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Jamra G, Ghosh S, Singh N, Tripathy MK, Aggarwal A, Singh RDR, Srivastava AK, Kumar A, Pandey GK. Ectopic overexpression of Eleusine coracana CAX3 confers tolerance to metal and ion stress in yeast and Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 211:108613. [PMID: 38696868 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Ionic and metal toxicity in plants is still a global problem for the environment, agricultural productivity and ultimately poses human health threats when these metal ions accumulate in edible organs of plants. Metal and ion transport from cytosol to the vacuole is considered an important component of metal and ion tolerance and a plant's potential utility in phytoremediation. Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) is an orphan crop but has prominent nutritional value in comparison to other cereals. Previous transcriptomic studies suggested that one of the calcium/proton exchanger (EcCAX3) is strongly upregulated during different developmental stages of spikes development in plant. This finding led us to speculate that high calcium accumulation in the grain might be because of CAX3 function. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis shows that EcCAX3 is more closely related to foxtail millet, sorghum and rice CAX3 protein. To decipher the functional role of EcCAX3, we have adopted complementation of yeast triple mutant K677 (Δpmc1Δvcx1Δcnb1), which has defective calcium transport machinery. Furthermore, metal tolerance assay shows that EcCAX3 expression conferred tolerance to different metal stresses in yeast. The gain-of-function study suggests that EcCAX3 overexpressing Arabidopsis plants shows better tolerance to higher concentration of different metal ions as compared to wild type Col-0 plants. EcCAX3-overexpression transgenic lines exhibits abundance of metal transporters and cation exchanger transporter transcripts under metal stress conditions. Furthermore, EcCAX3-overexpression lines have higher accumulation of macro- and micro-elements under different metal stress. Overall, this finding highlights the functional role of EcCAX3 in the regulation of metal and ion homeostasis and this could be potentially utilized to engineer metal fortification and generation of stress tolerant crops in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Jamra
- Dept. of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India; Dept. of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, GBPUAT, Pantnagar Uttarakhand, 263145, India
| | - Soma Ghosh
- Dept. of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Nidhi Singh
- Dept. of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Manas Kumar Tripathy
- Dept. of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Aparna Aggarwal
- Dept. of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, GBPUAT, Pantnagar Uttarakhand, 263145, India
| | - Reema Devi Rajan Singh
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Srivastava
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Dept. of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India; Dept. of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, GBPUAT, Pantnagar Uttarakhand, 263145, India; Director Education, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agriculture University, Jhansi, NH-75, Near Pahuj Dam, Gwalior Road, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, 284003, India.
| | - Girdhar K Pandey
- Dept. of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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Yu Y, Alseekh S, Zhu Z, Zhou K, Fernie AR. Multiomics and biotechnologies for understanding and influencing cadmium accumulation and stress response in plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024. [PMID: 38817148 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic heavy metals faced by plants and, additionally, via the food chain, threatens human health. It is principally dispersed through agro-ecosystems via anthropogenic activities and geogenic sources. Given its high mobility and persistence, Cd, although not required, can be readily assimilated by plants thereby posing a threat to plant growth and productivity as well as animal and human health. Thus, breeding crop plants in which the edible parts contain low to zero Cd as safe food stuffs and harvesting shoots of high Cd-containing plants as a route for decontaminating soils are vital strategies to cope with this problem. Recently, multiomics approaches have been employed to considerably enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying (i) Cd toxicity, (ii) Cd accumulation, (iii) Cd detoxification and (iv) Cd acquisition tolerance in plants. This information can be deployed in the development of the biotechnological tools for developing plants with modulated Cd tolerance and detoxification to safeguard cellular and genetic integrity as well as to minimize food chain contamination. The aim of this review is to provide a current update about the mechanisms involved in Cd uptake by plants and the recent developments in the area of multiomics approach in terms of Cd stress responses, as well as in the development of Cd tolerant and low Cd accumulating crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Zonghe Zhu
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Kejin Zhou
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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An Q, Zheng N, Ji Y, Sun S, Wang S, Li X, Chen C, Li N, Pan J. Exploration the interaction of cadmium and copper toxic effects in pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L) roots through combinatorial transcriptomic and weighted gene co-expression network analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 359:120956. [PMID: 38669883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The interaction between cadmium(Cd) and copper(Cu) during combined pollution can lead to more complex toxic effects on humans and plants.However, there is still a lack of sufficient understanding regarding the types of interactions at the plant molecular level and the response strategies of plants to combined pollution. To assess this, we investigated the phenotypic and transcriptomic patterns of pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L) roots in response to individual and combined pollution of Cd and Cu. The results showed that compared to single addition, the translocation factor of heavy metals in roots significantly decreased (p < 0.05) under the combined addition, resulting in higher accumulation of Cd and Cu in the roots. Transcriptomic analysis of pakchoi roots revealed that compared to single pollution, there were 312 and 1926 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) specifically regulated in the Cd2Cu20 and Cd2Cu100 combined treatments, respectively. By comparing the expression of these DEGs among different treatments, we found that the combined pollution of Cd and Cu mainly affected the transcriptome of the roots in an antagonistic manner. Enrichment analysis indicated that pakchoi roots upregulated the expression of genes involved in glucosetransferase activity, phospholipid homeostasis, proton transport, and the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids and flavonoids to resist Cd and Cu combined pollution. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), we identified hub genes related to the accumulation of Cd and Cu in the roots, which mainly belonged to the LBD, thaumatin-like protein, ERF, MYB, WRKY, and TCP transcription factor families. This may reflect a transcription factor-driven trade-off strategy between heavy metal accumulation and growth in pakchoi roots. Additionally, compared to single metal pollution, the expression of genes related to Nramp, cation/H+ antiporters, and some belonging to the ABC transporter family in the pakchoi roots was significantly upregulated under combined pollution. This could lead to increased accumulation of Cd and Cu in the roots. These findings provide new insights into the interactions and toxic mechanisms of multiple metal combined pollution at the molecular level in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirui An
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, China
| | - Na Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, China; Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Yining Ji
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, China
| | - Siyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, China
| | - Sujing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, China
| | - Changcheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, China
| | - Jiamin Pan
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Mei C, Yan P, Feng B, Mamat A, Wang J. The apple Ca 2+/H + exchanger MdCAX2L-2 functions positively in modulation of Ba 2+ tolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108314. [PMID: 38184884 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Calcium is an essential element for plant growth and development, and it plays an important role in the responses of plants to abiotic stress. High concentrations of heavy metal ions in soil significantly affect the yield and quality of crops and pose human health threats when these ions accumulate in edible organs. The Ca2+/H+ exchanger (CAX) family is a class of transporters that mediate the transmembrane transport of both Ca2+ and metal ions, and they are widely involved in regulating plant growth and development and stress responses. Here, we cloned an AtCAX2 ortholog, MdCAX2L-2, from apple. It is constitutively expressed in various apple tissues and significantly induced by Ca2+ and Ba2+ treatments. The MdCAX2L-2 protein is located in the vacuolar membrane in both plant and yeast cells. Overexpression of MdCAX2L-2 enhanced the tolerance of the yeast mutant K667 to high concentrations of Ca2+ and Ba2+. In addition, the role of MdCAX2L-2 in modulating Ba2+ tolerance was identified using MdCAX2L-2-overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis plants and apple calli. Comparison of growth phenotypes and stress-related physiological indexes under BaCl2 treatment indicated that MdCAX2L-2 could enhance the Ba2+ tolerance of plants by promoting Ba2+ compartmentalization into the vacuoles and eliminating excess ROS. Our results provide insights that will aid future studies examining the function of CAX proteins in regulating stress tolerance in fruit crops, as well as their underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Mei
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Peng Yan
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Beibei Feng
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Aisajan Mamat
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Jixun Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China.
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Gao B, Liu X, Feng Z, Wu J, Wang J. Potentilla sericea stress-responsive spermine synthase PsSPMS enhances cadmium tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 342:140194. [PMID: 37717914 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Potentilla sericea is resistant and tolerates rough management. It is an excellent garden groundcover for ecological restoration and soil consolidation for slope protection. Polyamines have functions such as promoting tissue growth and physiological resistance, while spermine synthase catalyzes the production of spermine. The PsSPMS gene from Potentilla sericea was cloned and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana to study the response of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana to cadmium stress. The results showed that the contents of spermidine, spermine as well as glutathione were higher in PsSPMS overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana than the control, while the contents of putrescine were less than the control. Net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, water use efficiency, electron transfer rate, PSII-related parameters, proline content, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase activities were higher in PsSPMS overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana than the control, while malondialdehyde, superoxide anion, and hydrogen peroxide contents were lower than the control. Correlation analysis showed significant differences between the indicators (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). Expression of AtSPMS, AtSPD3, AtGSH2 and AtGR in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana was higher than that of the control. Therefore, this study provides a genetic reference for the cultivation of cadmium-tolerant plants through genetic engineering and lays the foundation for further research on cadmium-tolerant Potentilla sericea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gao
- Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150040, PR China
| | - Xiangyue Liu
- Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150040, PR China
| | - Zhenghong Feng
- Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150040, PR China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150040, PR China.
| | - Jinghong Wang
- Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150040, PR China.
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6
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Tyagi S, Sharma Y, Sharma A, Pandey A, Singh K, Upadhyay SK. Expression of TaNCL2-A ameliorates cadmium toxicity by increasing calcium and enzymatic antioxidants activities in arabidopsis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 329:138636. [PMID: 37040835 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that occurs naturally in the environment and is toxic to both animals and plants. The impact of Cd toxicity is shown to be reduced by the exogenous application of calcium (Ca) in crop plants. The sodium/calcium exchanger-like (NCL) protein is involved in Ca enrichment in the cytoplasm by transporting it from the vacuole in the exchange of cytosolic sodium (Na). However, it has not been utilized to ameliorate the Cd toxicity, to date. An elevated expression of TaNCL2-A gene in the root and shoot tissues of bread wheat seedlings, and a higher growth rate of recombinant yeast cells, suggested its role in Cd stress response. The TaNCL2-A expressing transgenic Arabidopsis lines exhibited significant Cd tolerance with increased Ca (∼10-fold) accumulation. The proline content and antioxidant enzymes activities were increased while oxidative stress-related molecules such as H2O2 and MDA were reduced in the transgenic lines. In addition, the growth and yield parameters of transgenic lines such as seed germination rate, root length, leaf biomass, leaf area index, rosette diameter, leaf length and width, and silique count, along with various physiological indicators like chlorophyll, carotenoid, and relative water contents were also improved in comparison to the control plants. Further, the transgenic lines exhibited significant salinity and osmotic stress tolerance, as well. Taken together, these results suggested that the TaNCL2-A could mitigate Cd toxicity along with salinity and osmotic stress. This gene may also be utilized for phytoremediation and Cd sequestration in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivi Tyagi
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Yashraaj Sharma
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Alok Sharma
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Kashmir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Fan P, Wu L, Wang Q, Wang Y, Luo H, Song J, Yang M, Yao H, Chen S. Physiological and molecular mechanisms of medicinal plants in response to cadmium stress: Current status and future perspective. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 450:131008. [PMID: 36842201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have a wide range of uses worldwide. However, the quality of medicinal plants is affected by severe cadmium pollution. Cadmium can reduce photosynthetic capacity, lead to plant growth retardation and oxidative stress, and affect secondary metabolism. Medicinal plants have complex mechanisms to cope with cadmium stress. On the one hand, an antioxidant system can effectively scavenge excess reactive oxygen species produced by cadmium stress. On the other hand, cadmium chelates are formed by chelating peptides and then sequestered through vacuolar compartmentalization. Cadmium has no specific transporter in plants and is generally transferred to plant tissues through competition for the transporters of divalent metal ions, such as zinc, iron, and manganese. In recent years, progress has been achieved in exploring the physiological mechanisms by which medicinal plants responding to cadmium stress. The exogenous regulation of cadmium accumulation in medicinal plants has been studied, and the aim is reducing the toxicity of cadmium. However, research into molecular mechanisms is still lagging. In this paper, we review the physiological and molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks of medicinal plants exposed to cadmium, providing a reference for the study on the responses of medicinal plants to cadmium stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panhui Fan
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liwei Wu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingyuan Song
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Niu L, Li C, Wang W, Zhang J, Scali M, Li W, Liu H, Tai F, Hu X, Wu X. Cadmium tolerance and hyperaccumulation in plants - A proteomic perspective of phytoremediation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114882. [PMID: 37037105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a major environmental pollutant and poses a risk of transfer into the food chain through contaminated plants. Mechanisms underlying Cd tolerance and hyperaccumulation in plants are not fully understood. Proteomics-based approaches facilitate an in-depth understanding of plant responses to Cd stress at the systemic level by identifying Cd-inducible differentially abundant proteins (DAPs). In this review, we summarize studies related to proteomic changes associated with Cd-tolerance mechanisms in Cd-tolerant crops and Cd-hyperaccumulating plants, especially the similarities and differences across plant species. The enhanced DAPs identified through proteomic studies can be potential targets for developing Cd-hyperaccumulators to remediate Cd-contaminated environments and Cd-tolerant crops with low Cd content in the edible organs. This is of great significance for ensuring the food security of an exponentially growing global population. Finally, we discuss the methodological drawbacks in current proteomic studies and propose that better protocols and advanced techniques should be utilized to further strengthen the reliability and applicability of future Cd-stress-related studies in plants. This review provides insights into the improvement of phytoremediation efficiency and an in-depth study of the molecular mechanisms of Cd enrichment in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjie Niu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunyang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Monica Scali
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Weiqiang Li
- Jilin Da'an Agro-ecosystem National Observation Research Station, Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Hui Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fuju Tai
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiuli Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Song LY, Liu X, Zhang LD, Hu WJ, Xu CQ, Li J, Song SW, Guo ZJ, Sun CY, Tang HC, Wang JC, Zhu XY, Zheng HL. Proteomic analysis reveals differential responsive mechanisms in Solanum nigrum exposed to low and high dose of cadmium. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130880. [PMID: 36736216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) contamination is becoming a widespread environmental problem. However, the differential responsive mechanisms of Cd hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum to low or high dose of Cd are not well documented. In this study, phenotypic and physiological analysis firstly suggested that the seedlings of S. nigrum showed slight leaf chlorosis symptoms under 25 μM Cd and severe inhibition on growth and photosynthesis under 100 μM Cd. Further proteomic analysis identified 105 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the Cd-treated leaves. Under low dose of Cd stress, 47 DEPs are mainly involved in primary metabolic processes, while under high dose of Cd stress, 92 DEPs are mainly involved in photosynthesis, energy metabolism, production of phytochelatin and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of DEPs support above differential responses in the leaves of S. nigrum to low and high dose of Cd treatments. This work provides the differential responsive mechanisms in S. nigrum to low and high dose of Cd, and the theoretical foundation for the application of hyperaccumulating plants in the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yu Song
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, PR China
| | - Lu-Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Wen-Jun Hu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China
| | - Chao-Qun Xu
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Shi-Wei Song
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Ze-Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Chen-Yang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Han-Chen Tang
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Ji-Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Xue-Yi Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Hai-Lei Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China.
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Wang Y, Wu J, Li J, Liu B, Wang D, Gao C. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor ThRAX2 recognized a new element MYB-T (CTTCCA) to enhance cadmium tolerance in Tamarix hispida. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 329:111574. [PMID: 36565937 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
R2R3-MYB transcription factors play an important role in plant development and response to various environmental stresses. In this study, a new R2R3-MYB gene, named ThRAX2, was isolated from T. hispida. ThRAX2 has an open reading frame (ORF) of 1191 bp and encodes a protein of 396 amino acids. ThRAX2 was localized in the nucleus. The overexpression of ThRAX2 in Arabidopsis and T. hispida significantly increased Cadmium (Cd) tolerance. Moreover, the accumulation of cadmium in roots and leaves was significantly reduced. The TF-centred Y1H and Y1H results showed that ThRAX2 was able to specifically bind a new cis-element (MYB-T, CTTCCA). The promoters of some Cd-responsive genes, such as ThSOS1, ThCKX3, ThCAX3A, ThMYB78, ThMIP2, ThTPS4, and ThSOD2, all contained 1-3 MYB-T sequences. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation-polymerase chain reaction (ChIP-PCR) and ChIPquantitative (q)PCR showed that the ThRAX2 gene can bind to ThSOS1, ThCKX3, ThCAX3A and ThMYB78 promoter fragments, including the MYB-T motif. Meanwhile, the qRTPCR results also showed that the expression trends of ThSOS1, ThCKX3, ThCAX3A and ThMYB78 were similar to that of ThRAX2. This finding suggests that Cd tolerance of the ThRAX2 gene may regulate the expression of some downstream genes through specific recognition of the MYB-T motif and participate in regulating intracellular ion homeostasis, transport, and protein activity or enhance antioxidant enzyme activity. This study found a novel cis-acting element that binds ThRAX2 to regulate Cd tolerance, which lays the foundation for the ThRAX2 regulatory mechanism of Cd stress. This study provides a genetic and theoretical basis for the bioremediation of Cd-contaminated land by cultivating transgenic plants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jinghang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Baichao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Danni Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Caiqiu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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11
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He F, Shi YJ, Li JL, Lin TT, Zhao KJ, Chen LH, Mi JX, Zhang F, Zhong Y, Lu MM, Niu MX, Feng CH, Ding SS, Peng MY, Huang JL, Yang HB, Wan XQ. Genome-wide analysis and expression profiling of Cation/H + exchanger (CAX) family genes reveal likely functions in cadmium stress responses in poplar. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:76-88. [PMID: 35124018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium, a toxic heavy metal, seriously affects human health and ecological security. The cation/H+ exchanger (CAX) family is a unique metal transporter that plays a crucial role in Cd acquisition, transfer, and remission in plants. Although there are many studies related to the genome-wide analysis of Populus trichocarpa, little research has been done on the CAX family genes, especially concerning Cd stress. In this study, genome-wide analysis of the Populus CAX family identified seven stress-related CAX genes. The evolutionary tree indicated that the CaCA family genes were grouped into four clusters. Moreover, seven pairs of genes were derived by segmental duplication in poplars. Cis-acting element analysis identified numerous stress-related elements in the promoters of diverse PtrCAXs. Furthermore, some PtrCAXs were up-regulated by drought, beetle, and mechanical damage, indicating their possible function in regulating stress response. Under cadmium stress, all CAX genes in the roots were up-regulated. Our findings suggest that plants may regulate their response to Cd stress through the TF-CAXs module. Comprehensively investigating the CAX family provides a scientific basis for the phytoremediation of heavy metal pollution by Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang He
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yu-Jie Shi
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun-Lin Li
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tian-Tian Lin
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Kuang-Ji Zhao
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Liang-Hua Chen
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jia-Xuan Mi
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yu Zhong
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Meng-Meng Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Meng-Xue Niu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cong-Hua Feng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shan-Shan Ding
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Min-Yue Peng
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jin-Liang Huang
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Han-Bo Yang
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xue-Qin Wan
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Feki K, Tounsi S, Mrabet M, Mhadhbi H, Brini F. Recent advances in physiological and molecular mechanisms of heavy metal accumulation in plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:64967-64986. [PMID: 34599711 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Among abiotic stress, the toxicity of metals impacts negatively on plants' growth and productivity. This toxicity promotes various perturbations in plants at different levels. To withstand stress, plants involve efficient mechanisms through the implication of various signaling pathways. These pathways enhance the expression of many target genes among them gene coding for metal transporters. Various metal transporters which are localized at the plasma membrane and/or at the tonoplast are crucial in metal stress response. Furthermore, metal detoxification is provided by metal-binding proteins like phytochelatins and metallothioneins. The understanding of the molecular basis of metal toxicities signaling pathways and tolerance mechanisms is crucial for genetic engineering to produce transgenic plants that enhance phytoremediation. This review presents an overview of the recent advances in our understanding of metal stress response. Firstly, we described the effect of metal stress on plants. Then, we highlight the mechanisms involved in metal detoxification and the importance of the regulation in the response to heavy metal stress. Finally, we mentioned the importance of genetic engineering for enhancing the phytoremediation technique. In the end, the response to heavy metal stress is complex and implicates various components. Thus, further studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms involved in response to this abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaouthar Feki
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agrosystem (L2AD), Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cédria, BP901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Sana Tounsi
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, B.P "1177", 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Mrabet
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agrosystem (L2AD), Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cédria, BP901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Haythem Mhadhbi
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agrosystem (L2AD), Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cédria, BP901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Faiçal Brini
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, B.P "1177", 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.
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Cheng Y, Yang T, Xiang W, Li S, Fan X, Sha L, Kang H, Wu D, Zhang H, Zeng J, Zhou Y, Wang Y. Ammonium-nitrogen addition at the seedling stage does not reduce grain cadmium concentration in two common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117575. [PMID: 34130116 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High cadmium (Cd) concentration in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains poses potential health risks. Several management strategies have been used to reduce grain Cd concentration. However, limited information is available on the use of ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N) as a strategy to manage Cd concentration in wheat grains. In this study, NH4+-N addition at the seedling stage unchanged the grain Cd concentration in the high-Cd accumulator, Zhoumai 18 (ZM18), but dramatically increased that in the low-Cd accumulator, Yunmai 51 (YM51). Further analysis revealed that the effects of NH4+-N addition on whole-plant Cd absorption, root-to-shoot Cd translocation, and shoot-to-grain Cd remobilization were different between the two wheat cultivars. In ZM18, NH4+-N addition did not change whole-plant Cd absorption, but inhibited root-to-shoot Cd translocation and Cd remobilization from lower internodes, lower leaves, node 1, and internode 1 to grains via the down-regulation of yellow stripe-like transporters (YSL), zinc transporters (ZIP5, ZIP7, and ZIP10), and heavy-metal transporting ATPases (HMA2). This inhibition decreased the grain Cd content by 29.62%, which was consistent with the decrease of the grain dry weight by 23.26%, leading to unchanged grain Cd concentration in ZM18. However, in YM51, NH4+-N addition promoted continuous Cd absorption during grain filling, root-to-shoot Cd translocation and whole-plant Cd absorption. The absorbed Cd was directly transported to internode 1 via the xylem and then re-transported to grains via the phloem by up-regulated YSL, ZIP5, and copper transporters (COPT4). This promotion increased the grain Cd content by 245.35%, which was higher than the increased grain dry weight by 132.89%, leading to increased grain Cd concentration in YM51. Our findings concluded that the addition of NH4+-N fertilizer at the seedling stage is not suitable for reducing grain Cd concentration in common wheat cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Cheng
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Tian Yang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenhui Xiang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Siyu Li
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lina Sha
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Houyang Kang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Dandan Wu
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Haiqin Zhang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China.
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14
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Jogawat A, Yadav B, Narayan OP. Metal transporters in organelles and their roles in heavy metal transportation and sequestration mechanisms in plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:259-275. [PMID: 33586164 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal toxicity is one of the major concerns for agriculture and health. Accumulation of toxic heavy metals at high concentrations in edible parts of crop plants is the primary cause of disease in humans and cattle. A dramatic increase in industrialization, urbanization, and other high anthropogenic activities has led to the accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soil, which has consequently disrupted soil conditions and affected crop yield. By now, plants have developed several mechanisms to cope with heavy metal stress. However, not all plants are equally effective in dealing with the toxicity of high heavy metal concentrations. Plants have modified their anatomy, morphophysiology, and molecular networks to survive under changing environmental conditions. Heavy metal sequestration is one of the essential processes evolved by some plants to deal with heavy metals' toxic concentration. Some plants even have the ability to accumulate metals in high quantities in the shoots/organelles without toxic effects. For intercellular and interorganeller metal transport, plants harbor spatially distributed various transporters which mainly help in uptake, translocation, and redistribution of metals. This review discusses different heavy metal transporters in different organelles and their roles in metal sequestration and redistribution to help plants cope with heavy metal stress. A good understanding of the processes at stake helps in developing more tolerant crops without affecting their productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bindu Yadav
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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15
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Khoudi H. Significance of vacuolar proton pumps and metal/H + antiporters in plant heavy metal tolerance. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:384-393. [PMID: 33937997 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil and water are among the most valuable resources on earth. Unfortunately, their contamination with heavy metals has become a global problem. Heavy metals are not biodegradable and cannot be chemically degraded; therefore, they tend to accumulate in soils or to be transported by streaming water and contaminate both surface and groundwater. Cadmium (Cd) has no known biological function but is one of the most toxic metals. It represents a serious environmental concern since its accumulation in soils is associated with health risks to plants, animals and humans. On the other hand, copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) are heavy metals that are indispensable to plants but become toxic when their concentration in soils exceeds a certain optimal level. Plants have evolved many mechanisms to cope with heavy metal toxicity; vacuolar sequestration is one of them. Vacuolar sequestration can be achieved through either phytochelatin-dependent or phytochelatin-independent pathways. Most of the transgenic plants meant for phytoremediation described in the literature result from the manipulation of genes involved in the phytochelatin-dependent pathway. However, recent evidence has emerged to support the importance of the phytochelatin-independent pathway in heavy metal sequestration into the vacuole, with metal/H+ antiporters and proton pumps playing an important role. In this review, the importance of vacuolar proton pumps and metal/H+ antiporters transporting Cd, Cu, and Zn is discussed. In addition, the recent advances in the production of transgenic plants with potential application in phytoremediation and food safety through the manipulation of genes encoding V-PPase proton pumps is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Khoudi
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology and Improvement, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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16
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The Rice Cation/H + Exchanger Family Involved in Cd Tolerance and Transport. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158186. [PMID: 34360953 PMCID: PMC8348036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal toxic to humans, easily accumulates in rice grains. Rice with unacceptable Cd content has become a serious food safety problem in many rice production regions due to contaminations by industrialization and inappropriate waste management. The development of rice varieties with low grain Cd content is seen as an economic and long-term solution of this problem. The cation/H+ exchanger (CAX) family has been shown to play important roles in Cd uptake, transport and accumulation in plants. Here, we report the characterization of the rice CAX family. The six rice CAX genes all have homologous genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Phylogenetic analysis identified two subfamilies with three rice and three Arabidopsis thaliana genes in both of them. All rice CAX genes have trans-member structures. OsCAX1a and OsCAX1c were localized in the vacuolar while OsCAX4 were localized in the plasma membrane in rice cell. The consequences of qRT-PCR analysis showed that all the six genes strongly expressed in the leaves under the different Cd treatments. Their expression in roots increased in a Cd dose-dependent manner. GUS staining assay showed that all the six rice CAX genes strongly expressed in roots, whereas OsCAX1c and OsCAX4 also strongly expressed in rice leaves. The yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells expressing OsCAX1a, OsCAX1c and OsCAX4 grew better than those expressing the vector control on SD-Gal medium containing CdCl2. OsCAX1a and OsCAX1c enhanced while OsCAX4 reduced Cd accumulation in yeast. No auto-inhibition was found for all the rice CAX genes. Therefore, OsCAX1a, OsCAX1c and OsCAX4 are likely to involve in Cd uptake and translocation in rice, which need to be further validated.
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17
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Luo JS, Zhang Z. Mechanisms of cadmium phytoremediation and detoxification in plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Huang WX, Zhang DM, Cao YQ, Dang BJ, Jia W, Xu ZC, Han D. Differential cadmium translocation and accumulation between Nicotiana tabacum L. and Nicotiana rustica L. by transcriptome combined with chemical form analyses. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111412. [PMID: 33039872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a severely toxic and carcinogenic heavy metal. Cigarette smoking is one of the major source of Cd exposure in humans. Nicotiana tabacum is primarily a leaf Cd accumulator, while Nicotiana rustica is a root Cd accumulator among Nicotiana species. However, little is known about the mechanisms of differential Cd translocation and accumulation in Nicotiana. To find the key factors, Cd concentration, Cd chemical forms, and transcriptome analysis were comparatively studied between N. tabacum and N. rustica under control or 10 μM Cd stress. The leaf/root Cd concentration ratio of N. tabacum was 2.26 and that of N. rustica was 0.14. The Cd concentration in xylem sap of N. tabacum was significantly higher than that of N. rustica. The root of N. tabacum had obviously higher proportion of ethanol extractable Cd (40%) and water extractable Cd (16%) than those of N. rustica (16% and 6%). Meanwhile the proportion of sodium chloride extracted Cd in N. rustica (71%) was significantly higher than that in N. tabacum (30%). A total of 30710 genes expressed differentially between the two species at control, while this value was 30,294 under Cd stress, among which 27,018 were collective genes, manifesting the two species existed enormous genetic differences. KEGG pathway analysis showed the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway was overrepresented between the two species under Cd stress. Several genes associated with pectin methylesterase, suberin and lignin synthesis, and heavy metal transport were discovered to be differential expressed genes between two species. The results suggested that the higher accumulation of Cd in the leaf of N. tabacum depends on a comprehensive coordination of Cd transport, including less cell wall binding, weaker impediment by the Casparian strip, and efficient xylem loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Xing Huang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Duo-Min Zhang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qiao Cao
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Jun Dang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Jia
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Cheng Xu
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Han
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People's Republic of China.
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Cheng Y, Bao Y, Chen X, Yao Q, Wang C, Chai S, Zeng J, Fan X, Kang H, Sha L, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Wang Y. Different nitrogen forms differentially affect Cd uptake and accumulation in dwarf Polish wheat (Triticum polonicum L.) seedlings. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:123209. [PMID: 32947742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of different nitrogen (N) forms on Cadmium (Cd) uptake and accumulation in dwarf Polish wheat (DPW) seedlings, which were grown under Cd stress with N-Null, NH4+-N, NO3--N and NH4+-N + NO3--N. We measured plant growth and determined Cd uptake, translocation, accumulation, subcellular distribution and chemical forms in the roots and shoots of DPW seedlings. We also analyzed saccharide concentrations, and the transcript levels of genes encoding metal transporters in the roots of DPW seedlings. In the absence of NO3--N, addition of NH4+-N reduced roots Cd concentration, FCW (Cd in cell wall), FS (Cd in soluble fraction) and FE (inorganic Cd) concentrations, and induced the expression of four genes encoding metal transporters in roots, while it promoted Cd translocation to shoots. In the presence of NO3--N, addition of NH4+-N increased roots Cd concentration, FCW and FW concentrations, and induced the expression of 22 genes encoding metal transporters in roots. Regardless of NH4+-N level, addition of NO3--N increased roots Cd concentration, FCW, FS, FW (water-soluble Cd), FNaCl (pectates and protein Cd), FHAc (undissolved Cd phosphate) and lactose concentrations, and also induced the expression of genes encoding metal transporters in roots. Overall, NH4+-N differently regulated Cd uptake and accumulation in DPW seedlings in the absence or presence of NO3--N, while NO3--N greatly increased Cd uptake and accumulation in the presence of NH4+-N compared to the absence of NH4+-N. These patterns of Cd alteration likely arose due to different N forms altering Cd subcellular distribution and chemical forms, lactose concentration and the expression of metal transporter genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Cheng
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunjing Bao
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qin Yao
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Songyue Chai
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Houyang Kang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lina Sha
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Haiqin Zhang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Guha T, Barman S, Mukherjee A, Kundu R. Nano-scale zero valent iron modulates Fe/Cd transporters and immobilizes soil Cd for production of Cd free rice. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127533. [PMID: 32679374 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI) has been found to be a promising approach for heavy metal remediation. This study is the first report highlighting the role of nZVI to ameliorate Cadmium (Cd) stress in rice along with its effects in expressions of transporter genes, agronomic parameters and grain nutrient status. Initially, 3 concentration of Cd (10, 50, 250 μM) and nZVI (50, 100, 200 mg L-1) were selected. PCA analysis based on growth parameters, photosynthetic pigment contents and lipid peroxidation rate confirmed that 100 mg L-1 nZVI was most suitable for remediation of 10 μM Cd. It was evident that, nZVI can alleviate Cd-induced toxic effects by enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms and other physiological processes in plants. nZVI treated rice seedlings also showed upregulation of phytochelatins which aided in Cd chelation within vacuoles. Study of root morphology with scanning electron microscopy and ROS imaging with confocal microscopy confirmed that nZVI could alleviate oxidative stress due to Cd uptake. In nZVI treated rice seedlings, gene expressions of iron (Fe) transporters (like, IRT1,IRT2,YSL2,YSL15) which are responsible for both Fe and Cd uptake were significantly down-regulated whereas, OsVIT1 and OsCAX4 genes were over expressed which lead to sequestration of Cd in vacuoles. Cd localization assay with leadmium proved that Cd translocation was reduced with nZVI treatment. To further validate our findings a pot experiment was carried out where it was found that nZVI could immobilize Cd in soil prevented accumulation of Cd in rice grains in addition to improving yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titir Guha
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, Calcutta University, 35, Ballygange Circular Road, Kolkata, 19, India
| | - Sandip Barman
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, Calcutta University, 35, Ballygange Circular Road, Kolkata, 19, India
| | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India
| | - Rita Kundu
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, Calcutta University, 35, Ballygange Circular Road, Kolkata, 19, India.
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21
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Phytoremediation of Cadmium: Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Mechanisms. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9070177. [PMID: 32708065 PMCID: PMC7407403 DOI: 10.3390/biology9070177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic metals in the environment, and has noxious effects on plant growth and production. Cd-accumulating plants showed reduced growth and productivity. Therefore, remediation of this non-essential and toxic pollutant is a prerequisite. Plant-based phytoremediation methodology is considered as one a secure, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective approach for toxic metal remediation. Phytoremediating plants transport and accumulate Cd inside their roots, shoots, leaves, and vacuoles. Phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated sites through hyperaccumulator plants proves a ground-breaking and profitable choice to combat the contaminants. Moreover, the efficiency of Cd phytoremediation and Cd bioavailability can be improved by using plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Emerging modern molecular technologies have augmented our insight into the metabolic processes involved in Cd tolerance in regular cultivated crops and hyperaccumulator plants. Plants’ development via genetic engineering tools, like enhanced metal uptake, metal transport, Cd accumulation, and the overall Cd tolerance, unlocks new directions for phytoremediation. In this review, we outline the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms involved in Cd phytoremediation. Further, a focus on the potential of omics and genetic engineering strategies has been documented for the efficient remediation of a Cd-contaminated environment.
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Ismael MA, Elyamine AM, Moussa MG, Cai M, Zhao X, Hu C. Cadmium in plants: uptake, toxicity, and its interactions with selenium fertilizers. Metallomics 2020; 11:255-277. [PMID: 30632600 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00247a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cd is the third major contaminant of greatest hazard to the environment after mercury and lead and is considered as the only metal that poses health risks to both humans and animals at plant tissue concentrations that are generally not phytotoxic. Cd accumulation in plant shoots depends on Cd entry through the roots, sequestration within root vacuoles, translocation in the xylem and phloem, and Cd dilution within the plant shoot throughout its growth. Several metal transporters, processes, and channels are involved from the first step of Cd reaching the root cells and until its final accumulation in the edible parts of the plant. It is hard to demonstrate one step as the pivotal factor to decide the Cd tolerance or accumulation ability of plants since the role of a specific transporter/process varies among plant species and even cultivars. In this review, we discuss the sources of Cd pollutants, Cd toxicity to plants, and mechanisms of Cd uptake and redistribution in plant tissues. The metal transporters involved in Cd transport within plant tissues are also discussed and how their manipulation can control Cd uptake and/or translocation. Finally, we discuss the beneficial effects of Se on plants under Cd stress, and how it can minimize or mitigate Cd toxicity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa A Ismael
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Research Center of Trace Elements, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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23
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Huang X, Duan S, Wu Q, Yu M, Shabala S. Reducing Cadmium Accumulation in Plants: Structure-Function Relations and Tissue-Specific Operation of Transporters in the Spotlight. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E223. [PMID: 32050442 PMCID: PMC7076666 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is present in many soils and, when entering the food chain, represents a major health threat to humans. Reducing Cd accumulation in plants is complicated by the fact that most known Cd transporters also operate in the transport of essential nutrients such as Zn, Fe, Mn, or Cu. This work summarizes the current knowledge of mechanisms mediating Cd uptake, radial transport, and translocation within the plant. It is concluded that real progress in the field may be only achieved if the transport of Cd and the above beneficial micronutrients is uncoupled, and we discuss the possible ways of achieving this goal. Accordingly, we suggest that the major focus of research in the field should be on the structure-function relations of various transporter isoforms and the functional assessment of their tissue-specific operation. Of specific importance are two tissues. The first one is a xylem parenchyma in plant roots; a major "controller" of Cd loading into the xylem and its transport to the shoot. The second one is a phloem tissue that operates in the last step of a metal transport. Another promising and currently underexplored avenue is to understand the role of non-selective cation channels in Cd uptake and reveal mechanisms of their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (X.H.); (S.D.); (Q.W.); (M.Y.)
| | - Songpo Duan
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (X.H.); (S.D.); (Q.W.); (M.Y.)
| | - Qi Wu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (X.H.); (S.D.); (Q.W.); (M.Y.)
| | - Min Yu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (X.H.); (S.D.); (Q.W.); (M.Y.)
| | - Sergey Shabala
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (X.H.); (S.D.); (Q.W.); (M.Y.)
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia
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Luo JS, Xiao Y, Yao J, Wu Z, Yang Y, Ismail AM, Zhang Z. Overexpression of a Defensin-Like Gene CAL2 Enhances Cadmium Accumulation in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:217. [PMID: 32174951 PMCID: PMC7057248 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation and detoxification of cadmium in rice shoots are of great importance for adaptation to grow in cadmium contaminated soils and for limiting the transport of Cd to grains. However, the molecular mechanisms behind the processes involved in this regulation remain largely unknown. Defensin proteins play important roles in heavy metal tolerance and accumulation in plants. In rice, the cell wall-localized defensin protein (CAL1) is involved in Cd efflux and partitioning to the shoots. In the present study, we functionally characterized the CAL2 defensin protein and determined its contribution to Cd accumulation. CAL2 shared 66% similarity with CAL1, and its mRNA accumulation is mainly observed in roots and is unaffected by Cd stress, but its transcription level was lower than that of CAL1 based on the relative expression of CAL2/Actin1 observed in this study and that reported previously. A promoter-GUS assay revealed that CAL2 is expressed in root tips. Stable expression of the CAL2-mRFP fusion protein indicated that CAL2 is also localized in the cell walls. An in vitro Cd binding experiment revealed that CAL2 has Cd chelation activity. Overexpression of CAL2 increased Cd accumulation in Arabidopsis and rice shoots, but it had no effect on the accumulation of other essential elements. Heterologous expression of CAL2 enhanced Cd sensitivity in Arabidopsis, whereas overexpression of CAL2 had no effect on Cd tolerance in rice. These findings indicate that CAL2 positively regulates Cd accumulation in ectopic overexpression lines of Arabidopsis and rice. We have identified a new gene regulating Cd accumulation in rice grain, which would provide a new genetic resource for molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Song Luo
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Farmland Pollution Control and Agricultural Resources Use, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition in Common University, National Engineering Laboratory on Soil and Fertilizer Resources Efficient Utilization, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Farmland Pollution Control and Agricultural Resources Use, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition in Common University, National Engineering Laboratory on Soil and Fertilizer Resources Efficient Utilization, Changsha, China
| | - Junyue Yao
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Farmland Pollution Control and Agricultural Resources Use, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition in Common University, National Engineering Laboratory on Soil and Fertilizer Resources Efficient Utilization, Changsha, China
| | - Zhimin Wu
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Farmland Pollution Control and Agricultural Resources Use, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition in Common University, National Engineering Laboratory on Soil and Fertilizer Resources Efficient Utilization, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Farmland Pollution Control and Agricultural Resources Use, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition in Common University, National Engineering Laboratory on Soil and Fertilizer Resources Efficient Utilization, Changsha, China
| | | | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Farmland Pollution Control and Agricultural Resources Use, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition in Common University, National Engineering Laboratory on Soil and Fertilizer Resources Efficient Utilization, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenhua Zhang,
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25
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Pita-Barbosa A, Ricachenevsky FK, Wilson M, Dottorini T, Salt DE. Transcriptional plasticity buffers genetic variation in zinc homeostasis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19482. [PMID: 31862901 PMCID: PMC6925235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In roots of Arabidopsis thaliana, Zn can be either loaded into the xylem for translocation to the shoot or stored in vacuoles. Vacuolar storage is achieved through the action of the Zn/Cd transporter HMA3 (Heavy Metal Atpase 3). The Col-0 accession has an HMA3 loss-of-function allele resulting in high shoot Cd, when compared to accession CSHL-5 which has a functional allele and low shoot Cd. Interestingly, both Col-0 and CSHL-5 have similar shoot Zn concentrations. We hypothesize that plants sense changes in cytosolic Zn that are due to variation in HMA3 function, and respond by altering expression of genes related to Zn uptake, transport and compartmentalisation, in order to maintain Zn homeostasis. The expression level of genes known to be involved in Zn homeostasis were quantified in both wild-type Col-0 and Col-0::HMA3CSHL-5 plants transformed with the functional CSHL-5 allele of HMA3. We observed significant positive correlations between expression of HMA3 and of genes known to be involved in Zn homeostasis, including ZIP3, ZIP4, MTP1, and bZIP19. The results support our hypothesis that alteration in the level of function of HMA3 is counterbalanced by the fine regulation of the Zn homeostasis gene network in roots of A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pita-Barbosa
- Center for Coastal, Limnology and Marine Studies, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Litoral Norte Campus, Imbé, RS, 95625-000, Brazil
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence and the School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Felipe K Ricachenevsky
- Biology Department, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Michael Wilson
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence and the School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Tania Dottorini
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - David E Salt
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence and the School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.
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26
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Han X, Zhang C, Wang C, Huang Y, Liu Z. Gadolinium inhibits cadmium transport by blocking non-selective cation channels in rice seedlings. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 179:160-166. [PMID: 31039458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-selective cation channels (NSCCs) play important roles in uptake of heavy metals in plants. However, little information is available concerning the contribution of NSCCs to cadmium (Cd) transport in rice seedlings. Results from the hydroponic experiment showed that the inhibition of 2.7 μM Cd on the development of rice roots was alleviated by adding 0.1 mM gadolinium (Gd) in nutrient solution, companied by reduction of Cd content by 55.3% in roots and by 45.0% in shoots. Inhibition of Gd on Cd accumulation in cytoplasm fraction (F3) was much greater than that in cell walls (F1) and organelles (F2) in roots. After increasing concentrations of Mn and Zn in nutrient solution, adding 0.1 mM Gd resulted in reductions in Cd content by 89.1%, in micronutrients by 54.9% and in macronutrients by 5.4% in roots, respectively. Cd stress resulted in significant increase of PC2∼4 and free amino acids, but decrease of V-ATPase activity by 32.3% in roots. These results indicate that NSCCs make a great contribution to uptake of Cd in rice seedlings and opportunities for Cd to be transported by NSCCs can be efficiently reduced by blocking NSCCs and/or increasing essential microelements like Mn and Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Changbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Changrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Yongchun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Zhongqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, Tianjin, 300191, China.
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27
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Luo JS, Yang Y, Gu T, Wu Z, Zhang Z. The Arabidopsis defensin gene AtPDF2.5 mediates cadmium tolerance and accumulation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2681-2695. [PMID: 31115921 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Although excess cadmium (Cd) accumulation is harmful to plants, the molecular mechanisms underlying Cd detoxification and accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana remain largely undetermined. In this study, we demonstrated that the A. thaliana PLANT DEFENSIN 2 gene AtPDF2.5 is involved in Cd tolerance and accumulation. In vitro Cd-binding assays revealed that AtPDF2.5 has Cd-chelating activity. Site-directed mutagenesis of AtPDF2.5 identified eight cysteine residues that were essential for mediating Cd tolerance and chelation. Histochemical analysis demonstrated that AtPDF2.5 was mainly expressed in root xylem vascular bundles, and that AtPDF2.5 was significantly induced by Cd. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that AtPDF2.5 was localized to the cell wall. The overexpression of AtPDF2.5 significantly enhanced Cd tolerance and accumulation in A. thaliana and its heterologous overexpression in rice increased Cd accumulation; however, the functional disruption of AtPDF2.5 decreased Cd tolerance and accumulation. Physiological analysis suggested that AtPDF2.5 promoted Cd efflux from the protoplast and its subsequent accumulation in the cell wall. These data suggest that AtPDF2.5 promotes cytoplasmic Cd efflux via chelation, thereby enhancing Cd detoxification and apoplastic accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Song Luo
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Farmland Pollution Control and Agricultural Resources Use, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition in Common University, National Engineering Laboratory on Soil and Fertilizer Resources Efficient Utilization, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Farmland Pollution Control and Agricultural Resources Use, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition in Common University, National Engineering Laboratory on Soil and Fertilizer Resources Efficient Utilization, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Tianyu Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhimin Wu
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Farmland Pollution Control and Agricultural Resources Use, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition in Common University, National Engineering Laboratory on Soil and Fertilizer Resources Efficient Utilization, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Farmland Pollution Control and Agricultural Resources Use, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition in Common University, National Engineering Laboratory on Soil and Fertilizer Resources Efficient Utilization, Changsha, 410128, China
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Jian S, Luo J, Liao Q, Liu Q, Guan C, Zhang Z. NRT1.1 Regulates Nitrate Allocation and Cadmium Tolerance in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:384. [PMID: 30972097 PMCID: PMC6445965 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress induces nitrate (NO3 -) allocation to roots, which increases stress tolerance in plants. NRT1.1 is broadly involved in abiotic stress tolerance in plants, but the relationship between NRT1.1 and NO3 - allocation under stress conditions is unclear. In this study, we found that Arabidopsis wild-type Col-0 was more cadmium (Cd2+)-tolerant than the nrt1.1 mutant at 20 μM CdCl2. Cd2+ exposure repressed NRT1.5 but upregulated NRT1.8 in roots of Col-0 plants, resulting in increased NO3 - allocation to roots and higher [NO3 -] root-to-shoot (R:S) ratios. Interestingly, NITRATE REGULATORY GENE2 (NRG2) was upregulated by Cd2+ stress in Col-0 but not in nrt1.1. Under Cd2+ stress, nrg2 and nrg2-3chl1-13 mutants exhibited similar phenotypes and NO3 - allocation patterns as observed in the nrt1.1 mutant, but overexpression of NRG2 in Col-0 and nrt1.1 increased the [NO3 -] R:S ratio and restored Cd2+ stress tolerance. Our results indicated that NRT1.1 and NRG2 regulated Cd2+ stress-induced NO3 - allocation to roots and that NRG2 functioned downstream of NRT1.1. Cd2+ uptake did not differ between Col-0 and nrt1.1, but Cd2+ allocation to roots was higher in Col-0 than in nrt1.1. Stressed Col-0 plants increased Cd2+ and NO3 - allocation to root vacuoles, which reduced their cytosolic allocation and transport to the shoots. Our results suggest that NRT1.1 regulates NO3 - allocation to roots by coordinating Cd2+ accumulation in root vacuoles, which facilitates Cd2+ detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofen Jian
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingsong Luo
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiong Liao
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunyun Guan
- National Centre of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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29
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Ahmadi H, Corso M, Weber M, Verbruggen N, Clemens S. CAX1 suppresses Cd-induced generation of reactive oxygen species in Arabidopsis halleri. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2435-2448. [PMID: 29879753 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The molecular analysis of metal hyperaccumulation in species such as Arabidopsis halleri offers the chance to gain insights into metal homeostasis and into the evolution of adaptation to extreme habitats. A prerequisite of metal hyperaccumulation is metal hypertolerance. Genetic analysis of a backcross population derived from Arabidopsis lyrata × A. halleri crosses revealed three quantitative trait loci for Cd hypertolerance. A candidate gene for Cdtol2 is AhCAX1, encoding a vacuolar Ca2+ /H+ antiporter. We developed a method for the transformation of vegetatively propagated A. halleri plants and generated AhCAX1-silenced lines. Upon Cd2+ exposure, several-fold higher accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detectable in roots of AhCAX1-silenced plants. In accordance with the dependence of Cdtol2 on external Ca2+ concentration, this phenotype was exclusively observed in low Ca2+ conditions. The effects of external Ca2+ on Cd accumulation cannot explain the phenotype as they were not influenced by the genotype. Our data strongly support the hypothesis that higher expression of CAX1 in A. halleri relative to other Arabidopsis species represents a Cd hypertolerance factor. We propose a function of AhCAX1 in preventing a positive feedback loop of Cd-elicited ROS production triggering further Ca2+ -dependent ROS accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ahmadi
- University of Bayreuth, Department of Plant Physiology, and Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Corso
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael Weber
- University of Bayreuth, Department of Plant Physiology, and Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Nathalie Verbruggen
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stephan Clemens
- University of Bayreuth, Department of Plant Physiology, and Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, Bayreuth, Germany
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30
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Gu C, Liu L, Song A, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Huang S. Iris lactea var. chinensis (Fisch.) cysteine-rich gene llCDT1 enhances cadmium tolerance in yeast cells and Arabidopsis thaliana. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 157:67-72. [PMID: 29605645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED IlCDT1, a cysteine-rich protein, was isolated from Iris lactea var. chinensis (Fisch.) (I. lactea var. chinensis). Its transcription was up-regulated by the exogenous application of Cd. The truncated IlCDT1 (25-54) containing 14 Cys residues confers Cd tolerance to yeast as the intact IlCDT1, indicating that Cys residues are required for Cd tolerance presumably by chelating Cd. When the gene was constitutively expressed in A. thaliana, root length of transgenic lines was longer than that of wild-type under 100 μM or 200 μM Cd stress. However, Cd absorption in wild-type was more than in two trangenic lines under 100 μM Cd exposure. IlCDT1 may directly bind Cd, through chelating Cd and avoiding the Cd uptake into the cells. Together, IlCDT1 may be a promising gene for the Cd tolerance improvement. SUMMARY Cysteine-rich gene llCDT1 enhances cadmium tolerance in yeast cells and Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsun Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Liangqin Liu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Aiping Song
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhaolei Liu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yongxia Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Suzhen Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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Zhang J, Martinoia E, Lee Y. Vacuolar Transporters for Cadmium and Arsenic in Plants and their Applications in Phytoremediation and Crop Development. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1317-1325. [PMID: 29361141 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination by heavy metals and metalloids such as cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) poses a major threat to the environment and to human health. Vacuolar sequestration is one of the main mechanisms by which plants control toxic materials including Cd and As. Understanding the mechanisms of heavy metal tolerance and accumulation can be useful for both phytoremediation and safe crop development. In this review, we summarize recent advances in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying vacuolar sequestration of Cd and As, and discuss potential biotechnological applications of this knowledge and efforts towards attaining these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Universität Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
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32
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Luo JS, Huang J, Zeng DL, Peng JS, Zhang GB, Ma HL, Guan Y, Yi HY, Fu YL, Han B, Lin HX, Qian Q, Gong JM. A defensin-like protein drives cadmium efflux and allocation in rice. Nat Commun 2018; 9:645. [PMID: 29440679 PMCID: PMC5811569 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pollution by heavy metals limits the area of land available for cultivation of food crops. A potential solution to this problem might lie in the molecular breeding of food crops for phytoremediation that accumulate toxic metals in straw while producing safe and nutritious grains. Here, we identify a rice quantitative trait locus we name cadmium (Cd) accumulation in leaf 1 (CAL1), which encodes a defensin-like protein. CAL1 is expressed preferentially in root exodermis and xylem parenchyma cells. We provide evidence that CAL1 acts by chelating Cd in the cytosol and facilitating Cd secretion to extracellular spaces, hence lowering cytosolic Cd concentration while driving long-distance Cd transport via xylem vessels. CAL1 does not appear to affect Cd accumulation in rice grains or the accumulation of other essential metals, thus providing an efficient molecular tool to breed dual-function rice varieties that produce safe grains while remediating paddy soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Song Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS center for excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jing Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS center for excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Da-Li Zeng
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jia-Shi Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS center for excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guo-Bin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS center for excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hai-Ling Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS center for excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuan Guan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS center for excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hong-Ying Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS center for excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan-Lei Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS center for excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bin Han
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS center for excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hong-Xuan Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS center for excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qian Qian
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
| | - Ji-Ming Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS center for excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Papierniak A, Kozak K, Kendziorek M, Barabasz A, Palusińska M, Tiuryn J, Paterczyk B, Williams LE, Antosiewicz DM. Contribution of NtZIP1-Like to the Regulation of Zn Homeostasis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:185. [PMID: 29503658 PMCID: PMC5820362 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco has frequently been suggested as a candidate plant species for use in phytoremediation of metal contaminated soil but knowledge on the regulation of its metal-homeostasis is still in the infancy. To identify new tobacco metal transport genes that are involved in Zn homeostasis a bioinformatics study using the tobacco genome information together with expression analysis was performed. Ten new tobacco metal transport genes from the ZIP, NRAMP, MTP, and MRP/ABCC families were identified with expression levels in leaves that were modified by exposure to Zn excess. Following exposure to high Zn there was upregulation of NtZIP11-like, NtNRAMP3, three isoforms of NtMTP2, three MRP/ABCC genes (NtMRP5-like, NtMRP10-like, and NtMRP14 like) and downregulation of NtZIP1-like and NtZIP4. This suggests their involvement in several processes governing the response to Zn-related stress and in the efficiency of Zn accumulation (uptake, sequestration, and redistribution). Further detailed analysis of NtZIP1-like provided evidence that it is localized at the plasma membrane and is involved in Zn but not Fe and Cd transport. NtZIP1-like is expressed in the roots and shoots, and is regulated developmentally and in a tissue-specific manner. It is highly upregulated by Zn deficiency in the leaves and the root basal region but not in the root apical zone (region of maturation and absorption containing root hairs). Thus NtZIP1-like is unlikely to be responsible for Zn uptake by the root apical region but rather in the uptake by root cells within the already mature basal zone. It is downregulated by Zn excess suggesting it is involved in a mechanism to protect the root and leaf cells from accumulating excess Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Papierniak
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kozak
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Kendziorek
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Barabasz
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Palusińska
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Tiuryn
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics, and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bohdan Paterczyk
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Danuta M. Antosiewicz
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Danuta M. Antosiewicz,
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Tang Z, Cai H, Li J, Lv Y, Zhang W, Zhao FJ. Allelic Variation of NtNramp5 Associated with Cultivar Variation in Cadmium Accumulation in Tobacco. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1583-1593. [PMID: 28922747 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is a cadmium (Cd) accumulator, and smoking is a major source of Cd exposure. In the present study, we identified two tobacco cultivars with contrasting phenotypes of Cd and manganese (Mn) accumulation in both hydroponic and soil pot experiments. Physiological experiments showed that the two cultivars differed in Cd uptake, but not in Cd translocation from roots to shoots. A homolog of OsNramp5 (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 5), NtNramp5, was isolated from both cultivars. There was no significant difference in the expression level of NtNramp5 in the roots between the two cultivars. Sequence analysis revealed that the low Cd/Mn-accumulating cultivar possesses an NtNramp5 allele with a predicted mutation for early translation termination, resulting in a truncated protein missing 104 amino acids in the C-terminus of the full-length NtNramp5 found in the high Cd/Mn-accumulating cultivar. Both proteins were found to be localized to the plasma membrane. Heterologous expression of the two alleles of NtNramp5 in yeast showed that the full-length protein had transport activities for both Mn and Cd, whereas the truncated protein had no transport activity for Mn and a weak transport activity for Cd. These results suggest that NtNramp5 is a transporter for Mn and Cd, and the allelic variation in the coding region of NtNramp5 probaby explains the cultivar difference in Cd and Mn accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hailin Cai
- Tobacco Production Technology Center, Changsha Branch of Hunan Tobacco Company, Changsha 410001, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanling Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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35
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Yu R, Li D, Du X, Xia S, Liu C, Shi G. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals key cadmium transport-related genes in roots of two pak choi (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis) cultivars. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:587. [PMID: 28789614 PMCID: PMC5549386 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3973-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cadmium translocation from roots to shoots is a complex biological process that is controlled by gene regulatory networks. Pak choi exhibits wide cultivar variations in Cd accumulation. However, the molecular mechanism involved in cadmium translocation and accumulation is still unclear. To isolate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in transporter-mediated regulatory mechanisms of Cd translocation in two contrasting pak choi cultivars, Baiyewuyueman (B, high Cd accumulator) and Kuishan’aijiaoheiye (K, low Cd accumulator), eight cDNA libraries from the roots of two cultivars were constructed and sequenced by RNA-sequencing. Results A total of 244,190 unigenes were obtained. Of them, 6827 DEGs, including BCd10 vs. BCd0 (690), KCd10 vs. KCd0 (2733), KCd0 vs. BCd0 (2919), and KCd10 vs. BCd10 (3455), were identified. Regulatory roles of these DEGs were annotated and clarified through GO and KEEG enrichment analysis. Interestingly, 135 DEGs encoding ion transport (i.e. ZIPs, P1B-type ATPase and MTPs) related proteins were identified. The expression patterns of ten critical genes were validated using RT-qPCR analysis. Furthermore, a putative model of cadmium translocation regulatory network in pak choi was proposed. Conclusions High Cd cultivar (Baiyewuyueman) showed higher expression levels in plasma membrane-localized transport genes (i.e., ZIP2, ZIP3, IRT1, HMA2 and HMA4) and tonoplast-localized transport genes (i.e., CAX4, HMA3, MRP7, MTP3 and COPT5) than low Cd cultivar (Kuishan’aijiaoheiye). These genes, therefore, might be involved in root-to-shoot Cd translocation in pak choi. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3973-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rugang Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueling Du
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglan Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, People's Republic of China
| | - Caifeng Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, People's Republic of China
| | - Gangrong Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, People's Republic of China.
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36
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Liedschulte V, Laparra H, Battey JND, Schwaar JD, Broye H, Mark R, Klein M, Goepfert S, Bovet L. Impairing both HMA4 homeologs is required for cadmium reduction in tobacco. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:364-377. [PMID: 27880006 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In tobacco, the heavy metal P1B-ATPases HMA4.1 and HMA4.2 function in root-to-shoot zinc and cadmium transport. We present greenhouse and field data that dissect the possibilities to impact the two homeologous genes in order to define the best strategy for leaf cadmium reduction. In a first step, both genes were silenced using an RNAi approach leading to >90% reduction of leaf cadmium content. To modulate HMA4 function more precisely, mutant HMA4.1 and HMA4.2 alleles of a Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) population were combined. As observed with RNAi plants, knockout of both homeologs decreased cadmium root-to-shoot transfer by >90%. Analysis of plants with segregating null and wild-type alleles of both homeologs showed that one functional HMA4 allele is sufficient to maintain wild-type cadmium levels. Plant development was affected in HMA4 RNAi and double knockout plants that included retarded growth, necrotic lesions, altered leaf morphology and increased water content. The combination of complete functional loss (nonsense mutation) in one homeologous HMA4 gene and the functional reduction in the other HMA4 gene (missense mutation) is proposed as strategy to limit cadmium leaf accumulation without developmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Liedschulte
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Laparra
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - James Nicolas Duncan Battey
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Joanne Deborah Schwaar
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broye
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Régis Mark
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Klein
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Goepfert
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Lucien Bovet
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA (part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Pittman JK, Hirschi KD. CAX-ing a wide net: Cation/H(+) transporters in metal remediation and abiotic stress signalling. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:741-9. [PMID: 27061644 PMCID: PMC4982074 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cation/proton exchangers (CAXs) are a class of secondary energised ion transporter that are being implicated in an increasing range of cellular and physiological functions. CAXs are primarily Ca(2+) efflux transporters that mediate the sequestration of Ca(2+) from the cytosol, usually into the vacuole. Some CAX isoforms have broad substrate specificity, providing the ability to transport trace metal ions such as Mn(2+) and Cd(2+) , as well as Ca(2+) . In recent years, genomic analyses have begun to uncover the expansion of CAXs within the green lineage and their presence within non-plant species. Although there appears to be significant conservation in tertiary structure of CAX proteins, there is diversity in function of CAXs between species and individual isoforms. For example, in halophytic plants, CAXs have been recruited to play a role in salt tolerance, while in metal hyperaccumulator plants CAXs are implicated in cadmium transport and tolerance. CAX proteins are involved in various abiotic stress response pathways, in some cases as a modulator of cytosolic Ca(2+) signalling, but in some situations there is evidence of CAXs acting as a pH regulator. The metal transport and abiotic stress tolerance functions of CAXs make them attractive targets for biotechnology, whether to provide mineral nutrient biofortification or toxic metal bioremediation. The study of non-plant CAXs may also provide insight into both conserved and novel transport mechanisms and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. K. Pittman
- Faculty of Life SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - K. D. Hirschi
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research CenterBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
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38
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Li J, Wei X, Yu P, Deng X, Xu W, Ma M, Zhang H. Expression of cadR Enhances its Specific Activity for Cd Detoxification and Accumulation in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1720-1731. [PMID: 27382127 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a transition metal that is highly toxic in biological systems. Anthropogenic emissions of Cd have increased biogeochemical cycling and the amount of Cd in the biosphere. Here we studied the utility of a bacterial Cd-binding protein, CadR, for the remediation of Cd contamination. CadR was successfully targeted to chloroplasts using a constitutive Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter or a shoot-specific Chl a/b-binding protein 2 gene (CAB2) promoter and an RbcS (small subunit of the Rubisco complex) transit peptide. Under short-term (2 d) exposure to Cd, the cadR transgenic plants showed up to a 2.9-fold Cd accumulation in roots compared with untransformed plants. Under medium term (7 d) exposure to Cd, the concentrations of Cd in leaves began to increase but there were no differences between the wild type and the cadR transgenic plants. Under long-term (16 d) exposure to Cd, the cadR transgenic plants accumulated greater amounts of Cd in leaves than the untransformed plants. Total Cd accumulation (µg per plant) in shoots and roots of the plants expressing cadR were significantly higher (up to 3.5-fold in shoots and 5.2-fold in roots) than those of the untransformed plants. We also found that targeting CadR to chloroplasts facilitated chloroplastic metal homeostasis and Chl b accumulation. Our results demonstrate that manipulating chelating capacity in chloroplasts or in the cytoplasm may be effective in modifying both the accumulation of and resistance to Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Shanxi Linfen 041004, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xuezhi Wei
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Shanxi Linfen 041004, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Pengli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wenxiu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Mi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Yu P, Yuan J, Zhang H, Deng X, Ma M, Zhang H. Engineering metal-binding sites of bacterial CusF to enhance Zn/Cd accumulation and resistance by subcellular targeting. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 302:275-285. [PMID: 26476315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The periplasmic protein CusF acts as a metallochaperone to mediate Cu resistance in Escherichia coli. CusF does not contain cysteine residues and barely binds to divalent cations. Here, we addressed effects of cysteine-substitution mutant (named as mCusF) of CusF on zinc/cadmium (Zn/Cd) accumulation and resistance. We targeted mCusF to different subcellular compartments in Arabidopsis. We found that plants expressing vacuole-targeted mCusF were more resistant to excess Zn than WT and plants with cell wall-targeted or cytoplasmic mCusF. Under long-term exposure to excess Zn, all transgenic lines accumulated more Zn (up to 2.3-fold) in shoots than the untransformed plants. Importantly, plants with cytoplasmic mCusF showed higher efficiency of Zn translocation from root to shoot than plants with secretory pathway-targeted-mCusF. Furthermore, the transgenic lines exhibited enhanced resistance to Cd and significant increase in root-to-shoot Cd translocation. We also found all transgenic plants greatly improved manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) homeostasis under Cd exposure. Our results demonstrate heterologous expression of mCusF could be used to engineer a new phytoremediation strategy for Zn/Cd and our finding also deepen our insights into mechanistic basis for relieving Cd toxicity in plants through proper root/shoot partitioning mechanism and homeostatic accumulation of Mn and Fe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jinhong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Mi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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40
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Li D, Xu X, Hu X, Liu Q, Wang Z, Zhang H, Wang H, Wei M, Wang H, Liu H, Li C. Genome-Wide Analysis and Heavy Metal-Induced Expression Profiling of the HMA Gene Family in Populus trichocarpa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1149. [PMID: 26779188 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-018-3637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The heavy metal ATPase (HMA) family plays an important role in transition metal transport in plants. However, this gene family has not been extensively studied in Populus trichocarpa. We identified 17 HMA genes in P. trichocarpa (PtHMAs), of which PtHMA1-PtHMA4 belonged to the zinc (Zn)/cobalt (Co)/cadmium (Cd)/lead (Pb) subgroup, and PtHMA5-PtHMA8 were members of the copper (Cu)/silver (Ag) subgroup. Most of the genes were localized to chromosomes I and III. Gene structure, gene chromosomal location, and synteny analyses of PtHMAs indicated that tandem and segmental duplications likely contributed to the expansion and evolution of the PtHMAs. Most of the HMA genes contained abiotic stress-related cis-elements. Tissue-specific expression of PtHMA genes showed that PtHMA1 and PtHMA4 had relatively high expression levels in the leaves, whereas Cu/Ag subgroup (PtHMA5.1- PtHMA8) genes were upregulated in the roots. High concentrations of Cu, Ag, Zn, Cd, Co, Pb, and Mn differentially regulated the expression of PtHMAs in various tissues. The preliminary results of the present study generated basic information on the HMA family of Populus that may serve as foundation for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Xuemei Xu
- Library of Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Quangang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Zhanchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Haizhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Ming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Hanzeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Haimei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Chenghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
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41
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Xu XY, Ding ZJ, Chen L, Yan JY, Li GX, Zheng SJ. An eukaryotic translation initiation factor, AteIF5A-2, affects cadmium accumulation and sensitivity in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:848-58. [PMID: 25559189 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic elements and can be accumulated in plants easily; meanwhile, eIF5A is a highly conserved protein in all eukaryotic organisms. The present work tried to investigate whether eIF5A is involved in Cd accumulation and sensitivity in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L.) by comparing the wild-type Columbia-0 (Col-0) with a knockdown mutant of AteIF5A-2, fbr12-3 under Cd stress conditions. The results showed that the mutant fbr12-3 accumulated more Cd in roots and shoots and had significantly lower chlorophyll content, shorter root length, and smaller biomass, suggesting that downregulation of AteIF5A-2 makes the mutant more Cd sensitive. Real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that the expressions of metal transporters involved in Cd uptake and translocation including IRT1, ZIP1, AtNramp3, and AtHMA4 were significantly increased but the expressions of PCS1 and PCS2 related to Cd detoxification were decreased notably in fbr12-3 compared with Col-0. As a result, an increase in MDA and H2 O2 content but decrease in root trolox, glutathione and proline content under Cd stress was observed, indicating that a severer oxidative stress occurs in the mutant. All these results demonstrated for the first time that AteIF5A influences Cd sensitivity by affecting Cd uptake, accumulation, and detoxification in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhong-Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jin-Ying Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Gui-Xin Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shao-Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Hermand V, Julio E, Dorlhac de Borne F, Punshon T, Ricachenevsky FK, Bellec A, Gosti F, Berthomieu P. Inactivation of two newly identified tobacco heavy metal ATPases leads to reduced Zn and Cd accumulation in shoots and reduced pollen germination. Metallomics 2014; 6:1427-40. [PMID: 24760325 PMCID: PMC4431542 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00071d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential heavy metal, which is classified as a "known human carcinogen" by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Understanding the mechanisms controlling Cd distribution in planta is essential to develop phytoremediation approaches as well as for food safety. Unlike most other plants, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants translocate most of the Cd taken up from the soil, out of the roots and into the shoots, leading to high Cd accumulation in tobacco shoots. Two orthologs of the Arabidopsis thaliana HMA2 and HMA4 Zn and Cd ATPases that are responsible for zinc (Zn) and Cd translocation from roots to shoots were identified in tobacco and sequenced. These genes, named NtHMAα and NtHMAβ, were more highly expressed in roots than in shoots. NtHMAα was expressed in the vascular tissues of both roots and leaves as well as in anthers. No visual difference was observed between wild-type plants and plants in which the NtHMAα and NtHMAβ genes were either mutated or silenced. These mutants showed reduced Zn and Cd accumulation in shoots as well as increased Cd tolerance. When both NtHMA genes were silenced, plant development was altered and pollen germination was severely impaired due to Zn deficiency. Interestingly, seeds from these lines also showed decreased Zn concentration but increased iron (Fe) concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hermand
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Montpellier SupAgro, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Montpellier 2, UMR Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France.
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Sierro N, Battey JND, Ouadi S, Bovet L, Goepfert S, Bakaher N, Peitsch MC, Ivanov NV. Reference genomes and transcriptomes of Nicotiana sylvestris and Nicotiana tomentosiformis. Genome Biol 2013; 14:R60. [PMID: 23773524 PMCID: PMC3707018 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-6-r60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotiana sylvestris and Nicotiana tomentosiformis are members of the Solanaceae family that includes tomato, potato, eggplant and pepper. These two Nicotiana species originate from South America and exhibit different alkaloid and diterpenoid production. N. sylvestris is cultivated largely as an ornamental plant and it has been used as a diploid model system for studies of terpenoid production, plastid engineering, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. N. sylvestris and N. tomentosiformis are considered to be modern descendants of the maternal and paternal donors that formed Nicotiana tabacum about 200,000 years ago through interspecific hybridization. Here we report the first genome-wide analysis of these two Nicotiana species. RESULTS Draft genomes of N. sylvestris and N. tomentosiformis were assembled to 82.9% and 71.6% of their expected size respectively, with N50 sizes of about 80 kb. The repeat content was 72-75%, with a higher proportion of retrotransposons and copia-like long terminal repeats in N. tomentosiformis. The transcriptome assemblies showed that 44,000-53,000 transcripts were expressed in the roots, leaves or flowers. The key genes involved in terpenoid metabolism, alkaloid metabolism and heavy metal transport showed differential expression in the leaves, roots and flowers of N. sylvestris and N. tomentosiformis. CONCLUSIONS The reference genomes of N. sylvestris and N. tomentosiformis represent a significant contribution to the SOL100 initiative because, as members of the Nicotiana genus of Solanaceae, they strengthen the value of the already existing resources by providing additional comparative information, thereby helping to improve our understanding of plant metabolism and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sierro
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - James ND Battey
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Ouadi
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Lucien Bovet
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Goepfert
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Bakaher
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
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Sun J, Wang R, Zhang X, Yu Y, Zhao R, Li Z, Chen S. Hydrogen sulfide alleviates cadmium toxicity through regulations of cadmium transport across the plasma and vacuolar membranes in Populus euphratica cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 65:67-74. [PMID: 23416498 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is emerging as a novel signalling molecule involved in plant growth and responses against abiotic stresses. However, little information is known about its role in cadmium (Cd) detoxification. In the present study, the effects of H2S on Cd toxicity were investigated in Populus euphratica cells using fluorescence imaging technique and a non-invasive vibrating ion-selective microelectrode. Pretreatment with a H2S donor, sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), significantly mitigated the Cd-induced programmed cell death in P. euphratica cells. The alleviation effect of NaHS was more pronounced at 50-100 μM as compared to low (25 μM) and high doses (200 μM). Under Cd stress, total activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase, were significantly enhanced in NaHS-treated cells, leading to a decline of H2O2 accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, NaHS reduced Cd accumulation in the cytoplasm but increased the fraction of Cd in the vacuole. Cd flux profiles revealed that H2S inhibited the Cd influx through the plasma membrane (PM) calcium channels that activated by H2O2. NaHS enhanced Cd influx into the vacuole, and the Cd influx was dependent on the pH gradients across the tonoplast. Taken together, these results suggest that H2S alleviates Cd toxicity via the improvement of antioxidant system and cellular Cd homeostasis. The up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes by H2S reduced the accumulation of H2O2, and thus decreased Cd influx through the H2O2-activated PM calcium channels. The H2S-simulated vacuolar Cd sequestration was presumably due to the activation of tonoplast Cd(2+)/H(+) antiporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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Khoudi H, Maatar Y, Brini F, Fourati A, Ammar N, Masmoudi K. Phytoremediation potential of Arabidopsis thaliana, expressing ectopically a vacuolar proton pump, for the industrial waste phosphogypsum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:270-280. [PMID: 22956112 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Phosphogypsum (PG) is a by-product of the phosphorus-fertiliser industry and represents an environmental concern since it contains pollutants such as cadmium (Cd). We have recently shown that the overexpression of a proton pump gene (TaVP1) in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) led to an enhanced Cd tolerance and accumulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants harbouring the TaVP1 gene to phytoremediate phosphogypsum. A pot experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions. Transgenic A. thaliana plants harbouring the TaVP1 gene were grown on various substrates containing phosphogypsum (0, 25, 50 and 100 %) for 40 days. At the end of the growth period, we examined the growth (germination, root length, fresh weight) and physiological parameters (chlorophyll and protein contents, catalase activity and proteolysis) as well as the cadmium, Mg, Ca, and P contents of the A. thaliana plants. In order to evaluate Cd tolerance of the A. thaliana lines harbouring the TaVP1 gene, an in vitro experiment was also carried out. One week-old seedlings were transferred to Murashige and Skoog agar plates containing various concentrations of cadmium; the germination, total leaf area and root length were determined. The growth and physiological parameters of all A. thaliana plants were significantly altered by PG. The germination capacity, root growth and biomass production of wild-type (WT) plants were more severely inhibited by PG compared with the TaVP1 transgenic A. thaliana lines. In addition, TaVP1 transgenic A. thaliana plants maintained a higher antioxidant capacity than the WT. Interestingly, elemental analysis of leaf material derived from plants grown on PG revealed that the transgenic A. thaliana line accumulated up to ten times more Cd than WT. Despite its higher Cd content, the transgenic A. thaliana line performed better than the WT counterpart. In vitro evaluation of Cd tolerance showed that TaVP1 transgenic A. thaliana lines were more Cd-tolerant than the WT plants. These results suggested that ectopic expression of a vacuolar proton pump in A. thaliana plants can lead to various biotechnological applications including the phytoremediation of industrial wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Khoudi
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Improvement, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Route Sidi Mansour Km 6, BP '1177', 3018 Sfax, Tunisia.
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Gallego SM, Pena LB, Barcia RA, Azpilicueta CE, Iannone MF, Rosales EP, Zawoznik MS, Groppa MD, Benavides MP. Unravelling cadmium toxicity and tolerance in plants: Insight into regulatory mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
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Genome-wide association studies identify heavy metal ATPase3 as the primary determinant of natural variation in leaf cadmium in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002923. [PMID: 22969436 PMCID: PMC3435251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of cadmium (Cd) accumulation in plants is important to help reduce its potential toxicity to both plants and humans through dietary and environmental exposure. Here, we report on a study to uncover the genetic basis underlying natural variation in Cd accumulation in a world-wide collection of 349 wild collected Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. We identified a 4-fold variation (0.5–2 µg Cd g−1 dry weight) in leaf Cd accumulation when these accessions were grown in a controlled common garden. By combining genome-wide association mapping, linkage mapping in an experimental F2 population, and transgenic complementation, we reveal that HMA3 is the sole major locus responsible for the variation in leaf Cd accumulation we observe in this diverse population of A. thaliana accessions. Analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence of HMA3 from 149 A. thaliana accessions reveals the existence of 10 major natural protein haplotypes. Association of these haplotypes with leaf Cd accumulation and genetics complementation experiments indicate that 5 of these haplotypes are active and 5 are inactive, and that elevated leaf Cd accumulation is associated with the reduced function of HMA3 caused by a nonsense mutation and polymorphisms that change two specific amino acids. Cadmium (Cd) is a potentially toxic metal pollutant that threatens food quality and human health in many regions of the world. Plants have evolved mechanisms for the acquisition of essential metals such as zinc and iron from the soil. Though often quite specific, such mechanisms can also lead to the accumulation of Cd by plants. Understanding natural variation in the processes that contribute to Cd accumulation in food crops could help minimize the human health risk posed. We have discovered that DNA sequence changes at a single gene, which encodes the Heavy Metal ATPase 3 (HMA3), drives the variation in Cd accumulation we observe in a world-wide sample of Arabidopsis thaliana. We identified 10 major HMA3 protein variants, of which five contribute to reduce Cd accumulation in leaves of A. thaliana.
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Induri BR, Ellis DR, Slavov GT, Yin T, Zhang X, Muchero W, Tuskan GA, DiFazio SP. Identification of quantitative trait loci and candidate genes for cadmium tolerance in Populus. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 32:626-638. [PMID: 22522179 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding genetic variation for the response of Populus to heavy metals like cadmium (Cd) is an important step in elucidating the underlying mechanisms of tolerance. In this study, a pseudo-backcross pedigree of Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray and Populus deltoides Bart. was characterized for growth and performance traits after Cd exposure. A total of 16 quantitative trait loci (QTL) at logarithm of odds (LOD) ratio ≥ 2.5 were detected for total dry weight, its components and root volume. Major QTL for Cd responses were mapped to two different linkage groups and the relative allelic effects were in opposing directions on the two chromosomes, suggesting differential mechanisms at these two loci. The phenotypic variance explained by Cd QTL ranged from 5.9 to 11.6% and averaged 8.2% across all QTL. A whole-genome microarray study led to the identification of nine Cd-responsive genes from these QTL. Promising candidates for Cd tolerance include an NHL repeat membrane-spanning protein, a metal transporter and a putative transcription factor. Additional candidates in the QTL intervals include a putative homolog of a glutamate cysteine ligase, and a glutathione-S-transferase. Functional characterization of these candidate genes should enhance our understanding of Cd metabolism and transport and phytoremediation capabilities of Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahma Reddy Induri
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, 53 Campus Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506-6057, USA
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Park J, Song WY, Ko D, Eom Y, Hansen TH, Schiller M, Lee TG, Martinoia E, Lee Y. The phytochelatin transporters AtABCC1 and AtABCC2 mediate tolerance to cadmium and mercury. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 69:278-88. [PMID: 21919981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) are toxic pollutants that are detrimental to living organisms. Plants employ a two-step mechanism to detoxify toxic ions. First, phytochelatins bind to the toxic ion, and then the metal-phytochelatin complex is sequestered in the vacuole. Two ABCC-type transporters, AtABCC1 and AtABCC2, that play a key role in arsenic detoxification, have recently been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, it is unclear whether these transporters are also implicated in phytochelatin-dependent detoxification of other heavy metals such as Cd(II) and Hg(II). Here, we show that atabcc1 single or atabcc1 atabcc2 double knockout mutants exhibit a hypersensitive phenotype in the presence of Cd(II) and Hg(II). Microscopic analysis using a Cd-sensitive probe revealed that Cd is mostly located in the cytosol of protoplasts of the double mutant, whereas it occurs mainly in the vacuole of wild-type cells. This suggests that the two ABCC transporters are important for vacuolar sequestration of Cd. Heterologous expression of the transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae confirmed their role in heavy metal tolerance. Over-expression of AtABCC1 in Arabidopsis resulted in enhanced Cd(II) tolerance and accumulation. Together, these results demonstrate that AtABCC1 and AtABCC2 are important vacuolar transporters that confer tolerance to cadmium and mercury, in addition to their role in arsenic detoxification. These transporters provide useful tools for genetic engineering of plants with enhanced metal tolerance and accumulation, which are desirable characteristics for phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Park
- Pohang University of Science and Technology-University of Zurich Cooperative Laboratory, Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, World Class University Program, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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Singh BR, Gupta SK, Azaizeh H, Shilev S, Sudre D, Song WY, Martinoia E, Mench M. Safety of food crops on land contaminated with trace elements. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:1349-1366. [PMID: 21445857 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of agricultural soils with trace elements (TEs) through municipal and industrial wastes, atmospheric deposition and fertilisers is a matter of great global concern. Since TE accumulation in edible plant parts depends on soil characteristics, plant genotype and agricultural practices, those soil- and plant-specific options that restrict the entry of harmful TEs into the food chain to protect human and animal health are reviewed. Soil options such as in situ stabilisation of TEs in soils, changes in physicochemical parameters, fertiliser management, element interactions and agronomic practices reduce TE uptake by food crops. Furthermore, phytoremediation and solubilisation as alternative techniques to reduce TE concentrations in soils are also discussed. Among plant options, selection of species and cultivars, metabolic processes and microbial transformations in the rhizosphere can potentially affect TE uptake and distribution in plants. For this purpose, genetic variations are exploited to select cultivars with low uptake potential, especially low-cadmium accumulator wheat and rice cultivars. The microbial reduction of elements and transformations in the rhizosphere are other key players in the cycling of TEs that may offer the basis for a wide range of innovative biotechnological processes. It is thus concluded that appropriate combination of soil- and plant-specific options can minimise TE transfer to the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bal Ram Singh
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
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