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Rengma MS, Sen J, Mondal N. Socio-Economic, Demographic and Lifestyle Determinants of Overweight and Obesity among Adults of Northeast India. Ethiop J Health Sci 2016; 25:199-208. [PMID: 26633922 PMCID: PMC4650874 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v25i3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overweight and obesity are the accumulation of high body adiposity, which can have detrimental health effects and contribute to the development of numerous preventable non-communicable diseases. This study aims to evaluate the effect of socio-economic, demographic and lifestyle factors on the prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults belonging to the Rengma-Naga population of North-east India. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 826 Rengma-Naga individuals (males: 422; females: 404) aged 20–49 years from the Karbi Anglong District of Assam, using a two-stage stratified random sampling. The socio-economic, demographic and lifestyle variables were recorded using structured schedules. Height and weight were recorded and the Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated using standard procedures and equation. The WHO (2000) cut-off points were utilized to assess the prevalence of overweight (BMI ≥23.00–24.99 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥25.00 kg/m2). The data were analysed using ANOVA, chi-square analysis and binary logistic regression analysis using SPSS (version 17.0). Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 32.57% (males: 39.34%; females: 25.50%) and 10.77% (males: 9.95%; females: 11.63%), respectively. The binary logistic regression analysis showed that age groups (e.g., 40–49 years), education (≥9th standard), part-time occupation and monthly income (≥Rs.10000) were significantly associated with overweight and obesity (p<0.05). Conclusions Age, education occupation and income appear to have higher associations with overweight and obesity among adults. Suitable healthcare strategies and intervention programmes are needed for combating such prevalence in population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaydip Sen
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Bengal, West Bengal, India
| | - Nitish Mondal
- Department of Anthropology, Assam University, Diphu Campus, Assam, India
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Speaker KJ, Fleshner M. Interleukin-1 beta: a potential link between stress and the development of visceral obesity. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 12:8. [PMID: 22738239 PMCID: PMC3404929 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-12-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background A disproportionate amount of body fat within the abdominal cavity, otherwise known as visceral obesity, best predicts the negative health outcomes associated with high levels body fat. Growing evidence suggests that repeated activation of the stress response can favor visceral fat deposition and that visceral obesity may induce low-grade, systemic inflammation which is etiologically linked to the pathogenesis of obesity related diseases such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. While the obesity epidemic has fueled considerable interest in these obesity-related inflammatory diseases, surprisingly little research is currently focused on understanding the functions of inflammatory proteins in healthy, non-obese white adipose tissue (WAT) and their possible role in modulating stress-induced shifts in body fat distribution. Hypothesis The current review presents evidence in support the novel hypothesis that stress-evoked interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) signaling within subcutaneous adipose tissue, when repeatedly induced, contributes toward the development of visceral obesity. It is suggested that because acute stressor exposure differentially increases IL-1β levels within subcutaneous adipose relative to visceral adipose tissue in otherwise healthy, non-obese rats, repeated induction of this response may impair the ability of subcutaneous adipose tissue to uptake energy substrates, synthesize and retain triglycerides, and/or adapt to positive energy balance via hyperplasia. Consequently, circulating energy substrates may be disproportionately shunted to visceral adipose tissue for storage, thus driving the development of visceral obesity. Conclusions This review establishes the following key points: 1) body fat distribution outweighs the importance of total body fat when predicting obesity-related disease risk; 2) repeated exposure to stress can drive the development of visceral obesity independent of changes in body weight; 3) because of the heterogeneity of WAT composition and function, an accurate understanding of WAT responses requires sampling multiple WAT depots; 4) acute, non-pathogenic stressor exposure increases WAT IL-1β concentrations in a depot specific manner suggesting an adaptive, metabolic role for this cytokine; however, when repeated, stress-induced IL-1β in non-visceral WAT may result in functional impairments that drive the development of stress-induced visceral obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J Speaker
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, 80309, USA
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Mata J, Munsch S. [Obesity in children and adolescents. Risks, causes, and therapy from a psychological perspective]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2011; 54:548-54. [PMID: 21547645 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-011-1263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The proportion of overweight and obese children and adolescents in Germany and Europe has increased dramatically since the 1990s. About a third of obese preschool children and half of obese school children will become obese adults; the economic, medical, and psychosocial consequences are substantial. This article presents an overview of psychological risk factors and causes of obesity in children and adolescents, including comorbidity with psychological disorders, stigmatization, and relationships with peers, family, and other environment factors, as well as interactions between genes and behavior. Understanding risk factors and causes for obesity is the basis for adequate psychological interventions. We provide an overview of psychological aspects of obesity, such as motivation and impulsivity, and present components of cognitive behavioral therapy and modalities of intervention. A better understanding of psychological factors is necessary to achieve more effective interventions and long-term success of behavior change. This also holds true for changes in the social, media, and physical environment structures with the goal of promoting healthy eating and physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mata
- Abteilung Klinische Psychologie und Epidemiologie, Universität Basel, Schweiz.
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Genome-wide association study suggested copy number variation may be associated with body mass index in the Chinese population. J Hum Genet 2009; 54:199-202. [PMID: 19229253 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2009.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health problem characterized with high body mass index (BMI). Copy number variations (CNVs) have been identified to be associated with complex human diseases. The effect of CNVs on obesity is unknown. In this study, we explored the association of CNVs with BMI in 597 Chinese Han subjects using Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 500K Array Set. We found that one CNV at 10q11.22 (from 46.36 Mb to 46.56 Mb) was associated with BMI (the raw P=0.011). The CNV contributed 1.6% of BMI variation, and it covered one important obesity gene-pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1(PPYR1). It was reported that PPYR1 was a key regulator of energy homeostasis. Our findings suggested that CNV might be potentially important for the BMI variation. In addition, our study suggested that CNV might be used as a genetic marker to locate genes associated with BMI in Chinese population.
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Nyman VMK, Prebensen AK, Flensner GEM. Obese women's experiences of encounters with midwives and physicians during pregnancy and childbirth. Midwifery 2008; 26:424-9. [PMID: 19100667 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to describe obese women's experiences of encounters with midwives and physicians during pregnancy and childbirth. DESIGN a qualitative study using a phenomenological approach. Data were collected by means of interviews that were tape-recorded. SETTING the women's homes or at a hospital in western Sweden. PARTICIPANTS 10 women with body mass index >30, three primiparous and seven multiparous, who had given birth at a hospital in western Sweden in the period between October 2006 and September 2007 were interviewed four to six weeks after childbirth. FINDINGS the meaning of being both obese and pregnant is living with a constant awareness of the body, and its constant exposure to the close observation and scrutiny of others. It involves negative emotions and experiences of discomfort. Feelings of discomfort increase as a result of humiliating treatment, whilst affirmative encounters alleviate discomfort and provide a sense of wellbeing. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE obese pregnant women are a vulnerable group because obesity is highly visible. Caregivers tend to focus on providing care to obese patients somatically, but are additionally in need of knowledge about care from the woman's point of view. Many obese women have negative experiences of health care that they have to overcome. It is necessary to individualise care for obese pregnant women, which involves taking time to give the women an opportunity to tell their own story. Caregivers have to promote health but it has to be done honestly and respectfully. In order to avoid judgemental attitudes and causing increased suffering for obese pregnant women, midwives and physicians need to be conscious of, reflect upon and verbalise their own attitudes and power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola M K Nyman
- Department of Nursing, Health and Culture, University West, Gustava Melins gata 2, SE-461 81 Trollhättan, Sweden.
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Brown I, Thompson J. Primary care nurses' attitudes, beliefs and own body size in relation to obesity management. J Adv Nurs 2008; 60:535-43. [PMID: 17973717 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM This paper is a report of a study to explore primary care nurses' attitudes, beliefs and perceptions of own body size in relation to giving advice about obesity. BACKGROUND Primary care nurses have a key role in the management of obesity. Their responses to the stigma of obesity and the effects of their own body size in this context have not been investigated. METHODS A purposive sample of 15 primary care nurses of markedly different body size were interviewed in a qualitative study undertaken in 2006 in the north of England. FINDINGS Participants were aware of obesity stigma and this, among other factors, contributed to perceptions of obesity as being a sensitive issue to discuss. Communication tactics were employed in managing the sensitivity, with emphasis placed on maintaining good rapport. Participants took care to avoid stereotypes in presenting their beliefs about obesity, which were complex and in some respects ambivalent. They were conscious of their own body size in interactions with patients. A slim build appeared to amplify sensitivities surrounding obesity and add concerns about appearing to lack empathy or authentic experience. Those with a large body size made a virtue of their perceived greater empathy and experience, but had concerns about being poor role models. Self-disclosure techniques oriented to demonstrating personal understanding and rapport were employed to manage impressions made by body size. CONCLUSION It is important to consider the effects of own body size in educating nurses, and further research should investigate its effects on patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Brown
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.
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Lallukka T, Sarlio-Lähteenkorva S, Kaila-Kangas L, Pitkäniemi J, Luukkonen R, Leino-Arjas P. Working conditions and weight gain: a 28-year follow-up study of industrial employees. Eur J Epidemiol 2008; 23:303-10. [PMID: 18322807 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-008-9233-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal studies observing working conditions and weight gain are rare. We aimed to study whether weight gain can be predicted by working conditions or changes in them in a 28-year follow-up. The study population consisted of working-aged industrial employees (n = 449). Data on height and weight were collected in clinical examinations in 1973, 1983 and 2001, and information on working conditions by questionnaires. We analysed the impact of changes in physical strain, temporal requirements and indicators of mental strain at work in 1973 and 1983 on weight changes using analysis of variance, logistic regression analysis and linear mixed longitudinal growth model. The latter was done to account for individual variation in temporal weight change over the study period. Weight gain was prominent in the data and about a third of the participants gained at least 15 kg by the final survey. Changes in physical strain and temporal requirements including working overtime hours among men, and experiencing increased working pace among women, were associated with greater mean weight gain and major weight gain. Job efforts and increasing mental strain showed weak associations with weight gain in men. Changes in the physical strain and temporal requirements seem to predict weight gain but working conditions were in general mostly weakly associated with weight gain in this cohort of initially young adults. The results highlight the importance of stable working hours and reasonable workload on healthy weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Lallukka
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Campos KE, Volpato GT, Calderon IMP, Rudge MVC, Damasceno DC. Effect of obesity on rat reproduction and on the development of their adult offspring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 41:122-5. [PMID: 18235969 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2008005000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the reproductive parameters of obese Wistar rats and to determine the frequency of their obese adult offspring. Neonatal rats were divided into two groups: F1 generation, induced to obesity by monosodium glutamate (MSG; F1MSG, N = 30), and rats given saline (F1CON, N = 13). At 90 days of age all animals were mated, producing the F2 offspring (F2CON, N = 28; F2MSG, N = 15). Reproductive parameters (fertility, pregnancy, and delivery indexes) were evaluated in F1 rats. F2 newborns were weighed, and the obesity parameter for F1 and F2 generations was determined from months 5 to 7 of life. At month 7, periovarian fat was weighed and no differences were found. Mean newborn weight also did not differ. The F1 and F2MSG groups presented approximately 90% of obese rats since month 5 of life, whereas F1 and F2CON groups presented only 33%. There was no difference in periovarian weight among groups. Although obesity did not affect reproductive parameters, obese dams (F1MSG) were responsible for the appearance of obesity in the subsequent generation. Thus, obesity induced by neonatal MSG administration did not interfere with reproduction, but did provide a viable model for obesity in second-generation adult Wistar rats. This model might contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in transgenerational obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Campos
- Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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Licinio J, Milane M, Thakur S, Whelan F, Yildiz BO, Delibasi T, de Miranda PB, Ozata M, Bolu E, Depaoli A, Wong ML. Effects of leptin on intake of specific micro- and macronutrients in a woman with leptin gene deficiency studied off and on leptin at stable body weight. Appetite 2007; 49:594-9. [PMID: 17517446 PMCID: PMC2194812 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2007.03.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2005] [Revised: 12/18/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we examine the effects of leptin on the intake of specific macro- and micronutrients in a female patient with leptin gene deficiency. The patient was studied off and on leptin at stable body weight, within the normal to mildly overweight range. The data were obtained by detailed dietary assessments, measuring dietary intakes by weighed food and fluid consumption records, and analyzed using nutrition analysis software. Overall, significant differences were found in the off versus on leptin treatment periods in the following categories: (i) macronutrients: kilocalories, protein, carbohydrates, monounsaturated fats, MFA 18:1 oleic and total fiber; (ii) vitamins: vitamin C, pyridoxine and pantothenic acid; (iii) minerals: potassium, magnesium, copper and chromium; and amino acids: threonine, lysine and histidine. The nutritional data from this study indicates a direct link between the effects of leptin and ingestion of several specific micronutrients. The mechanisms underlying these effects warrant further investigation and study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Licinio
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences (D-28), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1695 NW 9th Avenue, Suite 3100, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Rosmond R, Radulovic V, Holm G. A Brief Update of Glucocorticoid Receptor Variants and Obesity Risk. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1083:153-64. [PMID: 17148738 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1367.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Excess body fat, obesity, is one of the most common disorders in clinical practice. Obese individuals are at increased risk for physical ailments, such as type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and several types of cancer. The location of the body fat is a major determinant of the degree of excess morbidity and mortality due to obesity. More specifically, the amount of subcutaneous truncal or abdominal fat, and the amount of visceral fat located in the abdominal cavity independently predicts obesity-related adverse health outcomes. The obesity gene map shows putative loci on all chromosomes except Y. More than 300 genes, markers, and chromosomal regions have been associated or linked with human obesity phenotypes. These genes can be divided into two broad categories: (a) rare gene variants that have a strong influence, and (b) common gene variants that have a weaker influence on obesity phenotypes. Studies in humans have suggested a positive association between obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance, with alleles at the glucocorticoid receptor gene. In this article, we will estimate the risk by which such gene polymorphism mediates a role in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Rosmond
- The Cardiovascular Institute, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Dastjerdi MS, Kazemi F, Najafian A, Mohammady M, Aminorroaya A, Amini M. An open-label pilot study of the combination therapy of metformin and fluoxetine for weight reduction. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 31:713-7. [PMID: 16969361 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a very important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoarthritis, fatty liver, metabolic syndrome and respiratory problems. Many weight-reducing drugs cannot be used in obese patients because of numerous complications. Fluoxetine, an antidepressant, and metformin, an antidiabetic drug, reduce weight as their side effect, but the potency of each drug is not always enough. Here, we studied the effects of combination therapy of them for weight reduction in obese women. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was designed as an open, prospective, controlled clinical trial. Obese and overweight patients referred to obesity clinics were first put under a diet and behavior therapy education program before being invited to this study. The patients who accepted drug therapy were put in the case group. Those who did not accept drug therapy were put in the control group. Fluoxetine, 20 mg daily, and metformin, 500 mg three times daily, were prescribed to the participants. Weight and body mass index (BMI) changes within case and control groups were analyzed by paired t-tests and between groups by t-testing. Side effects were evaluated by interview and questionnaire. SUBJECTS Two hundred and three patients were referred to obesity clinics. Of these, 177 were female with 91 being volunteers for this study. Of this 91, 66 were in the case group and 25 in the control group. RESULTS In a 6.68-month period, a 7.89 kg decrease in weight (9.32%) and a 3.43 U decrease in BMI (10.14%) were observed in participants of the case group that was statistically significant (P<0.0001). The participants of the control group were followed for a mean period of 8.12 months. In this period, the participants of the control group showed a 0.48 kg decrease in weight (0.52%) and a 0.11 U decrease in BMI (0.42%). This was not significant. No serious side effects of the drugs were observed in the case group. CONCLUSION This open-label pilot study of combination therapy of metformin and fluoxetine gave encouraging weight reduction, and these results suggest the need for a randomized double-blind clinical trial comparing the two components and the combination to placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Siavash Dastjerdi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan Endocrine & Metabolism Research Center, Sedigheh Tahereh Medical Research Complex, Isfahan, Iran.
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Abstract
AIMS This paper presents a review of all empirical studies focusing on nurses' attitudes towards adult overweight or obese patients, with the aim of clarifying the dimensions and patterns of these attitudes and the methods by which they have been studied. BACKGROUND Obesity has become a common condition and a major public health concern, but it is often associated with negative attitudes and discrimination. Nurses play a key role in providing support and care to patients who are obese. METHODS Electronic searches were carried out on seven databases from inception to December 2004, along with hand-searching of references in relevant studies. The search terms were built around obesity (and related terms), nursing (and its branches) and attitudes (and related terms). Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted and summarized in tabular form and analysed in relation to the aims of this review during January 2005. FINDINGS There is relatively little research about nurses' attitudes towards obese patients, and the studies reviewed mostly have weaknesses of sampling and measurement. However, they do consistently suggest that a proportion of nurses have negative attitudes and beliefs, reflecting wider stereotypes within Western cultures. There is also a hint of a more complex mix of attitudes among nurses, some of which may counter the consequences of negative attitudes, but these have not been adequately investigated. A number of variables that influence attitudes of nurses can be identified, including age, gender, experience and the weight/body mass index of the nurse. CONCLUSION Further research (both qualitative and quantitative) is needed with more rigorous sampling and, where appropriate, more consistency of measurement. A shift in focus towards the sets of attitudes (positive as well as negative) and behaviours that influence health service quality and outcomes for obese persons would be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Brown
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Sarlio-Lähteenkorva S, Silventoinen K, Lahti-Koski M, Laatikainen T, Jousilahti P. Socio-economic status and abdominal obesity among Finnish adults from 1992 to 2002. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30:1653-60. [PMID: 16607386 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine 10-year changes in waist circumference (WC) and identify socio-economic groups having higher WC than expected by their body mass index (BMI). DESIGN Population based cross-sectional surveys carried out in four regions of Finland in 1992, 1997 and 2002. SUBJECTS A total of 9026 women and 8173 men, aged 25-64 years. MEASUREMENTS Waist circumference, BMI, socio-economic indicators (education, household income, employment status, marital status) and health behaviors (smoking, alcohol use, physical activity). RESULTS In 2002, women had about 2.7 cm and men about 1.0 cm higher WC than subjects 10 years previously. Waist circumference increased more than BMI among women, especially among unemployed women. Higher WC among non-employed women was not explained by socio-economic indicators or health behaviors. Among men, smaller WC was associated with lower socio-economic status. However, associations partly disappeared after adjustment for health behaviors including physical activity at work. CONCLUSION Socio-economic patterning of WC is divergent and gender-specific. More attention should be paid to increasing waistlines among women.
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