the reference standard. Random-effects model was used to pool sensitivity and specificity. Any DR(ADR) and referable DR(RDR) were analyzed separately. RESULTS Out of 968 identified articles, six diagnostic test accuracy studies met our inclusion criteria, comprising 3,931 patients. Four of these studies used the Medios AI algorithm. The pooled sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of ADR were 88 % and 91.5 % respectively and for diagnosis of RDR were 98.2 % and 81.2 % respectively. The overall risk of bias across the studies was low. CONCLUSIONS Smartphone-based AI algorithms show high diagnostic accuracy for detecting DR. However, more high-quality comparative studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness in real-world clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Umar Hasan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Aga Khan University Hospital, National Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - M A Rehman Siddiqui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Aga Khan University Hospital, National Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan.
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4
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Watson MJG, McCluskey PJ, Grigg JR, Kanagasingam Y, Daire J, Estai M. Barriers and facilitators to diabetic retinopathy screening within Australian primary care. BMC FAMILY PRACTICE 2021; 22:239. [PMID: 34847874 PMCID: PMC8630186 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-021-01586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Despite recent incentives through Medicare (Australia’s universal health insurance scheme) to increase retinal screening rates in primary care, comprehensive diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening has not been reached in Australia. The current study aimed to identify key factors affecting the delivery of diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening in Australian general practices. Methods A descriptive qualitative study involving in-depth interviews was carried out from November 2019 to March 2020. Using purposive snowballing sampling, 15 general practitioners (GPs) were recruited from urban and rural general practices in New South Wales and Western Australia. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data from participants. All interviews were conducted over the phone by one facilitator, and each interview lasted up to 45 min. The Socio-Ecological Model was used to inform the content of the interview topic guides and subsequent data analysis. Recorded data were transcribed verbatim, and thematic analysis was conducted to identify and classify recurrent themes. Results Of 15 GPs interviewed, 13 were male doctors, and the mean age was 54.7 ± 15.5 years. Seven participants were practising in urban areas, while eight were practising in regional or remote areas. All participants had access to a direct ophthalmoscope, but none owned retinal cameras. None of the participants reported performing DR screening. Only three participants were aware of the Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) items 12,325 and 12,326 that allow GPs to bill for retinal screening. Seven themes, a combination of facilitators and barriers, emerged from interviews with the GPs. Despite the strong belief in their role in managing chronic diseases, barriers such as costs of retinal cameras, time constraints, lack of skills to make DR diagnosis, and unawareness of Medicare incentives for non-mydriatic retinal photography made it difficult to conduct DR screening in general practice. However, several enabling strategies to deliver DR screening within primary care include increasing GPs’ access to continuing professional development, subsidising the cost of retinal cameras, and the need for a champion ace to take the responsibility of retinal photography. Conclusion This study identified essential areas at the system level that require addressing to promote the broader implementation of DR screening, in particular, a nationwide awareness campaign to maximise the use of MBS items, improve GPs’ competency, and subsidise costs of the retinal cameras for small and rural general practices. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12875-021-01586-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J G Watson
- The Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, 147 Underwood Avenue, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter J McCluskey
- Save Sight Institute, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - John R Grigg
- Save Sight Institute, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yogesan Kanagasingam
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia.,St John of God Public and Private Hospitals, Midland, Australia
| | - Judith Daire
- School of Population Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Mohamed Estai
- The Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, 147 Underwood Avenue, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia. .,School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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Clinical practice of diabetic foot, nephropathy, and retinopathy in Japan: cross-sectional study using local and nationwide questionnaire surveys. Diabetol Int 2021; 13:493-502. [DOI: 10.1007/s13340-021-00559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cheyne CP, Burgess PI, Broadbent DM, García-Fiñana M, Stratton IM, Criddle T, Wang A, Alshukri A, Rahni MM, Vazquez-Arango P, Vora JP, Harding SP. Incidence of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in an established urban screening programme: An 11-year cohort study. Diabet Med 2021; 38:e14583. [PMID: 33830513 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Systematic annual screening to detect sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) is established in the United Kingdom. We designed an observational cohort study to provide up-to-date data for policy makers and clinical researchers on incidence of key screening endpoints in people with diabetes attending one screening programme running for over 30 years. METHODS All people with diabetes aged ≥12 years registered with general practices in the Liverpool health district were offered inclusion. Data sources comprised: primary care (demographics, systemic risk factors), Liverpool Diabetes Eye Screening Programme (retinopathy grading), Hospital Eye Services (slit lamp biomicroscopy assessment of screen positives). RESULTS 133,366 screening episodes occurred in 28,384 people over 11 years. Overall incidences were: screen positive 6.7% (95% CI 6.5-6.8), screen positive for retinopathy 3.1% (3.0-3.1), unassessable images 2.6% (2.5-2.7), other significant eye diseases 1.0% (1.0-1.1). 1.6% (1.6-1.7) had sight-threatening retinopathy confirmed by slit lamp biomicroscopy. The annual incidence of screen positive and screen positive for retinopathy showed consistent declines from 8.8%-10.6% and 4.4%-4.6% in 2007/09 to 4.4%-6.8% and 2.3%-2.9% in 2013/17, respectively. Rates of STDR (true positive) were consistently below 2% after 2008/09. Screen positive rates were higher in first time attenders (9.9% [9.4-10.2] vs. 6.1% [6.0-6.2]) in part due to ungradeable images (4.1% vs. 2.3%) and other eye disease (2.4% vs. 0.8%). 4.5% (3.9-5.2) of previous non-attenders had sight-threatening retinopathy. Compared with people with type 2 diabetes, those with type 1 disease demonstrated higher rates of screen positive (11.9% vs. 6.0%) and STDR (6.4% vs. 1.2%). Overall prevalence of any retinopathy was 27.2% (27.0-27.4). CONCLUSIONS In an established screening programme with a stable population screen, positive rates show a consistent fall over time to a low level. Of those who are screen positive, fewer than 50% are screen positive for diabetic retinopathy. Most are due to sight threatening maculopathy. The annual incidence of STDR is under 2% suggesting future work on redefining screen positive and supporting extended intervals for people at low risk. Higher rates of screen positive and STDR are seen in first time attenders. Those who have never attended for screening should be specifically targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Cheyne
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
| | - Philip I Burgess
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
- St Paul's Eye Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
| | - Deborah M Broadbent
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
- St Paul's Eye Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marta García-Fiñana
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
| | - Irene M Stratton
- Gloucestershire Retinal Research Group, Cheltenham General Hospital, Cheltenham, UK
| | - Ticiana Criddle
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amu Wang
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ayesh Alshukri
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mehrdad M Rahni
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
| | - Pilar Vazquez-Arango
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jiten P Vora
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon P Harding
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
- St Paul's Eye Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
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Haider S, Thayakaran R, Subramanian A, Toulis KA, Moore D, Price MJ, Nirantharakumar K. Disease burden of diabetes, diabetic retinopathy and their future projections in the UK: cross-sectional analyses of a primary care database. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e050058. [PMID: 34253675 PMCID: PMC8276304 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the current disease burden, trends and future projections for diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the IQVIA Medical Research Data (IMRD). PARTICIPANTS/DESIGN/SETTING We performed a cross-sectional study of patients aged 12 and above to determine the prevalence of DM and DR from the IMRD database (primary care database) in January 2017, involving a total population of 1 80 824 patients with DM. We also carried out a series of cross-sectional studies to investigate prevalence trends, and then applied a double exponential smoothing model to forecast the future burden of DM and DR in the UK. RESULTS The crude DM prevalence in 2017 was 5.2%. The DR, sight-threatening retinopathy (STR) and diabetic maculopathy prevalence figures in 2017 were 33.78%, 12.28% and 7.86%, respectively, in our IMRD cross-sectional study. There were upward trends in the prevalence of DM, DR and STR, most marked and accelerating in STR in type 1 DM but slowing in type 2 DM, and in the overall prevalence of DR. CONCLUSION Our results suggest differential rising trends in the prevalence of DM and DR. Preventive strategies, as well as treatment services planning, can be based on these projected prevalence estimates. Improvements that are necessary for the optimisation of care pathways, and preparations to meet demand and capacity challenges, can also be based on this information. The limitations of the study can be overcome by a future collaborative study linking DR screening and hospital eye services data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Haider
- Institute Of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rasiah Thayakaran
- Institute Of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - David Moore
- Institute Of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Malcolm James Price
- Institute Of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Byberg S, Vistisen D, Jørgensen ME, Diaz LJ, Valerius M, Hajari JN, Lund‐Andersen H. Quality assessment of a screening algorithm for diabetic retinopathy: prolongation of screening intervals with minimal effect of HbA 1c and arterial hypertension on the length of intervals. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99:e360-e367. [PMID: 32930495 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE At Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (SDCC), diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening intervals are based on quantification of retinal lesions. Screening intervals are, for the milder forms of DR, prolonged to 2-3 years. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the prolongation on developing unexpected events and to evaluate the effect of HbA1c and arterial hypertension. METHODS We assessed 18 972 screening intervals from 6000 patients from 1/1-2003 to 1/5-2017 for occurrence of unexpected events, defined as: (1) DR progression requiring treatment, at the following screening date, and (2) DR-related hospital contact within the planned interval. We modelled the effect of several risk factors for developing unexpected events in a Cox regression. Furthermore, we assessed the risk of unexpected events in a logistic regression analysis using cubic splines to model the effect of HbA1c , stratified by arterial hypertension status. RESULTS 16 283 (86%) intervals followed the planned interval and among those, only 86 (0.5%) experienced unexpected events. Intervals of dysregulated patients (86% of all intervals) did not experience more unexpected events, compared with well-regulated patient intervals (Hazard Ratio: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.55-2.27). We found a nonlinear effect of HbA1c on the risk of unexpected events which peaked around HbA1c levels of 80 mmol/mol. Having arterial hypertension slightly increased the risk of unexpected events. CONCLUSIONS The present study supports the validity of the current algorithm. We found no increased risk of unexpected events among dysregulated intervals but a nonlinear effect of HbA1c . Age, diabetes duration and diabetes type were significantly associated with unexpected events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Byberg
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen Gentofte Denmark
| | | | - Marit Eika Jørgensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen Gentofte Denmark
- National Institute of Public Health University of Southern Denmark Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Marianne Valerius
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen Gentofte Denmark
- University Hospital Glostrup Glostrup Denmark
| | - Javad Nouri Hajari
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen Gentofte Denmark
- University Hospital Glostrup Glostrup Denmark
| | - Henrik Lund‐Andersen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen Gentofte Denmark
- University Hospital Glostrup Glostrup Denmark
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9
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Sugawa SW, Yoshida Y, Hikima Y, Sato H, Shimada A, Noda M, Kushiyama A. Characteristics Associated with Early Worsening of Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosed with Retinopathy at Their First Visit: A Retrospective Observational Study. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:7572326. [PMID: 34337073 PMCID: PMC8313317 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7572326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MATERIALS AND METHODS Our study design was a retrospective observational study. Subjects with type 2 diabetes diagnosed with either simple or preproliferative diabetic retinopathy by ophthalmologists at their first visit and followed up for 6-18 months thereafter were included and divided into worsening and nonworsening groups. Thereafter, baseline characteristics and changes in HbA1c and therapy over a year were investigated. RESULTS Among the 88 subjects with simple diabetic retinopathy, 16% improved to no retinopathy, 65% retained their simple diabetic retinopathy, 18% worsened to preproliferative diabetic retinopathy, and 1% worsened to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Among the 47 subjects with preproliferative diabetic retinopathy, 9% improved to simple diabetic retinopathy, 72% retained their preproliferative diabetic retinopathy, and 19% worsened to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Patients with simple diabetic retinopathy had an odds ratio of 1.44 for worsening retinopathy with a 1% increase in baseline HbA1c. Meanwhile, the odds ratios for worsening retinopathy with a 1% decrease in HbA1c from baseline at 3, 6, and 12 months were 1.34, 1.31, and 1.38, respectively. Among patients with simple diabetic retinopathy, significantly more new interventions were introduced in the worsening group than in the nonworsening group. CONCLUSIONS Increased baseline HbA1c, a substantial decrease in HbA1c, and intensified therapy were identified as risk factors for early worsening of diabetic retinopathy in patients with simple diabetic retinopathy at the first visit. Patients should therefore be intimately followed for retinopathy after their first visit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Wakabayashi Sugawa
- Division of Diabetes and Metabolism, The Institute of Medical Science, Asahi Life Foundation, 2-2-6, Nihonbashi Bakurocho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0002, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Yoko Yoshida
- Division of Diabetes and Metabolism, The Institute of Medical Science, Asahi Life Foundation, 2-2-6, Nihonbashi Bakurocho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0002, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hikima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sato
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Akira Shimada
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Noda
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Ichikawa Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, 6-1-14 Kounodai, Ichikawa City, Chiba 272-0827, Japan
| | - Akifumi Kushiyama
- Division of Diabetes and Metabolism, The Institute of Medical Science, Asahi Life Foundation, 2-2-6, Nihonbashi Bakurocho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0002, Japan
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1, Noshio, Kiyose City, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
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Araki E, Goto A, Kondo T, Noda M, Noto H, Origasa H, Osawa H, Taguchi A, Tanizawa Y, Tobe K, Yoshioka N. Japanese Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes 2019. Diabetol Int 2020; 11:165-223. [PMID: 32802702 PMCID: PMC7387396 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-020-00439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Araki
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Goto
- Department of Health Data Science, Graduate School of Data Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kondo
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Noda
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Ichikawa Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Noto
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Luke’s International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Origasa
- Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Osawa
- Department of Diabetes and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Akihiko Taguchi
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hematological Science and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Yukio Tanizawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hematological Science and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Tobe
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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11
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Araki E, Goto A, Kondo T, Noda M, Noto H, Origasa H, Osawa H, Taguchi A, Tanizawa Y, Tobe K, Yoshioka N. Japanese Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes 2019. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:1020-1076. [PMID: 33021749 PMCID: PMC7378414 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Araki
- Department of Metabolic MedicineFaculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Atsushi Goto
- Department of Health Data ScienceGraduate School of Data ScienceYokohama City UniversityYokohamaJapan
| | - Tatsuya Kondo
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and EndocrinologyKumamoto University HospitalKumamotoJapan
| | - Mitsuhiko Noda
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and EndocrinologyIchikawa HospitalInternational University of Health and WelfareIchikawaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Noto
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismSt. Luke's International HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Hideki Origasa
- Department of Biostatistics and Clinical EpidemiologyGraduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Haruhiko Osawa
- Department of Diabetes and Molecular GeneticsEhime University Graduate School of MedicineToonJapan
| | - Akihiko Taguchi
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hematological Science and TherapeuticsGraduate School of MedicineYamaguchi UniversityUbeJapan
| | - Yukio Tanizawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Hematological Science and TherapeuticsGraduate School of MedicineYamaguchi UniversityUbeJapan
| | - Kazuyuki Tobe
- First Department of Internal MedicineGraduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
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12
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Dedov II, Shestakova MV, Mayorov AY, Shamkhalova MS, Nikonova TV, Sukhareva OY, Pekareva EV, Ibragimova LI, Mikhina MS, Galstyan GR, Tokmakova AY, Surkova EV, Laptev DN, Kononenko IV, Egorova DN, Klefortova II, Sklyanik IA, Yarek-Martynova IY, Severina AS, Martynov SA, Vikulova OK, Kalashnikov VY, Gomova IS, Lipatov DV, Starostina EG, Ametov AS, Antsiferov MB, Bardymova TP, Bondar IA, Valeeva FV, Demidova TY, Klimontov VV, Mkrtumyan AM, Petunina NA, Suplotova LA, Ushakova OV, Khalimov YS, Ruyatkina LA. Diabetes mellitus type 1 in adults. DIABETES MELLITUS 2020. [DOI: 10.14341/dm12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tatiana P. Bardymova
- Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education – Branch Campus of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education
| | | | | | | | - Vadim V. Klimontov
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology – Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Ashot M. Mkrtumyan
- Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. Evdokimov
| | - Nina A. Petunina
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
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13
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Dedov II, Shestakova MV, Mayorov AY, Shamkhalova MS, Sukhareva OY, Galstyan GR, Tokmakova AY, Nikonova TV, Surkova EV, Kononenko IV, Egorova DN, Ibragimova LI, Shestakova EA, Klefortova II, Sklyanik IA, Yarek-Martynova IY, Severina AS, Martynov SA, Vikulova OK, Kalashnikov VY, Bondarenko IZ, Gomova IS, Starostina EG, Ametov AS, Antsiferov MB, Bardymova TP, Bondar IA, Valeeva FV, Demidova TY, Mkrtumyan AM, Petunina NA, Ruyatkina LA, Suplotova LA, Ushakova OV, Khalimov YS. Diabetes mellitus type 2 in adults. DIABETES MELLITUS 2020. [DOI: 10.14341/dm12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tatiana P. Bardymova
- Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education – Branch Campus of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education
| | | | | | | | - Ashot M. Mkrtumyan
- Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. Evdokimov
| | - Nina A. Petunina
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
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14
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Xie L, Yang S, Squirrell D, Vaghefi E. Towards implementation of AI in New Zealand national diabetic screening program: Cloud-based, robust, and bespoke. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0225015. [PMID: 32275656 PMCID: PMC7147747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have become a prominent method of AI implementation in medical classification tasks. Grading Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) has been at the forefront of the development of AI for ophthalmology. However, major obstacles remain in the generalization of these CNNs onto real-world DR screening programs. We believe these difficulties are due to use of 1) small training datasets (<5,000 images), 2) private and 'curated' repositories, 3) locally implemented CNN implementation methods, while 4) relying on measured Area Under the Curve (AUC) as the sole measure of CNN performance. To address these issues, the public EyePACS Kaggle Diabetic Retinopathy dataset was uploaded onto Microsoft Azure™ cloud platform. Two CNNs were trained; 1 a "Quality Assurance", and 2. a "Classifier". The Diabetic Retinopathy classifier CNN (DRCNN) performance was then tested both on 'un-curated' as well as the 'curated' test set created by the "Quality Assessment" CNN model. Finally, the sensitivity of the DRCNNs was boosted using two post-training techniques. Our DRCNN proved to be robust, as its performance was similar on 'curated' and 'un-curated' test sets. The implementation of 'cascading thresholds' and 'max margin' techniques led to significant improvements in the DRCNN's sensitivity, while also enhancing the specificity of other grades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xie
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Song Yang
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Computer Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Squirrell
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ehsan Vaghefi
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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15
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Groeneveld Y, Tavenier D, Blom J, Polak B. Incidence of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and numbers needed to screen: a systematic review. Diabet Med 2019; 36:1199-1208. [PMID: 30677170 PMCID: PMC6767411 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the incidence of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. BACKGROUND In most countries, yearly or biennial screening intervals for diabetic retinopathy in people with Type 2 diabetes are recommended. Fewer screening sessions reduce the effort required of people with Type 2 diabetes and reduce healthcare costs. METHODS We conducted a search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and the COCHRANE Library for studies published betweeen 1 January 2000 and 1 January 2017. Eligible studies were those that included general populations of >100 people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Additional study population criteria were absence of moderate diabetic retinopathy or more severe diabetic retinopathy at last screening session and at least two gradable retinal screening sessions. Outcomes of interest in the included studies were moderate and severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (R2), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (R3) or maculopathy (M1), collectively known as sight-threatening or referable diabetic retinopathy. RESULTS A total of 17 studies were included. In people with Type 2 diabetes without or with only mild diabetic retinopathy at baseline, the average incidence rates of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy were ~1 per 100 person-years and ~8 per 100 person-years, respectively. The average numbers needed to screen to detect one case of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy were 175 and 19 in people without and with mild retinopathy at last screening, respectively. CONCLUSION In people with Type 2 diabetes without retinopathy at last screening, the incidence of severe sight-threatening retinopathy at the subsequent screening session was low. In people with mild retinopathy, progression to sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy was nearly 10-fold higher. This review supports lengthening of the screening interval of patients with Type 2 diabetes without retinopathy at last screening session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Groeneveld
- Department of Public Health and Primary CareLeiden University Medical CentreLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - D. Tavenier
- Group Practice AsklepiosEMGO Institute for Health and Care ResearchVU University Medical CentreBarneveldThe Netherlands
| | - J.W. Blom
- Department of Public Health and Primary CareLeiden University Medical CentreLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - B.C.P. Polak
- Department of OphthalmologyEMGO Institute for Health and Care ResearchUniversitair Medische Centra AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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16
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Yaslam M, Al Adel F, Al-Rubeaan K, AlSalem RK, Alageel MA, Alsalhi A, AlNageeb D, Youssef AM. Non-mydriatic fundus camera screening with diagnosis by telemedicine for diabetic retinopathy patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Ann Saudi Med 2019; 39:328-336. [PMID: 31580703 PMCID: PMC6832323 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2019.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is considered the fifth leading cause of visual impairment worldwide and is associated with a huge social and economic burden. OBJECTIVE Describe the practicality of non-mydriatic funduscopic screening photography for the detection of DR among patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. DESIGN Cross-sectional hospital-based study. SETTING Diabetes center, Riyadh. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between July and December 2017, patients with diabetes and aged ≥18 years were selected by systematic random sampling from the University Diabetes Center. Fundoscopic eye examination was performed using the TRC-NW8 non-mydriatic camera, which performs ocular coherence tomography (OCT) to detect macular edema. Using telemedicine, pictures were graded by a retinal-specialized ophthalmologist using the international clinical DR disease severity scale. Patients were classified according to the type and severity of DR. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Detection and classification of DR. SAMPLE SIZE 978 Saudi patients with diabetes. RESULTS Of 426 (43.5%) patients with DR, 370 had nonproliferative DR and 55 had proliferative DR. Nineteen (1.9%) had macular edema. The most important risk factors for DR were longer diabetes duration and poor glycemic control. Both older age and insulin use contributed to the higher prevalence of DR and macular edema. DR was more common among type 1 patients at 55.4% compared with 49% among type 2 patients. In addition, more females had macular edema (57.1% versus 42.9% among males). Nine patients with macular edema (47.3%) had hypertension while 154 of 426 patients with DR (36.2%) had hypertension. CONCLUSION Non-mydriatic funduscopic screening photography was practical and useful for the detection of DR in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. LIMITATIONS Conducted in a single center. CONFLICT OF INTEREST None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram Yaslam
- From the College of Medicine, University Diabetes Center, King Saud University
| | - Fadwa Al Adel
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Al-Rubeaan
- From the College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rakan K AlSalem
- From the College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musab A Alageel
- From the College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdaulaziz Alsalhi
- From the College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dehkra AlNageeb
- From the Research Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira M Youssef
- From the Registry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Felfeli T, Alon R, Merritt R, Brent MH. Toronto tele-retinal screening program for detection of diabetic retinopathy and macular edema. Can J Ophthalmol 2019; 54:203-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Grauslund J, Andersen N, Andresen J, Flesner P, Haamann P, Heegaard S, Larsen M, Laugesen CS, Schielke K, Skov J, Bek T. Evidence-based Danish guidelines for screening of diabetic retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 2018; 96:763-769. [PMID: 30311394 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is among the leading causes of visual loss in the working-age population. It is generally accepted that screening of DR is cost-effective and can detect DR before it becomes sight-threatening to allow timely treatment. METHODS A group of retinal specialists was formed by the Danish Ophthalmological Society with the aim to formulate contemporary evidence-based guidelines for screening of DR in order to implement these in the Danish screening system. RESULTS We hereby present evidence for DR-screening regarding (1) classification of DR, (2) examination techniques, (3) screening intervals and (4) automated screening. It is our recommendation that the International Clinical Retinopathy Disease Severity Scale should be used to classify DR. As a minimum, mydriatic two-field disc- and macular-centred images are required. In the case of suspected clinically significant diabetic macular oedema, supplementary optical coherence tomography can increase the diagnostic accuracy. There is solid evidence to support a flexible, individualized screening regimen. In particular, it is possible to prolong screening intervals to 24-48 months for patients with no or mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), but it is also possible to use extended intervals of 12-24 months for patients with moderate NPDR given that these are well-regulated regarding glycaemic control (HbA1c ≤ 53 mmol/mol) and blood pressure (≤130/80 mmHg). Automated screening of DR is encouraging but is not ready for implementation at present. CONCLUSION Danish evidenced-based guidelines for screening of DR support high-quality imaging and allow flexible, individualized screening intervals with a potential for extension to patients with low risk of DR progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Grauslund
- Danish Ophthalmological Society; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Nis Andersen
- Danish Ophthalmological Society; Copenhagen Denmark
- Organization of Danish Ophthalmologists; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jens Andresen
- Danish Ophthalmological Society; Copenhagen Denmark
- Organization of Danish Ophthalmologists; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Per Flesner
- Danish Ophthalmological Society; Copenhagen Denmark
- Organization of Danish Ophthalmologists; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Per Haamann
- Danish Ophthalmological Society; Copenhagen Denmark
- Organization of Danish Ophthalmologists; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Danish Ophthalmological Society; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology; Rigshospitalet-Glostrup; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Michael Larsen
- Danish Ophthalmological Society; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology; Rigshospitalet-Glostrup; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Caroline Schmidt Laugesen
- Danish Ophthalmological Society; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology; Zealand University Hospital Roskilde; Roskilde Denmark
| | - Katja Schielke
- Danish Ophthalmological Society; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology; Aalborg University Hospital; Aalborg Denmark
| | - Jesper Skov
- Danish Ophthalmological Society; Copenhagen Denmark
- Organization of Danish Ophthalmologists; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Toke Bek
- Danish Ophthalmological Society; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
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19
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Haneda M, Noda M, Origasa H, Noto H, Yabe D, Fujita Y, Goto A, Kondo T, Araki E. Japanese Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes 2016. J Diabetes Investig 2018; 9:657-697. [PMID: 29582574 PMCID: PMC5934251 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daisuke Yabe
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and NutritionKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | | | - Atsushi Goto
- Center for Public Health SciencesNational Cancer CenterTokyoJapan
| | - Tatsuya Kondo
- Department of Metabolic MedicineKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Eiichi Araki
- Department of Metabolic MedicineKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
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20
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Haneda M, Noda M, Origasa H, Noto H, Yabe D, Fujita Y, Goto A, Kondo T, Araki E. Japanese Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes 2016. Diabetol Int 2018; 9:1-45. [PMID: 30603347 PMCID: PMC6224875 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-018-0345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daisuke Yabe
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Goto
- Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kondo
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eiichi Araki
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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21
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Yokoyama H, Araki SI, Kawai K, Yamazaki K, Tomonaga O, Shirabe SI, Maegawa H. Declining trends of diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy with improving diabetes care indicators in Japanese patients with type 2 and type 1 diabetes (JDDM 46). BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2018; 6:e000521. [PMID: 29892340 PMCID: PMC5992467 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2018-000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined changes in prevalence of diabetic microvascular/macrovascular complications and diabetes care indicators for adults in Japan with type 2 and type 1 diabetes over one decade. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Two independent cohorts were recruited with the same inclusion criteria in 2004 (cohort 1: 3319 with type 2 and 286 with type 1 diabetes) and in 2014 (cohort 2: 3932 with type 2 and 308 with type 1 diabetes). Prevalence of complications and care indicators including achieving treatment targets for glycemia, blood pressure, lipid control, body mass index (BMI), and smoking were compared. In addition, patients in cohort 1 were re-examined in 2014 and their data were compared with the baseline data of each cohort. RESULTS In type 2 diabetes, the prevalence of nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, chronic kidney disease, current smoking and stroke significantly decreased, with improvements in achieving treatment target rates in cohort 2 two as compared with cohort 1. In type 1 diabetes, the prevalence of nephropathy, retinopathy, chronic kidney disease, and hemoglobin A1Cvalues significantly decreased. Decreases in prevalence of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes were similarly found in each age-matched and sex-matched group, whereas younger patients exhibited marked increase in BMI and lower treatment target achieving rates compared with elderly patients. Regarding normoalbuminuric renal impairment, only a slight increase in the prevalence was observed both in type 2 and type 1 diabetes. In cohort 1, re-examined in 2014, care indicators were significantly improved from 2004, while complications increased with getting 10 years older. CONCLUSIONS We observed declining trends of diabetic microvascular complications with improvement in diabetes care indicators in type 2 and type 1 diabetes. Younger patients with type 2 diabetes exhibited marked increase in BMI and lower rates of achieving treatment targets compared with elderly patients, which remains a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shin-ichi Araki
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Hiroshi Maegawa
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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22
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Hooper P, Boucher MC, Cruess A, Dawson KG, Delpero W, Greve M, Kozousek V, Lam WC, Maberley DAL. Excerpt from the Canadian Ophthalmological Society evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the management of diabetic retinopathy. Can J Ophthalmol 2017; 52 Suppl 1:S45-S74. [PMID: 29074014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Hooper
- Philip Hooper, London, ON (Chair) (retina and uveitis); Marie Carole Boucher, Montreal, QC (retina and teleophthalmology); Alan Cruess, Halifax, NS (retina); Keith G. Dawson, Vancouver, BC (endocrinology); Walter Delpero, Ottawa, ON (cataract and strabismus); Mark Greve, Edmonton, AB (retina and teleophthalmology); Vladimir Kozousek, Halifax, NS (medical retina); Wai-Ching Lam, Toronto, ON (retina and research); David A.L. Maberley, Vancouver, BC (retina)..
| | - Marie Carole Boucher
- Philip Hooper, London, ON (Chair) (retina and uveitis); Marie Carole Boucher, Montreal, QC (retina and teleophthalmology); Alan Cruess, Halifax, NS (retina); Keith G. Dawson, Vancouver, BC (endocrinology); Walter Delpero, Ottawa, ON (cataract and strabismus); Mark Greve, Edmonton, AB (retina and teleophthalmology); Vladimir Kozousek, Halifax, NS (medical retina); Wai-Ching Lam, Toronto, ON (retina and research); David A.L. Maberley, Vancouver, BC (retina)
| | - Alan Cruess
- Philip Hooper, London, ON (Chair) (retina and uveitis); Marie Carole Boucher, Montreal, QC (retina and teleophthalmology); Alan Cruess, Halifax, NS (retina); Keith G. Dawson, Vancouver, BC (endocrinology); Walter Delpero, Ottawa, ON (cataract and strabismus); Mark Greve, Edmonton, AB (retina and teleophthalmology); Vladimir Kozousek, Halifax, NS (medical retina); Wai-Ching Lam, Toronto, ON (retina and research); David A.L. Maberley, Vancouver, BC (retina)
| | - Keith G Dawson
- Philip Hooper, London, ON (Chair) (retina and uveitis); Marie Carole Boucher, Montreal, QC (retina and teleophthalmology); Alan Cruess, Halifax, NS (retina); Keith G. Dawson, Vancouver, BC (endocrinology); Walter Delpero, Ottawa, ON (cataract and strabismus); Mark Greve, Edmonton, AB (retina and teleophthalmology); Vladimir Kozousek, Halifax, NS (medical retina); Wai-Ching Lam, Toronto, ON (retina and research); David A.L. Maberley, Vancouver, BC (retina)
| | - Walter Delpero
- Philip Hooper, London, ON (Chair) (retina and uveitis); Marie Carole Boucher, Montreal, QC (retina and teleophthalmology); Alan Cruess, Halifax, NS (retina); Keith G. Dawson, Vancouver, BC (endocrinology); Walter Delpero, Ottawa, ON (cataract and strabismus); Mark Greve, Edmonton, AB (retina and teleophthalmology); Vladimir Kozousek, Halifax, NS (medical retina); Wai-Ching Lam, Toronto, ON (retina and research); David A.L. Maberley, Vancouver, BC (retina)
| | - Mark Greve
- Philip Hooper, London, ON (Chair) (retina and uveitis); Marie Carole Boucher, Montreal, QC (retina and teleophthalmology); Alan Cruess, Halifax, NS (retina); Keith G. Dawson, Vancouver, BC (endocrinology); Walter Delpero, Ottawa, ON (cataract and strabismus); Mark Greve, Edmonton, AB (retina and teleophthalmology); Vladimir Kozousek, Halifax, NS (medical retina); Wai-Ching Lam, Toronto, ON (retina and research); David A.L. Maberley, Vancouver, BC (retina)
| | - Vladimir Kozousek
- Philip Hooper, London, ON (Chair) (retina and uveitis); Marie Carole Boucher, Montreal, QC (retina and teleophthalmology); Alan Cruess, Halifax, NS (retina); Keith G. Dawson, Vancouver, BC (endocrinology); Walter Delpero, Ottawa, ON (cataract and strabismus); Mark Greve, Edmonton, AB (retina and teleophthalmology); Vladimir Kozousek, Halifax, NS (medical retina); Wai-Ching Lam, Toronto, ON (retina and research); David A.L. Maberley, Vancouver, BC (retina)
| | - Wai-Ching Lam
- Philip Hooper, London, ON (Chair) (retina and uveitis); Marie Carole Boucher, Montreal, QC (retina and teleophthalmology); Alan Cruess, Halifax, NS (retina); Keith G. Dawson, Vancouver, BC (endocrinology); Walter Delpero, Ottawa, ON (cataract and strabismus); Mark Greve, Edmonton, AB (retina and teleophthalmology); Vladimir Kozousek, Halifax, NS (medical retina); Wai-Ching Lam, Toronto, ON (retina and research); David A.L. Maberley, Vancouver, BC (retina)
| | - David A L Maberley
- Philip Hooper, London, ON (Chair) (retina and uveitis); Marie Carole Boucher, Montreal, QC (retina and teleophthalmology); Alan Cruess, Halifax, NS (retina); Keith G. Dawson, Vancouver, BC (endocrinology); Walter Delpero, Ottawa, ON (cataract and strabismus); Mark Greve, Edmonton, AB (retina and teleophthalmology); Vladimir Kozousek, Halifax, NS (medical retina); Wai-Ching Lam, Toronto, ON (retina and research); David A.L. Maberley, Vancouver, BC (retina)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this study is to review the evidence that lower risk groups who could safely be screened less frequently for sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (DR) than annually. RECENT FINDINGS Data have demonstrated that people with no DR in either eye are at a low risk of progression to sight-threatening DR over a 2-year period (event rate 4.8 per 1000 person years), irrespective of whether the screening method is one-field non-mydriatic or two-field mydriatic digital photography. Low risk has been defined as no retinopathy on two consecutive screening episodes or no retinopathy on one screening episode combined with risk factor data. The risk of an extension to 2 years is less than 5 per 1000 person years in a population with a national screening programme, and the general standard of diabetes care is relatively good, whether low risk is defined as no retinopathy on two consecutive screening episodes or no retinopathy on one screening episode combined with other risk factor data. The definition used in different populations is likely to depend on the availability of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Scanlon
- Gloucestershire Retinal Research Group, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Office above Oakley Ward, Cheltenham General Hospital, Sandford Road, Cheltenham, GL53 7AN, UK.
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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24
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Vujosevic S, Pucci P, Casciano M, Daniele A, Bini S, Berton M, Cavarzeran F, Avogaro A, Lapolla A, Midena E. A decade-long telemedicine screening program for diabetic retinopathy in the north-east of Italy. J Diabetes Complications 2017; 31:1348-1353. [PMID: 28551296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe a decade long telemedicine screening for diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the metropolitan area of Padova (North-East Italy) and to report about prevalence/incidence of DR and maculopathy, rate of progression to STDR and optimal screening interval in patients with no DR at first examination. METHODS Observational, longitudinal, cohort study; 9347 patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) underwent 17,344 fundus exams (three-45° color photos per eye) in two diabetes clinics and were graded in the Reading Centre, by certified personnel. The incidence of STDR, progression of maculopathy and risk factors were evaluated by log Rank test (Kaplan-Meier method). A receiver operating curve was used to determine the optimal screening interval in patients who at the first examination had no DR. RESULTS The overall prevalence of DR was 27.6%:12.5% mild non proliferative (NPDR), 11.3% moderate NPDR, 2.9% severe NPDR and 0.9% proliferative (PDR). The overall prevalence of maculopathy was 5.7%: 2.8% mild, 2.2% moderate, and 0.7% severe maculopathy. The 10-year incidence of STDR was: 0.6% in no DR, 5.5% in mild NPDR and 21.1% in moderate NPDR at first examination. The 10-year incidence of maculopathy was: 2.1% mild, 1.7% moderate and 0.2% severe. The incidence of STDR in patients with type 1 and type 2 DM and duration>10years was 8.21% and 8.15%;in type 1 DM with duration <10years was 5.5% and in type 2 DM and duration <10years was 1.91%.In patients with no DR at first screening, the best (sensitivity-specificity) follow-up interval is 2.5years. CONCLUSIONS Screening every 2.5-year in patients without DR at the first examination seems to be adequate. Duration of disease is a relevant risk factor for progression to STDR, however patients with type 1 DM and duration <10years have greater incidence of STDR than patients with type 2 DM and similar disease duration. Epidemiologic data from this decade-long screening program in the North East of Italy may serve for implementing a national screening program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Porzia Pucci
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvia Bini
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Angelo Avogaro
- Department of Medicine, Metabolic Disease Division, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Annunziata Lapolla
- Department of Medicine, Center for Diabetes and Dietetics, ULSS 16, Padova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Midena
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Italy; Fondazione G. B. Bietti, IRCCS, Roma, Italy.
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Hughes D, Nair S, Harvey JN. Determining diabetic retinopathy screening interval based on time from no retinopathy to laser therapy. J Med Screen 2016; 24:170-175. [PMID: 27810985 DOI: 10.1177/0969141316672687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To determine the necessary screening interval for retinopathy in diabetic patients with no retinopathy based on time to laser therapy and to assess long-term visual outcome following screening. Methods In a population-based community screening programme in North Wales, 2917 patients were followed until death or for approximately 12 years. At screening, 2493 had no retinopathy; 424 had mostly minor degrees of non-proliferative retinopathy. Data on timing of first laser therapy and visual outcome following screening were obtained from local hospitals and ophthalmology units. Results Survival analysis showed that very few of the no retinopathy at screening group required laser therapy in the early years compared with the non-proliferative retinopathy group ( p < 0.001). After two years, <0.1% of the no retinopathy at screening group required laser therapy, and at three years 0.2% (cumulative), lower rates of treatment than have been suggested by analyses of sight-threatening retinopathy determined photographically. At follow-up (mean 7.8 ± 4.6 years), mild to moderate visual impairment in one or both eyes due to diabetic retinopathy was more common in those with retinopathy at screening (26% vs. 5%, p < 0.001), but blindness due to diabetes occurred in only 1 in 1000. Conclusions Optimum screening intervals should be determined from time to active treatment. Based on requirement for laser therapy, the screening interval for diabetic patients with no retinopathy can be extended to two to three years. Patients who attend for retinal screening and treatment who have no or non-proliferative retinopathy now have a very low risk of eventual blindness from diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hughes
- 1 Diabetes Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Sunil Nair
- 2 Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Countess of Chester Hospital, Chester, UK
| | - John N Harvey
- 1 Diabetes Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
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Scanlon PH, Aldington SJ, Leal J, Luengo-Fernandez R, Oke J, Sivaprasad S, Gazis A, Stratton IM. Development of a cost-effectiveness model for optimisation of the screening interval in diabetic retinopathy screening. Health Technol Assess 2016; 19:1-116. [PMID: 26384314 DOI: 10.3310/hta19740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The English NHS Diabetic Eye Screening Programme was established in 2003. Eligible people are invited annually for digital retinal photography screening. Those found to have potentially sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) are referred to surveillance clinics or to Hospital Eye Services. OBJECTIVES To determine whether personalised screening intervals are cost-effective. DESIGN Risk factors were identified in Gloucestershire, UK using survival modelling. A probabilistic decision hidden (unobserved) Markov model with a misgrading matrix was developed. This informed estimation of lifetime costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) in patients without STDR. Two personalised risk stratification models were employed: two screening episodes (SEs) (low, medium or high risk) or one SE with clinical information (low, medium-low, medium-high or high risk). The risk factor models were validated in other populations. SETTING Gloucestershire, Nottinghamshire, South London and East Anglia (all UK). PARTICIPANTS People with diabetes in Gloucestershire with risk stratification model validation using data from Nottinghamshire, South London and East Anglia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Personalised risk-based algorithm for screening interval; cost-effectiveness of different screening intervals. RESULTS Data were obtained in Gloucestershire from 12,790 people with diabetes with known risk factors to derive the risk estimation models, from 15,877 people to inform the uptake of screening and from 17,043 people to inform the health-care resource-usage costs. Two stratification models were developed: one using only results from previous screening events and one using previous screening and some commonly available GP data. Both models were capable of differentiating groups at low and high risk of development of STDR. The rate of progression to STDR was 5 per 1000 person-years (PYs) in the lowest decile of risk and 75 per 1000 PYs in the highest decile. In the absence of personalised risk stratification, the most cost-effective screening interval was to screen all patients every 3 years, with a 46% probability of this being cost-effective at a £30,000 per QALY threshold. Using either risk stratification models, screening patients at low risk every 5 years was the most cost-effective option, with a probability of 99-100% at a £30,000 per QALY threshold. For the medium-risk groups screening every 3 years had a probability of 43-48% while screening high-risk groups every 2 years was cost-effective with a probability of 55-59%. CONCLUSIONS The study found that annual screening of all patients for STDR was not cost-effective. Screening this entire cohort every 3 years was most likely to be cost-effective. When personalised intervals are applied, screening those in our low-risk groups every 5 years was found to be cost-effective. Screening high-risk groups every 2 years further improved the cost-effectiveness of the programme. There was considerable uncertainty in the estimated incremental costs and in the incremental QALYs, particularly with regard to implications of an increasing proportion of maculopathy cases receiving intravitreal injection rather than laser treatment. Future work should focus on improving the understanding of risk, validating in further populations and investigating quality issues in imaging and assessment including the potential for automated image grading. STUDY REGISTRATION Integrated Research Application System project number 118959. FUNDING DETAILS The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Scanlon
- Gloucestershire Retinal Research Group, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham General Hospital, Cheltenham, UK
| | - Stephen J Aldington
- Gloucestershire Retinal Research Group, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham General Hospital, Cheltenham, UK
| | - Jose Leal
- Health Economics Research Centre (HERC), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ramon Luengo-Fernandez
- Health Economics Research Centre (HERC), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jason Oke
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sobha Sivaprasad
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anastasios Gazis
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Irene M Stratton
- Gloucestershire Retinal Research Group, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham General Hospital, Cheltenham, UK
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Hudson SM, Contreras R, Kanter MH, Munz SJ, Fong DS. Centralized Reading Center Improves Quality in a Real-World Setting. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2016; 46:624-9. [PMID: 26114842 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20150610-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening is standard of care, but its utility diminishes unless high quality is maintained. This project describes the improvement in diagnostic accuracy achieved at a large health maintenance organization by implementing a centralized reading center. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data were extracted from the electronic health records of patients with diabetes who underwent DR screening between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2013, at 13 medical centers. Certified ophthalmic assistants and technicians were trained to read DR images under the supervision of a retinal specialist. This program was pilot-tested prior to full implementation. RESULTS DR prevalence among the 13 centers in 2009 was 10.1%, far below the national average. After implementation, prevalence increased to 22.1%. The program also resulted in improved access to follow-up. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate the value of a reading center in decreasing diagnostic error and achieving other improvements in a real-world setting.
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Cleland CR, Burton MJ, Hall C, Hall A, Courtright P, Makupa WU, Philippin H. Diabetic retinopathy in Tanzania: prevalence and risk factors at entry into a regional screening programme. Trop Med Int Health 2016; 21:417-26. [PMID: 26644361 PMCID: PMC4819693 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The number of adults with diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is expected to almost double by 2035. This study investigated the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and its risk factors at entry into a community-based screening programme. METHODS All persons with diabetes screened for retinopathy at entry into a screening programme in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania between November 2010 and December 2014 were included. Fundus photographs were taken with a Topcon retinal camera following pupil dilation. Data were collected on BP, random blood sugar, duration of diabetes, BMI and visual acuity on entry. RESULTS A total of 3187 persons were screened for DR. The prevalence of any DR was 27.9% (95%CI 26.4-29.5%) with background diabetic retinopathy (BDR), pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PPDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) having a prevalence of 19.1% (95% CI 17.7-20.4%), 6.0% (95%CI 5.2-6.8%) and 2.9% (95%CI 2.3-3.5%), respectively. Maculopathy was present in 16.1% (95%CI 14.8-17.4%) of participants. Multivariable logistic regression analysis for the presence of any DR found independent associations with duration of diabetes (P < 0.0001), systolic BP (P < 0.0001), random blood sugar (P < 0.0001) and attending a government hospital diabetic clinic (P = 0.0339). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to present data from a DR screening programme in SSA. The results will provide policymakers with data to aid planning of DR screening and treatment services in the African region. The study highlights the importance of managing comorbidities within DR screening programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Cleland
- Eye Department, Kilimanjaro Christina Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Matthew J Burton
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Claudette Hall
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, University Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony Hall
- Newcastle Eye Hospital Research Foundation, Waratah, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Courtright
- Kilimanjaro Centre for Community Ophthalmology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - William U Makupa
- Eye Department, Kilimanjaro Christina Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Heiko Philippin
- Eye Department, Kilimanjaro Christina Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Yokoyama H, Oishi M, Takamura H, Yamasaki K, Shirabe SI, Uchida D, Sugimoto H, Kurihara Y, Araki SI, Maegawa H. Large-scale survey of rates of achieving targets for blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipids and prevalence of complications in type 2 diabetes (JDDM 40). BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2016; 4:e000294. [PMID: 27752329 PMCID: PMC5051339 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The fact that population with type 2 diabetes mellitus and bodyweight of patients are increasing but diabetes care is improving makes it important to explore the up-to-date rates of achieving treatment targets and prevalence of complications. We investigated the prevalence of microvascular/macrovascular complications and rates of achieving treatment targets through a large-scale multicenter-based cohort. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A cross-sectional nationwide survey was performed on 9956 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus who consecutively attended primary care clinics. The prevalence of nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and macrovascular complications and rates of achieving targets of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) <7.0%, blood pressure <130/80 mm Hg, and lipids of low-density/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <3.1/≥1.0 mmol/L and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <3.8 mmol/L were investigated. RESULTS The rates of achieving targets for HbA1c, blood pressure, and lipids were 52.9%, 46.8% and 65.5%, respectively. The prevalence of microvascular complications was ∼28% each, 6.4% of which had all microvascular complications, while that of macrovascular complications was 12.6%. With an increasing duration of diabetes, the rate of achieving target HbA1c decreased and the prevalence of each complication increased despite increased use of diabetes medication. The prevalence of each complication decreased according to the number achieving the 3 treatment targets and was lower in subjects without macrovascular complications than those with. Adjustments for considerable covariates exhibited that each complication was closely inter-related, and the achievement of each target was significantly associated with being free of each complication. CONCLUSIONS Almost half of the subjects examined did not meet the recommended targets. The risk of each complication was significantly affected by 1 on-target treatment (inversely) and the concomitance of another complication (directly). Total diabetes care including one-by-one management of modifiable risk factors and complications may be important for high-quality care. The future studies including more subjects and clinics with precise complication status are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yokoyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jiyugaoka Medical Clinic, Obihiro, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shin-ichi Araki
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maegawa
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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Tozer K, Woodward MA, Newman-Casey PA. Telemedicine and Diabetic Retinopathy: Review of Published Screening Programs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2. [PMID: 27430019 DOI: 10.15226/2374-6890/2/4/00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide even though successful treatments exist. Improving screening and treatment could avoid many cases of vision loss. However, due to an increasing prevalence of diabetes, traditional in-person screening for DR for every diabetic patient is not feasible. Telemedicine is one viable solution to provide high-quality and efficient screening to large number of diabetic patients. PURPOSE To provide a narrative review of large DR telemedicine screening programs. METHODS Articles were identified through a comprehensive search of the English-language literature published between 2000 and 2014. Telemedicine screening programs were included for review if they had published data on at least 150 patients and had available validation studies supporting their model. Screening programs were then categorized according to their American Telemedicine Association Validation Level. RESULTS Seven programs from the US and abroad were identified and included in the review. Three programs were Category 1 programs (Ophdiat, EyePacs, and Digiscope), two were Category 2 programs (Eye Check, NHS Diabetic Eye Screening Program), and two were Category 3 programs (Joslin Vision Network, Alberta Screening Program). No program was identified that claimed category 4 status. Programs ranged from community or city level programs to large nationwide programs including millions of individuals. The programs demonstrated a high level of clinical accuracy in screening for DR. There was no consensus amongst the programs regarding the need for dilation, need for stereoscopic images, or the level of training for approved image graders. CONCLUSION Telemedicine programs have been clinically validated and successfully implemented across the globe. They can provide a high-level of clinical accuracy for screening for DR while improving patient access in a cost-effective and scalable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tozer
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
| | - Maria A Woodward
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
| | - Paula A Newman-Casey
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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Lund SH, Aspelund T, Kirby P, Russell G, Einarsson S, Palsson O, Stefánsson E. Individualised risk assessment for diabetic retinopathy and optimisation of screening intervals: a scientific approach to reducing healthcare costs. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 100:683-7. [PMID: 26377413 PMCID: PMC4853547 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-307341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Objective To validate a mathematical algorithm that calculates risk of diabetic retinopathy progression in a diabetic population with UK staging (R0–3; M1) of diabetic retinopathy. To establish the utility of the algorithm to reduce screening frequency in this cohort, while maintaining safety standards. Research design and methods The cohort of 9690 diabetic individuals in England, followed for 2 years. The algorithms calculated individual risk for development of preproliferative retinopathy (R2), active proliferative retinopathy (R3A) and diabetic maculopathy (M1) based on clinical data. Screening intervals were determined such that the increase in risk of developing certain stages of retinopathy between screenings was the same for all patients and identical to mean risk in fixed annual screening. Receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn and area under the curve calculated to estimate the prediction capability. Results The algorithm predicts the occurrence of the given diabetic retinopathy stages with area under the curve =80% for patients with type II diabetes (CI 0.78 to 0.81). Of the cohort 64% is at less than 5% risk of progression to R2, R3A or M1 within 2 years. By applying a 2 year ceiling to the screening interval, patients with type II diabetes are screened on average every 20 months, which is a 40% reduction in frequency compared with annual screening. Conclusions The algorithm reliably identifies patients at high risk of developing advanced stages of diabetic retinopathy, including preproliferative R2, active proliferative R3A and maculopathy M1. Majority of patients have less than 5% risk of progression between stages within a year and a small high-risk group is identified. Screening visit frequency and presumably costs in a diabetic retinopathy screening system can be reduced by 40% by using a 2 year ceiling. Individualised risk assessment with 2 year ceiling on screening intervals may be a pragmatic next step in diabetic retinopathy screening in UK, in that safety is maximised and cost reduced by about 40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Lund
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - T Aspelund
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland Risk ehf, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - P Kirby
- Health Intelligence plc, Cambridge, UK
| | - G Russell
- Health Intelligence plc, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - E Stefánsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland Risk ehf, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Lian JX, Gangwani RA, McGhee SM, Chan CKW, Lam CLK, Wong DSH. Systematic screening for diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Hong Kong: prevalence of DR and visual impairment among diabetic population. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 100:151-5. [PMID: 26271268 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-307382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR), sight threatening DR (STDR), visual impairment and other eye diseases in a systematic DR screening programme among primary care Chinese patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) in Hong Kong. METHODS Screening for DR was provided to all subjects with DM in public primary care using digital fundus photography according to the English national screening programme. STDR was defined as preproliferative DR (R2), proliferative DR (R3) and/or maculopathy (M1). The presence of other eye diseases was noted. Visual impairment was classified as none (visual acuity in the better eye of 6/18 or better), mild (6/18 to >6/60) and severe (6/60 or worse). RESULTS Of 174 532 subjects screened, most had never been screened before. The prevalence of DR was 39.0% (95% CI 38.8% to 39.2%) and STDR 9.8% (95% CI 9.7% to 9.9%). The most common DR status was R1 (35.7%), followed by M1 (8.6%), R2 (3.0%) and R3 (0.3%). The prevalence of mild and severe visual impairment was 4.2% and 1.3%, respectively. Subjects with STDR had a higher prevalence (9.8%) of visual impairment than those without (3.5%). CONCLUSIONS DR was prevalent in this population and one in 10 had STDR. This suggests the need for systematic screening to ensure timely referral to an ophthalmologist for monitoring and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xiao Lian
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Rita A Gangwani
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sarah M McGhee
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Christina K W Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Cindy Lo Kuen Lam
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - David Sai Hung Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Taylor-Phillips S, Mistry H, Leslie R, Todkill D, Tsertsvadze A, Connock M, Clarke A. Extending the diabetic retinopathy screening interval beyond 1 year: systematic review. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 100:105-14. [PMID: 25586713 PMCID: PMC4717369 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether the recommended screening interval for diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the UK can safely be extended beyond 1 year. Systematic review of clinical and cost-effectiveness studies. Nine databases were searched with no date restrictions. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, prognostic or economic modelling studies which described the incidence and progression of DR in populations with type 1 diabetes mellitus or type 2 diabetes mellitus of either sex and of any age reporting incidence and progression of DR in relation to screening interval (vs annual screening interval) and/or prognostic factors were included. Narrative synthesis was undertaken. 14 013 papers were identified, of which 11 observational studies, 5 risk stratification modelling studies and 9 economic studies were included. Data were available for 262 541 patients of whom at least 228 649 (87%) had type 2 diabetes. There were no RCTs. Studies concluded that there is little difference between clinical outcomes from screening 1 yearly or 2 yearly in low-risk patients. However there was high loss to follow-up (13–31%), heterogeneity in definitions of low risk and variation in screening and grading protocols for prior retinopathy results. Observational and economic modelling studies in low-risk patients show little difference in clinical outcomes between 1-year and 2-year screening intervals. The lack of experimental research designs and heterogeneity in definition of low risk considerably limits the reliability and validity of this conclusion. Cost-effectiveness findings were mixed. There is insufficient evidence to recommend a move to extend the screening interval beyond 1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hema Mistry
- Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Rachael Leslie
- Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Dan Todkill
- Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Martin Connock
- Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Aileen Clarke
- Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Thomas RL, Dunstan FD, Luzio SD, Chowdhury SR, North RV, Hale SL, Gibbins RL, Owens DR. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy within a national diabetic retinopathy screening service. Br J Ophthalmol 2014; 99:64-8. [PMID: 25091950 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Determine the prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and risk factors in a large community based screening programme, in order to accurately estimate the future burden of this specific and debilitating complication of diabetes. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of 91,393 persons with diabetes, 5003 type 1 diabetes and 86,390 type 2 diabetes, at their first screening by the community based National Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Service for Wales from 2005 to 2009. Image capture used 2×45° digital images per eye following mydriasis, classified by qualified retinal graders with final grading based on the worst eye. RESULTS The prevalence of any DR and sight-threatening DR in those with type 1 diabetes was 56.0% and 11.2%, respectively, and in type 2 diabetes was 30.3% and 2.9%, respectively. The presence of DR, non-sight-threatening and sight-threatening, was strongly associated with increasing duration of diabetes for either type 1 or type 2 diabetes and also associated with insulin therapy in those with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of DR within the largest reported community-based, quality assured, DR screening programme, was higher in persons with type 1 diabetes; however, the major burden is represented by type 2 diabetes which is 94% of the screened population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank D Dunstan
- Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Stephen D Luzio
- Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | | | - Rachel V North
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Sarah L Hale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | | | - David R Owens
- Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
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Looker HC, Nyangoma SO, Cromie DT, Olson JA, Leese GP, Black MW, Doig J, Lee N, Lindsay RS, McKnight JA, Morris AD, Pearson DWM, Philip S, Wild SH, Colhoun HM. Rates of referable eye disease in the Scottish National Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Programme. Br J Ophthalmol 2014; 98:790-5. [PMID: 24599419 PMCID: PMC4033179 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetic retinopathy screening aims to detect people at risk of visual loss due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy, but also refers cases of suspected macular oedema (maculopathy). At the introduction of screening, ophthalmology was concerned that referral rates would be unmanageable. We report yield of referable disease by referral reason for the first 5 years of the programme. METHODS We extracted screening results from a nationwide clinical diabetes database to calculate annual referral rates to ophthalmic clinics. We used logistic regression to examine associations between clinical measures and referable disease. RESULTS 182 397 people underwent ≥ 1successful retinal screening between 2006 and 2010. The yield of referable eye disease was highest in the first 2 years of screening (7.0% and 6.0%) before stabilising at ∼4.3%. The majority of referrals are due to maculopathy with 73% of referrals in 2010 based on a finding of maculopathy. CONCLUSIONS The commonest cause for referral is for suspected macular oedema (maculopathy). Referral rates for retinopathy have stabilised, as predicted, at relatively low rates. However, ophthalmology workload continues to rise as new treatment options (ie, monthly intraocular injections) have unexpectedly increased the impact on ophthalmology. A review of the screening referral path for maculopathy may be timely.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - G P Leese
- Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - M W Black
- Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Collaborative, NHS Highland, UK
| | - J Doig
- Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - N Lee
- Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Collaborative, NHS Highland, UK
| | | | - J A McKnight
- Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - S Philip
- Grampian Diabetes Research Unit, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK
| | - S H Wild
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Ali MK, Roglic G, Hayward RA, Narayan KM. Screening intervals for diabetic retinopathy and incidence of visual loss: a systematic review. Diabet Med 2013; 30:1272-92. [PMID: 23819487 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Screening for diabetic retinopathy can help to prevent this complication, but evidence regarding frequency of screening is uncertain. This paper systematically reviews the published literature on the relationship between screening intervals for diabetic retinopathy and the incidence of visual loss. The PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched until December 2012. Twenty five studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, as these assessed the incidence/prevalence of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in relation to screening frequency. The included studies comprised 15 evaluations of real-world screening programmes, three studies modelling the natural history of diabetic retinopathy and seven cost-effectiveness studies. In evaluations of diabetic retinopathy screening programmes, the appropriate screening interval ranged from one to four years, in people with no retinopathy at baseline. Despite study heterogeneity, the overall tendency observed in these programmes was that 2-year screening intervals among people with no diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis were not associated with high incidence of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy. The modelling studies (non-economic and economic) assessed a range of screening intervals (1-5 years). The aggregated evidence from both the natural history and cost-effectiveness models favors a screening interval >1 year, but ≤2 years. Such an interval would be appropriate, safe and cost-effective for people with no diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis, while screening intervals ≤1 year would be preferable for people with pre-existing diabetic retinopathy. A 2-year screening interval for people with no sight threatening diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis may be safely adopted. For patients with pre-existing diabetic retinopathy, a shorter interval ≤1 year is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Echouffo-Tcheugui
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Schaefer AM, Walker M, Turnbull DM, Taylor RW. Endocrine disorders in mitochondrial disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 379:2-11. [PMID: 23769710 PMCID: PMC3820028 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine dysfunction in mitochondrial disease is commonplace, but predominantly restricted to disease of the endocrine pancreas resulting in diabetes mellitus. Other endocrine manifestations occur, but are relatively rare by comparison. In mitochondrial disease, neuromuscular symptoms often dominate the clinical phenotype, but it is of paramount importance to appreciate the multi-system nature of the disease, of which endocrine dysfunction may be a part. The numerous phenotypes attributable to pathogenic mutations in both the mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA creates a complex and heterogeneous catalogue of disease which can be difficult to navigate for novices and experts alike. In this article we provide an overview of the endocrine disorders associated with mitochondrial disease, the way in which the underlying mitochondrial disorder influences the clinical presentation, and how these factors influence subsequent management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Schaefer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Corresponding authors. Address: Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Ageing and Health, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK. Tel.: +44 1912223685.
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Douglass M. Turnbull
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Robert W. Taylor
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Corresponding authors. Address: Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Ageing and Health, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK. Tel.: +44 1912223685.
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Forster AS, Forbes A, Dodhia H, Connor C, Du Chemin A, Sivaprasad S, Mann S, Gulliford MC. Non-attendance at diabetic eye screening and risk of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy: a population-based cohort study. Diabetologia 2013; 56:2187-93. [PMID: 23793717 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2975-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS This study evaluated whether repeated non-attendance for diabetic eye screening is associated with the risk of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR). METHODS This was a cohort study of 6,556 residents with diabetes who were invited for screening between 2008 and 2011 in a population-based eye screening programme in inner London and who attended for their first-ever screen in 2008. The proportion of participants with STDR was evaluated in relation to the number of years in which screening was missed. RESULTS The proportion of participants who did not attend screening decreased between 2009 and 2011 (annual reduction 1.6% [95% CI 0.9%, 2.3%]). The adjusted relative odds of STDR for 210 participants who did not attend two consecutive years of screening were 3.76 (95% CI 2.14, 6.61; p < 0.001), compared with participants who were screened annually. In 605 participants with mild non-proliferative retinopathy at the first screen, the adjusted relative odds of developing proliferative or moderate to severe non-proliferative retinopathy were 5.72 (95% CI 7.43, 22.83; p = 0.013) for 53 participants who missed two screens. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Patients who do not attend diabetic eye screening are at increased risk of developing STDR. Tracing of non-attenders with evidence of established retinopathy should be an important fail-safe procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice S Forster
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King's College London, Capital House, 42 Weston Street, London SE1 3QD, UK.
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Forster AS, Forbes A, Dodhia H, Connor C, Du Chemin A, Sivaprasad S, Mann S, Gulliford MC. Changes in detection of retinopathy in type 2 diabetes in the first 4 years of a population-based diabetic eye screening program: retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:2663-9. [PMID: 23620476 PMCID: PMC3747895 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Annual diabetic eye screening has been implemented in England since 2008. This study aimed to estimate changes in the detection of retinopathy in the first 4 years of the program. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants included 32,340 patients with type 2 diabetes resident in three London boroughs with one or more screening records between 2008 and 2011. Data for 87,570 digital images from 2008 to 2011 were analyzed. Frequency of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) was estimated by year of screen for first screens and for subsequent screens according to retinopathy status at first screen. RESULTS Among 16,621 first-ever screens, the frequency of STDR was 7.1% in 2008, declining to 6.4% in 2011 (P = 0.087). The proportion with a duration of diabetes of <1 year at first screen increased from 18.7% in 2008 to 48.6% in 2011. Second or later screens were received by 26,308 participants. In participants with mild nonproliferative retinopathy at first screen, the proportion with STDR at second or later screen declined from 21.6% in 2008 to 8.4% in 2011 (annual change -2.2% [95% CI -3.3 to -1.0], P < 0.001). In participants with no retinopathy at first screen, STDR declined from 9.2% in 2008 to 3.2% in 2011 (annual change -1.8% [-2.0 to -1.7], P < 0.001). Declining trends were similar in sociodemographic subgroups. CONCLUSIONS After the inception of population-based diabetic eye screening, patients at lower risk of STDR contribute an increasing proportion to the eligible population, and the proportion detected with STDR at second or subsequent screening rounds declines rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice S Forster
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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Ruta LM, Magliano DJ, Lemesurier R, Taylor HR, Zimmet PZ, Shaw JE. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Type 2 diabetes in developing and developed countries. Diabet Med 2013; 30:387-98. [PMID: 23331210 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the global prevalence of diabetes increases, so will the numbers of people with diabetic retinopathy. Our review aimed to provide a comprehensive picture of available studies of diabetic retinopathy and how prevalence varies around the developed and developing world. METHODS A detailed literature search using PubMed was undertaken. The following search term was used: 'diabetic retinopathy AND prevalence'. The titles and abstracts of all publications identified by the search were reviewed and 492 studies were retrieved. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. RESULTS A total of 72 articles from 33 countries were included. There were only 26 population-based studies using fundus photography (12 in developing countries), of which only 16 (eight in developing countries) were published since 2000. Prevalence estimates varied from as low as 10% to as high as 61% in persons with known diabetes and from 1.5 to 31% in newly diagnosed diabetes. Across all the studies, the median (interquartile range) prevalence of any diabetic retinopathy in known diabetes was 27.9% (22-37%) and 10.5% (6-16%) in newly diagnosed diabetes. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was higher in developing countries. CONCLUSION Significant gaps exist in that reliable population-based data from developing nations and indigenous populations in particular are lacking. Major differences in study characteristics and methodologies make comparisons very difficult. More research is required and study methodologies must be better standardized. This will provide important information for prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Ruta
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Hooper P, Boucher MC, Cruess A, Dawson KG, Delpero W, Greve M, Kozousek V, Lam WC, Maberley DAL. Canadian Ophthalmological Society evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the management of diabetic retinopathy. Can J Ophthalmol 2012; 47:S1-30, S31-54. [PMID: 22632804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2011.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Yeo ST, Edwards RT, Luzio SD, Charles JM, Thomas RL, Peters JM, Owens DR. Diabetic retinopathy screening: perspectives of people with diabetes, screening intervals and costs of attending screening. Diabet Med 2012; 29:878-85. [PMID: 22414383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To obtain the views of people with diabetes about the provision of diabetic retinopathy screening services; and the interval of screening. METHODS Between October 2009 and January 2010, people with diabetes attending diabetic retinopathy screening clinics across Wales were asked to complete a questionnaire comprising of two parts: the first asking about their health, diabetes history, demographic characteristics and views about the diabetic retinopathy screening service, and the second asking about the costs of attending the screening. RESULTS The response rate was 40% (n = 621) from 1550 questionnaires distributed at diabetic retinopathy clinics, with 600 complete responses analysed. Respondents had a mean known duration of diabetes of 8.5 years (sd 7.8) and had attended for screening on average 3.2 times (sd 1.6) in the last 5 years. Sixty-eight per cent (n = 408) of respondents reported having their eyes screened approximately once a year. Eighty-five per cent (n = 507) felt that they should have their eyes screened every year. However, 65% (n = 390) of respondents would accept screening at 2- or 3-year intervals if medical evidence showed that it was safe. The reported personal costs incurred by respondents attending diabetic retinopathy screening were low. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that people with diabetes undergoing diabetic retinopathy screening would accept a greater screening interval, provided that adequate clinical evidence and medical reassurance were given.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Yeo
- Centre for Health Economics and Medicines Evaluation, IMSCaR, College of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.
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Yeo ST, Edwards RT, Fargher EA, Luzio SD, Thomas RL, Owens DR. Preferences of people with diabetes for diabetic retinopathy screening: a discrete choice experiment. Diabet Med 2012; 29:869-77. [PMID: 22414336 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The ever-increasing prevalence of diabetes places pressure on the provision of diabetic retinopathy screening services. As the first study of its kind, we aimed to determine preferences for diabetic retinopathy screening in people with diabetes and to examine the trade-offs between frequency of screening and other service attributes. METHODS A questionnaire including a discrete choice experiment was administered to people (n = 198) attending diabetic retinopathy screening at eight clinics across Wales, United Kingdom. The discrete choice experiment contained eight pairwise choices in which screening provision was described by five attributes: frequency of screening; travel time; results time; ability of screening to detect other changes; and explanation of results. Data were analysed using logistic regression techniques. RESULTS We gained a response rate of 86.4% from the 198 questionnaires administered at clinics; 160 complete responses were analysed. Respondents valued four out of the five attributes [ability of screening to detect other changes (P = 0.000), explanation of results (P = 0.024), frequency of screening (P = 0.000) and travel time (P = 0.007)]. Results time was insignificant (P = 0.122). Respondents were willing to wait an additional 12, 2 and 1 month between screening tests to have a test that was able to detect additional changes, to have their results explained in person rather than by letter and to have a 15-min reduction in travel time, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Respondents were willing to accept a longer screening interval, as long as preferences for other attributes of service provision (ability of screening to detect other changes, explanation of results and travel time) were made available.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Yeo
- Centre for Health Economics and Medicines Evaluation, IMSCaR, College of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.
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Hooper P, Boucher MC, Cruess A, Dawson KG, Delpero W, Greve M, Kozousek V, Lam WC, Maberley DA, Maberley DAL. Canadian Ophthalmological Society Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Diabetic Retinopathy – Executive Summary. Can J Ophthalmol 2012; 47:91-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2012.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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McGhee S, Harding SP, Wong D. Individual risk assessment and information technology to optimise screening frequency for diabetic retinopathy by Aspelund et al. (2011) Diabetologia 54:2525-2532. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 250:477-8. [PMID: 22407292 PMCID: PMC3310149 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-012-1939-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McGhee
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Simon P. Harding
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David Wong
- The Eye Institute, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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Jones CD, Greenwood RH, Misra A, Bachmann MO. Incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy during 17 years of a population-based screening program in England. Diabetes Care 2012; 35:592-6. [PMID: 22279031 PMCID: PMC3322726 DOI: 10.2337/dc11-0943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the incidence of diabetic retinopathy in relation to retinopathy grade at first examination and other prognostic characteristics. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a dynamic cohort study of 20,686 people with type 2 diabetes who had annual retinal photography up to 14 times between 1990 and 2006. Cumulative and annual incidence rates were estimated using life tables, and risk factors for progression were identified using Cox regression analysis. RESULTS Of 20,686 patients without proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) or sight-threatening maculopathy at their first retinal examination (baseline), 16,444 (79%) did not have retinopathy, 3,632 (18%) had nonproliferative retinopathy, and 610 (2.9%) had preproliferative retinopathy. After 5 years, few patients without retinopathy at baseline developed preproliferative retinopathy (cumulative incidence 4.0%), sight-threatening maculopathy (0.59%), or PDR (0.68%); after 10 years, the respective cumulative incidences were 16.4, 1.2, and 1.5%. Among those with nonproliferative (background) retinopathy at baseline, after 5 years [corrected] 23% developed preproliferative retinopathy, 5.2% developed maculopathy, and 6.1% developed PDR; after 10 years, the respective cumulative incidences were 53%, 9.6%, and 11%. Patients with nonproliferative retinopathy at baseline were five times more likely to develop preproliferative, PDR, or maculopathy than those without retinopathy at baseline (adjusted hazard ratio 5.0 [95% CI 4.4-5.6]). CONCLUSIONS Few patients without diabetic retinopathy at the initial screening examination developed preproliferative retinopathy, PDR, or sight-threatening maculopathy after 5-10 years of follow-up. Screening intervals longer than a year may be appropriate for such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D Jones
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
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Thomas RL, Dunstan F, Luzio SD, Roy Chowdury S, Hale SL, North RV, Gibbins RL, Owens DR. Incidence of diabetic retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending the Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Service for Wales: retrospective analysis. BMJ 2012; 344:e874. [PMID: 22362115 PMCID: PMC3284424 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the incidence of any and referable diabetic retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending an annual screening service for retinopathy and whose first screening episode indicated no evidence of retinopathy. DESIGN Retrospective four year analysis. SETTING Screenings at the community based Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Service for Wales, United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS 57,199 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, who were diagnosed at age 30 years or older and who had no evidence of diabetic retinopathy at their first screening event between 2005 and 2009. 49,763 (87%) had at least one further screening event within the study period and were included in the analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Annual incidence and cumulative incidence after four years of any and referable diabetic retinopathy. Relations between available putative risk factors and the onset and progression of retinopathy. RESULTS Cumulative incidence of any and referable retinopathy at four years was 360.27 and 11.64 per 1000 people, respectively. From the first to fourth year, the annual incidence of any retinopathy fell from 124.94 to 66.59 per 1000 people, compared with referable retinopathy, which increased slightly from 2.02 to 3.54 per 1000 people. Incidence of referable retinopathy was independently associated with known duration of diabetes, age at diagnosis, and use of insulin treatment. For participants needing insulin treatment with a duration of diabetes of 10 years or more, cumulative incidence of referable retinopathy at one and four years was 9.61 and 30.99 per 1000 people, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis supports the extension of the screening interval for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus beyond the currently recommended 12 months, with the possible exception of those with diabetes duration of 10 years or more and on insulin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Thomas
- Diabetes Research Unit, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - F Dunstan
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff
| | - S D Luzio
- Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - S Roy Chowdury
- Diabetes Research Unit, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - S L Hale
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales
| | - R V North
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University
| | | | - D R Owens
- Diabetes Research Unit, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
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Kawasaki R, Tanaka S, Tanaka S, Yamamoto T, Sone H, Ohashi Y, Akanuma Y, Yamada N, Yamashita H. Incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy in Japanese adults with type 2 diabetes: 8 year follow-up study of the Japan Diabetes Complications Study (JDCS). Diabetologia 2011; 54:2288-94. [PMID: 21630126 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and progression rates of diabetic retinopathy and their associations in Japanese individuals with type 2 diabetes. METHODS This is a part of the Japan Diabetic Complications Study (JDCS), a multi-centred randomised trial of type 2 diabetes patients aged 40-70 years with an 8 year follow-up. There were 1,221 patients without diabetic retinopathy at baseline; incidence of diabetic retinopathy was defined as the development of any diabetic retinopathy. There were 410 patients with mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy at baseline; progression of diabetic retinopathy was defined as the development of severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy or proliferative diabetic retinopathy. We used multivariate proportional Cox hazard models, and generalised additive models were also applied to identify potential threshold effect. RESULTS The incidence and progression rate of diabetic retinopathy was 38.3/1,000 person-years and 21.1/1,000 person-years, respectively. Higher HbA(1c) (adjusted HR [aHR] per 1% [10.9 mmol/mol] 1.36 [95% CI 1.28-1.45]), longer duration of diabetes (aHR per 5 year period 1.26 [95% CI 1.17-1.35]), higher systolic blood pressure (aHR per +10 mmHg 1.01 [95% CI 1.00-1.02]) and higher body mass index (aHR per 1 kg/m(2) 1.05 [95% CI 1.00-1.09]) were associated with incident diabetic retinopathy. The association between HbA(1c) and incident diabetic retinopathy was linear; the association with duration of diabetes increased rapidly between 5 and 10 years. Higher HbA(1c) was also associated with progression of diabetic retinopathy (aHR per 1% [10.9 mmol/mol] 1.66 [95% CI 1.41-1.96]). CONCLUSIONS Observed incidence and progression rates of diabetic retinopathy seemed lower than that in western populations. HbA(1c) was the only factor associated with both incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. The strength of the association between duration of diabetes and incidence of diabetic retinopathy increased rapidly during a period of 5 to 10 years duration of diabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION C000000222 ( www.umin.ac.jp ) FUNDING This study is supported by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kawasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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Current literature in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2010; 26:i-xi. [PMID: 20474064 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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