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Şenocak MG, Yanmaz LE. Effects of propofol alone or in combination with ketamine on intraocular pressure in unpremedicated dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2024; 27:139-147. [PMID: 37395174 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of propofol (P) alone and in combination with ketamine (KP) at ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 on intraocular pressure (IOP) in unpremedicated dogs. ANIMALS STUDIED A total of 28 cross-bred healthy dogs. PROCEDURES Dogs were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n = 7 per group) to receive intravenous P or KP at 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 ratios, respectively. The infusion was administered at 0.6 mg/kg/min for 60 min. IOP, cardiorespiratory variables, rectal temperature (RT), and pedal reflex were recorded every 5 min for 60 min, starting from baseline (BL). RESULTS There was a statistically significant increase in IOP in all groups: P (p = .011), KP 1:1 (p = .003), KP 1:2 (p = .023), and KP 1:3 (p = .008). The IOP increase was less pronounced in the KP 1:2 group and was only significant (p = .023) at T45 compared with BL. A significant correlation was observed between IOP and SpO2 in P (r = -.215, p = .02), KP 1:2 (r = -.579, p < .01), and KP 1:3 (r = -.402, p < .01) groups. IOP significantly increased due to decreased SpO2 below 86.5% (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Propofol alone and in combination with ketamine may increase preexisting IOP in unpremedicated dogs. SpO2 levels below 86.5% may trigger an increase in IOP. Administering KP in a 1:2 ratio at an infusion rate of 0.6 mg/kg/min does not significantly alter IOP for under 45 min in unpremedicated dogs with sufficient oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mümin Gökhan Şenocak
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Latif Emrah Yanmaz
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
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Khaleghi M, Sarchahi AA, Kazemi Mehrjerdi H, Rasekh M, Saadati D. Influence of ketamine, propofol or isoflurane on intraocular pressure, heart rate and blood pressure in healthy dogs premedicated with medetomidine and midazolam. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1330. [PMID: 38009426 PMCID: PMC10766053 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the findings of several studies, sedatives and anaesthetics have different effects on the functioning of the cardiovascular system and intraocular pressure (IOP). For accurate diagnosis, treatment and surgery with minimal complications, it is necessary to be aware of the effects of sedatives and anaesthetics on the cardiovascular system and IOP. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sedatives (medetomidine and midazolam) and anaesthetics (ketamine, propofol and isoflurane) on IOP, heart rate (HR) and blood pressure in dogs. METHODS In this study, 10 dogs participated in three treatments using a randomised cross-over design, with a 1-week washout period between each treatment. Dogs in all treatments were premedicated with medetomidine and midazolam. Anaesthesia was induced using ketamine, propofol, or isoflurane and maintained for 60 min with the appropriate doses of each drug. The cardiovascular variables (heart rate, and systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures) and IOP were measured at different timepoints: before premedication (baseline values, T-Bas), 15 min after medetomidine administration (T-Med), 20 min after midazolam administration (T-Mid) and at 15 (T-15), 30 (T-30), 45 (T-45) and 60 (T-60) min after anaesthesia induction. RESULTS Medetomidine significantly reduced the IOP and HR and did not significantly change the mean arterial pressure (MAP). Midazolam significantly reduced the IOP while did not significantly change the HR and MAP. Ketamine and isoflurane significantly increased the IOP and HR while did not significantly change the MAP. Propofol significantly increased the HR, but did not cause significant changes in IOP and MAP. CONCLUSIONS Considering that anaesthetics are typically administered in conjunction with pre-anaesthetic drugs, the increases in IOP induced by ketamine and isoflurane are not important, as the IOP did not exceed the baseline values. However, further studies are required to investigate these effects in patients with elevated IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Asghar Sarchahi
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Clinical SciencesFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Hossein Kazemi Mehrjerdi
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Clinical SciencesFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Mehdi Rasekh
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Clinical SciencesUniversity of ZabolZabolIran
| | - Dariush Saadati
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Food HygieneUniversity of ZabolZabolIran
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Shilo-Benjamini Y, Pe'er O, Abu Ahmad W, Ofri R. Effect of anesthetic induction with propofol, alfaxalone or ketamine on intraocular pressure in cats: a randomized masked clinical investigation. Vet Anaesth Analg 2023; 50:63-71. [PMID: 36528512 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of propofol, alfaxalone and ketamine on intraocular pressure (IOP) in cats. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, masked, randomized clinical trial. ANIMALS A total of 43 ophthalmologically normal cats scheduled to undergo general anesthesia for various procedures. METHODS Following baseline IOP measurements using applanation tonometry, anesthesia was induced with propofol (n = 15), alfaxalone (n = 14) or ketamine (n = 14) administered intravenously to effect. Then, midazolam (0.3 mg kg-1) was administered intravenously and endotracheal intubation was performed without application of topical anesthesia. The IOP was measured following each intervention. Data was analyzed using one-way anova and repeated-measures mixed design with post hoc analysis. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Mean ± standard error IOP at baseline was not different among groups (propofol, 18 ± 0.6; alfaxalone, 18 ± 0.7; ketamine, 17 ± 0.5 mmHg). Following induction of anesthesia, IOP increased significantly compared with baseline in the propofol (20 ± 0.7 mmHg), but not in the alfaxalone (19 ± 0.8 mmHg) or ketamine (16 ± 0.7 mmHg) groups. Midazolam administration resulted in significant decrease from the previous measurement in the alfaxalone group (16 ± 0.7 mmHg), but not in the propofol group (19 ± 0.7 mmHg) or the ketamine (16 ± 0.8 mmHg) group. A further decrease was measured after intubation in the alfaxalone group (15 ± 0.9 mmHg). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Propofol should be used with caution in cats predisposed to perforation or glaucoma, as any increase in IOP should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Shilo-Benjamini
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Oren Pe'er
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Wiessam Abu Ahmad
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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McIver KA, Boveland SD, Clark-Price SC, Hofmeister EH. Effects of tiletamine-zolazepam vs. propofol on peri-induction intraocular pressure in dogs: A randomized, masked crossover study. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1061755. [PMID: 36950543 PMCID: PMC10025522 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1061755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anesthesia induction agents have the potential to cause severe ocular side effects, resulting in lasting damage to the eye. Objectives The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of tiletamine-zolazepam on IOP compared to propofol when they are used as an induction agent in normal healthy dogs. Methods Twenty healthy adult client owned dogs weighing 22.2 ± 7.6 kg were selected for the study. In a randomized order, all dogs received tiletamine-zolazepam 5 mg/kg IV or propofol 8 mg/kg IV titrated to effect without premedication. Washout between each treatment was at least seven days. IOP measurements were obtained at four time points: baseline, post-induction, post-intubation, and after recovery using applanation tonometry. No additional procedures were performed. After normality of the data was determined, a linear mixed model was built with time, eye, treatment and all interactions of those variables as fixed effects and subject as a random effect. Results There was no significant difference for age, body weight, drug dose, baseline IOP, and recovery IOP between treatments. Average IOP measurements remained within the normal range of 15-25 mmHg at these time points. However, IOP was significantly less elevated by the tiletamine-zolazepam treatment vs. propofol at the post-induction (mean difference: -4.7 ± 4.6 [95%CI -6.8 to -2.5]) and the post-intubation (mean difference: -4.4 ± 4.6 [95%CI -6.5 to -2.2]) time points. Clinical significance Dogs receiving tiletamine-zolazepam for anesthetic induction had a significantly less elevated IOP at induction and intubation compared to dogs receiving propofol.
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Kusolphat P, Soimala T, Sunghan J. Intraocular pressure and cardiovascular effects of dexmedetomidine premedication and tiletamine-zolazepam for anesthetic induction in dogs. Vet World 2022; 15:2929-2936. [PMID: 36718325 PMCID: PMC9880827 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2929-2936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The effect of anesthetic drugs on intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important concern in ophthalmic surgery. The impact of dexmedetomidine (DEX) combined with tiletamine-zolazepam on IOP is scarcely studied. This study aimed to evaluate IOP and cardiovascular effects in dogs after premedication with 5 μg/kg (DEX5) or 10 μg/kg (DEX10) of intramuscular DEX followed by intravenous tiletamine-zolazepam administration for induction of anesthesia in healthy dogs. Materials and Methods Eighteen dogs, American Society of Anesthesiologists I or II, without ocular abnormality were investigated. All dogs were randomly divided into the DEX5 (n = 9) and DEX10 groups (n = 9). The IOP, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), oxygen saturation, and sedation scale were measured before premedication (baseline), after premedication at 5, 10, 15, and 20 min, after tiletamine-zolazepam administration, after endotracheal intubation, and post-operative. Results There were no significant differences between the groups at any time point. The DEX5 and DEX10 groups had significantly decreased HR values at 10 min compared with baseline. The IOP at 20 min was significantly lower compared to the baseline in the DEX10 group. Moreover, the DEX10 group showed increased IOP, HR, SBP, and sedation scale values after induction and intubation compared with 20 min, but these values did not differ significantly from baseline. All parameters of both groups did not change significantly between post-operative and baseline. Conclusion Intramuscular DEX (10 μg/kg) is an appropriate premedication in ophthalmic examination or surgical procedures. Moreover, it could be combined with tiletamine-zolazepam for generalized anesthesia in dogs with an ophthalmic problem, as it had no clinically significant effects on IOP or cardiovascular values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipa Kusolphat
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, 90110 Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Tanawan Soimala
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, 90110 Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jutapoln Sunghan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, 90110 Songkhla, Thailand,Corresponding author: Jutapoln Sunghan, e-mail: Co-authors: PK: , TS:
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Diehl KA, Hofmeister EH, Keys DA, Kennedy CR. Single instead of triplicate intraocular pressure measurements in dogs do not substantially lower accuracy and precision but do slightly reduce statistical power. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:349-355. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.08.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To compare single and triplicate applanation tonometry values across previous intraocular pressure (IOP) studies in dogs.
ANIMALS
116 ophthalmologically normal dogs.
PROCEDURES
Triplicate IOP readings (n = 1432) from studies evaluating effect of anesthetic protocols were analyzed to estimate a range of probable differences between averaged triplicate and first, averaged and lowest, and first and lowest IOPs. The decrease in variability with triplicate measurements and the magnitude of effects on statistical power were quantified.
RESULTS
The 2.5th to 97.5th interpercentile range for differences of averaged triplicate values minus first IOP readings was –3 to 2.7 mm Hg; for averaged minus lowest: 0 to 3.7 mm Hg; for first minus lowest: 0 to 5 mm Hg. The 95% prediction interval for differences in study group means (n = 160 groups, n = 5 to 11 eyes per group) based on averaged minus first measurements was –1.0 to 0.9 mm Hg with associated SDs reduced by 4% on average. Analysis of previous studies using averaged instead of first IOP values resulted in minimal decreases in SEs of 3–9% (0.03 to 0.09 mm Hg). Of 11 comparisons found significant with averaged data, 2 (18%) were found nonsignificant with first measurements. Of 96 comparisons found nonsignificant with averaged data, 3 (3%) were found significant with first measurements.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
With applanation tonometry in ophthalmologically normal dogs, no clinically meaningful difference was found between the first, lowest, or averaged triplicate IOP measurements, but the first reading has a larger variance and hence will result in lower statistical power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Diehl
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Erik H. Hofmeister
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Deborah A. Keys
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Chris R. Kennedy
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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Jang M, Son W, Kim H, Won Shin C, Lee I. Effect of intra-abdominal hypertension on the intraocular pressure of the conscious dogs. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:642-646. [PMID: 33527724 PMCID: PMC8136941 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the effect of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) on intraocular pressure (IOP) in conscious dog models using a balloon technique to generate intra-abdominal hypertension. Six healthy dogs without ocular abnormalities were evaluated in this study. A balloon device was placed in the intra-abdominal cavity. The abdomen was insufflated to IAP levels of 15 and 25 mmHg using the balloon device. Intraocular pressure was measured at baseline, at IAP levels of 15 and 25 mmHg, and after decompression. In comparison with the mean baseline IOP (15.1 ± 2.0 mmHg), there was a significant increase in IOP at IAP levels of 15 mmHg (20.0 ± 2.1 mmHg) and 25 mmHg (19.9 ± 2.2 mmHg), corresponding to a 32.4% and 31.7% increase from baseline IOP, respectively. The mean IOP after decompression (14.8 ± 1.7 mmHg) was significantly lower compared to those at IAP levels of 15 and 25 mmHg. The present findings demonstrate that increased IAP has a clinically significant effect on IOP in dogs under conscious conditions. Although more research is needed to determine of increased IAP on IOP, these findings suggest that increased IAP leads to mild and reversible increase in IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Department of Veterinary SurgeryCollege of Veterinary MedicineKyungpook National UniversityDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Won‐Gyun Son
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Hyunseok Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Chi Won Shin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Inhyung Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
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Bravo VR, Palomba N, Corletto F, Willis R, Vettorato E. Comparison between intravenous lidocaine and fentanyl on cough reflex and sympathetic response during endotracheal intubation in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:481-489. [PMID: 32439239 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of intravenous (IV) lidocaine and fentanyl on the cough reflex and autonomic response during endotracheal intubation in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, blinded, superiority clinical trial. ANIMALS A total of 46 client-owned dogs undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS After intramuscular methadone (0.2 mg kg-1), dogs were randomized to be administered either IV lidocaine (2 mg kg-1; group L) or fentanyl (7 μg kg-1; group F). After 5 minutes, alfaxalone was administered until endotracheal intubation was possible (1 mg kg-1 IV over 40 seconds followed by 0.4 mg kg-1 increments to effect). Total dose of alfaxalone was recorded and cough reflex at endotracheal intubation was scored. Heart rate (HR) was continuously recorded, Doppler systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP) was measured every 20 seconds. Vasovagal tonus index (VVTI) and changes (Δ) in HR, SAP and VVTI between pre-intubation and intubation were calculated. Groups were compared using univariate and multivariate analysis. Statistical significance was set as p < 0.05. RESULTS Group F included 22 dogs and group L 24 dogs. The mean (± standard deviation) alfaxalone dose was 1.1 (± 0.2) and 1.35 (± 0.3) mg kg-1 in groups F and L, respectively (p = 0.0008). At intubation, cough was more likely in group L (odds ratio = 11.3; 95% confidence intervals, 2.1 - 94.2; p = 0.01) and HR increased in 87.5% and 54.5% of groups L and F, respectively (p = 0.02). The median (range) ΔHR between pre-intubation and intubation was higher (13.1%; - 4.3 to + 55.1) in group L (p = 0.0021). Between groups, SAP and VVTI were similar. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE At the stated doses, whilst reducing the alfaxalone dose, fentanyl is superior to lidocaine in suppressing the cough reflex and blunting the increase in HR at endotracheal intubation in dogs premedicated with methadone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nunzia Palomba
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Winchester, Hampshire, UK
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Pierce-Tomlin T, Shaughnessy MR, Hofmeister EH. A systematic review of the effects of injectable sedative and anesthetic drugs and inhalant anesthetics on intraocular pressure in the dog. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 47:145-151. [PMID: 32014398 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the results of studies that have determined the effect of injectable and inhalant drugs used in anesthesia on intraocular pressure (IOP) in dogs. DATABASES USED A comprehensive search of research literature was performed without language restriction. The search utilized the PubMed, CAB Abstracts and the University of Georgia's Galileo electronic databases using a combination of free text terms 'Ophthalmology', 'Intraocular Pressure', 'Anesthetic', 'Anesthesia', 'Canine' or 'Dog'. The time frame searched was from 1970 to October 2018. Any published research paper that dealt with sedatives or anesthetics administered systemically and the canine eye was evaluated. CONCLUSIONS The effects of many anesthetic drugs in dogs with ocular pathology are largely unknown. Many anesthetic drugs do not induce clinically relevant changes in IOP in dogs with normal eyes, although some studies demonstrated results with statistically significant changes. The dose, route of administration, experimental conditions, drug combinations, timing of measurements, measurement technology and setting or individual animal characteristics may all produce some heterogeneity in results from multiple studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erik H Hofmeister
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Effect of propofol and ketamine-diazepam on intraocular pressure in healthy premedicated dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 46:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Webb TR, Wyman M, Smith JA, Ueyama Y, Muir WW. Effects of propofol on intraocular pressure in premedicated and nonpremedicated dogs with and without glaucoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 252:823-829. [PMID: 29553899 DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.7.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a study cutoff for evidence of glaucoma on the basis of IOP measurements from a large population of healthy dogs and to assess the effects of IV propofol administration on IOPs in premedicated and nonpremedicated dogs with and without glaucoma defined by this method. DESIGN Prospective, descriptive study. ANIMALS 234 client-owned dogs. PROCEDURES IOPs measured in 113 healthy dogs (226 eyes) were used to calculate an IOP value indicative of glaucoma. The IOPs were measured in an additional 121 dogs (237 eyes) undergoing ophthalmic surgery. Midazolam-butorphanol was administered IV as preanesthetic medication to 15 and 87 dogs with and without glaucoma, respectively. A placebo (lactated Ringer solution) was administered IV to 8 and 11 dogs with and without glaucoma, respectively. Anesthesia of surgical patients was induced with propofol IV to effect. The IOPs and physiologic variables of interest were recorded before (baseline) and after preanesthetic medication or placebo administration and after propofol administration. RESULTS An IOP > 25 mm Hg was deemed indicative of glaucoma. Compared with baseline measurements, mean IOP was increased after propofol administration in nonpremedicated dogs without glaucoma and unchanged in nonpremedicated dogs with glaucoma. Propofol-associated increases in IOP were blunted in premedicated dogs without glaucoma; IOP in affected eyes of premedicated dogs with glaucoma was decreased after preanesthetic medication and after propofol administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that preexisting IOP influences the response to anesthetic drugs, and administration of preanesthetic medication with muscle-relaxing properties may blunt or reduce propofol-induced increases in IOP. Further research with a larger number of dogs is needed to confirm our results in dogs with glaucoma.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test a sub-Tenon's anesthesia technique in dogs as an alternative to systemic neuromuscular blockade to aid in canine cataract surgery under general anesthesia. PROCEDURES A prospective controlled clinical study was performed involving 12 dogs undergoing bilateral cataract surgery under general anesthesia. One eye was randomly assigned to have phacoemulsification and prosthetic lens implantation performed with sub-Tenon's anesthesia (STA), and the control eye had surgery performed with systemic neuromuscular blockade (NMB). Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured immediately before and after STA administration. Globe position, globe rotation, pupillary dilation, and vitreal expansion were assessed for both STA and NMB eyes during surgery. RESULTS Sub-Tenon's anesthesia produced a globe position suitable for cataract surgery with the degree of vitreal expansion not significantly different to control NMB eyes. STA produced greater anterior globe displacement than NMB in all cases. STA had no significant effect on IOP. CONCLUSION Sub-Tenon's anesthesia was an effective alternative to systemic neuromuscular blockade for canine cataract surgery and may be beneficial for surgical exposure in deep orbited breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R A Read
- Veterinary Ophthalmic Referrals, Plympton, SA, Australia
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13
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Trbolova A, Ghaffari MS, Capik I. Effects of premedication with oral gabapentin on intraocular pressure changes following tracheal intubation in clinically normal dogs. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:288. [PMID: 28927402 PMCID: PMC5605971 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug widely approved as an add-on therapy for epilepsy treatment in human and dogs. There is a clinical impression that gabapentin is a suitable drug which attenuates the IOP elevation associated with tracheal intubation in humans. The present study performed to determine the effects of oral gabapentin on intraocular pressure (IOP) changes following tracheal intubation in dogs. Results Twenty adult healthy dogs were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 10) and control (n = 10) groups. Dogs in the treatment group received oral gabapentin (50 mg/kg) 2 h before induction of anesthesia and dogs in the control group received oral gelatin capsule placebo at the same time. The dogs were anesthetized with propofol 6 mg/kg, and anesthesia was maintained with a constant infusion of 0.2 mg/kg/min of propofol for 20 min. IOP were measured immediately before induction and then repeated immediately after induction, as well as 5 min, 10 min and 15 min following tracheal intubation in both groups. IOP was significantly higher immediately after induction, and 5 min after tracheal intubation when compared with IOP reading before induction in the control group. There was no statistically significant change in IOPs immediately after induction, and 5 min after tracheal intubation in comparison to the values before induction in the treatment group. Conclusions Based on the findings of this study, preanesthetic oral administration of gabapentin significantly prevents an increase in the IOP associated with tracheal intubation in dogs anesthetized with propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Trbolova
- Clinic of Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Masoud Selk Ghaffari
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Alborz, Iran.
| | - Igor Capik
- Clinic of Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia
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Raposo A, Ofri R, Schaffer D, Gomes Júnior D, Libório F, Martins Filho E, Oriá A. Evaluation of ophthalmic and hemodynamic parameters in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus
sp.) submitted to dissociative anesthetic protocols. J Med Primatol 2015; 44:381-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.C.S. Raposo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny; Federal University of Bahia UFBA; Salvador BA Brazil
| | - R. Ofri
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - D.P.H. Schaffer
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny; Federal University of Bahia UFBA; Salvador BA Brazil
| | - D.C. Gomes Júnior
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny; Federal University of Bahia UFBA; Salvador BA Brazil
| | - F.A. Libório
- Screening Center for Wild Animals (CETAS); Salvador BA Brazil
| | - E.F. Martins Filho
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias; UNESP; São Paulo State University; Jaboticabal SP Brazil
| | - A.P. Oriá
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny; Federal University of Bahia UFBA; Salvador BA Brazil
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15
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Gatson BJ, Pablo L, Plummer CE, Granone TD. Effects of premedication with sustained-release buprenorphine hydrochloride and anesthetic induction with ketamine hydrochloride or propofol in combination with diazepam on intraocular pressure in healthy sheep. Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:771-9. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.9.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Costa D, Leiva M, Moll X, Aguilar A, Peña T, Andaluz A. Alfaxalone versus propofol in dogs: a randomised trial to assess effects on peri-induction tear production, intraocular pressure and globe position. Vet Rec 2015; 176:73. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.102621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Costa
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Facultat de Veterinària; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
| | - Marta Leiva
- Servei d'Oftalmologia de la Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari & Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Facultat de Veterinària; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
| | - Xavier Moll
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Facultat de Veterinària; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
| | - Adrià Aguilar
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Facultat de Veterinària; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
| | - Teresa Peña
- Servei d'Oftalmologia de la Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari & Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Facultat de Veterinària; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
| | - Anna Andaluz
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Facultat de Veterinària; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
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17
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Riccó CH, Henao-Guerrero N. Cardiovascular effects of orotracheal intubation following anesthetic induction with propofol, ketamine-propofol, or ketamine-diazepam in premedicated dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244:934-9. [PMID: 24697769 DOI: 10.2460/javma.244.8.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the hemodynamic responses to orotracheal intubation following induction of anesthesia with propofol, ketamine-propofol, and ketamine-diazepam in premedicated dogs. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, masked study. ANIMALS 10 healthy adult Beagles. PROCEDURES Dogs were randomly allocated to be anesthetized twice, with a 1-week wash-out interval, by means of 2 of 3 possible protocols (propofol [4 mg/kg {1.8 mg/lb}, n = 6 dogs], ketamine [2 mg/kg {0.9 mg/lb}] and propofol [2 mg/kg; 7], or ketamine [5 mg/kg {2.3 mg/lb}] and diazepam [0.2 mg/kg {0.09 mg/lb}; 6]). After instrumentation, continuous heart rate, systolic arterial blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, diastolic arterial blood pressure, cardiac index, stroke volume index, and systemic vascular resistance were recorded. Fifteen minutes after premedication, dogs were anesthetized; all anesthetics were administered IV. After 5 minutes, orotracheal intubation was performed without the use of a laryngoscope. Data were collected prior to intubation (baseline), at intubation, and 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 seconds thereafter. Results were compared among the 3 groups and over time. RESULTS No differences among groups were observed for any variables studied. In all groups, arterial blood pressures were significantly decreased at various time points after intubation. A significant increase in systolic arterial blood pressure was observed between baseline and the 30-second time point in the ketamine-diazepam group. No significant differences were detected over time for the other variables in any group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Intubation after anesthetic induction with ketamine-diazepam caused transitory hypertension, whereas intubation after induction with propofol or ketamine-propofol did not cause cardiovascular stimulation. In dogs in which hypertension is a concern, propofol or ketamine-propofol may be a better choice for induction prior to orotracheal intubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina H Riccó
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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18
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Jang M, Park S, Son WG, Jo SM, Hwang H, Seo K, Lee I. Effect of tiletamine-zolazepam on the intraocular pressure of the dog. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 18:481-4. [PMID: 25440910 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) on canine intraocular pressure (IOP). ANIMALS STUDIED Six healthy dogs without ocular abnormalities were used in this study. PROCEDURES The study was carried out as a crossover experimental trial with a 7-day interval between treatments. TZ combination was administered intravenously (IV) at a dose of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg (TZ5, TZ10, and TZ20, respectively). Following preanesthetic baseline readings of IOP, each dog received IV TZ and then the IOP values were measured every 10 min for 40 min in all treatments. RESULTS The baseline IOP values (mean ± standard deviation) for TZ5, TZ10, and TZ20 were 12.7 ± 0.8, 14.4 ± 1.2, and 15.3 ± 1.7 mmHg, and each IOP changed to 11.1 ± 1.1, 13.1 ± 1.4 and 13.5 ± 1.7 mmHg after intravenous administration of each TZ treatment, respectively. However, there were no statistical differences between baseline and post-treatment values. CONCLUSIONS The TZ combination had no clinically significant effect on IOP of the dog. This could be an option for induction or surgical procedures in dogs with ophthalmic problems when an increase in IOP is undesirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Sangwan Park
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Won-Gyun Son
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Sang-Min Jo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Hyeshin Hwang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Kangmoon Seo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Inhyung Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
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19
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Randomized clinical trial of the effects of a combination of acepromazine with morphine and midazolam on sedation, cardiovascular variables and the propofol dose requirements for induction of anesthesia in dogs. Vet J 2014; 200:157-61. [PMID: 24582061 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of acepromazine combined with midazolam and morphine on sedation and cardiovascular variables as well as the propofol dose required for induction of anesthesia in dogs compared with acepromazine-morphine or midazolam-morphine. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive an intramuscular administration of (1) acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) with 0.5mg/kg of morphine (group AM, n=10), (2) midazolam (0.5mg/kg) with 0.5mg/kg of morphine (group MM, n=9), or (3) acepromazine with midazolam and morphine at the same doses (group AMM, n=10). After 30 min, sedation was assessed by a numeric descriptive scale (NDS, range 0-3) and a simple numerical scale (SNS, range 0-10). Dogs were then administered IV propofol to allow endotracheal intubation. NDS and SNS scores were significantly higher in the AMM than in the MM group (P<0.05). There was a trend towards more dogs presenting with intense sedation (NDS=3) in AMM (6/10 dogs) compared with AM (1/10 dogs) and MM (1/9 dogs) (P=0.057). The propofol dose required for induction of anesthesia was significantly lower in AMM (4.0mg/kg) compared with MM (6.0mg/kg, P<0.01) but not AM (4.6 mg/kg). Heart rate decreased in AM after treatment and after intubation. Blood pressure decreased in groups AM and AMM following treatment and in all groups after intubation. The combination AMM resulted in intense sedation more frequently than AM and MM, and provided the greatest sparing effect in the propofol dose. Administration of AM and AMM but not MM decreased blood pressure although hypotension was not recorded in healthy dogs.
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20
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Hasiuk MMM, Forde N, Cooke A, Ramey K, Pang DSJ. A comparison of alfaxalone and propofol on intraocular pressure in healthy dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 17:411-6. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. M. Hasiuk
- Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada T2N 4Z6
| | - Nessa Forde
- Western Veterinary Specialist and Emergency Centre; Calgary Alberta Canada T2N 4Z6
| | - Amy Cooke
- Western Veterinary Specialist and Emergency Centre; Calgary Alberta Canada T2N 4Z6
| | - Kelli Ramey
- Western Veterinary Specialist and Emergency Centre; Calgary Alberta Canada T2N 4Z6
| | - Daniel S. J. Pang
- Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada T2N 4Z6
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada T2N 4Z6
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21
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Ferreira TH, Brosnan RJ, Shilo-Benjamini Y, Moore SB, Hollingsworth SR. Effects of ketamine, propofol, or thiopental administration on intraocular pressure and qualities of induction of and recovery from anesthesia in horses. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:1070-7. [PMID: 23879844 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.8.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of ketamine hydrochloride, propofol, or compounded thiopental sodium administration on intraocular pressure (IOP) and qualities of induction of and recovery from anesthesia in horses. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURES Horses were sedated with xylazine hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg), and anesthesia was induced with guaifenesin followed by ketamine (2 mg/kg), propofol (3 mg/kg), or thiopental (4 mg/kg) in a crossover study with ≥ 1 week between treatments. For each horse, IOP in the right eye was measured with a handheld applanation tonometer before and after xylazine administration, at the time of recumbency, and every 3 minutes after induction of anesthesia until spontaneous movement was observed. Cardiorespiratory responses and venous blood measurements were recorded during anesthesia. Induction of and recovery from anesthesia were subjectively evaluated by investigators who were unaware of the anesthetic treatment of each horse. Data were analyzed via a repeated-measures ANOVA with Holm-Ŝidák post hoc comparisons. RESULTS Compared with findings after xylazine administration (mean ± SD, 17 ± 3 mm Hg), thiopental decreased IOP by 4 ± 23%, whereas propofol and ketamine increased IOP by 8 ± 11% and 37 ± 16%, respectively. Compared with the effects of ketamine, propofol and thiopental resulted in significantly lower IOP at the time of recumbency and higher heart rates at 3 minutes after induction of anesthesia. No other significant differences among treatments were found. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings support the use of thiopental or propofol in preference to ketamine for horses in which increases in IOP should be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana H Ferreira
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, CA 95616, USA
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22
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Gunderson EG, Lukasik VM, Ashton MM, Merideth RE, Madsen R. Effects of anesthetic induction with midazolam-propofol and midazolam-etomidate on selected ocular and cardiorespiratory variables in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:629-35. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.4.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Torres MD, Andaluz A, García F, Fresno L, Moll X. Effects of an intravenous bolus of alfaxalone versus propofol on intraocular pressure in sheep. Vet Rec 2012; 170:226. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M-D. Torres
- Ophthalmology Service; Ars Veterinaria Hospital; Barcelona 08023 Spain
| | - A. Andaluz
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Facultat de Veterinària. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - F. García
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Facultat de Veterinària. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - L. Fresno
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Facultat de Veterinària. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - X. Moll
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Facultat de Veterinària. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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