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Zhong V, Ketchum N, Mackenzie JK, Garcia X, Rowley PA. Inhibition of diastatic yeasts by Saccharomyces killer toxins to prevent hyperattenuation during brewing. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024:e0107224. [PMID: 39264169 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01072-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Secondary fermentation in beer can result in undesirable consequences, such as off-flavors, increased alcohol content, hyperattenuation, gushing, and the spontaneous explosion of packaging. Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. diastaticus are a major contributor to such spoilage due to their production of extracellular glucoamylase enzyme encoded by the STA1 gene. Saccharomyces yeasts can naturally produce antifungal proteins named "killer" toxins that inhibit the growth of competing yeasts. Challenging diastatic yeasts with killer toxins revealed that 91% of strains are susceptible to the K1 killer toxin produced by S. cerevisiae. Screening of 192 killer yeasts identified novel K2 toxins that could inhibit all K1-resistant diastatic yeasts. Variant K2 killer toxins were more potent than the K1 and K2 toxins, inhibiting 95% of diastatic yeast strains tested. Brewing trials demonstrated that adding killer yeast during a simulated diastatic contamination event could prevent hyperattenuation. Currently, most craft breweries can only safeguard against diastatic yeast contamination by good hygiene and monitoring for the presence of diastatic yeasts. The detection of diastatic yeasts will often lead to the destruction of contaminated products and the aggressive decontamination of brewing facilities. Using killer yeasts in brewing offers an approach to safeguard against product loss and potentially remediate contaminated beer.IMPORTANCEThe rise of craft brewing means that more domestic beer in the marketplace is being produced in facilities lacking the means for pasteurization, which increases the risk of microbial spoilage. The most damaging spoilage yeasts are "diastatic" strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that cause increased fermentation (hyperattenuation), resulting in unpalatable flavors such as phenolic off-flavor, as well as over-carbonation that can cause exploding packaging. In the absence of a pasteurizer, there are no methods available that would avert the loss of beer due to contamination by diastatic yeasts. This manuscript has found that diastatic yeasts are sensitive to antifungal proteins named "killer toxins" produced by Saccharomyces yeasts, and in industrial-scale fermentation trials, killer yeasts can remediate diastatic yeast contamination. Using killer toxins to prevent diastatic contamination is a unique and innovative approach that could prevent lost revenue to yeast spoilage and save many breweries the time and cost of purchasing and installing a pasteurizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Zhong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | | | - James K Mackenzie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Ximena Garcia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Paul A Rowley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
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Weed RA, Savchenko KG, Lessin LM, Carris LM, Gang DR. Untargeted Metabolomic Investigation of Wheat Infected with Stinking Smut Tilletia caries. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:2343-2354. [PMID: 34865506 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-20-0383-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tilletia caries infection of wheat (Triticum aestivum) has become an increasing problem in organic wheat agriculture throughout the world. Little is known about how this pathogen alters host metabolism to ensure a successful infection. We investigated how T. caries allocates resources from wheat for its growth over the life cycle of the pathogen. An untargeted metabolomics approach that combined gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry and ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry platforms was used to determine which primary or specialized metabolite pathways are targeted and altered during T. caries infection. We found that T. caries does not dramatically alter the global metabolome of wheat but instead alters key metabolites for its own nutrient uptake and to antagonize host defenses by reducing wheat's sweet immunity response and other related pathways. Our results highlight metabolic characteristics needed for selecting wheat varieties that are resistant to T. caries infection for organic agriculture. In addition, several wheat metabolites were identified that could be used in developing a diagnostic tool for early detection of T. caries infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Weed
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Kyryll G Savchenko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208
| | - Leandro M Lessin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Lori M Carris
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - David R Gang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
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Liu R, Zhang H, Deng Y, Zhou Z, Liu X, Diao J. Enantioselective Fungicidal Activity and Toxicity to Early Wheat Growth of the Chiral Pesticide Triticonazole. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11154-11162. [PMID: 34529438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the enantioselective activity of the chiral fungicide triticonazole (TRZ) against target pathogens of seed-borne diseases and the effect on the early phenotypic indexes and physiological and biochemical indexes of wheat following the soaking of seeds were studied. S-TRZ had low fungicidal activity and significantly inhibited the germination of wheat seeds. Seedlings in the S-TRZ treatment group suffered severe oxidative damage; the contents of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly increased. S-TRZ significantly inhibited the synthesis of gibberellin (GA) and ethylene (ETH), while it significantly increased that of jasmonic acid (JA). R-TRZ showed the highest activity against two smut fungi; the treatment of seeds with 5 g (ai)/100 kg R-TRZ had little influence on early wheat growth. The plant hormones were synthesized normally; seedlings grew well, and the fresh weight increased significantly following this treatment. Based on these data, we propose to develop and apply R-TRZ using the national recommended doses to control seed-borne diseases of wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (ICAMA), No. 22 Maizidian Street, Chaoyang, Beijing 100125, P.R. China
| | - Yue Deng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Xue Liu
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (ICAMA), No. 22 Maizidian Street, Chaoyang, Beijing 100125, P.R. China
| | - Jinling Diao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
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van Esse HP, Reuber TL, van der Does D. Genetic modification to improve disease resistance in crops. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:70-86. [PMID: 31135961 PMCID: PMC6916320 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens are a significant challenge in agriculture despite our best efforts to combat them. One of the most effective and sustainable ways to manage plant pathogens is to use genetic modification (GM) and genome editing, expanding the breeder's toolkit. For use in the field, these solutions must be efficacious, with no negative effect on plant agronomy, and deployed thoughtfully. They must also not introduce a potential allergen or toxin. Expensive regulation of biotech crops is prohibitive for local solutions. With 11-30% average global yield losses and greater local impacts, tackling plant pathogens is an ethical imperative. We need to increase world food production by at least 60% using the same amount of land, by 2050. The time to act is now and we cannot afford to ignore the new solutions that GM provides to manage plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Peter van Esse
- 2Blades Foundation1630 Chicago AvenueEvanstonIL 60201USA
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UHUK
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Deb D, Shrestha A, Maiti IB, Dey N. Recombinant Promoter (MUASCsV8CP) Driven Totiviral Killer Protein 4 (KP4) Imparts Resistance Against Fungal Pathogens in Transgenic Tobacco. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:278. [PMID: 29556246 PMCID: PMC5844984 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Development of disease-resistant plant varieties achieved by engineering anti-microbial transgenes under the control of strong promoters can suffice the inhibition of pathogen growth and simultaneously ensure enhanced crop production. For evaluating the prospect of such strong promoters, we comprehensively characterized the full-length transcript promoter of Cassava Vein Mosaic Virus (CsVMV; -565 to +166) and identified CsVMV8 (-215 to +166) as the highest expressing fragment in both transient and transgenic assays. Further, we designed a new chimeric promoter 'MUASCsV8CP' through inter-molecular hybridization among the upstream activation sequence (UAS) of Mirabilis Mosaic Virus (MMV; -297 to -38) and CsVMV8, as the core promoter (CP). The MUASCsV8CP was found to be ∼2.2 and ∼2.4 times stronger than the CsVMV8 and CaMV35S promoters, respectively, while its activity was found to be equivalent to that of the CaMV35S2 promoter. Furthermore, we generated transgenic tobacco plants expressing the totiviral 'Killer protein KP4' (KP4) under the control of the MUASCsV8CP promoter. Recombinant KP4 was found to accumulate both in the cytoplasm and apoplast of plant cells. The agar-based killing zone assays revealed enhanced resistance of plant-derived KP4 against two deuteromycetous foliar pathogenic fungi viz. Alternaria alternata and Phoma exigua var. exigua. Also, transgenic plants expressing KP4 inhibited the growth progression of these fungi and conferred significant fungal resistance in detached-leaf and whole plant assays. Taken together, we establish the potential of engineering "in-built" fungal stress-tolerance in plants by expressing KP4 under a novel chimeric caulimoviral promoter in a transgenic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Deb
- Division of Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ankita Shrestha
- Division of Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Indu B. Maiti
- Department of Molecular Plant Virology and Plant Genetic Engineering, KTRDC, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Nrisingha Dey
- Division of Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- *Correspondence: Nrisingha Dey, ;
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Quijano CD, Wichmann F, Schlaich T, Fammartino A, Huckauf J, Schmidt K, Unger C, Broer I, Sautter C. KP4 to control Ustilago tritici in wheat: Enhanced greenhouse resistance to loose smut and changes in transcript abundance of pathogen related genes in infected KP4 plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:90-98. [PMID: 28352545 PMCID: PMC5042339 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ustilago tritici causes loose smut, which is a seed-borne fungal disease of wheat, and responsible for yield losses up to 40%. Loose smut is a threat to seed production in developing countries where small scale farmers use their own harvest as seed material. The killer protein 4 (KP4) is a virally encoded toxin from Ustilago maydis and inhibits growth of susceptible races of fungi from the Ustilaginales. Enhanced resistance in KP4 wheat to stinking smut, which is caused by Tilletia caries, had been reported earlier. We show that KP4 in genetically engineered wheat increased resistance to loose smut up to 60% compared to the non-KP4 control under greenhouse conditions. This enhanced resistance is dose and race dependent. The overexpression of the transgene kp4 and its effect on fungal growth have indirect effects on the expression of endogenous pathogen defense genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Diaz Quijano
- Plant Biotechnology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Wichmann
- Plant Biotechnology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schlaich
- Plant Biotechnology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Fammartino
- Plant Biotechnology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jana Huckauf
- Agrobiotechnology, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 8, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schmidt
- biovativ GmbH, Thuneneplatz 1, D-18190, Gross Lusewitz, Germany
| | - Christoph Unger
- Agrobiotechnology, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 8, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Inge Broer
- Agrobiotechnology, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 8, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christof Sautter
- Plant Biotechnology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Chen M, Sun L, Wu H, Chen J, Ma Y, Zhang X, Du L, Cheng S, Zhang B, Ye X, Pang J, Zhang X, Li L, Andika IB, Chen J, Xu H. Durable field resistance to wheat yellow mosaic virus in transgenic wheat containing the antisense virus polymerase gene. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:447-456. [PMID: 24373454 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) has spread rapidly and causes serious yield losses in the major wheat-growing areas in China. Because it is vectored by the fungus-like organism Polymyxa graminis that survives for long periods in soil, it is difficult to eliminate by conventional crop management or fungicides. There is also only limited resistance in commercial cultivars. In this research, fourteen independent transgenic events were obtained by co-transformation with the antisense NIb8 gene (the NIb replicase of WYMV) and a selectable gene bar. Four original transgenic lines (N12, N13, N14 and N15) and an offspring line (N12-1) showed high and durable resistance to WYMV in the field. Four resistant lines were shown to have segregated and only contain NIb8 (without bar) by PCR and herbicide resistance testing in the later generations. Line N12-1 showed broad-spectrum resistance to WYMV isolates from different sites in China. After growing in the infested soil, WYMV could not be detected by tissue printing and Western blot assays of transgenic wheat. The grain yield of transgenic wheat was about 10% greater than the wild-type susceptible control. Northern blot and small RNA deep sequencing analyses showed that there was no accumulation of small interfering RNAs targeting the NIb8 gene in transgenic wheat plants, suggesting that transgene RNA silencing, a common mechanism of virus-derived disease resistance, is not involved in the process of WYMV resistance. This durable and broad-spectrum resistance to WYMV in transgenic wheat will be useful for alleviating the damage caused by WYMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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8
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Brunner S, Stirnweis D, Diaz Quijano C, Buesing G, Herren G, Parlange F, Barret P, Tassy C, Sautter C, Winzeler M, Keller B. Transgenic Pm3 multilines of wheat show increased powdery mildew resistance in the field. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:398-409. [PMID: 22176579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Resistance (R) genes protect plants very effectively from disease, but many of them are rapidly overcome when present in widely grown cultivars. To overcome this lack of durability, strategies that increase host resistance diversity have been proposed. Among them is the use of multilines composed of near-isogenic lines (NILs) containing different disease resistance genes. In contrast to classical R-gene introgression by recurrent backcrossing, a transgenic approach allows the development of lines with identical genetic background, differing only in a single R gene. We have used alleles of the resistance locus Pm3 in wheat, conferring race-specific resistance to wheat powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici), to develop transgenic wheat lines overexpressing Pm3a, Pm3c, Pm3d, Pm3f or Pm3g. In field experiments, all tested transgenic lines were significantly more resistant than their respective nontransformed sister lines. The resistance level of the transgenic Pm3 lines was determined mainly by the frequency of virulence to the particular Pm3 allele in the powdery mildew population, Pm3 expression levels and most likely also allele-specific properties. We created six two-way multilines by mixing seeds of the parental line Bobwhite and transgenic Pm3a, Pm3b and Pm3d lines. The Pm3 multilines were more resistant than their components when tested in the field. This demonstrates that the difference in a single R gene is sufficient to cause host-diversity effects and that multilines of transgenic Pm3 wheat lines represent a promising strategy for an effective and sustainable use of Pm3 alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Brunner
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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9
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Allen A, Islamovic E, Kaur J, Gold S, Shah D, Smith TJ. Transgenic maize plants expressing the Totivirus antifungal protein, KP4, are highly resistant to corn smut. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:857-64. [PMID: 21303448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The corn smut fungus, Ustilago maydis, is a global pathogen responsible for extensive agricultural losses. Control of corn smut using traditional breeding has met with limited success because natural resistance to U. maydis is organ specific and involves numerous maize genes. Here, we present a transgenic approach by constitutively expressing the Totivirus antifungal protein KP4, in maize. Transgenic maize plants expressed high levels of KP4 with no apparent negative impact on plant development and displayed robust resistance to U. maydis challenges to both the stem and ear tissues in the greenhouse. More broadly, these results demonstrate that a high level of organ independent fungal resistance can be afforded by transgenic expression of this family of antifungal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron Allen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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10
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Brunner S, Hurni S, Herren G, Kalinina O, von Burg S, Zeller SL, Schmid B, Winzeler M, Keller B. Transgenic Pm3b wheat lines show resistance to powdery mildew in the field. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:897-910. [PMID: 21438988 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Plant resistance (R) genes are highly effective in protecting plants against diseases, but pathogens can overcome such genes relatively easily by adaptation. Consequently, in many cases R genes do not confer durable resistance in agricultural environments. One possible strategy to make the use of R genes more sustainable depends on the modification of R genes followed by transformation. To test a possible transgenic use of R genes, we overexpressed in wheat the Pm3b resistance gene against powdery mildew under control of the maize ubiquitin promoter. Four independent transgenic lines were tested in the greenhouse and the field during 3 years. The four lines showed a five- to 600-fold transgene overexpression compared with the expression of the endogenous Pm3b gene in the landrace 'Chul'. Powdery mildew resistance was significantly improved in all lines in the greenhouse and the field, both with naturally occurring infection or after artificial inoculation. Under controlled environmental conditions, the line with the strongest overexpression of the Pm3b gene showed a dramatic increase in resistance to powdery mildew isolates that are virulent on the endogenous Pm3b. Under a variety of field conditions, but never in the greenhouse, three of the four transgenic lines showed pleiotropic effects on spike and leaf morphology. The highest overexpressing line had the strongest side effects, suggesting a correlation between expression level and phenotypic changes. These results demonstrate that the successful transgenic use of R genes critically depends on achieving an optimal level of their expression, possibly in a tissue-specific way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Brunner
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Brown DW. The KP4 killer protein gene family. Curr Genet 2010; 57:51-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-010-0326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Kumlehn J, Zimmermann G, Berger C, Marthe C, Hensel G. Triticeae Cereals. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Baginsky S. Plant proteomics: concepts, applications, and novel strategies for data interpretation. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:93-120. [PMID: 18618656 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics is an essential source of information about biological systems because it generates knowledge about the concentrations, interactions, functions, and catalytic activities of proteins, which are the major structural and functional determinants of cells. In the last few years significant technology development has taken place both at the level of data analysis software and mass spectrometry hardware. Conceptual progress in proteomics has made possible the analysis of entire proteomes at previously unprecedented density and accuracy. New concepts have emerged that comprise quantitative analyses of full proteomes, database-independent protein identification strategies, targeted quantitative proteomics approaches with proteotypic peptides and the systematic analysis of an increasing number of posttranslational modifications at high temporal and spatial resolution. Although plant proteomics is making progress, there are still several analytical challenges that await experimental and conceptual solutions. With this review I will highlight the current status of plant proteomics and put it into the context of the aforementioned conceptual progress in the field, illustrate some of the plant-specific challenges and present my view on the great opportunities for plant systems biology offered by proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Baginsky
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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Abstract
Following the success of transgenic maize and rice, methods have now been developed for the efficient introduction of genes into wheat, barley and oats. This review summarizes the present position in relation to these three species, and also uses information from field trial databases and the patent literature to assess the future trends in the exploitation of transgenic material. This analysis includes agronomic traits and also discusses opportunities in expanding areas such as biofuels and biopharming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim M Dunwell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK
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15
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Schweizer P. Tissue-specific expression of a defence-related peroxidase in transgenic wheat potentiates cell death in pathogen-attacked leaf epidermis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2008; 9:45-57. [PMID: 18705883 PMCID: PMC6640441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Gene technology can offer creative solutions to problems of agronomical relevance, which may not be solved by conventional breeding methods. One of the major problems of wheat cultivation is disease caused by a number of fungal pathogens including the wheat powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici (Bgt). Transgenic wheat plants that constitutively express the coding sequence of the defence-related wheat peroxidase TaPrx103 (previously TaPERO) in shoot epidermis under the control of the wheat GstA1 promoter were generated and found to exhibit enhanced resistance to Bgt (Altpeter et al., Plant. Mol. Biol. 57, 271-283). Here, I report on physiological and molecular analyses of these plants in order to assess the mode of action of the peroxidase encoded by the TaGstA1:TaPrx103 transgene. Epidermal cells of transgenic lines with enhanced resistance were found to respond to Bgt attack more frequently with hypersensitive cell death and the generation of hydrogen peroxide. By contrast, resistance of epidermal cell walls to degradation by fungal enzymes appeared to be similar in transgenic and wild-type plants. Moreover, the analysis of the abundance of approximately 10,000 wheat transcripts revealed no significant effect of the GstA1i:TaPrx103 transgene on host gene expression in non-inoculated leaves and only a marginal effect in Bgt-challenged leaves, compared with wild-type plants treated in the same manner. The results indicate that the TaPrx103 protein is involved in generating reactive oxygen species specifically in pathogen-attacked cells, which may lead to localized cell death and resistance. I therefore suggest that the transgenic plants presented here can be regarded as substantially equivalent to non-transgenic wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schweizer
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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16
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Ioset JR, Urbaniak B, Ndjoko-Ioset K, Wirth J, Martin F, Gruissem W, Hostettmann K, Sautter C. Flavonoid profiling among wild type and related GM wheat varieties. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 65:645-54. [PMID: 17849220 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-007-9229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pleiotropic effects are one of the main concerns regarding genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This includes unintended side effects of the transgene or its genome insertion site on the regulation of other endogenous genes, which could potentially cause the accumulation of different secondary metabolites that may have not only an impact on diet as repeatedly worried by the public but also on the environment. Regarding amount and possible environmental effects, flavonoids represent the most prominent group of secondary metabolites in wheat. Many flavonoids function as signalling or defence molecules. We used a robust and reproducible analytical method to compare the flavonoid content of genetically modified (GM) wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Gramineae) expressing genes that confer increased fungal resistance with their non-GM siblings. The transgenes provide either a broad-spectrum fungal defence (chitinase/glucanase from barley) or bunt-specific resistance by a viral gene (KP4). Significant differences in flavonoid composition were found between different wheat varieties whereas different lines of GM wheat with increased antifungal resistance showed only minor differences in their flavonoid composition relative to their non-GM siblings. In a field test, no significant differences were detectable between infected and non-infected wheat of the same variety regardless of the presence of the transgene. Our results are in agreement with the hypothesis that the transgenes we used to increase wheat defence to fungal pathogens do not interfere with the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. More significantly, the genetic background resulting from conventional breeding has a direct impact on the biological composition of flavonoids, and thus possibly on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Robert Ioset
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et Phytochimie, Ecole Romande de Pharmacie Genève-Lausanne, Université de Genève, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
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17
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Widmer F. Assessing effects of transgenic crops on soil microbial communities. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 107:207-34. [PMID: 17522827 DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deleterious effects of transgenic plants on soils represent an often expressed concern, which has catalyzed numerous studies in the recent past. In this literature review, studies addressing this question have been compiled. A total of 60 studies has been found, and their findings as well as their analytical approaches are summarized. These studies analyzed the effects of seven different types of genetically engineered traits, i.e., herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, virus resistance, proteinase inhibitors, antimicrobial activity, environmental application, and biomolecule production. Sixteen genetically engineered plant species were investigated in these studies including corn, canola, soybean, cotton, potato, tobacco, alfalfa, wheat, rice, tomato, papaya, aubergine, and silver birch. Many of these plants and traits have not been commercialized and represent experimental model systems. Effects on soil microbial characteristics have been described in various studies, indicating the sensitivity and feasibility of the analytical approaches applied. However, classification of the observed effects into acceptable and unacceptable ones has not been possible so far. Establishment of validated indicators for adverse effects represents a scientific challenge for the near future, and will assist risk assessment and regulation of transgenic plants commercially released to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Widmer
- Molecular Ecology, Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zürich, Switzerland.
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18
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Schlaich T, Urbaniak B, Plissonnier ML, Malgras N, Sautter C. Exploration and Swiss field-testing of a viral gene for specific quantitative resistance against smuts and bunts in wheat. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 107:97-112. [PMID: 17522822 DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The viral gene for the killer protein 4 (KP4) has been explored for its antifungal effect in genetically modified wheat to defeat specifically the seed-transmitted smut and bunt diseases. In vitro both important seed-transmitted diseases of wheat, loose smut (Ustilago tritici) and stinking smut (Tilletia caries), are susceptible to KP4, whereas all other organisms tested so far proved to be not susceptible to KP4. For studies in planta we used stinking smut as a model fungus. In greenhouse experiments, two KP4-transgenic wheat lines showed up to 30% lower symptom development as compared to the nontransgenic control. As the last step in the proof of concept, field-testing has shown for the first time increased fungal resistance of a transgene in wheat. Due to its specificity against smuts and bunts, KP4 presents a very low risk to humans and the environment. Field-testing in Switzerland is regulated by a strong law, which for research is acceptable if legally and scientifically correctly applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schlaich
- Institute of Plant Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Universitätsstr. 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Roy-Barman S, Sautter C, Chattoo BB. Expression of the lipid transfer protein Ace-AMP1 in transgenic wheat enhances antifungal activity and defense responses. Transgenic Res 2006; 15:435-46. [PMID: 16906444 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-006-0016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To enhance fungal disease resistance, wheat plants (cv. Bobwhite) were engineered to constitutively express the potent antimicrobial protein Ace-AMP1 from Allium cepa, driven by a maize ubiquitin promoter along with its first intron. The bar gene was used for selection of putative transformants on medium containing phosphinothricin (PPT). Transgene inheritance, integration and stability of expression were confirmed over two generations by PCR, Southern, northern and western blot analyses, respectively. The levels of Ace-AMP1 in different transgenic lines correlated with the transcript levels of the transgene. Up to 50% increase in resistance to Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici was detected in detached leaf assays. In ears of transgenic wheat inoculated with Neovossia indica, Ace-AMP1 intensified expression of defense-related genes. Elevated levels of salicylic acid and of transcripts of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), glucanase (PR2) and chitinase (PR3) in the transgenic plants indicated manifestation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Roy-Barman
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002, India
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