1
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Zhou Y, Tse CS. No evidence for the influence of head-heart conceptual metaphor on moral decision making and personality. THE JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024:1-28. [PMID: 38840303 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2024.2360405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
In English, head is associated with rationality and logic, whereas heart is related to feeling and emotionality. In Chinese, these head- and heart-related metaphors also exist. Could these head- and heart-related conceptual metaphors influence people's moral decision-making and personality? This seems so based on the previous findings that (a) simply pointing an index finger to heart (versus head) position caused participants to produce more emotional responses in a moral decision task, and (b) participants who believed themselves to be heart locators, relative to those who regarded themselves as head locators, scored higher in affect intensity, femininity, and intimacy related activities. The current study attempted to replicate these findings, following the same design and procedure of previous work, with Chinese participants from Hong Kong and Chinese mainland. In Experiments 1a and 1b, 203 participants performed the moral decision task on dilemmas with their index fingers pointing to head or heart. In Experiments 2a and 2b, 304 participants completed the scales of self-location, affective intensity, femininity, and intimacy related activities. In these high-powered experiments, we failed to replicate the findings of previous work. Bayesian analyses further showed that no head- and heart-related conceptual metaphor effect was likely to occur. Potential reasons for our inconsistent results with those of previous studies and the implications of our current findings were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Zhou
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
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2
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Park J, Gagné CL, Spalding TL. Writing direction and language activation affect how Arabic-English bilingual speakers map time onto space. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1356039. [PMID: 38327507 PMCID: PMC10849100 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1356039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether writing direction and language activation influence how bilingual speakers map time onto space. More specifically, we investigated how Arabic-English bilingual speakers conceived where (e.g., on the left or on the right) different time periods (e.g., past, present, future) were located, depending on whether they were tested in Arabic (a language that is written from right to left) or in English (a language that is written from left to right). To analyze this, participants were given a task that involved arranging cards depicting different scenes of a story in chronological order. Results show that, when tested in Arabic, participants were significantly more likely to use right-to-left arrangements (following the Arabic writing direction), compared to when tested in English.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Park
- Department of Psychology, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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3
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Jayashankar A, Aziz-Zadeh L. Disgust Processing and Potential Relationships with Behaviors in Autism. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2023; 25:465-478. [PMID: 37672122 PMCID: PMC10627949 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-023-01445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW While there are reports of differences in emotion processing in autism, it is less understood whether the emotion of disgust, in particular, plays a significant role in these effects. Here, we review literature on potential disgust processing differences in autism and its possible associations with autistic traits. RECENT FINDINGS In autism, there is evidence for differences in physical disgust processing, pica behaviors, attention away from other's disgust facial expressions, and differences in neural activity related to disgust processing. In typically developing individuals, disgust processing is related to moral processing, but modulated by individual differences in interoception and alexithymia. Autistic individuals may experience atypical disgust, which may lead to difficulty avoiding contaminants and affect socio-emotional processing. In autism, such outcomes may lead to increased occurrences of illness, contribute to gastrointestinal issues, diminish vicarious learning of disgust expression and behaviors, and potentially contribute to differences in processes related to moral reasoning, though further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Jayashankar
- USC Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Lisa Aziz-Zadeh
- USC Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
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4
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Gray K, DiMaggio N, Schein C, Kachanoff F. The Problem of Purity in Moral Psychology. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2023; 27:272-308. [PMID: 36314693 PMCID: PMC10391698 DOI: 10.1177/10888683221124741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Academic AbstractThe idea of "purity" transformed moral psychology. Here, we provide the first systematic review of this concept. Although often discussed as one construct, we reveal ~9 understandings of purity, ranging from respecting God to not eating gross things. This striking heterogeneity arises because purity-unlike other moral constructs-is not understood by what it is but what it isn't: obvious interpersonal harm. This poses many problems for moral psychology and explains why purity lacks convergent and divergent validity and why purity is confounded with politics, religion, weirdness, and perceived harm. Because purity is not a coherent construct, it cannot be a distinct basis of moral judgment or specially tied to disgust. Rather than a specific moral domain, purity is best understood as a loose set of themes in moral rhetoric. These themes are scaffolded on cultural understandings of harm-the broad, pluralistic harm outlined by the Theory of Dyadic Morality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Gray
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | - Chelsea Schein
- The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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5
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Dong A. Analysis on the Steps of Physical Education Teaching Based on Deep Learning. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES 2023. [DOI: 10.4018/ijdst.317937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The rapid progress of the internet of things and artificial intelligence has brought new opportunities for the construction and development of intelligent sports. This paper designs an analysis and evaluation system of physical education teaching steps based on deep learning technology. The intelligent wearable devices are used to conduct real-time dynamic monitoring of students' exercise steps and heart rate in class so as to build a sports teaching activity data set. The authors analyze the time step sequence based on transformer deep model to realize the estimation of motion effect. In addition, they propose a hierarchical fusion model based on transformer, which makes full use of the steps and heart rate information to predict the abnormal situation in physical education. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the system.
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6
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Mitchell J, Occhipinti S, Oaten M. The affiliative power of others' pain online. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Mitchell
- School of Applied Psychology Griffith University Mount Gravatt Queensland Australia
| | - Stefano Occhipinti
- School of Applied Psychology Griffith University Mount Gravatt Queensland Australia
- Department of English and Communication Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong
| | - Megan Oaten
- School of Applied Psychology Griffith University Mount Gravatt Queensland Australia
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7
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Culture, theory-of-mind, and morality: How independent and interdependent minds make moral judgments. Biol Psychol 2022; 174:108423. [PMID: 36075489 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the investigation of the neural mechanisms of morality has increased in recent years, the neural underpinnings of cultural variations in judgments of morality is understudied. In this paper, we propose that the well-established cultural differences in two cognitive processes, consideration of mental state and causal attribution, would lead to differences in moral judgment. Specifically, North Americans rely heavily on the mental state of a protagonist and dispositional attributions, whereas East Asians focus more on situational attributions and place less emphasis on the mental state of a protagonist. These differences would be accounted for by activity in brain regions implicated in thinking about others' minds, or theory-of-mind (ToM), which would underlie the cultural shaping of moral judgment. This proposed cultural neuroscience approach may broaden the scope of morality research, better predict moral behavior, and reduce disparities in diverse groups' moral judgment.
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8
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Virtuous Startups: The Credentialing Power of the Startup Label. ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT DISCOVERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.5465/amd.2020.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Upright/skew metaphorical associations of moral concepts and their effects on face recognition. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Scattolin M, Panasiti MS, Aglioti SM. Morality in the flesh: on the link between bodily self-consciousness, moral identity and (dis)honest behaviour. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220061. [PMID: 36061520 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6158554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The sense of owning a body (ownership) and controlling its actions (agency) are two main pillars of bodily self-consciousness (BSC). Although studies suggest that BSC signals and morality may be associated, whether such association has a positive or negative direction remains unclear. To investigate this issue, we conducted two pre-registered, online studies, in which a total of 1309 participants completed BSC- and morality-related questionnaires and undertook a task where they could cheat for monetary gain. We found that participants with high sense of ownership displayed high moral identity, which supports the notion that ownership is used to associate the self with positive characteristics. Moreover, high agency was associated with increased moral identity when sense of power is high. Results regarding deception are less clear, and might relate to the impact of COVID-19. Our results concerning moral identity may inspire policies that rely on changes of corporeal awareness to contrast immorality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Scattolin
- Sapienza University of Rome and CLN2S@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Panasiti
- Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- Sapienza University of Rome and CLN2S@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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11
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Scattolin M, Panasiti MS, Aglioti SM. Morality in the flesh: on the link between bodily self-consciousness, moral identity and (dis)honest behaviour. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220061. [PMID: 36061520 PMCID: PMC9428530 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The sense of owning a body (ownership) and controlling its actions (agency) are two main pillars of bodily self-consciousness (BSC). Although studies suggest that BSC signals and morality may be associated, whether such association has a positive or negative direction remains unclear. To investigate this issue, we conducted two pre-registered, online studies, in which a total of 1309 participants completed BSC- and morality-related questionnaires and undertook a task where they could cheat for monetary gain. We found that participants with high sense of ownership displayed high moral identity, which supports the notion that ownership is used to associate the self with positive characteristics. Moreover, high agency was associated with increased moral identity when sense of power is high. Results regarding deception are less clear, and might relate to the impact of COVID-19. Our results concerning moral identity may inspire policies that rely on changes of corporeal awareness to contrast immorality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Scattolin
- Sapienza University of Rome and CLNS@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Panasiti
- Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- Sapienza University of Rome and CLNS@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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12
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Scattolin M, Panasiti MS, Aglioti SM. Morality in the flesh: on the link between bodily self-consciousness, moral identity and (dis)honest behaviour. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220061. [PMID: 36061520 DOI: 10.17632/84tz3jkhr3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The sense of owning a body (ownership) and controlling its actions (agency) are two main pillars of bodily self-consciousness (BSC). Although studies suggest that BSC signals and morality may be associated, whether such association has a positive or negative direction remains unclear. To investigate this issue, we conducted two pre-registered, online studies, in which a total of 1309 participants completed BSC- and morality-related questionnaires and undertook a task where they could cheat for monetary gain. We found that participants with high sense of ownership displayed high moral identity, which supports the notion that ownership is used to associate the self with positive characteristics. Moreover, high agency was associated with increased moral identity when sense of power is high. Results regarding deception are less clear, and might relate to the impact of COVID-19. Our results concerning moral identity may inspire policies that rely on changes of corporeal awareness to contrast immorality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Scattolin
- Sapienza University of Rome and CLN2S@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Panasiti
- Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- Sapienza University of Rome and CLN2S@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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13
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Ferrante D, D'Olimpio F. Who guards over obsessive fear of guilt? The case of Not Just Right Experiences and disgust. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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14
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Mehdizadeh M, Khosravi Z, Bagheri Noaparast K, Sabramiz A. Relationship-based moral judgments: A qualitative study. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2022.2027357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Mehdizadeh
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Khosravi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Bagheri Noaparast
- Philosophical and Social Foundations of Education, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Sabramiz
- Humanities Department, Acecr Institute for Humanities and Social Studies (IHSS), Tehran, Iran
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15
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Different forms of taste can influence ethical evaluation. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Holcombe AO. Ad hominem rhetoric in scientific psychology. Br J Psychol 2021; 113:434-454. [PMID: 34820832 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ad hominem discourse is largely prohibited in scientific journals. Historically, this prohibition restricted the dissemination of ad hominem discussion, but during the last decade, blogs and social media platforms became popular among researchers. With the use of social media now entrenched among researchers, there are important questions about the role of ad hominems. Ad hominems and other forms of strong criticism became particularly evident in online discussions associated with the recent replication crisis in psychology. Here, these discussions, and a few incidences of ad hominems in journal articles, are situated in the broader history of science. It is argued that explicit codes of conduct should be considered to curb certain kinds of ad hominem comments in certain fora, but that some ad hominem discussions have an important role to play in a healthier science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex O Holcombe
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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17
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Wu C, Liang F, Liang X, Huang C, Wang H, He X, Zhang W, Rojas D, Duan Y. Spacious Environments Make Us Tolerant-The Role of Emotion and Metaphor. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910530. [PMID: 34639830 PMCID: PMC8507887 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The physical environment plays an important role in moral cognition. Previous research has demonstrated that the physical environment affects individual moral judgment. Investigators have argued that the environment influences moral judgment through emotion and cognition, such as during metaphor processing. Following the intensification of urbanization and increases in population size, the phenomenon of a narrow environment has become more common. However, the relation between environmental spaciousness and moral judgment has not been thoroughly examined. We examined the effect of environmental spaciousness (spaciousness vs. narrowness) on moral judgments in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2. Results showed that participants report a higher rating score of moral judgment in more spacious environments compared with narrow environments. We further explored the roles of emotion and metaphor in the relation between environmental spaciousness and moral judgments. We found support for a partial mediation effect of emotion in the relationship between environmental spaciousness and moral judgment. The results also supported an association between the concept of spaciousness and tolerant cognition. Spacious environments may elicit positive emotions and more tolerant cognition, which in turn influences moral judgment. These results provide new evidence for the influence of the environment on moral judgments, and more attention may be warranted to incorporate this relationship in environmental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (C.W.); (F.L.); (X.L.); (C.H.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Fuqun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (C.W.); (F.L.); (X.L.); (C.H.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Xiaoling Liang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (C.W.); (F.L.); (X.L.); (C.H.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Chuangbing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (C.W.); (F.L.); (X.L.); (C.H.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (C.W.); (F.L.); (X.L.); (C.H.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Xianyou He
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (C.W.); (F.L.); (X.L.); (C.H.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (C.W.); (F.L.); (X.L.); (C.H.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Don Rojas
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1876, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Yan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (C.W.); (F.L.); (X.L.); (C.H.); (H.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.D.)
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18
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Maftei A, Holman AC, Gancevici O. Utilitarian choices in COVID-19 dilemmas depend on whether or not a foreign language is used and type of dilemma. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2021.1934684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Maftei
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi
| | - Andrei-Corneliu Holman
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi
| | - Olga Gancevici
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi
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19
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Huangfu G, Li L, Zhang Z, Sheng C. Moral metaphorical effect of cleanliness on immoral workplace behaviors. JOURNAL OF PACIFIC RIM PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/18344909211034257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleanliness connotes cleanness, hygiene, and beauty. Physical cleanliness is also a metaphor for moral purity, as proposed in recent literature. However, cleanliness means not only physical cleanliness but also environmental cleanliness. The article proposes that environmental cleanliness and physical self-cleanliness may metaphorically influence immoral behaviors in the workplace, and their effects may be different. The current study conducted a 2 (environmental cleanliness: clean vs. dirty) × 3 (self-cleanliness: hands-cleansing vs. face-cleansing vs. non-cleansing) between-subjects field experiment with employees as participants in a Chinese enterprise. One-hundred-seventy-seven employees volunteered to participate in the experiment. It was found that a clean workplace, rather than physical self-cleansing, renders harsh moral judgment regarding immoral workplace behaviors. The participants were less willing to accept immoral workplace behaviors in a clean environment than in a dirty environment, while self-cleanliness (hands-cleansing or face-cleansing vs. non-cleansing) had no significant influence on employees’ moral judgments of immoral workplace behaviors. In addition, the significant effects of environmental cleanliness were found in all the ten dimensions of immoral workplace behaviors. The findings reveal the metaphorical association between environmental cleanliness and the concept of higher social moral norms, and confirm that environmental cleanliness is a key factor leading to moral metaphorical effects. This result provides unique insight to the social significance of environmental cleanliness, and has important implications to prevent immoral workplace behaviors. A theoretical framework is proposed to explain why environmental cleanliness is more likely to affect moral judgment involving organizational interests than self-cleanliness. Considering most previous research has been done with samples of college students, this study is especially valuable through a field experiment on actual employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Huangfu
- School of Economics and Management, Communication University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Li
- School of Government, University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- College of Business & Public Management, University of La Verne, University of La Verne, CA, USA
| | - Cheng Sheng
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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20
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Mancini F, Gangemi A. Deontological and Altruistic Guilt Feelings: A Dualistic Thesis. Front Psychol 2021; 12:651937. [PMID: 34239480 PMCID: PMC8258242 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.651937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we argue in favor of the existence of two different guilt feelings: altruistic guilt (AG) and deontological guilt (DG). AG arises from having harmed, through one's own action or omission, an innocent victim, while DG arises from the transgression of an internalized norm. In most daily experiences of guilt feelings both types are present, but we argue that they are not traceable to each other and that each can be present without the other. We show that the two guilt feelings can be distinguished with reference to behavioral, cognitive, and neurophysiological aspects. Moreover, we demonstrate that they are differently related to other processes and emotions. AG is connected with pain, empathy and ToM. DG is strongly related to disgust. We briefly illustrate some implications for moral psychology and clinical psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mancini
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Psicoterapia Cognitiva (SPC), Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy
| | - Amelia Gangemi
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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21
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Wu C, He X. Environmental Aesthetic Value Influences the Intention for Moral Behavior: Changes in Behavioral Moral Judgment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126477. [PMID: 34203881 PMCID: PMC8296289 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The environment affects moral behavior. Previous research found that a beautiful environment leads to pro-social behavior, which is related to behavioral intention. However, the effect of environmental aesthetic value on immoral and moral behavior remains unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we explored the effect of environmental aesthetic value on behavioral intention and its possible mechanisms. We conducted four experiments. Experiment 1 adopted the priming paradigm and IAT paradigm to explore the relationship between environmental aesthetic value and behavioral intention. It used photographs of the environment as priming stimuli and scene drawings of behavior as target stimuli. The results showed that participants had a higher intention to engage in moral behavior in an environment with a high aesthetic value, and a lower intention to engage in immoral behavior, compared to in an environment with a low aesthetic value. Similarly, an environment with a low aesthetic value was related to immoral behavior. Experiment 2 further explored the possible mechanism for the above results: changes in moral judgment. The results showed that moral judgment in different environments may lead to different behavioral intentions. The current study extends prior research by demonstrating the effect of environmental aesthetic value on behavioral intention and moral judgment, and good knowledge about the relationship between environmental aesthetic value and moral behavior. In addition, it provides a new hypothesis for the relationship between environment and behavior according to the results of the environment-behavior matching hypothesis, which can provide a new perspective on moral education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Wu
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China;
| | - Xianyou He
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China;
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Correspondence:
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Bondü R, Groshcheva N, Wecke M, Brutscher S. Zusammenhänge zwischen moralischer Ekelsensibilität und aggressivem Verhalten im Jugendalter. KINDHEIT UND ENTWICKLUNG 2021. [DOI: 10.1026/0942-5403/a000336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Moralische Ekelsensibilität (MES) beschreibt die Tendenz, sich von Normverstößen abgestoßen zu fühlen. Im Erwachsenenalter war MES negativ mit Aggression assoziiert; für das Jugendalter liegen kaum Studien vor. Fragestellung: Wir untersuchten, ob MES und Aggression im Jugendalter zusammenhängen und mit moralischer Ärgersensibilität (MÄS) zusammenspielt. Methode: 359 Jugendliche berichteten MES, MÄS, Formen und Funktionen von Aggression sowie verschiedene Kontrollvariablen. Ergebnisse: MES korrelierte negativ mit allen Aggressionsmaßen und sagte diese über MÄS hinaus vorher, nicht jedoch bei Berücksichtigung von Kontrollvariablen wie Ärgerneigung oder Neurotizismus. Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung: Moralische Ekelsensibilität hängt im Jugendalter negativ mit Aggression zusammen und lässt sich von moralischer Ärgersensibilität differenzieren. Sie verdient als moralbezogenes Trait daher weitere Aufmerksamkeit. Andere Variablen eigenen sich jedoch besser zur Prädiktion von Aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Bondü
- Psychologische Hochschule Berlin
- Fakultät für Psychologie, Universität Konstanz
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Seeing Others as a Disease: The Impact of Physical (but not Moral) Disgust on Biologization. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.5334/irsp.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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24
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Gross values: Investigating the role of disgust in bioethics. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01609-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWhat is the role of disgust in moral judgements? Previous research found that disgust increases the severity of judgments; but other more recent work has cast doubt on these findings. Here we investigate roles of induced and trait disgust on moral judgments of controversial biological and medical technologies – bioethics – an area rife with proto-typical disgust cues. Participants (N = 600) viewed disgusting, frightening, or neutral pictures, rated the moral acceptability of biotechnologies, and completed questionnaire measures of trait disgust. We found a small negative effect of induced disgust (but not fear) on the acceptability of ‘existing’ biotechnology, but not ‘future’, ‘agricultural’, or ‘termination’ biotechnologies. But this effect was too small to change pre-existing opinions and would not have survived a correction for multiple tests. Although trait disgust had mostly negative relationships with the moral acceptability of biotechnologies, it did not moderate the effect of observing disgusting photos on biotechnology judgments. The larger, more consistent effects for trait disgust suggest that either (a) measures of trait disgust and moral attitudes share a source of method variance or (b) incidental, visual manipulations are too weak to capture the true effect of disgust on moral judgments.
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25
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Edlund JE, Cuccolo K, Irgens MS, Wagge JR, Zlokovich MS. Saving Science Through Replication Studies. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 17:216-225. [PMID: 33682522 DOI: 10.1177/1745691620984385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The scientific enterprise has long been based on the presumption of replication, although scientists have recently become aware of various corruptions of the enterprise that have hurt replicability. In this article, we begin by considering three illustrations of research paradigms that have all been subject to intense scrutiny through replications and theoretical concerns. The three paradigms are one for which the corpus of research points to a real finding, one for which the corpus of research points to a significantly attenuated effect, and one for which the debate is ongoing. We then discuss what scientists can learn-and how science can be improved-through replications more generally. From there, we discuss what we believe needs to be done to improve scientific inquiry with regard to replication moving forward. Finally, we conclude by providing readers with several different approaches to replication and how these approaches progress science. The approaches discussed include multilab replications of many effects, multilab replications of specific effects, adversarial collaborations, and stand-alone applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Edlund
- Department of Psychology, Rochester Institute of Technology
| | - Kelly Cuccolo
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota
| | | | | | - Martha S Zlokovich
- Psi Chi, the International Honor Society in Psychology, Chattanooga, Tennessee
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26
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Taylor P, Banks F, Jolley D, Ellis D, Watson S, Weiher L, Davidson B, Julku J. Oral hygiene effects verbal and nonverbal displays of confidence. The Journal of Social Psychology 2021; 161:182-196. [PMID: 32597381 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2020.1784825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although oral hygiene is known to impact self-confidence and self-esteem, little is known about how it influences our interpersonal behavior. Using a wearable, multi-sensor device, we examined differences in consumers' individual and interpersonal confidence after they had or had not brushed their teeth. Students (N = 140) completed nine one-to-one, 3-minute "speed dating" interactions while wearing a device that records verbal, nonverbal, and mimicry behavior. Half of the participants brushed their teeth using Close-Up toothpaste (Unilever) prior to the interactions, whilst the other half abstained from brushing that morning. Compared to those who had not brushed their teeth, participants who had brushed were more verbally confident (i.e., spoke louder, over-talked more), showed less nonverbal nervousness (i.e., fidgeted less), and were more often perceived as being "someone similar to me." These effects were moderated by attractiveness but not by self-esteem or self-monitoring.
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Considerations of the proximate mechanisms and ultimate functions of disgust will improve our understanding of cleansing effects. Behav Brain Sci 2021; 44:e25. [PMID: 33599593 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x20000576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To understand the consequences of cleansing, Lee and Schwarz favor a grounded procedures perspective over recently developed disgust theory. We believe that this position stems from three errors: (1) interpreting cleansing effects as broader than they are; (2) not detailing the proximate mechanisms underlying disgust; and (3) not detailing adaptive function versus system byproducts when developing the grounded procedures perspective.
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The role of meta-analysis and preregistration in assessing the evidence for cleansing effects. Behav Brain Sci 2021; 44:e19. [PMID: 33599601 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x20000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lee and Schwarz interpret meta-analytic research and replication studies as providing evidence for the robustness of cleansing effects. We argue that the currently available evidence is unconvincing because (a) publication bias and the opportunistic use of researcher degrees of freedom appear to have inflated meta-analytic effect size estimates, and (b) preregistered replications failed to find any evidence of cleansing effects.
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Grounded procedures of separation in clinical psychology: what's to be expected? Behav Brain Sci 2021; 44:e9. [PMID: 33599584 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x20000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis of grounded procedures of separation predicts accentuated effects in individuals with psychiatric disorders, for example, obsessive-compulsive disorders with washing compulsion. This could provide a vantage point for understanding cognitive processes related to specific disorders. However, fully exploring it requires updated experimental designs, including extensive control conditions, exclusion of alternative explanations, internal replications, and parametric variation to strengthen internal validity.
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30
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Liu Y, Li K, Li L, Zhang J, Lin Y, DiFabrizio B, Wang H. Morphological Metaphor Mapping of Moral Concepts in Chinese Culture. Front Psychol 2021; 11:554061. [PMID: 33391073 PMCID: PMC7774603 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.554061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to conceptual metaphor theory, individuals are thought to understand or express abstract concepts by using referents in the physical world-right and left for moral and immoral, for example. In this research, we used a modified Stroop paradigm to explore how abstract moral concepts are metaphorically translated onto physical referents in Chinese culture using the Chinese language. We presented Chinese characters related to moral and immoral abstract concepts in either non-distorted or distorted positions (Study 1) or rotated to the right or to the left (Study 2). When we asked participants to identify the Chinese characters, they more quickly and accurately identified morally positive characters if they were oriented upright or turned to the right and more quickly and accurately identified immoral characters when the characters were distorted or rotated left. These results support the idea that physical cues are used in metaphorically encoding social abstractions and moral norms and provided cross-cultural validation for conceptual metaphor theory, which would predict our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Liu
- School of Psychology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Kang Li
- School of Psychology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Lina Li
- School of Psychology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Psychology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yuerui Lin
- School of Psychology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | | | - He Wang
- School of Psychology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
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31
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Ciccarelli T, Soberman M, Leshuk T, Cole H, Afreen F, Manwell LA. Is cleanliness next to abstinence? The effect of cleanliness priming on attitudes towards harm reduction strategies for people with substance use disorders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 56:322-330. [PMID: 33242345 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Can exposure to a cleanliness prime affect moral judgements towards harm reduction strategies (HRS) for individuals with substance use disorders? Our research examined (a) the effect of a cleanliness prime on attitudes towards HRS and (b) whether this effect would be attenuated by a brief educational presentation. Participants were randomly assigned to a priming condition and an educational presentation condition. Results demonstrated that (a) the cleanliness prime did not shift attitudes towards HRS, however, (b) the educational presentations significantly shifted attitudes to be more positive after the Harm Reduction presentation and more negative after the Healthy Living presentation. The literature on priming is mixed and our results support a growing body of research challenging the robustness of cleanliness priming and also demonstrates that brief presentations can change attitudes. Our research has implications for education on the benefits of HRS in reducing disease transmission, refuse in the community, and overdose deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiana Ciccarelli
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Molly Soberman
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Taylor Leshuk
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Hannah Cole
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Farhana Afreen
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Laurie A Manwell
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada.,Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
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32
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Wielding a gun increases judgments of others as holding guns: a randomized controlled trial. COGNITIVE RESEARCH-PRINCIPLES AND IMPLICATIONS 2020; 5:58. [PMID: 33196931 PMCID: PMC7669937 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-020-00260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The gun embodiment effect is the consequence caused by wielding a gun on judgments of whether others are also holding a gun. This effect could be responsible for real-world instances when police officers shoot an unarmed person because of the misperception that the person had a gun. The gun embodiment effect is an instance of embodied cognition for which a person’s tool-augmented body affects their judgments. The replication crisis in psychology has raised concern about embodied cognition effects in particular, and the issue of low statistical power applies to the original research on the gun embodiment effect.
Thus, the first step was to conduct a high-powered replication. We found a significant gun embodiment effect in participants’ reaction times and in their proportion of correct responses, but not in signal detection measures of bias, as had been originally reported. To help prevent the gun embodiment effect from leading to fatal encounters, it would be useful to know whether individuals with certain traits are less prone to the effect and whether certain kinds of experiences help alleviate the effect. With the new and reliable measure of the gun embodiment effect, we tested for moderation by individual differences related to prior gun experience, attitudes, personality, and factors related to emotion regulation and impulsivity. Despite the variety of these measures, there was little evidence for moderation. The results were more consistent with the idea of the gun embodiment effect being a universal, fixed effect, than being a flexible, malleable effect.
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33
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Sharvit G, Lin E, Vuilleumier P, Corradi-Dell'Acqua C. Does inappropriate behavior hurt or stink? The interplay between neural representations of somatic experiences and moral decisions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/42/eaat4390. [PMID: 33067240 PMCID: PMC7567598 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat4390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Embodied models suggest that moral judgments are strongly intertwined with first-hand somatic experiences, with some pointing to disgust, and others arguing for a role of pain/harm. Both disgust and pain are unpleasant, arousing experiences, with strong relevance for survival, but with distinctive sensory qualities and neural channels. Hence, it is unclear whether moral cognition interacts with sensory-specific properties of one somatic experience or with supramodal dimensions common to both. Across two experiments, participants evaluated ethical dilemmas and subsequently were exposed to disgusting (olfactory) or painful (thermal) stimulations of matched unpleasantness. We found that moral scenarios enhanced physiological and neural activity to subsequent disgust (but not pain), as further supported by an independently validated whole-brain signature of olfaction. This effect was mediated by activity in the posterior cingulate cortex triggered by dilemma judgments. Our results thus speak in favor of an association between moral cognition and sensory-specific properties of disgust.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sharvit
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - E Lin
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P Vuilleumier
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Neuroscience Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C Corradi-Dell'Acqua
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Geneva Neuroscience Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Theory of Pain Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences (FPSE), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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34
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Grounded procedures: A proximate mechanism for the psychology of cleansing and other physical actions. Behav Brain Sci 2020; 44:e1. [PMID: 32390575 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x20000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Experimental work has revealed causal links between physical cleansing and various psychological variables. Empirically, how robust are they? Theoretically, how do they operate? Major prevailing accounts focus on morality or disgust, capturing a subset of cleansing effects, but cannot easily handle cleansing effects in non-moral, non-disgusting contexts. Building on grounded views on cognitive processes and known properties of mental procedures, we propose grounded procedures of separation as a proximate mechanism underlying cleansing effects. This account differs from prevailing accounts in terms of explanatory kind, interpretive parsimony, and predictive scope. Its unique and falsifiable predictions have received empirical support: Cleansing attenuates or eliminates otherwise observed influences of prior events (1) across domains and (2) across valences. (3) Cleansing manipulations produce stronger effects the more strongly they engage sensorimotor capacities. (4) Reversing the causal arrow, motivation for cleansing is triggered more readily by negative than positive entities. (5) Conceptually similar effects extend to other physical actions of separation. On the flipside, grounded procedures of connection are also observed. Together, separation and connection organize prior findings relevant to multiple perspectives (e.g., conceptual metaphor, sympathetic magic) and open up new questions. Their predictions are more generalizable than the specific mappings in conceptual metaphors, but more fine-grained than the broad assumptions of grounded cognition. This intermediate level of analysis sheds light on the interplay between mental and physical processes.
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35
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Fitzgerald HN, Sevi B, Shook NJ. Fraudulent health claims: Further consideration of the role of emotions. Soc Sci Med 2020; 259:112979. [PMID: 32345448 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In order to combat fraudulent health claims, MacFarlane, Hurlstone, and Ecker (2020) have proposed a taxonomy intended to establish factors that increase susceptibility to such messages. We expand upon the work of MacFarlane and colleagues by highlighting the role of emotions in attitude change, and elaborate upon how emotions may increase susceptibility to fraudulent health messaging. We assert that to produce lasting and persistent attitude change, emotion needs to be incorporated into health care fraud interventions, as well as factual information. We concur with MacFarlane and colleagues that fraudulent health claims are a pressing issue with deleterious consequences, and supplement their work by enumerating the importance of emotion in promoting attitude and behavior change.
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36
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Terrizzi JA, Shook NJ. On the Origin of Shame: Does Shame Emerge From an Evolved Disease-Avoidance Architecture? Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:19. [PMID: 32132907 PMCID: PMC7040959 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shame and disgust are believed to be evolved psychological solutions to different adaptive challenges. Shame is thought to promote the maintenance of social hierarchies (Gilbert, 1997; Fessler, 2004), whereas disgust is believed to encourage disease avoidance (Curtis et al., 2004; Oaten et al., 2009). Although shame and disgust are often treated as orthogonal emotions, they share some important similarities. Both involve bodily concerns, are described as moral emotions, and encourage avoidance of social interaction. The purpose of the current research was to examine whether shame is uniquely related to disgust and pathogen avoidance. To rule out an association due to the negative valence of both emotions, guilt was also examined. In Study 1, disgust sensitivity and fear of contamination were positively correlated with shame, but not guilt, even after controlling for negative affect. In Study 2, a disgust induction increased shame, but not guilt, for individuals who were sensitive to disgust. The current research provides preliminary evidence for unique relation between shame and disgust.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Terrizzi
- Department of Psychology & Philosophy, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Natalie J Shook
- School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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Abstract
There is a gap between morality as experienced and morality as studied. In our personal and professional lives, moral judgments are embedded within a specific context. We know the who, what, where, and when and often can infer the why; we know the broader context of actions; and we may have a specific relationship with the actors. However, scholarly theorizing is often built on inferences from participants’ responses to decontextualized, impoverished stimuli. In our quest for uncovering general psychological truths, moral psychologists have examined evaluations of poorly guarded trolleys, strangers with odd sexual proclivities, and endorsement of abstract principles. The four articles included in this section demonstrate the power of contextualizing morality. In the current article, I place these papers within a broader framework for how scholars can contextualize morality research. I then argue why contextualizing morality matters: not only do contextualized questions better reflect the nuances of reality but also contextualized judgments might be key for improving predictions of moral behavior and understanding moral change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Schein
- Department of Legal Studies and Business Ethics, The Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania
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Ghelfi E, Christopherson CD, Urry HL, Lenne RL, Legate N, Ann Fischer M, Wagemans FMA, Wiggins B, Barrett T, Bornstein M, de Haan B, Guberman J, Issa N, Kim J, Na E, O’Brien J, Paulk A, Peck T, Sashihara M, Sheelar K, Song J, Steinberg H, Sullivan D. Reexamining the Effect of Gustatory Disgust on Moral Judgment: A Multilab Direct Replication of Eskine, Kacinik, and Prinz (2011). ADVANCES IN METHODS AND PRACTICES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2515245919881152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eskine, Kacinik, and Prinz’s (2011) influential experiment demonstrated that gustatory disgust triggers a heightened sense of moral wrongness. We report a large-scale multisite direct replication of this study conducted by labs in the Collaborative Replications and Education Project. Subjects in each sample were randomly assigned to one of three beverage conditions: bitter (disgusting), control (neutral), or sweet. Then, subjects made a series of judgments about the moral wrongness of the behavior depicted in six vignettes. In the original study ( N = 57), drinking the bitter beverage led to higher ratings of moral wrongness than did drinking the control or sweet beverage; a contrast between the bitter condition and the other two conditions was significant among conservative ( n = 19) but not liberal ( n = 25) subjects. In the current project, random-effects meta-analyses across all subjects ( N = 1,137, k = 11 studies), conservative subjects ( n = 142, k = 5), and liberal subjects ( n = 635, k = 9) revealed standardized overall effect sizes across replications that were smaller than reported in the original study. Some were in the opposite of the predicted direction; all had 95% confidence intervals containing zero, and all were smaller than the effect size the original authors could have meaningfully detected. Results of linear mixed-effects regressions revealed that drinking the bitter beverage led to higher ratings of moral wrongness than did drinking the control beverage but not the sweet beverage. Bayes factor tests revealed greater relative support for the null than for the replication hypothesis. The overall pattern provides little to no support for the theory that physical disgust via taste perception harshens judgments of moral wrongness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ghelfi
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University
| | | | | | - Richie L. Lenne
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Nicole Legate
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology
| | | | - Fieke M. A. Wagemans
- Department of Psychology, Tilburg University
- Institute for Socio-Economics, University of Duisburg-Essen
| | - Brady Wiggins
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University–Idaho
| | | | | | | | | | - Nada Issa
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Northwest
| | - Joan Kim
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elim Na
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine
| | | | - Aidan Paulk
- Department of Acupuncture, Oregon College of Oriental Medicine
| | - Tayler Peck
- Department of Psychology, Southern Oregon University
| | | | - Karen Sheelar
- Department of Psychology, Southern Oregon University
| | | | - Hannah Steinberg
- Department of Psychology, Pacific Graduate School of Psychology/Stanford University Doctor of Psychology Consortium
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Athleisure: A qualitative investigation of a multi-billion-dollar clothing trend. Body Image 2020; 32:5-13. [PMID: 31756602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Clothes play a ubiquitous, yet under-appreciated social role. In the context of body image, clothes may both reflect and facilitate wearers' ideals and anxieties about their physical appearance. Athleisure, referring to athletic-inspired workout apparel that explicitly accentuates wearers' physiques, is a hitherto unexamined clothing trend worth tens of billions of dollars annually (and growing) in the United States consumer market alone. We conducted the first qualitative examination of athleisure by interviewing 20 women who regularly wore athleisure. Four master themes emerged from the data: (1) the athleisure lifestyle, (2) the conditional nature of athleisure, (3) athleisure embodiment, and (4) athleisure-linked cognitive dissonance. Our results suggest that wearing athleisure communicates to others an adherence to the lifestyles depicted in fitspiration - a class of social media imagery that glorifies thin-fit bodies. Participants articulated that athleisure encouraged them to feel more confident and athletic; athleisure also emphasized the women's physiques, and whether they aligned with the thin-fit ideal. Thus, the act of wearing athleisure motivated participants to engage in fitspiration-based activities. Given the (a) massive public demand for athleisure, and (b) industry projections for continued growth in athleisure spending, our findings compel additional research on the connections between clothing and body image.
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Ku X, Lee J, Lee H. Is Prick of Conscience Associated With the Sensation of Physical Prick? Front Psychol 2020; 11:283. [PMID: 32153479 PMCID: PMC7047509 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
"Prick of conscience" is a phrase to express feelings of guilt in both English and Korean. Particularly in South Korea, guilt is metaphorically associated with a sense of touch by pricking. Koreans commonly express feelings of guilt by using the metaphor, "It pricks my conscience." Across three studies, we examined whether prick of conscience (i.e., feelings of guilt) is grounded in bodily experiences of physical prick (e.g., a needle prick), using a sample of Koreans. Participants who recalled past unethical acts were less likely to choose a needle prick rather than medication as a treatment for indigestion, whereas those who recalled ethical acts presented no significant difference in their willingness to receive either treatment (Study 1). Participants who decided to lie sensed the finger prick deeper and felt more pain as compared to those in the truth group or the control group (Study 2). Lastly, participants who had the finger prick rendered harsher moral judgments than participants in the control condition (Study 3). In line with an embodied cognition framework, these findings suggest that prick of conscience is not just a linguistic metaphor but can be embodied as physical sensations in forms of pricking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonghwan Lee
- Department of Psychology, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, South Korea
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Nadarevic L, Kroneisen M. Easy on the mind, easy on the wrongdoer? No evidence for perceptual fluency effects on moral wrongness ratings. Cognition 2020; 196:104156. [PMID: 31981850 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Processing fluency-the subjective ease of information processing-influences a variety of judgments (e.g., judgments of familiarity, liking, and truth). A study by Laham, Alter, and Goodwin (2009) suggests that this is also true for moral judgments. More specifically, the authors found that discrepant perceptual fluency mitigates moral wrongness ratings. In five studies (total N = 694), we tested the replicability of this finding for different kinds of scenarios (moral versus conventional transgressions) and different perceptual fluency manipulations. In Studies 1a and 1b we manipulated fluency by text background, in Studies 2a and 2b by font type, and in Study 3 by word spaces. Critically, none of the studies replicated Laham et al.'s discrepant fluency effect on moral wrongness ratings. In turn, we found that moral wrongness ratings were strongly affected by participants' emotional responses to the scenarios. Taken together, the findings of our five studies cast very strong doubt on perceptual fluency effects on moral judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meike Kroneisen
- Universität Mannheim, Germany; Universität Koblenz-Landau, Germany
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Abstract
Often drawing on the phenomenological tradition, a number of philosophers and cognitive scientists working in the field of "embodied cognition" subscribe to the general view that cognition is grounded in aspects of its sensorimotor embodiment and should be comprehended as the result of a dynamic interaction of nonneural and neural processes. After a brief introduction, the paper critically engages Lakoff and Johnson's "conceptual metaphor theory" (CMT), and provides a review of recent empirical evidence that appears to support it. Subsequently, the paper underscores some of the limitations of CMT, points to some philosophical problems that require further attention, and explores possible implications for understanding and treating of mental disorders.
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Abstract
Reproducibility is essential to science, yet a distressingly large number of research findings do not seem to replicate. Here I discuss one underappreciated reason for this state of affairs. I make my case by noting that, due to artifacts, several of the replication failures of the vastly advertised Open Science Collaboration's Reproducibility Project: Psychology turned out to be invalid. Although these artifacts would have been obvious on perusal of the data, such perusal was deemed undesirable because of its post hoc nature and was left out. However, while data do not lie, unforeseen confounds can render them unable to speak to the question of interest. I look further into one unusual case in which a major artifact could be removed statistically-the nonreplication of the effect of fertility on partnered women's preference for single over attached men. I show that the "failed replication" datasets contain a gross bias in stimulus allocation which is absent in the original dataset; controlling for it replicates the original study's main finding. I conclude that, before being used to make a scientific point, all data should undergo a minimal quality control-a provision, it appears, not always required of those collected for purpose of replication. Because unexpected confounds and biases can be laid bare only after the fact, we must get over our understandable reluctance to engage in anything post hoc. The reproach attached to p-hacking cannot exempt us from the obligation to (openly) take a good look at our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bressan
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Šimkovic M, Träuble B. Robustness of statistical methods when measure is affected by ceiling and/or floor effect. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220889. [PMID: 31425561 PMCID: PMC6699673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GOALS AND METHODS A simulation study investigated how ceiling and floor effect (CFE) affect the performance of Welch's t-test, F-test, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Scheirer-Ray-Hare-test, trimmed t-test, Bayesian t-test, and the "two one-sided tests" equivalence testing procedure. The effect of CFE on the estimate of group difference and on its confidence interval, and on Cohen's d and on its confidence interval was also evaluated. In addition, the parametric methods were applied to data transformed with log or logit function and the performance was evaluated. The notion of essential maximum from abstract measurement theory is used to formally define CFE and the principle of maximum entropy was used to derive probability distributions with essential maximum/minimum. These distributions allow the manipulation of the magnitude of CFE through a parameter. Beta, Gamma, Beta prime and Beta-binomial distributions were obtained in this way with the CFE parameter corresponding to the logarithm of the geometric mean. Wald distribution and ordered logistic regression were also included in the study due to their measure-theoretic connection to CFE, even though these models lack essential minimum/maximum. Performance in two-group, three-group and 2 × 2 factor design scenarios was investigated by fixing the group differences in terms of CFE parameter and by adjusting the base level of CFE. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In general, bias and uncertainty increased with CFE. Most problematic were occasional instances of biased inference which became more certain and more biased as the magnitude of CFE increased. The bias affected the estimate of group difference, the estimate of Cohen's d and the decisions of the equivalence testing methods. Statistical methods worked best with transformed data, albeit this depended on the match between the choice of transformation and the type of CFE. Log transform worked well with Gamma and Beta prime distribution while logit transform worked well with Beta distribution. Rank-based tests showed best performance with discrete data, but it was demonstrated that even there a model derived with measurement-theoretic principles may show superior performance. Trimmed t-test showed poor performance. In the factor design, CFE prevented the detection of main effects as well as the detection of interaction. Irrespective of CFE, F-test misidentified main effects and interactions on multiple occasions. Five different constellations of main effect and interactions were investigated for each probability distribution, and weaknesses of each statistical method were identified and reported. As part of the discussion, the use of generalized linear models based on abstract measurement theory is recommended to counter CFE. Furthermore, the necessity of measure validation/calibration studies to obtain the necessary knowledge of CFE to design and select an appropriate statistical tool, is stressed.
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Ke Y, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Xu Y. "It's hip to be square": Grounding moral traits in geometric shapes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 55:323-331. [PMID: 31264715 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To examine the hypothesis that there is a metaphoric link between geometric shapes (square vs. circle) and moral traits (integrity vs. deviousness), we conducted three experiments in China. In Study 1, integrity-related words were classified faster when embedded in a square than in a circle. Conversely, deviousness-related words were classified faster in a circle than in a square. Study 2 found that a person who preferred squares was perceived as more righteous and that a person who preferred circles was perceived as more devious. Study 3 revealed that the participants were more likely to pair a square with integrity-related words and a circle with deviousness-related words in a memory task. Given the negation of square-integrity and circle-deviousness emotional congruence, the findings of this research show that shape-related information is a meaningful part of the mental representations of moral traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Ke
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,School of Management, Beijing Normal University Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Media and Communication, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiang Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Li H, Wang X, Guo Y, Chen Z, Teng F. Air Pollution Predicts Harsh Moral Judgment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16132276. [PMID: 31252625 PMCID: PMC6651432 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16132276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present research recruited participants from China, which is suffering from serious air pollution, and examined whether air pollution would be associated with moral judgment and immoral behavioral intention. Study 1 (n = 145) used the objective Air Quality Index to indicate the level of air pollution and found that it predicted harsh judgment on others’ moral violations but did not predict judgment on others’ non-moral negative behaviors or their own immoral behavioral intentions. Study 2 (n = 90) asked participants either to recall a past experience of being exposed to air pollution or to recall a neutral experience and consistently found that air pollution only influenced judgment on moral violations. The findings also ruled out the feeling of threat or the trust of government as possible mediators in the relationship between air pollution and harsh moral judgment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Li
- School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Marketing, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yafei Guo
- School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, The Base of Psychological Services and Counseling for "Happiness" in Guangzhou, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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Mok A, Chiu CY. Green Tea and Ham: Cultural Mixing Reminders Decrease Considerate Behavior. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2019.1593169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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48
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Ziaei M, Togha M, Rahimian E, Persson J. The Causal Role of Right Frontopolar Cortex in Moral Judgment, Negative Emotion Induction, and Executive Control. Basic Clin Neurosci 2019; 10:37-48. [PMID: 31031892 PMCID: PMC6484187 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.10.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Converging evidence suggests that both emotional and cognitive processes are critically involved in moral judgment, and may be mediated by discrete parts of the prefrontal cortex. The current study aimed at investigating the mediatory effect of right Frontopolar Cortex (rFPC) on the way that emotions affect moral judgments. Methods: Six adult patients affected by rFPC and 10 healthy controls were included in the study. Participants made judgements on moral dilemmas after being shown either neutral or emotional pictures. The role of rFPC in executive control and emotional experience was also examined. Results: The study results showed that inducing an emotional state increased the number of utilitarian responses both in the patients and controls. However, no significant differences were observed between the patients and controls in response time or the number of utilitarian responses. Also, no significant differences were observed in personal and impersonal dilemmas before and after the emotion induction in intergroup comparisons. Results of the executive control tasks showed reduced performance in patients affected by rFPC compared with the controls. Conclusion: The results of the current study suggested that rFPC might not have a direct role in mediating emotional processes during moral judgments, but possibly this region is important in a network supporting executive control functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ziaei
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mansoureh Togha
- Department of Headache, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Jonas Persson
- Aging Research Center (ARC), Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Winkielman P, Coulson S, Niedenthal P. Dynamic grounding of emotion concepts. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0127. [PMID: 29914995 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotion concepts are important. They help us to understand, experience and predict human behaviour. Emotion concepts also link the realm of the abstract with the realm of bodily experience and actions. Accordingly, the key question is how such concepts are created, represented and used. Embodied cognition theories hold that concepts are grounded in neural systems that produce experiential and motor states. Concepts are also contextually situated and thus engage sensorimotor resources in a dynamic, flexible way. Finally, on that framework, conceptual understanding unfolds in time, reflecting embodied as well as linguistic and cultural influences. In this article, we review empirical work on emotion concepts and show how it highlights their grounded, yet dynamic and context-sensitive nature. The conclusions are consistent with recent developments in embodied cognition that allow concepts to be linked to sensorimotor systems, yet be flexibly sensitive to current representational and action needs.This article is part of the theme issue 'Varieties of abstract concepts: development, use and representation in the brain'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Winkielman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0109, USA .,Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland.,Behavioural Science Group, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Seana Coulson
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Paula Niedenthal
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Dove G. Language as a disruptive technology: abstract concepts, embodiment and the flexible mind. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0135. [PMID: 29915003 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that cognition is embodied and grounded. Abstract concepts, though, remain a significant theoretical challenge. A number of researchers have proposed that language makes an important contribution to our capacity to acquire and employ concepts, particularly abstract ones. In this essay, I critically examine this suggestion and ultimately defend a version of it. I argue that a successful account of how language augments cognition should emphasize its symbolic properties and incorporate a view of embodiment that recognizes the flexible, multimodal and task-related nature of action, emotion and perception systems. On this view, language is an ontogenetically disruptive cognitive technology that expands our conceptual reach.This article is part of the theme issue 'Varieties of abstract concepts: development, use and representation in the brain'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Dove
- Department of Philosophy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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