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Don BP, Simpson JA, Fredrickson BL, Algoe SB. Interparental Positivity Spillover Theory: How Parents' Positive Relational Interactions Influence Children. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2024:17456916231220626. [PMID: 38252555 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231220626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Interparental interactions have an important influence on child well-being and development. Yet prior theory and research have primarily focused on interparental conflict as contributing to child maladjustment, which leaves out the critical question of how interparental positive interactions-such as expressed gratitude, capitalization, and shared laughter-may benefit child growth and development. In this article, we integrate theory and research in family, relationship, and affective science to propose a new framework for understanding how the heretofore underexamined positive interparental interactions influence children: interparental positivity spillover theory (IPST). IPST proposes that, distinct from the influence of conflict, interparental positive interactions spill over into children's experiences in the form of their (a) experience of positive emotions, (b) beneficially altered perceptions of their parents, and (c) emulation of their parents' positive interpersonal behaviors. This spillover is theorized to promote beneficial cognitive, behavioral, social, and physiological outcomes in children in the short term (i.e., immediately after a specific episode of interparental positivity, or on a given day) as well as cumulatively across time. As a framework, IPST generates a host of novel and testable predictions to guide future research, all of which have important implications for the mental health, well-being, and positive development of children and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Don
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland
| | | | | | - Sara B Algoe
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Wu X, Zhang L, Yang R, Duan G, Zhu T. Mother phubbing and harsh mothering: Mothers' irritability and adolescents' gender as moderators. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2023; 241:104086. [PMID: 37981449 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While extant evidence supports the link between mother phubbing (Mphubbing) and harsh mothering, the current understanding of factors that may affect this relationship is limited. METHODS Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine the relation between Mphubbing and harsh mothering, as well as to explore whether mothers' irritability and adolescents' gender would moderate this relationship. The participants included 482 middle school students (51.7 % girls) and their mothers from China. RESULTS The results revealed a significant positive association between Mphubbing as reported by adolescents and their perception of harsh mothering. However, the predictive power of Mphubbing for harsh mothering varied based on mothers' irritability and adolescents' gender. Specifically, the association between Mphubbing and harsh mothering was perceived more strongly in girls than in boys, but this gender difference was only observed among adolescents whose mothers rated themselves as high in irritability. CONCLUSIONS The current study offers a preliminary understanding of the association between Mphubbing and harsh mothering through mothers' irritability and adolescents' gender as moderators, which has certain theoretical and practical implications for comprehending harsh mothering in the digital age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Wu
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Lijin Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Rui Yang
- School of Preschool Education, Xi'an University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Guoping Duan
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Tingyu Zhu
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
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Ding R, Bi S, Luo Y, Liu T, Wang P, He W, Ni S. Mothers' emotional expressivity in urban and rural societies: Salience and links with young adolescents' emotional wellbeing and expressivity. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1130-1146. [PMID: 34766903 DOI: 10.1017/s095457942100105x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This research aims to investigate the salience of mothers' emotional expressivity and its links with adolescents' emotional wellbeing and expressivity in an urban society endorsing more individualism and a rural society ascribing to more collectivism. By comparing Chinese urban (N = 283, M age = 14.13) and rural (N = 247, M age = 14.09) adolescents, this research found that urban mothers' expression of positive-dominant and positive-submissive emotions (PD and PS) were more common while expression of negative-dominant (ND) emotions was less common than rural mothers'. PD and PS had significant links with urban and rural adolescents' increased emotional expressivity and self-esteem, however, only significantly related to urban adolescents' decreased depression but not with rural adolescents'. ND had significant links with both urban and rural adolescents' expression of negative emotions, however, only significantly correlated with urban adolescents' less level of self-esteem and rural adolescents' more expression of positive emotions. No significant difference was found in the salience of urban and rural mothers' expression of negative-submissive (NS) emotions, which positively related to both urban and rural adolescents' depression and emotional expressivity. Moreover, we found that adolescents' emotional wellbeing (i.e., self-esteem and depression) mediated the relationship between mothers' emotional expressivity and adolescents' expressivity in both societies. Overall, the study findings document that the salience of mothers' emotional expressivity and its relations with adolescents' emotional adjustment differ between urban and rural societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Ding
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuang Bi
- Department of Applied Psychology, College of Public Administration, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
| | - Yuhan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tuo Liu
- Department of Psychology, Division for Psychological Methods and Statistics, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Pusheng Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei He
- Nanshan Educational Science Institute of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiguang Ni
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
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Kil H, Gath M, Grusec JE. Dual process in parent-adolescent moral socialization: The moderating role of maternal warmth and involvement. J Adolesc 2023. [PMID: 36814081 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been argued that moral identity can be conceptualized as implicit and automatic or explicit and controlled dualities of cognitive information processing. In this study, we examined whether socialization in the moral domain may also exhibit a dual process. We further tested whether parenting that is warm and involved may play a moderating role in moral socialization. We assessed relations between mothers' implicit and explicit moral identity, warmth and involvement, and the prosocial behavior and moral values of their adolescent children. METHODS Participants were 105 mother-adolescent dyads from Canada, with adolescents between 12 and 15 years of age and 47% girls. Mothers' implicit moral identity was measured using the Implicit Association Test (IAT), adolescents' prosocial behavior was measured using a donation task, and the remaining mother and adolescent measures were self-reported. Data were cross-sectional. RESULTS We found that mothers' implicit moral identity was associated with adolescents' greater generosity during the prosocial behavior task, but only when mothers were warm and involved. Mothers' explicit moral identity was associated with adolescents' more prosocial values. CONCLUSIONS Moral socialization may occur through dual processes, and as an automatic process may only take place when mothers are also high in warmth and involvement, setting the conditions for adolescents' understanding and acceptance of the moral values being taught and ultimately their automatic morally relevant behaviors. Adolescents' explicit moral values, on the other hand, may be aligned with more controlled, reflective socialization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hali Kil
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Megan Gath
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan E Grusec
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Talwar V, Lavoie J, Crossman AM. Carving Pinocchio: Longitudinal examination of children’s lying for different goals. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 181:34-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kienbaum J, Zorzi M, Kunina-Habenicht O. The development of interindividual differences in sympathy: The role of child personality and adults’ responsiveness to distress. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Kienbaum
- Institute of Psychology; Paedagogische Hochschule Karlsruhe; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Miriam Zorzi
- Institute of Psychology; Paedagogische Hochschule Karlsruhe; Karlsruhe Germany
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Stockdale LA, Coyne SM, Padilla-Walker LM. Parent and Child Technoference and socioemotional behavioral outcomes: A nationally representative study of 10- to 20-year-Old adolescents. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Oh W, Yeom I, Kim D. What is the concept of parental ‘emotional transference’ to children? A Walker and Avant concept analysis. Scand J Caring Sci 2018; 33:34-42. [DOI: 10.1111/scs.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Won‐Oak Oh
- Korea University College of Nursing Seoul Korea
| | - Insun Yeom
- Korea University College of Nursing Seoul Korea
| | - Dong‐Seok Kim
- Severance Hospital Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery Seodaemun‐gu Korea
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Bono G, Froh JJ, Disabato D, Blalock D, McKnight P, Bausert S. Gratitude’s role in adolescent antisocial and prosocial behavior: A 4-year longitudinal investigation. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1402078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Bono
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Dominguez Hills , Carson, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Froh
- Department of Psychology, Hofstra University , Hempstead, USA
| | - David Disabato
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University , Fairfax, USA
| | - Dan Blalock
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University , Fairfax, USA
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Patrick McKnight
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University , Fairfax, USA
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Ornaghi V, Pepe A, Grazzani I. False-Belief Understanding and Language Ability Mediate the Relationship between Emotion Comprehension and Prosocial Orientation in Preschoolers. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1534. [PMID: 27774075 PMCID: PMC5054016 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion comprehension (EC) is known to be a key correlate and predictor of prosociality from early childhood. In the present study, we examined this relationship within the broad theoretical construct of social understanding which includes a number of socio-emotional skills, as well as cognitive and linguistic abilities. Theory of mind, especially false-belief understanding, has been found to be positively correlated with both EC and prosocial orientation. Similarly, language ability is known to play a key role in children's socio-emotional development. The combined contribution of false-belief understanding and language to explaining the relationship between EC and prosociality has yet to be investigated. Thus, in the current study, we conducted an in-depth exploration of how preschoolers' false-belief understanding and language ability each contribute to modeling the relationship between children's comprehension of emotion and their disposition to act prosocially toward others, after controlling for age and gender. Participants were 101 4- to 6-year-old children (54% boys), who were administered measures of language ability, false-belief understanding, EC and prosocial orientation. Multiple mediation analysis of the data suggested that false-belief understanding and language ability jointly and fully mediated the effect of preschoolers' EC on their prosocial orientation. Analysis of covariates revealed that gender exerted no statistically significant effect, while age had a trivial positive effect. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ornaghi
- Department of Human Sciences and Education, University of Milano-Bicocca Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pepe
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Grazzani
- Department of Human Sciences and Education, University of Milano-Bicocca Milan, Italy
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Breaux RP, Harvey EA, Lugo-Candelas CI. The Role of Parent Psychopathology in Emotion Socialization. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 44:731-43. [PMID: 26267238 PMCID: PMC4752927 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-0062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relation between parent psychopathology symptoms and emotion socialization practices in a sample of mothers and fathers of preschool-aged children with behavior problems (N = 109, M age = 44.60 months, 50 % male). Each parent completed a self-report rating scale of their psychopathology symptoms and audio-recorded naturalistic interactions with their children, which were coded for reactions to child negative affect. Results supported a spillover hypothesis for mothers. Specifically, mothers who reported greater overall psychopathology symptoms, anxiety symptoms, substance use, and borderline and Cluster A personality symptoms were more likely to exhibit non-supportive reactions. Additionally, mothers who reported greater anxiety and Cluster A personality symptoms were more likely to not respond to child negative affect. Compensatory and crossover hypotheses were also supported. Partners of mothers who reported high levels of anxiety were more likely to use supportive reactions to child negative affect. In contrast, partners of mothers who reported high levels of borderline and Cluster A personality symptoms and overall psychopathology symptoms were more likely to show non-supportive reactions. With the exception of borderline personality symptoms, fathers' psychopathology was unrelated to parental responses to child negative affect. Results highlight the importance of maternal psychopathology in parental emotion socialization practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna P Breaux
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Harvey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Claudia I Lugo-Candelas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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Tolleson AM, Tone EB, Schroth EA, Robbins MM. Mother and Child Facial Expression Labeling Skill Relates to Mutual Responsiveness During Emotional Conversations. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-016-0232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nelson JA, Perry NB, O'Brien M, Calkins SD, Keane SP, Shanahan L. Mothers' and Fathers' Reports of their Supportive Responses to their Children's Negative Emotions over Time. PARENTING, SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2015; 16:56-62. [PMID: 28082835 PMCID: PMC5224871 DOI: 10.1080/15295192.2016.1116895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parents' emotion socialization practices are thought to be moderately stable over time; however, a partner's socialization practices could initiate change. DESIGN We examined mothers' and fathers' reports of their supportive responses to their children's negative emotions when the target child was 7 years old and again at age 10. We tested a dyadic, longitudinal path model with 111 mother-father pairs. RESULTS Significant actor and partner effects emerged. Parents' age 7 responses predicted their own age 10 responses and their partners' later responses. CONCLUSIONS Parents' reported responses to children's negative emotions during middle childhood are predicted by their own earlier responses and by their partners' responses.
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Bai S, Repetti RL, Sperling JB. Children's expressions of positive emotion are sustained by smiling, touching, and playing with parents and siblings: A naturalistic observational study of family life. Dev Psychol 2015; 52:88-101. [PMID: 26524382 DOI: 10.1037/a0039854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research on family socialization of positive emotion has primarily focused on the infant and toddler stages of development, and relied on observations of parent-child interactions in highly structured laboratory environments. Little is known about how children's spontaneous expressions of positive emotion are maintained in the uncontrolled settings of daily life, particularly within the family and during the school-age years. This naturalistic observational study examines 3 family behaviors-mutual display of positive emotion, touch, and joint leisure-that surround 8- to 12-year-old children's spontaneous expressions of positive emotion, and tests whether these behaviors help to sustain children's expressions. Recordings taken of 31 families in their homes and communities over 2 days were screened for moments when children spontaneously expressed positive emotion in the presence of at least 1 parent. Children were more likely to sustain their expressions of positive emotion when mothers, fathers, or siblings showed positive emotion, touched, or participated in a leisure activity. There were few differences in the ways that mothers and fathers socialized their sons' and daughters' positive emotion expressions. This study takes a unique, ecologically valid approach to assess how family members connect to children's expressions of positive emotion in middle childhood. Future observational studies should continue to explore mechanisms of family socialization of positive emotion, in laboratory and naturalistic settings. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhye Bai
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Rena L Repetti
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
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Bocknek EL, Brophy-Herb HE, Fitzgerald HE, Schiffman RF, Vogel C. STABILITY OF BIOLOGICAL FATHER PRESENCE AS A PROXY FOR FAMILY STABILITY: CROSS-RACIAL ASSOCIATIONS WITH THE LONGITUDINAL DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTION REGULATION IN TODDLERHOOD. Infant Ment Health J 2014; 35:309-21. [DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bayard S, Malti T, Buchmann M. Prosoziales Verhalten in Kindheit und Adoleszenz. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ENTWICKLUNGSPSYCHOLOGIE UND PADAGOGISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1026/0049-8637/a000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Dieser Beitrag untersucht Einflüsse inner- und außerfamiliärer Beziehungen auf das prosoziale Verhalten von Heranwachsenden aus sozialisationstheoretischer Perspektive. Aufgrund der sich ändernden Qualität familiärer Beziehungen im Zuge des Aufwachsens vergleichen wir dabei zwei Entwicklungsstadien, mittlere Kindheit und mittlere Adoleszenz. Die inner-familiären Beziehungen in der Paardyade und der Eltern-Kind-Dyade unterscheiden wir nach affektiver und kommunikativer Dimension. Unter den außerfamiliären Beziehungen subsumieren wir elterliche Interaktionserfahrungen am Arbeitsplatz und im Freundeskreis. Es werden die beiden ersten Wellen (2006, 2007) der jüngsten Kohorte (6-Jährige) und der mittleren Kohorte (15-Jährige) des Schweizerischen Kinder- und Jugendsurvey (COCON) genutzt. Die Befunde zeigen, dass die Qualität der elterlichen Paarbeziehung vor allem in der Kindheit auf das prosoziale Verhalten wirkt. Hingegen ist die innerfamiliäre Qualität der Kommunikation für die Herausbildung prosozialen Verhaltens in der Adoleszenz bedeutsamer. Die außerfamiliären Beziehungen wirken über die affektive und kommunikative Qualität innerfamiliärer Beziehungen auf das prosoziale Verhalten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Bayard
- Universität Zürich, Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development
| | - Tina Malti
- University of Toronto, Department of Psychology
| | - Marlis Buchmann
- Universität Zürich, Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development
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Legerski JP, Biggs BK, Greenhoot AF, Sampilo ML. Emotion Talk and Friend Responses Among Early Adolescent Same-sex Friend Dyads. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sarıtaş D, Grusec JE, Gençöz T. Warm and harsh parenting as mediators of the relation between maternal and adolescent emotion regulation. J Adolesc 2013; 36:1093-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Stevenson MM, Crnic KA. Activative Fathering Predicts Later Children's Behaviour Dysregulation and Sociability. EARLY CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND CARE 2013; 183:774-790. [PMID: 24039329 PMCID: PMC3770537 DOI: 10.1080/03004430.2012.723441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examined activative fathering observed during father-child interactions in the family home, focusing on the relation between activative fathering at child age 4 and children's behaviour dysregulation and sociability at child age 5. One hundred twenty-seven families participated in the study. Activative fathering was associated with later lower child dysregulation during a problem solving task, higher dysregulation during a wait task, and higher sociability in the home. Contrary to expectations, paternal control did not moderate these relations. Results are discussed in relation to father-child activation relationship theory.
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Stevenson M, Crnic K. Intrusive fathering, children's self-regulation and social skills: a mediation analysis. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2013; 57:500-512. [PMID: 22458354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2012.01549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fathers have unique influences on children's development, and particularly in the development of social skills. Although father-child relationship influences on children's social competence have received increased attention in general, research on fathering in families of children with developmental delays (DD) is scant. This study examined the pathway of influence among paternal intrusive behaviour, child social skills and child self-regulatory ability, testing a model whereby child regulatory behaviour mediates relations between fathering and child social skills. METHODS Participants were 97 families of children with early identified DD enrolled in an extensive longitudinal study. Father and mother child-directed intrusiveness was coded live in naturalistic home observations at child age 4.5, child behaviour dysregulation was coded from a video-taped laboratory problem-solving task at child age 5, and child social skills were measured using independent teacher reports at child age 6. Analyses tested for mediation of the relationship between fathers' intrusiveness and child social skills by child behaviour dysregulation. RESULTS Fathers' intrusiveness, controlling for mothers' intrusiveness and child behaviour problems, was related to later child decreased social skills and this relationship was mediated by child behaviour dysregulation. CONCLUSIONS Intrusive fathering appears to carry unique risk for the development of social skills in children with DD. Findings are discussed as they related to theories of fatherhood and parenting in children with DD, as well as implications for intervention and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.
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Batanova MD, Loukas A. What are the unique and interacting contributions of school and family factors to early adolescents' empathic concern and perspective taking? J Youth Adolesc 2012; 41:1382-91. [PMID: 22639382 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-012-9768-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Empathy in children has received considerable attention in the literature, but limited research has investigated the contributions of various socializing factors on both affective (e.g., empathic concern) and cognitive (e.g., perspective taking) components of empathy in early adolescents. Guided by socialization theories, this study examined the unique and interacting contributions of school connectedness and parent-child conflict to subsequent levels of both components of empathy across a 1-year period of time. Participants were 487 10- to 14- year old middle school students (54 % female; 76 % European-American) involved in two waves of a study with 1 year between each wave. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that, among girls, reports of parent-child conflict contributed to a decrease in empathic concern one year later, whereas school connectedness was a protective factor that offset the negative impact of parent-child conflict on girls' subsequent perspective taking. Alternatively, only boys' reports of school connectedness contributed to subsequent increases in both empathic concern and perspective taking 1 year later. Findings indicate that school connectedness and conflict with parents play different socializing roles for girls' and boys' empathic concern and perspective taking. The current study calls for further research and youth programs to consider the important contributions that socializing agents can make on both components of empathy for early adolescent girls and boys.
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Siu AMH, Shek DTL, Law B. Prosocial norms as a positive youth development construct: a conceptual review. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:832026. [PMID: 22666157 PMCID: PMC3361333 DOI: 10.1100/2012/832026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosocial norms like reciprocity, social responsibility, altruism, and volunteerism are ethical standards and beliefs that youth development programs often want to promote. This paper reviews evolutionary, social-cognitive, and developmental theories of prosocial development and analyzes how young people learn and adopt prosocial norms. The paper showed that very few current theories explicitly address the issue of how prosocial norms, in form of feelings of moral obligations, may be challenged by a norm of self-interest and social circumstances when prosocial acts are needed. It is necessary to develop theories which put prosocial norms as a central construct, and a new social cognitive theory of norm activation has the potential to help us understand how prosocial norms may be applied. This paper also highlights how little we know about young people perceiving and receiving prosocial norms and how influential of school policies and peer influence on the prosocial development. Lastly, while training of interpersonal competence (e.g., empathy, moral reasoning, etc.) was commonly used in the youth development, their effectiveness was not systematically evaluated. It will also be interesting to examine how computer and information technology or video games may be used in e-learning of prosocial norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M H Siu
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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Nelson JA, O'Brien M, Calkins SD, Leerkes EM, Marcovitch S, Blankson AN. Maternal Expressive Style and Children's Emotional Development. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2011; 21:267-286. [PMID: 24511279 DOI: 10.1002/icd.748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Maternal expressive styles, based on a combination of positive and negative expressive patterns, were identified at two points in time and related to multiple aspects of preschool children's emotional development. Mother-child pairs from 260 families participated when the children were 3 years old, and 240 participated again at aged 4 years. Expressive styles were identified at age 3 using cluster analysis, replicated at age 4 and examined in relation to children's emotional understanding, expressiveness and regulation. Three expressive styles were identified: high positive/low negative, very low positive/average negative and average positive/very high negative. Cluster membership was stable in 63% of families from age 3 to 4 years; no systematic patterns of change were evident in the remaining families. Expressive style was related to aspects of children's emotional expression at 3 years and to emotion expression and regulation at 4 years. Children's expressiveness and regulation at age 3 were also related to changes in mothers' expressive styles over 1 year. Identifying mothers' expressive styles provides a unique way to understand the potential role of the emotional climates in which preschool-aged children learn to express and regulate their own emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie A Nelson
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Marion O'Brien
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Susan D Calkins
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Esther M Leerkes
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Stuart Marcovitch
- Department of Psychology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
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Green S, Baker B. Parents' emotion expression as a predictor of child's social competence: children with or without intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2011; 55:324-38. [PMID: 21241394 PMCID: PMC4199636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents' expression of positive emotion towards children who are typically developing (TD) is generally associated with better social development. However, the association between parents' negative emotion expression and social development can be positive or negative depending upon a number of factors, including the child's emotion regulation abilities. Given the lower emotion regulation capabilities of children with intellectual disability (ID), we hypothesised that parents' negative emotion expression would be associated with lower social development in children with ID compared to those with TD. METHODS Participants were 180 families of children with or without ID enrolled in a longitudinal study. Parents' positive and negative affect were coded live from naturalistic home interactions at child ages 5-8 years, and child's social skills were measured by using mother report at child ages 6-9 years. We examined mothers' and fathers' emotion expression as a time-varying predictor of social skills across ages 5-9 years. RESULTS Mothers, but not fathers, expressed less positive affect and more negative affect with ID group children. Parents' positive affect expression was related to social skills only for TD children, with mothers' positive affect predicting higher social skills. Contrary to expectations, fathers' positive affect predicted lower social skills. Parents' negative affect predicted significantly lower social skills for children with ID than for children with TD. CONCLUSIONS Findings support the theory that low to moderate levels of negative expression may be less beneficial or detrimental for children with ID compared to children with TD. Implications for further research and intervention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Green
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Yagmurlu B, Sanson A. Parenting and temperament as predictors of prosocial behaviour in Australian and Turkish Australian children. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00049530802001338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Yagmurlu
- Department of Psychology, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ann Sanson
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Shackman JE, Fatani S, Camras LA, Berkowitz MJ, Bachorowski JA, Pollak SD. Emotion expression among abusive mothers is associated with their children's emotion processing and problem behaviours. Cogn Emot 2010; 24:1421-1430. [PMID: 25125772 DOI: 10.1080/02699930903399376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The current study evaluated the quality of facial and vocal emotional expressions in abusive and non-abusive mothers, and assessed whether mothers' emotional expression quality was related to their children's cognitive processing of emotion and behavioural problems. Relative to non-abusive mothers, abusive mothers produced less prototypical angry facial expressions, and less prototypical angry, happy, and sad vocal expressions. The intensity of mothers' facial and vocal expressions of anger was related to their children's externalising and internalising symptoms. Additionally, children's cognitive processing of their mothers' angry faces was related to the quality of mothers' facial expressions. Results are discussed with respect to the impact of early emotional learning environments on children's socioemotional development and risk for psychopathology.
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Hofer C, Eisenberg N, Reiser M. The Role of Socialization, Effortful Control, and Ego Resiliency in French Adolescents' Social Functioning. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2010; 20:555-582. [PMID: 21228912 PMCID: PMC3018075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The relations among effortful control, ego resiliency, socialization, and social functioning were examined with a sample of 182 French adolescents (14-20 years old). Adolescents, their parents, and/or teachers completed questionnaires on these constructs. Effortful control and ego resiliency were correlated with adolescents' social functioning, especially with low externalizing and internalizing behaviors and sometimes with high peer competence. Furthermore, aspects of socialization (parenting practices more than family expressiveness) were associated with adolescents' effortful control, ego resiliency, and social functioning. Effortful control and ego resiliency mediated the relations between parental socialization and adolescents' peer competence and internalizing problems. Furthermore, effortful control mediated the relations between socialization and adolescents' externalizing behavior. Findings are discussed in terms of cultural and developmental variation.
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Hyde LW, Shaw DS, Moilanen KL. Developmental precursors of moral disengagement and the role of moral disengagement in the development of antisocial behavior. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 38:197-209. [PMID: 19777337 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-009-9358-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to advance our understanding of the developmental precursors of Moral Disengagement (MD) and the role of MD in the development of antisocial behavior from early risk among an ethnically diverse sample of 187 low-income boys followed prospectively from ages 1.5 to 17. Results indicated associations between early rejecting parenting, neighborhood impoverishment, and child empathy and later MD. The link between some of these early constructs and later antisocial behavior was mediated by MD. Finally, in an exploratory path model both MD and biases in social information processing were found to mediate separate paths from early risk factors to later antisocial behavior. Results were partially consistent with the notion that adolescent MD was predicted by a combination of early family, neighborhood, and child risk factors, and that MD may be a mechanism underlying some boys' risk of antisocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W Hyde
- Department of Psychology & Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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REFERENCES. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5834.2008.00476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Vorgestellt wird eine deutsche Adaption des „Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire” (BEQ; Gross & John, 1995 ). Das Instrument erfasst mit Hilfe von 16 Items ökonomisch drei Dimensionen der Expressivität: Negative Expressivität, Positive Expressivität und Impulsintensität. In Studie 1 (n = 385) wurden mittels konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalyse die interne faktorielle Struktur und die psychometrischen Eigenschaften für die Faktoren des BEQ bestimmt. In einer Längsschnittstudie (Studie 2) wurden die Stabilität und Validität des BEQ untersucht: Zum ersten Messzeitpunkt wurde die selbstberichtete Expressivität von 220 Probanden erhoben. Zum zweiten Messzeitpunkt (sechs Monate später) wurden neben der selbstberichteten Expressivität für jeden Probanden zwei Fremdurteile sowie globale Maße der Persönlichkeit, positive und negative Affektivität und Maße der physischen und psychischen Gesundheit erfasst. Die Dimensionen des BEQ sind zeitlich stabil und positiv mit den Fremdurteilen korreliert. Negative Expressivität und Impulsintensität sind mit Neurotizismus, negativer Affektivität, physischen Beschwerden und Depressivität verbunden. Positive Expressivität ist mit Extraversion, Offenheit und positiver Affektivität assoziiert. Frauen zeigen im Vergleich zu Männern höhere Werte in allen Dimensionen des BEQ, welche mit Alter negativ korreliert sind.
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Eisenberg N, Hofer C, Spinrad TL, Gershoff ET, Valiente C, Losoya SH, Zhou Q, Cumberland A, Liew J, Reiser M, Maxon E. Understanding mother-adolescent conflict discussions: concurrent and across-time prediction from youths' dispositions and parenting. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2008; 73:vii-viii, 1-160. [PMID: 18702792 PMCID: PMC2553724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5834.2008.00470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is often thought of as a period during which the quality of parent-child interactions can be relatively stressed and conflictual. There are individual differences in this regard, however, with only a modest percent of youths experiencing extremely conflictual relationships with their parents. Nonetheless, there is relatively little empirical research on factors in childhood or adolescence that predict individual differences in the quality of parent-adolescent interactions when dealing with potentially conflictual issues. Understanding such individual differences is critical because the quality of both parenting and the parent-adolescent relationship is predictive of a range of developmental outcomes for adolescents. The goals of the research were to examine dispositional and parenting predictors of the quality of parents' and their adolescent children's emotional displays (anger, positive emotion) and verbalizations (negative or positive) when dealing with conflictual issues, and if prediction over time supported continuity versus discontinuity in the factors related to such conflict. We hypothesized that adolescents' and parents' conflict behaviors would be predicted by both childhood and concurrent parenting and child dispositions (and related problem behaviors) and that we would find evidence of both parent- and child-driven pathways. Mothers and adolescents (N5126, M age513 years) participated in a discussion of conflictual issues. A multimethod, multireporter (mother, teacher, and sometimes adolescent reports) longitudinal approach (over 4 years) was used to assess adolescents' dispositional characteristics (control/ regulation, resiliency, and negative emotionality), youths' externalizing problems, and parenting variables (warmth, positive expressivity, discussion of emotion, positive and negative family expressivity). Higher quality conflict reactions (i.e., less negative and/or more positive) were related to both concurrent and antecedent measures of children's dispositional characteristics and externalizing problems, with findings for control/regulation and negative emotionality being much more consistent for daughters than sons. Higher quality conflict reactions were also related to higher quality parenting in the past, positive rather than negative parent-child interactions during a contemporaneous nonconflictual task, and reported intensity of conflict in the past month. In growth curves, conflict quality was primarily predicted by the intercept (i.e., initial levels) of dispositional measures and parenting, although maintenance or less decrement in positive parenting, greater decline in child externalizing problems, and a greater increase in control/regulation over time predicted more desirable conflict reactions. In structural equation models in which an aspect of parenting and a child dispositional variable were used to predict conflict reactions, there was continuity of both type of predictors, parenting was a unique predictor of mothers' (but not adolescents') conflict reactions (and sometimes mediated the relations of child dispositions to conflict reactions), and child dispositions uniquely predicted adolescents' reactions and sometimes mothers' conflict reactions. The findings suggest that parent-adolescent conflict may be influenced by both child characteristics and quality of prior and concurrent parenting, and that in this pattern of relations, child effects are more evident than parent effects.
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