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Basson EP, Kadwa AR, Blignaut CJ, Zeiler GE. Physiological variables for the objective detection of nerve block failure in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2024; 51:343-353. [PMID: 38772854 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify physiological variables for objectively detecting nociception indicative of intraoperative peripheral nerve block failure. STUDY DESIGN A double-blinded randomized clinical study. ANIMALS A sample of 14 male (40.8 ± 12 kg; mean ± standard deviation) and 16 female (34.3 ± 11.4 kg) client-owned dogs. METHODS Dogs were randomly assigned to one of three groups for psoas compartment and proximal sciatic nerve blocks (0.2 mL kg-1 per site): guided bupivacaine (GBB), or saline (GSB) block or a blind bupivacaine block (BBB). Guided blocks were performed using an ultrasound-peripheral nerve locator combination. Premedication consisted of medetomidine 0.01 mg kg-1 and morphine 0.3 mg kg-1. General anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis was used to compare actual values and change in values of physiological variables between GSB and GBB. The Youden index and associated criterion for each physiological variable were used to determine an objective measure for nociception. Fisher's exact t test, McNemar's test and Cohen's kappa statistical analysis were used to determine association, differences and inter-score reliability between the objective and subjective scoring for BBB. RESULTS Cardiovascular variables had good discriminating ability to identify a nociceptive response (p < 0.01). The Youden indices for mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressure were most reliable in detecting nociception. The highest sensitivity was that of ΔMAP (100%) with good agreement between the subjective and objective scores of Δheart rate or systolic arterial pressure (SAP). The use of ΔMAP, ΔSAP, ΔDAP had the best ability in indicating peripheral nerve block failure (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Blood pressure values can detect a response to surgical stimulus in adequately anaesthetized dogs. The use of ΔMAP, ΔSAP or ΔDAP may be considered as objective measures to detect nerve block failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne P Basson
- Anaesthesia and Critical Care Services, Valley Farm Animal Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Abdur R Kadwa
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christiaan J Blignaut
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gareth E Zeiler
- Anaesthesia and Critical Care Services, Valley Farm Animal Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Weiss L, Saller AM, Werner J, Süß SC, Reiser J, Kollmansperger S, Anders M, Potschka H, Fenzl T, Schusser B, Baumgartner C. Nociception in Chicken Embryos, Part I: Analysis of Cardiovascular Responses to a Mechanical Noxious Stimulus. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2710. [PMID: 37684974 PMCID: PMC10486618 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is assumed that chicken embryos acquire the capacity for nociception while developing in the egg, an exact time point has not yet been specified. The present research was an exploratory study aiming to determine when the capacity of nociception emerges during embryonic development in chickens. Changes in blood pressure and heart rate (HR) in response to a noxious mechanical stimulus at the base of the beak versus a light touch on the beak were examined in chicken embryos between embryonic days (EDs) 7 and 18. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was the most sensitive parameter for assessing cardiovascular responses. Significant changes in MAP in response to a noxious stimulus were detected in embryos at ED16 to ED18, whereas significant changes in HR were observed at ED17 and ED18. Infiltration anesthesia with the local anesthetic lidocaine significantly reduced the response of MAP on ED18, so the measured cardiovascular changes may be interpreted as nociceptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Weiss
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (L.W.); (A.M.S.); (J.W.); (S.C.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Anna M. Saller
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (L.W.); (A.M.S.); (J.W.); (S.C.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Julia Werner
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (L.W.); (A.M.S.); (J.W.); (S.C.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Stephanie C. Süß
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (L.W.); (A.M.S.); (J.W.); (S.C.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Judith Reiser
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (L.W.); (A.M.S.); (J.W.); (S.C.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Sandra Kollmansperger
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.K.); (M.A.); (T.F.)
| | - Malte Anders
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.K.); (M.A.); (T.F.)
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Thomas Fenzl
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.K.); (M.A.); (T.F.)
| | - Benjamin Schusser
- Reproductive Biotechnology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Christine Baumgartner
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (L.W.); (A.M.S.); (J.W.); (S.C.S.); (J.R.)
- Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Perioperative Brain Function Monitoring with Electroencephalography in Horses Anesthetized with Multimodal Balanced Anesthetic Protocol Subjected to Surgeries. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202851. [PMID: 36290236 PMCID: PMC9597736 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study aimed to investigate the use of electroencephalography (EEG) and EEG-derived (processed) indices for detecting brain activity changes perioperatively in 12 anesthetized adult horses subjected to various surgery. Frontal electrodes together with Sedline/Root monitor were used on these horses from soon after anesthesia induction and continued until the horse first attempted to stand in recovery. The EEG waves were characterized by low-frequency high amplitude alpha, theta, and alpha waves during the isoflurane maintenance and surgery, which is commonly observed in profound anesthesia. The processed EEG indices including Patient State Index, Burst Suppression Ratio, and 95% Spectral Edge Frequency changed significantly between the stages (induction, surgery, and recovery) of anesthesia. Collectively, the presence of the slow EEG wave activities and the presence of burst suppression implies that these horses were profoundly unconscious during the anesthesia. We concluded that the use of EEG in conjunction with traditional cardiorespiratory monitoring provides clinically relevant information about perioperative brain state changes in the anesthetized horses. Abstract This study aimed to investigate the use of electroencephalography (EEG) for detecting brain activity changes perioperatively in anesthetized horses subjected to surgery. Twelve adult horses undergoing various surgeries were evaluated after premedication with xylazine and butorphanol, induction with ketamine, midazolam, and guaifenesin, and maintenance with isoflurane. The frontal EEG electrodes were placed after the horse was intubated and mechanically ventilated. The EEG data were collected continuously from Stage (S)1—transition from induction to isoflurane maintenance, S2—during surgery, S3—early recovery before xylazine sedation (0.2 mg kg IV), and S4—recovery after xylazine sedation. The Patient State Index (PSI), (Burst) Suppression Ratio (SR), and 95% Spectral Edge Frequency (SEF95) were compared across the stages. The PSI was lowest in S2 (20.8 ± 2.6) and increased to 30.0 ± 27.7 (p = 0.005) in S3. The SR increased from S1 (5.5 ± 10.7%) to S3 (32.7 ± 33.8%, p = 0.0001). The spectral power analysis showed that S3 had a significantly higher content of delta wave activity (0.1–4 Hz) in the EEG and lower relative power in the 3 Hz to 15 Hz range when compared to S1 and S2. A similar result was observed in S4, but the lower power was in a narrower range, from 3 Hz to 7 Hz, which indicate profound central nervous system depression potentiated by xylazine, despite the cessation of isoflurane anesthesia. We concluded that the use of EEG provides clinically relevant information about perioperative brain state changes of the isoflurane-anesthetized horse.
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Nociception-Induced Changes in Electroencephalographic Activity and FOS Protein Expression in Piglets Undergoing Castration under Isoflurane Anaesthesia. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182309. [PMID: 36139169 PMCID: PMC9494976 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the electroencephalographic reaction pattern and FOS protein expression in male piglets undergoing surgical castration under light isoflurane anaesthesia with or without local anaesthesia. The experiment was conducted under isoflurane anaesthesia to exclude the effect of the affective components of pain on the measurements. Changes in the oscillatory activity of the cerebral cortex over a 90 s period after noxious stimulation or simulated interventions were analysed. FOS expression was determined postmortem by performing immunohistochemistry in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The analysis of the response to an interdigital pinch revealed a biphasic reaction pattern in the electroencephalogram (EEG) that similarly was observed for the surgical stimuli during the castration procedure in the group without analgesia. This EEG response was attenuated or altered by the application of local anaesthetics. Immunohistochemical staining for FOS indicated a lower expression in the handling and in three local anaesthetic groups than in the animals castrated without pain relief. The findings indicate that EEG and FOS expression may serve as indicators for nociception in piglets under light isoflurane anaesthesia. A lower activation of nociceptive pathways occurs during castration after the application of local anaesthetics. However, EEG and FOS analyses should be combined with additional parameters to assess nociception, e.g., haemodynamic monitoring.
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Rodriguez A, Medina‐Serra R, Lynch N, Veres‐Nyeki K. Erector spinae plane block as part of a multimodal analgesic approach in an anaesthetised horse undergoing dorsal spinous process ostectomy and desmotomy. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Rodriguez
- Royal Veterinary College Hatfield UK
- Highcroft Veterinary Referrals Bristol UK
| | - Roger Medina‐Serra
- Royal Veterinary College Hatfield UK
- North Downs Specialist Referrals Bletchingley UK
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Abubakar AA, Zulkifli I, Goh YM, Kaka U, Sabow AB, Awad EA, Imlan JC, Othman AH, Raghazli R, Mitin H, Sazili AQ. The Effects of Stocking Density and Distances on Electroencephalographic Changes and Cortisol as Welfare Indicators in Brahman Crossbred Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2895. [PMID: 34679916 PMCID: PMC8532656 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of stocking density and distances on electroencephalographic changes and cortisol as welfare indicators in Brahman crossbred cattle. Sixty Brahman crossbred heifers were subjected to road transport from a cattle feedlot farm located in Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang to a commercial ruminant abattoir in Shah Alam, Selangor. Animals were assigned to long (850 km) and short (450 km) distances and high (600 sqm), medium (400 sqm), and low (200 sqm) stocking densities. Results revealed that the intensity of cortisol responses and EEG parameters (such as alpha <0.001, beta < 0.001, delta < 0.001, theta < 0.001, MF < 0.001 and Ptot < 0.001) increased significantly. Long-distance transport also resulted in significantly more intense (<0.001) responses to nociception during slaughter than animals that had been transported over a shorter distance, as indicated by EEG and cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Abubakar
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.A.); (I.Z.); (E.A.A.); (J.C.I.); (H.M.); (A.Q.S.)
| | - Idrus Zulkifli
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.A.); (I.Z.); (E.A.A.); (J.C.I.); (H.M.); (A.Q.S.)
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yong M. Goh
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.A.); (I.Z.); (E.A.A.); (J.C.I.); (H.M.); (A.Q.S.)
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Ubedullah Kaka
- Department of Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Azad B. Sabow
- Department of Animal Resource, College of Agriculture, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil 44002, Kurdistan Region, Iraq;
| | - Elmutaz A. Awad
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.A.); (I.Z.); (E.A.A.); (J.C.I.); (H.M.); (A.Q.S.)
| | - Jurhamid C. Imlan
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.A.); (I.Z.); (E.A.A.); (J.C.I.); (H.M.); (A.Q.S.)
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan 9407, North Cotabato, Philippines
| | - Azalea H. Othman
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Razlina Raghazli
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Department of Veterinary Services, Wisma Tani, Blok Podium, Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya 62630, Malaysia
| | - Helen Mitin
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.A.); (I.Z.); (E.A.A.); (J.C.I.); (H.M.); (A.Q.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Services, Wisma Tani, Blok Podium, Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya 62630, Malaysia
| | - Awis Q. Sazili
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.A.); (I.Z.); (E.A.A.); (J.C.I.); (H.M.); (A.Q.S.)
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Zanker A, Wöhr AC, Reese S, Erhard M. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of polysomnographic measurements in foals. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16288. [PMID: 34381127 PMCID: PMC8357810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95770-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Veterinary and human medicine are still seeking a conclusive explanation of the function of sleep, including the change in sleep behaviour over the course of an individual's lifetime. In human medicine, sleep disorders and abnormalities in the electroencephalogram are used for prognostic statements, therapeutic means and diagnoses. To facilitate such use in foal medicine, we monitored 10 foals polysomnographically for 48 h. Via 10 attached cup electrodes, brain waves were recorded by electroencephalography, eye movements by electrooculography and muscle activity by electromyography. Wireless polysomnographs allowed us to measure the foals in their home stables. In addition, each foal was simultaneously monitored with infrared video cameras. By combining the recorded data, we determined the time budgeting of the foals over 48 h, whereby the states of vigilance were divided into wakefulness, light sleep, slow-wave sleep and rapid-eye-movement sleep, and the body positions into standing, suckling, sternal recumbency and lateral recumbency. The results of the qualitative analyses showed that the brain waves of the foals differ in their morphology from those previously reported for adult horses. The quantitative data analyses revealed that foals suckle throughout all periods of the day, including night-time. The results of our combined measurements allow optimizing the daily schedule of the foals according to their sleep and activity times. We recommend that stall rest should begin no later than 9.00 p.m. and daily stable work should be done in the late afternoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Zanker
- Tierärztliche Klinik Für Pferde Wolfesing, Wolfesing 12, 85604, Zorneding, Germany.
| | - Anna-Caroline Wöhr
- Chair of Animal Welfare, Animal Behaviour, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstraße 13 R, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Chair of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstraße 13 R, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Michael Erhard
- Chair of Animal Welfare, Animal Behaviour, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstraße 13 R, 80539, München, Germany
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Straticò P, Carluccio A, Varasano V, Guerri G, Suriano R, Robbe D, Cerasoli I, Petrizzi L. Analgesic Effect of Butorphanol during Castration in Donkeys under Total Intravenous Anaesthesia. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2346. [PMID: 34438803 PMCID: PMC8388773 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain management is necessary for all surgical procedures. Little scientific evidence about drug efficacy in donkeys is available. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of butorphanol in donkeys undergoing orchiectomy under total intravenous anaesthesia with guaifenesin-ketamine-detomidine. A randomized blinded prospective clinical trial (Protocol n. 2021/0000338), was carried out on 18 clinically healthy donkeys undergoing bilateral orchiectomy. Patients were assigned to Group D (n = 8) or Group DB (n = 10) if receiving intravenous detomidine or detomidine-butorphanol respectively, before induction of general anaesthesia with ketamine-diazepam. Intraoperative muscle relaxation, nystagmus, palpebral reflex, heart and respiratory rate, and non-invasive blood pressure were evaluated every 2 min; time to prepare the patient, duration of surgery and anaesthesia and recovery score were recorded. Group D had significantly longer surgical time, higher heart rate, higher systolic and mean blood pressure (p < 0.05; repeated measure ANOVA), increased muscle rigidity and expression of palpebral reflex (p < 0.05; Mann-Whitney U test) than group DB. Top-ups with thiopental were statistically higher in Group D. Butorphanol and detomidine together produced a more stable anaesthetic plan. The low dosage of opioid and alpha-2-agonists and reduced rescue anaesthesia are responsible for a safer and more superficial anaesthesia, which is mandatory under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Straticò
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.S.); (A.C.); (V.V.); (R.S.); (D.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Augusto Carluccio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.S.); (A.C.); (V.V.); (R.S.); (D.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Varasano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.S.); (A.C.); (V.V.); (R.S.); (D.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Giulia Guerri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.S.); (A.C.); (V.V.); (R.S.); (D.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Riccardo Suriano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.S.); (A.C.); (V.V.); (R.S.); (D.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Domenico Robbe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.S.); (A.C.); (V.V.); (R.S.); (D.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Ilaria Cerasoli
- Clinica Veterinaria Borghesiana, Via di Vermicino 96, 00133 Roma, Italy;
| | - Lucio Petrizzi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.S.); (A.C.); (V.V.); (R.S.); (D.R.); (L.P.)
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Imlan JC, Kaka U, Goh YM, Idrus Z, Awad EA, Abubakar AA, Ahmad T, Nizamuddin HNQ, Sazili AQ. Effects of Slaughter Knife Sharpness on Blood Biochemical and Electroencephalogram Changes in Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040579. [PMID: 32235510 PMCID: PMC7222384 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The role of knife sharpness in slaughtering animals, from the perspective of animal welfare, is likely subconsciously ignored by the masses involved in the abattoir industry. This might be due to the difficulty in objectively quantifying the sharpness of a knife. Furthermore, a small incremental improvement in sharpness might result in a huge productivity trade-off at the abattoir when the slaughterman needs to dedicate more time to sharpen their blades in between slaughters. This study attempts to assess the effects of sharp and commercial sharp knives on the pain and stress levels of animals. After objectively measuring the sharpness of knives with an ANAGO® sharpness tester, animals were slaughtered with commercial sharp and sharp knives. The results obtained from blood and brain activities related to pain and stress revealed that the two sharpness levels had different effects on the stress and pain level in animals, suggesting that the sharp knife produced the least amount of stress and pain in animals compared to those slaughtered using a commercial sharp knife. Abstract The sharpness of the knife used for slaughter is of the utmost importance from an animal welfare perspective. The quantification of knife sharpness is almost impossible in abattoirs. The sharpness of the knife blade used to slaughter an animal, as well as its effects on animals’ pain and stress levels, is an important area of investigation that needs to be addressed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of knife sharpness on blood biochemical parameters, plasma catecholamines, and electroencephalographic (EEG) responses. Twenty Brahman crossbred steers were either subjected to slaughter with a sharp knife (n = 10) or a commercial sharp knife (n = 10); knife sharpness was measured with the ANAGO® sharpness tester. There was significant increase in adrenaline (p < 0.0001), glucose (p = 0.0167), creatinine kinase (p = 0.0123) and lactate dehydrogenase (p = 0.0151) at post-slaughter compared to pre-slaughter in commercial sharp knife group than in thesharp knife group. A significant increase was observed in the median frequency (p < 0.0001) and total power (p < 0.0001) of the EEG, the parameters for pain and stress, in the animals slaughtered with the commercial sharp knife than those slaughtered with the sharp knife. Thus, EEG results also supported the hormonal and biochemical results. From the results, it is concluded that animals slaughtered with a sharp knife experienced the least amount of pain and stress compared to those slaughtered with a commercial sharp knife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurhamid Columbres Imlan
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (J.C.I.); (U.K.); (Y.-M.G.); (Z.I.); (E.A.A.); (A.A.A.)
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of Southern Mindanao, Cotabato 9407, Philippines
| | - Ubedullah Kaka
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (J.C.I.); (U.K.); (Y.-M.G.); (Z.I.); (E.A.A.); (A.A.A.)
- Department of Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yong-Meng Goh
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (J.C.I.); (U.K.); (Y.-M.G.); (Z.I.); (E.A.A.); (A.A.A.)
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zulkifli Idrus
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (J.C.I.); (U.K.); (Y.-M.G.); (Z.I.); (E.A.A.); (A.A.A.)
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Elmutaz Atta Awad
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (J.C.I.); (U.K.); (Y.-M.G.); (Z.I.); (E.A.A.); (A.A.A.)
- Preclinical Department, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa 16100, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed Abubakar Abubakar
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (J.C.I.); (U.K.); (Y.-M.G.); (Z.I.); (E.A.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Tanbir Ahmad
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
| | | | - Awis Qurni Sazili
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (J.C.I.); (U.K.); (Y.-M.G.); (Z.I.); (E.A.A.); (A.A.A.)
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Putra Infoport, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Harris C, White PJ, Mohler VL, Lomax S. Electroencephalography Can Distinguish between Pain and Anaesthetic Intervention in Conscious Lambs Undergoing Castration. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030428. [PMID: 32143285 PMCID: PMC7142543 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Australian sheep undergo painful procedures such as castration as part of routine husbandry practices, usually without any pain relief. Pain can be difficult to measure in prey animals like sheep due to their propensity to hide their pain behavior; and due to the complexity of the impact of a commercial production environment and interaction with handlers on physiological or endocrine measures. Electroencephalography (EEG), the measure of electrical activity in the brain, has been successfully demonstrated under general anaesthesia to objectively measure pain in livestock. However, the practicality of this application in the field is limited. We propose the use of EEG for objectively measuring pain in conscious lambs undergoing castration. Here we reveal that EEG can not only quantify the pain of castration, but also distinguish between anaesthetic interventions. This method has practical advantages that make it a useful measure of pain relief in sheep. Abstract Australian sheep routinely undergo painful surgical husbandry procedures without anaesthesia or analgesia. Electroencephalography (EEG) has been shown to be a successful measure of pain in livestock under a general anaesthetic. The aim of this study was to compare this EEG model to that of conscious lambs undergoing castration with and without local anaesthesia. Sixteen merino crossbred ram lambs 6 to 8 weeks of age (13.81kg ± 1.97) were used in the study. Lambs were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups: (1) Conscious EEG and surgical castration with no anaesthetic intervention (CON; n = 4); (2) Conscious EEG and surgical castration with pre-operative applied intra-testicular lignocaine injection (CON + LIG; n = 4); (3) surgical castration under minimal anaesthesia (MAM; n = 4); (4) and surgical castration with pre-operative lignocaine injection (2 mL lignocaine hydrochloride 20 mg/mL, under minimal anaesthesia (MAM + LIG; n = 4). Distinct differences in the EEG parameters Ptot, F50 and F95 between pre-and post-castration in conscious lambs were demonstrated in this study (p < 0.01). Further, CON and CON + LIG treatments were distinguishable using F50 and F95 measures (p = 0.02, p = 0.04, respectively). Significant changes in the EEG output of MAM animals were identified pre- to post-castration (p < 0.01). The EEG output of MAM and MAM + LIG were similar. EEG was successful in differentiating lambs treated with pain relief in a conscious state after castration by examining F50 and F95, which may suggest the suitability of conscious EEG pain measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charissa Harris
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia;
| | - Peter John White
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (P.J.W.); (V.L.M.)
| | - Virginia L. Mohler
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (P.J.W.); (V.L.M.)
| | - Sabrina Lomax
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Silva E, Schumacher J, Passler T. Castration of Dogs Using Local Anesthesia After Sedating With Xylazine and Subanesthetic Doses of Ketamine. Front Vet Sci 2020; 6:478. [PMID: 32039245 PMCID: PMC6989469 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Orchiectomy is performed in some species using only sedation and local anesthesia to decrease the expense of performing the procedure using general anesthesia. The objective of this study was to determine if dogs can be castrated safely and painlessly by using only sedation and local anesthesia. After dogs were sedated with intramuscularly administered xylazine (1 mg/kg) and subanesthetic ketamine (1 mg/kg), testes and skin were anesthetized with 2% lidocaine (6 mg/kg, total dose) buffered with sodium bicarbonate. Systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures; heart and respiratory rates; and movement scores were determined before and during surgery when manipulations were most likely to cause pain. No dog reacted substantially to injection of the combination of sedatives, and no dog reacted noticeably to injection of lidocaine. During surgery, the average heart rate was reduced from baseline by 40–60 beats per minute, and the average respiratory rate was reduced by ~10 breaths per minute. An overall reduction of arterial blood pressures was observed. All but one dog moved purposely in response to a toe pinch at the end of surgery. We found that sedating dogs intramuscularly with xylazine and a sub-anesthetic dose of ketamine and administering lidocaine at the incision site and intratesticularly allowed dogs to be castrated humanely and avoided the expense of general anesthesia and the need for hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Silva
- Facultad de Ciencias Clinicas Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Clinicas Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - John Schumacher
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Thomas Passler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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12
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Kaka U, Goh Y, Chean L, Chen H. Electroencephalographic changes associated with non-invasive nociceptive stimulus in minimally anaesthetised dogs. Pol J Vet Sci 2016; 19:675-683. [DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2016-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) has been reported as an objective, non-invasive and stress free technique for nociceptive studies. Electrical stimuli can be used to evaluate the efficacy of centrally acting agents. Peripheral nerve stimulator can be a good and cheap source of electric stimulus for studies of nociception, and studies evaluating analgesic effect of drugs under EEG. In this study suitability of peripheral nerve stimulator, and milliamperage for nociceptive studies under electroencephalography were evaluated. Six dogs were subjected to electric stimulus of 20, 40, 60 and 80 milliamperes (mAs) before and after tramadol administration at 4 mg/kg IV. Electroencephalograph was recorded during electric stimulus prior tramadol (pre-tramadol) and during electric stimulus after tramadol (post-tramadol) under minimal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with halothane at a stable concentration between 0.85 and 0.95%. Pre-tramadol median frequency (MF) increased significantly (p<0.05) at 40, 60 and 80 mAs post-electric stimulus compared to baseline MF. No difference in pre-tramadol MF was observed between 60 and 80 mAs. Tramadol produced significant effect by depression of MF at all intensities. The effect was less evident at 80 mAs. The results revealed that tramadol produced evident effect between 20 and 60 mAs. Thus, it is concluded that nerve stimulator can be used with the current between 20 and 60 mAs for nociceptive studies.
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13
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Williams DC, Brosnan RJ, Fletcher DJ, Aleman M, Holliday TA, Tharp B, Kass PH, LeCouteur RA, Steffey EP. Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics of the Electroencephalogram in Normal Horses during Administration of Inhaled Anesthesia. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 30:289-303. [PMID: 26714626 PMCID: PMC4913671 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of anesthesia on the equine electroencephalogram (EEG) after administration of various drugs for sedation, induction, and maintenance are known, but not that the effect of inhaled anesthetics alone for EEG recording. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of isoflurane and halothane, administered as single agents at multiple levels, on the EEG and quantitative EEG (qEEG) of normal horses. ANIMALS Six healthy horses. METHODS Prospective study. Digital EEG with video and quantitative EEG (qEEG) were recorded after the administration of one of the 2 anesthetics, isoflurane or halothane, at 3 alveolar doses (1.2, 1.4 and 1.6 MAC). Segments of EEG during controlled ventilation (CV), spontaneous ventilation (SV), and with peroneal nerve stimulation (ST) at each MAC multiple for each anesthetic were selected, analyzed, and compared. Multiple non-EEG measurements were also recorded. RESULTS Specific raw EEG findings were indicative of changes in the depth of anesthesia. However, there was considerable variability in EEG between horses at identical MAC multiples/conditions and within individual horses over segments of a given epoch. Statistical significance for qEEG variables differed between anesthetics with bispectral index (BIS) CV MAC and 95% spectral edge frequency (SEF95) SV MAC differences in isoflurane only and median frequency (MED) differences in SV MAC with halothane only. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Unprocessed EEG features (background and transients) appear to be beneficial for monitoring the depth of a particular anesthetic, but offer little advantage over the use of changes in mean arterial pressure for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Williams
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - R J Brosnan
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - D J Fletcher
- Section of Emergency and Critical Care, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - M Aleman
- Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - T A Holliday
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - B Tharp
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
| | - P H Kass
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - R A LeCouteur
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - E P Steffey
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
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Conde Ruiz C, Cruz Benedetti IC, Guillebert I, Portier KG. Effect of Pre- and Postoperative Phenylbutazone and Morphine Administration on the Breathing Response to Skin Incision, Recovery Quality, Behavior, and Cardiorespiratory Variables in Horses Undergoing Fetlock Arthroscopy: A Pilot Study. Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:58. [PMID: 26664985 PMCID: PMC4672197 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This prospective blinded randomized study aimed to determine whether the timing of morphine and phenylbutazone administration affects the breathing response to skin incision, recovery quality, behavior, and cardiorespiratory variables in horses undergoing fetlock arthroscopy. Ten Standardbred horses were premedicated with acepromazine (0.04 mg kg−1 IM) and romifidine (0.04 mg kg−1 IV). Anesthesia was induced with diazepam (0.05 mg kg−1) and ketamine (2.2 mg kg−1) IV at T0. Horses in group PRE (n = 5) received morphine (0.1 mg kg−1) and phenylbutazone (2.2 mg kg−1) IV after induction and an equivalent amount of saline after surgery. Horses in group POST (n = 5) received the inversed treatment. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane 2% in 100% oxygen. Hypotension (mean arterial pressure <60 mmHg) was treated with dobutamine. All horses breathed spontaneously. Dobutamine requirements, respiratory rate (fR), heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure, end-tidal CO2, inspired (i) and expired (e) tidal and minute volume (VT and V˙E), inspiratory time (IT), and the inspiratory gas flow (VTi/IT) were measured every 5 min. Data were averaged during four 15 min periods before (P1 and P2) and after the incision (P3 and P4). Serial blood–gas analyses were also performed. Recoveries were unassisted, video recorded, and scored by three anesthetists blinded to the treatment. The postoperative behavior of the horses (25 demeanors), HR, and fR were recorded at three time points before induction (T0–24 h, T0–12 h, and T0–2 h) and six time points after recovery (TR) (TR + 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48 h). Data were compared between groups using a Wilcoxon test and within groups using a Friedman test or a Kruskal–Wallis signed-rank test when applicable. Tidal volumes (VTe and VTi) were higher in PRE than in POST during all the considered periods but the difference between groups was only significant during P2 (VTe in mL kg−1 in PRE: 13 [9, 15], in POST: 9 [8, 9], p = 0.01). None of the other variables were significantly different between and within groups. Under our experimental conditions, skin incision did not affect respiratory variables. Administration of pre- versus postoperative phenylbutazone and morphine did not influence recovery quality, HR, fR, or animal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Conde Ruiz
- Anaesthesiology, Pôle Equin, VetAgro Sup, Lyon University , Marcy L´Etoile , France
| | | | - Isabelle Guillebert
- Anaesthesiology, Pôle Equin, VetAgro Sup, Lyon University , Marcy L´Etoile , France
| | - Karine Genevieve Portier
- Anaesthesiology, Pôle Equin, VetAgro Sup, Lyon University , Marcy L´Etoile , France ; CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM UMR-1060, University of Lyon , Lyon , France
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15
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Lacombe VA. Seizures in horses: diagnosis and classification. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2015; 6:301-308. [PMID: 30101115 PMCID: PMC6067615 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s62078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Seizures are a diverse and very common set of chronic neurologic disorders in humans and dogs but are less common in horses. Seizures refer to a specific clinical event (described as sudden and severe) regardless of the etiology, which includes both intracranial and extracranial causes. Therefore, after briefly reviewing some definitions, this article aims to describe the use of a standardized classification, which could facilitate a logical approach for the clinician to establish a diagnosis, as well as to use a consistent mode of communication. For instance, seizures can be classified by type (ie, focal vs generalized) or etiology (ie, reactive, symptomatic, cryptogenic, idiopathic). In particular, epilepsy, a brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures can be classified as primary (ie, genetic origin) or secondary (ie, acquired). This review further discusses the limitations associated with the clinical workup of horses with seizures. This is germane to the fact that the identification of the underlying cause remains challenging due to the technical limitations of imaging the equine adult brain. Indeed, as in man and dogs, epilepsies of unknown cause (ie, cryptogenic) account for the majority of all epilepsies. Therefore, although electroencephalography and advanced brain imaging techniques (eg, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) are becoming increasingly available, information obtained from the history, physical, and neurologic examinations and progression of clinical signs and response to treatment remain essential in the workup of horses with seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique A Lacombe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Stillwater, OK, USA,
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16
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Kaka U, Hui Cheng C, Meng GY, Fakurazi S, Kaka A, Behan AA, Ebrahimi M. Electroencephalographic changes associated with antinociceptive actions of lidocaine, ketamine, meloxicam, and morphine administration in minimally anaesthetized dogs. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:305367. [PMID: 25695060 PMCID: PMC4324106 DOI: 10.1155/2015/305367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Effects of ketamine and lidocaine on electroencephalographic (EEG) changes were evaluated in minimally anaesthetized dogs, subjected to electric stimulus. Six dogs were subjected to six treatments in a crossover design with a washout period of one week. Dogs were subjected to intravenous boluses of lidocaine 2 mg/kg, ketamine 3 mg/kg, meloxicam 0.2 mg/kg, morphine 0.2 mg/kg and loading doses of lidocaine 2 mg/kg followed by continuous rate infusion (CRI) of 50 and 100 mcg/kg/min, and ketamine 3 mg/kg followed by CRI of 10 and 50 mcg/kg/min. Electroencephalogram was recorded during electrical stimulation prior to any drug treatment (before treatment) and during electrical stimulation following treatment with the drugs (after treatment) under anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with halothane at a stable concentration between 0.85 and 0.95%. Pretreatment median frequency was evidently increased (P < 0.05) for all treatment groups. Lidocaine, ketamine, and morphine depressed the median frequency resulting from the posttreatment stimulation. The depression of median frequency suggested evident antinociceptive effects of these treatments in dogs. It is therefore concluded that lidocaine and ketamine can be used in the analgesic protocol for the postoperative pain management in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubedullah Kaka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh 70060, Pakistan
| | - Chen Hui Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Goh Yong Meng
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institutes of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Asmatullah Kaka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh 70060, Pakistan
| | - Atique Ahmed Behan
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh 70060, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mahdi Ebrahimi
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Grint NJ, Johnson CB, De Sa Lorena S, Luna S, Hussni CA, Whay HR, Murrell JC. Electroencephalographic Responses to a Noxious Surgical Stimulus in Mules, Horses, and Ponies. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Suriano R, Varasano V, Robbe D, Carluccio A, Straticò P, Contri A, Petrizzi L. Intraoperative Analgesic Effect of Intrafunicular Lidocaine Injection During Orchiectomy in Isoflurane-Anesthetized Martina Franca Donkeys. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Buhl R, Andersen L, Karlshøj M, Kanters J. Evaluation of clinical and electrocardiographic changes during the euthanasia of horses. Vet J 2013; 196:483-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Moldal ER, Eriksen T, Kirpensteijn J, Nødtvedt A, Kristensen AT, Sparta FM, Haga HA. Intratesticular and subcutaneous lidocaine alters the intraoperative haemodynamic responses and heart rate variability in male cats undergoing castration. Vet Anaesth Analg 2013; 40:63-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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de Vries A, Taylor PM, Troughton G, Liu B, Fowden AL, Sear JW. Real time monitoring of propofol blood concentration in ponies anaesthetized with propofol and ketamine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:258-66. [PMID: 22774843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the pharmacokinetics of propofol by infusion in ponies using an analyser for the rapid measurement of propofol concentrations. The analyser (Pelorus 1000; Sphere Medical Ltd., Cambridge, UK) has a measurement cycle of approximately five minutes. Ten Welsh-cross ponies (weighing 135-300 kg) undergoing minor procedures were studied after premedication with acepromazine 0.03 mg/kg and detomidine 0.015 mg/kg. Anaesthesia was induced with ketamine 2 mg/kg and diazepam 0.03 mg/kg, and maintained with an infusion of propofol at an initial rate of 0.16 mg/kg/min for the first thirty minutes, after a bolus of 0.3 mg/kg; and ketamine by infusion (20-40 μg/kg/min). Blood samples (<2 mL) were collected prior to, during and after the infusion, and on assuming standing position. Anaesthesia was uneventful; with the duration of infusion 31-89 min. Blood propofol concentrations during the infusion ranged between 1.52 and 7.65 μg/mL; pseudo-steady state concentrations 3.64-6.78 μg/mL, and concentrations on assuming standing position 0.75-1.40 μg/mL. Propofol clearance and volume of distribution were 31.4 (SD 6.1) mL/min/kg and 220.7 (132.0) mL/kg, respectively. The propofol analyser allows titration of propofol to a given concentration; and may be useful for anaesthesia in animals where kinetics are unknown; in disease states; and where intercurrent therapies affect propofol disposition.
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Kempchen S, Kuhn M, Spadavecchia C, Levionnois OL. Medetomidine continuous rate intravenous infusion in horses in which surgical anaesthesia is maintained with isoflurane and intravenous infusions of lidocaine and ketamine. Vet Anaesth Analg 2012; 39:245-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bergamasco L, Coetzee JF, Gehring R, Murray L, Song T, Mosher RA. Effect of intravenous sodium salicylate administration prior to castration on plasma cortisol and electroencephalography parameters in calves. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:565-76. [PMID: 21303378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nociception is an unavoidable consequence of many routine management procedures such as castration in cattle. This study investigated electroencephalography (EEG) parameters and cortisol levels in calves receiving intravenous sodium salicylate in response to a castration model. Twelve Holstein calves were randomly assigned to the following groups: (i) castrated, untreated controls, (ii) 50 mg/kg sodium salicylate IV precastration, were blood sampled at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240, 360, and 480 min postcastration. The EEG recording included baseline, castration, immediate recovery (0-5 min after castration), middle recovery (5-10 min after castration), and late recovery (10-20 min after castration). Samples were analyzed by competitive chemiluminescent immunoassay and fluorescence polarization immunoassay for cortisol and salicylate, respectively. EEG visual inspection and spectral analysis were performed. Statistical analyses included anova repeated measures and correlations between response variable. No treatment effect was noted between the two groups for cortisol and EEG measurements, namely an attenuation of acute cortisol response and EEG desynchronization in sodium salicylate group. Time effects were noted for EEG measurements, cortisol and salicylates levels. Significant correlations between cortisol and EEG parameters were noted. These findings have implications for designing effective analgesic regimens, and they suggest that EEG can be useful to monitor pain attributable to castration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bergamasco
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA.
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Jang HS, Jang IS, Lee MG. The effects of tramadol on electroencephalographic spectral parameters and analgesia in rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 14:191-8. [PMID: 20631893 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2010.14.3.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of different doses of tramadol on analgesia and electroencephalographic (EEG) spectral parameters were compared in rats. Saline or tramadol 5, 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg was administered. The degree of analgesia was evaluated by tail-flick latency, and the degree of seizure was measured using numerical seizure score (NSS). Additionally, band powers, median power frequency and spectral edge frequency 95 were measured to quantify the EEG response. All doses of tramadol produced spike-wave discharge. Tramadol significantly and dose-dependently increased the analgesia, but these effects did not correspond with the changes in the EEG spectral parameters. NSS significantly increased in the Tramadol 20 and 40 mg/kg treatment groups compared to the Control and TRA5 groups, and two rats given 40 mg/kg had convulsions. In conclusion, tramadol dose-dependently increased the analgesic effect, and the 10 mg/kg dose appears to be a reliable clinical dose for analgesia in rats, but dose-dependent increases in analgesia and seizure severity did not correlate with EEG spectral parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Soo Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Korea
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Kongara K, Chambers JP, Johnson CB. Electroencephalographic responses of tramadol, parecoxib and morphine to acute noxious electrical stimulation in anaesthetised dogs. Res Vet Sci 2010; 88:127-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sanz MG, Sellon DC, Cary JA, Hines MT, Farnsworth KD. Analgesic effects of butorphanol tartrate and phenylbutazone administered alone and in combination in young horses undergoing routine castration. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 235:1194-203. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.235.10.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Enderle AK, Levionnois OL, Kuhn M, Schatzmann U. Clinical evaluation of ketamine and lidocaine intravenous infusions to reduce isoflurane requirements in horses under general anaesthesia. Vet Anaesth Analg 2008; 35:297-305. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2007.00391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hofmeister EH, Mackey EB, Trim CM. Effect of butorphanol administration on cardiovascular parameters in isoflurane-anesthetized horses – a retrospective clinical evaluation. Vet Anaesth Analg 2008; 35:38-44. [PMID: 17696970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2007.00355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine cardiovascular responses to administration of butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized horses. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective evaluation of anesthetic records. ANIMALS Seventy-six horses anesthetized for a variety of clinical surgical procedures. METHODS Anesthetic records of clinical equine patients anesthetized between January 1999 and December 2003 were searched. The records were reviewed for horses in which anesthesia was induced with ketamine and a benzodiazepine and maintained with isoflurane, and horses that received butorphanol intraoperatively. Exclusion criteria included horses in which the rate of infusion of an inotrope or end-tidal isoflurane concentration was changed 10 minutes before or after the butorphanol bolus. The horses were separated into two groups: group 1 horses received butorphanol at intervals as part of a balanced protocol, group 2 horses had > or = 10% increase in heart rate (HR) or blood pressure within 10 minutes prior to butorphanol administration. RESULTS Eighty-nine butorphanol administration events matched the criteria for inclusion, 49 in group 1 and 40 in group 2. There were no significant changes after butorphanol administration in systolic arterial pressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), and heart rate (HR) in group 1, or in end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration or hemoglobin oxygen saturation in either group. There were significant decreases in SAP (p < 0.0001), MAP (p < 0.0005), and DAP (p < 0.0008) after butorphanol administration in group 2. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results presented here confirm that butorphanol can be administered to horses during isoflurane anesthesia without adverse effects on HR and arterial blood pressure. The results imply that butorphanol can deepen the plane of anesthesia and obtund sympathetic stimulation from a surgical procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik H Hofmeister
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Abstract
Neurophysiological techniques are widely applied to animals, both in the search as a monitor for adequacy of anaesthesia, and studies to assess the efficacy of analgesic agents. Laboratory animals have been extensively used in models to investigate pain in man. However a substantial number of studies have also used neurophysiological techniques to increase knowledge of pain in specific animal species, with the aim of improving animal welfare. This review provides an overview of neurophysiological techniques involving the brain that have been used in the assessment of pain in animals. An explanation of the methodology of EEG recording, with particular emphasis on veterinary studies, is given. Neurophysiological models developed to assess pain in different species are described, and their relevance to advancements in animal welfare or best clinical practice indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Murrell
- IVABS, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Haga HA, Lykkjen S, Revold T, Ranheim B. Effect of intratesticular injection of lidocaine on cardiovascular responses to castration in isoflurane-anesthetized stallions. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:403-8. [PMID: 16506900 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.3.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of intratesticular administration of lidocaine on cardiovascular responses and cremaster muscle tension during castration of isoflurane-anesthetized stallions. ANIMALS 28 healthy stallions (mean +/- SD age, 4.2 +/- 2.8 years) with no testicular abnormalities that were scheduled for castration. PROCEDURE Each horse was given acepromazine (20 microg/kg, IM), romifidine (50 microg/kg, IV), and butorphanol (20 microg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was induced with ketamine (2.5 mg/kg, IV) and midazolam (50 microg/kg, IV) and maintained with isoflurane (1.7% end-tidal concentration). After 10 minutes at a stable anesthetic plane, a needle was placed in each testicle and either no fluid or 15 mL of 2% lidocaine was injected; 10 minutes after needle placement, surgery was commenced. Pulse rate and arterial blood pressures were measured invasively at intervals from 5 minutes prior to castration (baseline) until 5 minutes after the left spermatic cord was clamped. The surgeon subjectively scored the degree of cremaster muscle tension. In 2 horses, lidocaine labeled with radioactive carbon (C(14)) was used and testicular autoradiograms were obtained. RESULTS Compared with baseline values, castration significantly increased blood pressure measurements; intratesticular injection of lidocaine decreased this blood pressure response and cremaster muscle tension. In 2 horses, autoradiography revealed diffuse distribution of lidocaine into the spermatic cord but poor distribution into the cremaster muscle. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In isoflurane-anesthetized stallions, intratesticular injection of lidocaine prior to castration appeared to decrease intraoperative blood pressure responses and cremaster muscle tension and may be a beneficial supplement to isoflurane anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning A Haga
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
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