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Castillo-Galán S, Parra V, Cuenca J. Unraveling the pathogenesis of viral-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension: Possible new therapeutic avenues with mesenchymal stromal cells and their derivatives. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1871:167519. [PMID: 39332781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe condition characterized by elevated pressure in the pulmonary artery, where metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to its progression. Within the PH spectrum, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) stands out with its primary pulmonary vasculopathy. PAH's prevalence varies from 0.4 to 1.4 per 100,000 individuals and is associated with diverse conditions, including viral infections such as HIV. Notably, recent observations highlight an increased occurrence of PAH among COVID-19 patients, even in the absence of pre-existing cardiopulmonary disorders. While current treatments offer partial relief, there's a pressing need for innovative therapeutic strategies, among which mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and their derivatives hold promise. This review critically evaluates recent investigations into viral-induced PAH, encompassing pathogens like human immunodeficiency virus, herpesvirus, Cytomegalovirus, Hepatitis B and C viruses, SARS-CoV-2, and Human endogenous retrovirus K (HERKV), with a specific emphasis on mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, we explore the underlying rationale driving novel therapeutic modalities, including MSCs, extracellular vesicles, and mitochondrial interventions, within the framework of PAH management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Castillo-Galán
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Chile; IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Valentina Parra
- Laboratory of Differentiation and Cell Metabolism (D&M), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; SYSTEMIX Center for Systems Biology, O'Higgins University, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Jimena Cuenca
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Chile; IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile; Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile; Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile.
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2
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Tang S, Lu Y, Sun F, Qin Y, Harypursat V, Deng R, Zhang G, Chen Y, Wang T. Transcriptomic crosstalk between viral and host factors drives aberrant homeostasis of T-cell proliferation and cell death in HIV-infected immunological non-responders. J Infect 2024; 88:106151. [PMID: 38582127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunological non-responders (INRs) among people living with HIV have inherently higher mortality and morbidity rates. The underlying immunological mechanisms whereby failure of immune reconstitution occurs in INRs require elucidation. METHOD HIV-1 DNA and HIV-1 cell-associated RNA (CA-HIV RNA) quantifications were conducted via RT-qPCR. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), bioinformatics, and biological verifications were performed to discern the crosstalk between host and viral factors. Flow cytometry was employed to analyze cellular activation, proliferation, and death. RESULTS HIV-1 DNA and CA-HIV RNA levels were observed to be significantly higher in INRs compared to immunological responders (IRs). Evaluation of CD4/CD8 ratios showed a significantly negative correlation with HIV-1 DNA in IRs, but not in INRs. Bioinformatics analyses and biological verifications showed IRF7/INF-α regulated antiviral response was intensified in INRs. PBMCs of INRs expressed significantly more HIV integrase-mRNA (p31) than IRs. Resting (CD4+CD69- T-cells) and activated (CD4+CD69+ T-cells) HIV-1 reservoir harboring cells were significantly higher in INRs, with the co-occurrence of significantly higher cellular proliferation and cell death in CD4+ T-cells of INRs. CONCLUSION In INRs, the systematic crosstalk between the HIV-1 reservoir and host cells tends to maintain a persistent antiviral response-associated inflammatory environment, which drives aberrant cellular activation, proliferation, and death of CD4+ T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengquan Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China
| | - Yanqiu Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China
| | - Renni Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China
| | - Gong Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400036, China.
| | - Tong Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.
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Huang Y, Ji W, Zhang J, Huang Z, Ding A, Bai H, Peng B, Huang K, Du W, Zhao T, Li L. The involvement of the mitochondrial membrane in drug delivery. Acta Biomater 2024; 176:28-50. [PMID: 38280553 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Treatment effectiveness and biosafety are critical for disease therapy. Bio-membrane modification facilitates the homologous targeting of drugs in vivo by exploiting unique antibodies or antigens, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy while ensuring biosafety. To further enhance the precision of disease treatment, future research should shift focus from targeted cellular delivery to targeted subcellular delivery. As the cellular powerhouses, mitochondria play an indispensable role in cell growth and regulation and are closely involved in many diseases (e.g., cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases). The double-layer membrane wrapped on the surface of mitochondria not only maintains the stability of their internal environment but also plays a crucial role in fundamental biological processes, such as energy generation, metabolite transport, and information communication. A growing body of evidence suggests that various diseases are tightly related to mitochondrial imbalance. Moreover, mitochondria-targeted strategies hold great potential to decrease therapeutic threshold dosage, minimize side effects, and promote the development of precision medicine. Herein, we introduce the structure and function of mitochondrial membranes, summarize and discuss the important role of mitochondrial membrane-targeting materials in disease diagnosis/treatment, and expound the advantages of mitochondrial membrane-assisted drug delivery for disease diagnosis, treatment, and biosafety. This review helps readers understand mitochondria-targeted therapies and promotes the application of mitochondrial membranes in drug delivery. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Bio-membrane modification facilitates the homologous targeting of drugs in vivo by exploiting unique antibodies or antigens, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy while ensuring biosafety. Compared to cell-targeted treatment, targeting of mitochondria for drug delivery offers higher efficiency and improved biosafety and will promote the development of precision medicine. As a natural material, the mitochondrial membrane exhibits excellent biocompatibility and can serve as a carrier for mitochondria-targeted delivery. This review provides an overview of the structure and function of mitochondrial membranes and explores the potential benefits of utilizing mitochondrial membrane-assisted drug delivery for disease treatment and biosafety. The aim of this review is to enhance readers' comprehension of mitochondrial targeted therapy and to advance the utilization of mitochondrial membrane in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Huang
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wenhui Ji
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Ze Huang
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Future Display Institute in Xiamen, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Aixiang Ding
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Future Display Institute in Xiamen, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wei Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Tingting Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Lin Li
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Future Display Institute in Xiamen, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Xie L, Xu Y, Ding X, Li K, Liang S, Li D, Wang Y, Fu A, Yu W, Zhan X. Selenomethionine Attenuated H 2O 2-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis by Nrf2 in Chicken Liver Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1685. [PMID: 37759988 PMCID: PMC10525281 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies have shown that selenomethionine (SM) supplements in broiler breeders had higher deposition in eggs, further reduced the mortality of chicken embryos, and exerted a stronger antioxidant ability in offspring than sodium selenite (SS). Since previous studies also confirmed that Se deposition in eggs was positively correlated with maternal supplementation, this study aimed to directly investigate the antioxidant activities and underlying mechanisms of SS and SM on the chicken hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (LMH). The cytotoxicity results showed that the safe concentration of SM was up to 1000 ng/mL, while SS was 100 ng/mL. In Se treatments, both SS and SM significantly elevated mRNA stability and the protein synthesis rate of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), two Se-containing antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, SM exerted protective effects in the H2O2-induced oxidant stress model by reducing free radicals (including ROS, MDA, and NO) and elevating the activities of antioxidative enzymes, which performed better than SS. Furthermore, the results showed that cotreatment with SM significantly induced apoptosis induced by H2O2 on elevating the content of Bcl-2 and decreasing caspase-3. Moreover, investigations of the mechanism revealed that SM might exert antioxidant effects on H2O2-induced LMHs by activating the Nrf2 pathway and enhancing the activities of major antioxidant selenoenzymes downstream. These findings provide evidence for the effectiveness of SM on ameliorating H2O2-induced oxidative impairment and suggest SM has the potential to be used in the prevention or adjuvant treatment of oxidative-related impairment in poultry feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Xie
- Ministry of Agriculture and Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China, Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.X.); (Y.X.); (X.D.); (K.L.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (A.F.)
| | - Yibin Xu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China, Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.X.); (Y.X.); (X.D.); (K.L.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (A.F.)
| | - Xiaoqing Ding
- Ministry of Agriculture and Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China, Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.X.); (Y.X.); (X.D.); (K.L.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (A.F.)
| | - Kaixuan Li
- Ministry of Agriculture and Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China, Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.X.); (Y.X.); (X.D.); (K.L.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (A.F.)
| | - Shuang Liang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China, Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.X.); (Y.X.); (X.D.); (K.L.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (A.F.)
| | - Danlei Li
- Ministry of Agriculture and Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China, Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.X.); (Y.X.); (X.D.); (K.L.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (A.F.)
| | - Yongxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Aikun Fu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China, Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.X.); (Y.X.); (X.D.); (K.L.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (A.F.)
| | - Weixiang Yu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services Center of Haiyan, Jiaxing 314300, China
| | - Xiuan Zhan
- Ministry of Agriculture and Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China, Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.X.); (Y.X.); (X.D.); (K.L.); (S.L.); (D.L.); (A.F.)
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Blagov AV, Sukhorukov VN, Guo S, Zhang D, Popov MA, Orekhov AN. Impaired Mitochondrial Function in T-Lymphocytes as a Result of Exposure to HIV and ART. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071072. [PMID: 37048145 PMCID: PMC10093108 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a described phenomenon for a number of chronic and infectious diseases. At the same time, the question remains open: is this condition a consequence or a cause of the progression of the disease? In this review, we consider the role of the development of mitochondrial dysfunction in the progression of HIV (human immunodeficiency viruses) infection and the onset of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), as well as the direct impact of HIV on mitochondria. In addition, we will touch upon such an important issue as the effect of ART (Antiretroviral Therapy) drugs on mitochondria, since ART is currently the only effective way to curb the progression of HIV in infected patients, and because the identification of potential side effects can help to more consciously approach the development of new drugs in the treatment of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Blagov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Vasily N. Sukhorukov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Shuzhen Guo
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mikhail A. Popov
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI), 61/2, Shchepkin Street, Moscow 129110, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, Moscow 125315, Russia
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Sun K, White JC, He E, Van Gestel CAM, Qiu H. Surface Defects Regulate the in Vivo Bioenergetic Response of Earthworm Eisenia fetida Coelomocytes to Molybdenum Disulfide Nanosheets. ACS NANO 2023; 17:2639-2652. [PMID: 36651861 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (2D MoS2) nanomaterials are seeing increased use in several areas, and this will lead to their inevitable release into soils. Surface defects can occur on MoS2 nanosheets during synthesis or during environmental aging processes. The mechanisms of MoS2 nanosheet toxicity to soil invertebrates and the role of surface defects in that toxicity have not been fully elucidated. We integrated traditional toxicity end points, targeted energy metabolomics, and transcriptomics to compare the mechanistic differences in the toxicity of defect-free and defect-rich MoS2 nanosheets (DF-MoS2 and DR-MoS2) to Eisenia fetida using a coelomocyte-based in vivo assessment model. After organism-level exposure to DF-MoS2 for 96 h at 10 and 100 mg Mo/L, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were elevated by 25.6-96.6% and the activity of mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain (Mito-RETC) complex III was inhibited by 9.7-19.4%. The tricarboxylic acid cycling and glycolysis were also disrupted. DF-MoS2 preferentially up-regulated subcellular component motility processes related to microtubules and caused mitochondrial fission. Unlike DF-MoS2, DR-MoS2 triggered an increased degree of mitochondrial fusion, as well as more severe oxidative stress. The activities of Mito-RETC complexes (I, III, IV, V) associated with oxidative phosphorylation were significantly inhibited by 22.8-68.6%. Meanwhile, apoptotic pathways were activated upon DR-MoS2 exposure, which together with the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, mediated significant apoptosis. In turn, genes related to cellular homeostasis and energy release were up-regulated to compensate for DR-MoS2-induced energy deprivation. Our study indicates that MoS2 nanosheets have nanospecific effects on E. fetida and also that the role of surface defects from synthesis or that accumulate from environmental impacts needs to be fully considered when evaluating the toxicity of these 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailun Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jason C White
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Erkai He
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Cornelis A M Van Gestel
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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7
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Xie H, Peng J, Zhang X, Deng L, Ding Y, Zuo X, Wang F, Wu Y, Zhang J, Zhu Q. Effects of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation on trichloroethylene-mediated kidney immune injury. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 244:114067. [PMID: 36087465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the activating mechanism of the NLRP3 inflammasome in trichloroethylene-sensitized mice. In total, 88 BALB/c female mice were used to establish the trichloroethylene (TCE)-sensitized mouse model. Some of the mice received MitoTEMPO, MCC 950 or soluble recombinant CD59-Cys to inhibit mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production, NLRP3 assembly, or C5b-9 formation. Mouse tubular epithelial cell expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, Caspase 1, IL-1β, IL-18 and mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) were detected by western blot. Mitochondrial numbers, membrane potential (ΔΨm) and mtROS were detected by using MitoScene Green II, JC-1 dye and MitoSOX Red indicator, respectively. Tubular epithelial cell calcium levels were detected by a Fluo-8 no wash calcium assay kit. Human kidney-2 (HK-2) cells were cultured and stimulated by C5b6 and normal human serum (NHS) to verify the role of C5b-9-induced mitochondrial ROS in activating NLRP3 inflammasome. Urine α1-MG, β2-MG, and mtROS production and calcium levels were increased, while mitochondrial numbers were decreased in TCE-sensitized positive mice. After treatment with MitoTEMPO, renal tubular injury was alleviated, JC-1 fluorescence and mitochondrial numbers were significantly increased, and mitochondrial ROS were inhibited. The NLRP3 inflammasome was activated in TCE-sensitized positive mice, while Mito TEMPO inhibited MAVS expression and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The in vitro studies proved that C5b-9 can induce mtROS release and activate the assembly of NLRP3 inflammasome in HK-2 cells. In conclusion, in TCE-sensitized positive mouse renal tubular epithelial cells, C5b-9 caused calcium influx and thus induced mitochondrial injury and mtROS overexpression, finally inducing MAVS expression and NLRP3 inflammasome activation and kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Xie
- Department of Nephropathy, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiale Peng
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xuesong Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lihua Deng
- Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Disease, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yani Ding
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xulei Zuo
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yonggui Wu
- Department of Nephropathy, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Qixing Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.
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8
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Chen S, Xu Q, Wang J, Tan X. Effects of Artesunate Tablet on Immune Activation and Reconstitution Among Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy-Treated Patients with Incomplete Immune Responses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2022; 38:100-110. [PMID: 33913736 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of T cell activation is a better predictor of CD4+ T cell depletion in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) patients than viral load. Artesunate is an artemisinin derivative that has an immunomodulatory effect. This study investigated whether artesunate tablet reduces T cell activation and improves immune reconstitution among patients with suboptimal immune recovery despite receiving long-term effective HAART. This was a randomized prospective parallel open-label trial consisting of 45 participants whose plasma HIV load was effectively suppressed by HAART for >18 months and who had CD4+ T cell counts of <300 cells/μL or an increase of <20% from baseline. The patients were randomized 2:1 into the artesunate group or the control group and received artesunate tablets (orally, 50 mg two times daily) combined with HAART or HAART alone, respectively. T cell subsets, activation markers, clinical symptoms, viral load, and side effects were assessed. By 48 weeks, artesunate tablet did not improve CD4+ T cell recovery or reduce the activation of T cell subsets but induced in a smaller decline in the expression of T cell activation markers among HAART patients with incomplete immune responses. However, artesunate tablet did appear to reduce the level of T cell apoptosis. One subject developed moderate anemia. Long-term use of artesunate tablet is unlikely to produce substantial clinical benefits in patients receiving HAART who exhibit an incomplete immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyan Chen
- Artemisia annua Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihua Xu
- Artemisia annua Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Chinese Medicine Research Center for AIDS Prevention and Treatment, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghua Tan
- Hepatology Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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Barathan M, Riazalhosseini B, Iyadorai T, Vellasamy KM, Vadivelu J, Chang LY, Zulpa AK, Larsson M, Shankar EM, Mohamed R. Comparative expression of pro-inflammatory and apoptotic biosignatures in chronic HBV-infected patients with and without liver cirrhosis. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105231. [PMID: 34619310 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interplay of immune mediators is paramount to optimal host anti-viral immune responses, especially against chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Here, we investigated the dynamic changes in host immune responses in chronic HBV-infected individuals with and without liver cirrhosis by examining the signatures of apoptosis and plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and cytotoxic proteins. A total of 40 chronic HBV patients with and without liver cirrhosis were studied for plasma levels of immune mediators, and signatures of apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The intracellular concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in patients with chronic HBV with liver cirrhosis was relatively higher as compared to chronic HBV patients. The onset of apoptosis was sustained due to ongoing liver inflammation in concert with plasma TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Plasma VEGF was upregulated among chronic HBV patients with liver cirrhosis, whereas CCL2, CCL5 and granzyme B levels were down-regulated. High levels of ROS, IL-6 and TNF-α correlated with ongoing inflammation among chronic HBV patients with liver cirrhosis, which likely attributed to the expression of biosignatures of apoptosis and activation in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muttiah Barathan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Behnaz Riazalhosseini
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Thevambiga Iyadorai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Li-Yen Chang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Khusairy Zulpa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, 610 005, India.
| | - Rosmawati Mohamed
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
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Jao J, Jacobson DL, Russell JS, Wang J, Yu W, Gojanovich GS, Siminski S, Hyzy L, Geffner ME, Gerschenson M. Perinatally acquired HIV infection is associated with abnormal blood mitochondrial function during childhood/adolescence. AIDS 2021; 35:1385-1394. [PMID: 33730749 PMCID: PMC8243810 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed differences in mitochondrial function between youth living with perinatal HIV (YPHIV) and youth perinatally HIV-exposed but uninfected (YPHEU). DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis. METHODS We measured lactate and pyruvate values, as well as mitochondrial Complex I and Complex IV activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Logistic or linear regression models were fit, as appropriate, to assess the association between PHIV status and each mitochondrial parameter, adjusted for confounders. We introduced interaction terms to assess effect modification of PHIV status on the relationship between anthropometric factors and each mitochondrial parameter. Among YPHIV, similar regression models were fit to assess the relationship between HIV-associated factors and each mitochondrial outcome. RESULTS A total of 243 YPHIV and 118 YPHEU were compared. On average, YPHIV had higher lactate/pyruvate ratio (β: 7.511, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.402, 14.620) and Complex IV activity (β: 0.037, 95% CI: 0.002, 0.072) compared to YPHEU, adjusted for confounders. Among YPHIV, body mass index Z score (BMIZ) and Complex I activity were inversely associated, whereas, among YPHEU, there was a positive association (β for interaction: -0.048, P = 0.003). Among YPHIV, current (β: -0.789, 95% CI: -1.174, -0.404) and nadir CD4+% (β: -0.605, 95% CI: -1.086, -0.125) were inversely associated with lactate/pyruvate ratio; higher current (4.491, 95% CI: 0.754, 8.229) and peak (7.978, 95% CI: 1.499, 14.457) HIV RNA levels were positively associated with lactate/pyruvate ratio in adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial function and substrate utilization appear perturbed in YPHIV compared to YPHEU. Increasing immunosuppression and viremia are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction among YPHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Jao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Division of Adult Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Denise L Jacobson
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Jonathan S Russell
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Wendy Yu
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Greg S Gojanovich
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI
| | - Sue Siminski
- Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation, Amherst Office, NY
| | - Laurie Hyzy
- Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation, Amherst Office, NY
| | - Mitchell E Geffner
- The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mariana Gerschenson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI
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11
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Schank M, Zhao J, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. The Impact of HIV- and ART-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cellular Senescence and Aging. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010174. [PMID: 33467074 PMCID: PMC7830696 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the WHO, 38 million individuals were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 25.4 million of which were using antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the end of 2019. Despite ART-mediated suppression of viral replication, ART is not a cure and is associated with viral persistence, residual inflammation, and metabolic disturbances. Indeed, due to the presence of viral reservoirs, lifelong ART therapy is required to control viremia and prevent disease progression into acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Successful ART treatment allows people living with HIV (PLHIV) to achieve a similar life expectancy to uninfected individuals. However, recent studies have illustrated the presence of increased comorbidities, such as accelerated, premature immune aging, in ART-controlled PLHIV compared to uninfected individuals. Studies suggest that both HIV-infection and ART-treatment lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, ultimately resulting in cellular exhaustion, senescence, and apoptosis. Since mitochondria are essential cellular organelles for energy homeostasis and cellular metabolism, their compromise leads to decreased oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), ATP synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and beta-oxidation, abnormal cell homeostasis, increased oxidative stress, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and upregulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations and cellular apoptosis. The progressive mitochondrial damage induced by HIV-infection and ART-treatment likely contributes to accelerated aging, senescence, and cellular dysfunction in PLHIV. This review discusses the connections between mitochondrial compromise and cellular dysfunction associated with HIV- and ART-induced toxicities, providing new insights into how HIV and current ART directly impact mitochondrial functions and contribute to cellular senescence and aging in PLHIV. Identifying this nexus and potential mechanisms may be beneficial in developing improved therapeutics for treating PLHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Schank
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +423-439-8063; Fax: +423-439-7010
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12
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Mitochondrial electron transport chain: Oxidative phosphorylation, oxidant production, and methods of measurement. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101674. [PMID: 32811789 PMCID: PMC7767752 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial electron transport chain utilizes a series of electron transfer reactions to generate cellular ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. A consequence of electron transfer is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which contributes to both homeostatic signaling as well as oxidative stress during pathology. In this graphical review we provide an overview of oxidative phosphorylation and its inter-relationship with ROS production by the electron transport chain. We also outline traditional and novel translational methodology for assessing mitochondrial energetics in health and disease.
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13
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Petrus AT, Lighezan DL, Danila MD, Duicu OM, Sturza A, Muntean DM, Ionita I. Assessment of platelet respiration as emerging biomarker of disease. Physiol Res 2019; 68:347-363. [PMID: 30904011 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is currently acknowledged as a central pathomechanism of most common diseases of the 21(st) century. Recently, the assessment of the bioenergetic profile of human peripheral blood cells has emerged as a novel research field with potential applications in the development of disease biomarkers. In particular, platelets have been successfully used for the ex vivo analysis of mitochondrial respiratory function in several acute and chronic pathologies. An increasing number of studies support the idea that evaluation of the bioenergetic function in circulating platelets may represent the peripheral signature of mitochondrial dysfunction in metabolically active tissues (brain, heart, liver, skeletal muscle). Accordingly, impairment of mitochondrial respiration in peripheral platelets might have potential clinical applicability as a diagnostic and prognostic tool as well as a biomarker in treatment monitoring. The aim of this minireview is to summarize current information in the field of platelet mitochondrial dysfunction in both acute and chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Petrus
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania and Department of Functional Sciences - Pathophysiology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania.
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14
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Mesquita EC, Hottz ED, Amancio RT, Carneiro AB, Palhinha L, Coelho LE, Grinsztejn B, Zimmerman GA, Rondina MT, Weyrich AS, Bozza PT, Bozza FA. Persistent platelet activation and apoptosis in virologically suppressed HIV-infected individuals. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14999. [PMID: 30301959 PMCID: PMC6178345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases and thrombotic events became major clinical problems in the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) era. Although the precise mechanisms behind these clinical problems have not been fully elucidated, a persistent pro-inflammatory state plays a central role. As platelets play important roles on both, thrombus formation and inflammatory/immune response, we aimed at investigating platelet function in HIV-infected subjects virologically controlled through cART. We evaluate parameters of activation, mitochondrial function and activation of apoptosis pathways in platelets from 30 HIV-infected individuals under stable cART and 36 healthy volunteers. Despite viral control achieved through cART, HIV-infected individuals exhibited increased platelet activation as indicated by P-selectin expression and platelet spreading when adhered on fibrinogen-coated surfaces. Platelets from HIV-infected subjects also exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of apoptosis pathways. Finally, thrombin stimuli induced lower levels of P-selectin translocation and RANTES secretion, but not TXA2 synthesis, in platelets from HIV-infected individuals compared to control; and labeling of platelet alpha granules showed reduced granule content in platelets from HIV-infected individuals when compared to healthy subjects. In summary, platelets derived from HIV-infected individuals under stable cART exhibit a phenotype of increased activation, activation of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis and undermined granule secretion in response to thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emersom C Mesquita
- Laboratório de Medicina Intensiva, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eugenio D Hottz
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo T Amancio
- Laboratório de Medicina Intensiva, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alan B Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lohanna Palhinha
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lara E Coelho
- Laboratório de HIV, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Laboratório de HIV, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guy A Zimmerman
- Molecular Medicine Program and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Matthew T Rondina
- Molecular Medicine Program and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Andrew S Weyrich
- Molecular Medicine Program and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Bozza
- Laboratório de Medicina Intensiva, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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15
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Garg H, Joshi A. Host and Viral Factors in HIV-Mediated Bystander Apoptosis. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080237. [PMID: 28829402 PMCID: PMC5579491 DOI: 10.3390/v9080237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections lead to a progressive loss of CD4 T cells primarily via the process of apoptosis. With a limited number of infected cells and vastly disproportionate apoptosis in HIV infected patients, it is believed that apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells plays a significant role in this process. Disease progression in HIV infected individuals is highly variable suggesting that both host and viral factors may influence HIV mediated apoptosis. Amongst the viral factors, the role of Envelope (Env) glycoprotein in bystander apoptosis is well documented. Recent evidence on the variability in apoptosis induction by primary patient derived Envs underscores the role of Env glycoprotein in HIV disease. Amongst the host factors, the role of C-C Chemokine Receptor type 5 (CCR5), a coreceptor for HIV Env, is also becoming increasingly evident. Polymorphisms in the CCR5 gene and promoter affect CCR5 cell surface expression and correlate with both apoptosis and CD4 loss. Finally, chronic immune activation in HIV infections induces multiple defects in the immune system and has recently been shown to accelerate HIV Env mediated CD4 apoptosis. Consequently, those factors that affect CCR5 expression and/or immune activation in turn indirectly regulate HIV mediated apoptosis making this phenomenon both complex and multifactorial. This review explores the complex role of various host and viral factors in determining HIV mediated bystander apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Garg
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Dr., El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
| | - Anjali Joshi
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Dr., El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
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16
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CCR5 promoter activity correlates with HIV disease progression by regulating CCR5 cell surface expression and CD4 T cell apoptosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:232. [PMID: 28331180 PMCID: PMC5427887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR5 is the major co-receptor for HIV and polymorphisms in the CCR5 gene as well as promoter region that alter cell surface expression have been associated with disease progression. We determined the relationship between CCR5 promoter polymorphisms and CD4 decline and other immunopathological features like immune activation and CD4+ T cell apoptosis in HIV patients. CCR5 promoter haplotype HHC was significantly associated with higher CD4 counts in patients. The relative promoter activity (RPA) of each haplotype was determined in vitro and combined promoter activity based on both alleles (CRPA) was assigned to each patients. Interestingly, CCR5 CRPA correlated inversely with CD4 counts and CD4:CD8 ratio specifically in viremic patients. In normal individuals, the CRPA correlated with the number of CCR5+ CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood suggesting an effect on CCR5 expression. In a subset of high viremic patients harboring R5 tropic HIV, there was a strong correlation between CCR5 CRPA and both CD4 counts and CD4 T cell apoptosis. Our study demonstrates that, CCR5 promoter polymorphisms correlate with CD4 T cell loss possibly by regulating CD4 T cell apoptosis in HIV patients. Furthermore, assigning CRPAs to each patient is a new method of translating genotype to phenotype.
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17
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Jones N, Piasecka J, Bryant AH, Jones RH, Skibinski DOF, Francis NJ, Thornton CA. Bioenergetic analysis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 182:69-80. [PMID: 26032049 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucocytes respond rapidly to pathogenic and other insults, with responses ranging from cytokine production to migration and phagocytosis. These are bioenergetically expensive, and increased glycolytic flux provides adenosine triphosphate (ATP) rapidly to support these essential functions. However, much of this work is from animal studies. To understand more clearly the relative role of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in human leucocytes, especially their utility in a translational research setting, we undertook a study of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) bioenergetics. Glycolysis was essential during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α production, as 2-deoxy-D-glucose decreased significantly the output of all three cytokines. After optimizing cell numbers and the concentrations of all activators and inhibitors, oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis profiles of fresh and cryopreserved/resuscitated MNCs were determined to explore the utility of MNCs for determining the bioenergetics health profile in multiple clinical settings. While the LPS-induced cytokine response did not differ significantly between fresh and resuscitated cells from the same donors, cryopreservation/resuscitation significantly affected mainly some measures of oxidative phosphorylation, but also glycolysis. Bioenergetics analysis of human MNCs provides a quick, effective means to measure the bioenergetics health index of many individuals, but cryopreserved cells are not suitable for such an analysis. The translational utility of this approach was tested by comparing MNCs of pregnant and non-pregnant women to reveal increased bioenergetics health index with pregnancy but significantly reduced basal glycolysis and glycolytic capacity. More detailed analysis of discrete leucocyte populations would be required to understand the relative roles of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation during inflammation and other immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jones
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - J Piasecka
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - A H Bryant
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - R H Jones
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - D O F Skibinski
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Nigel J Francis
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - C A Thornton
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Toor JS, Singh S, Sharma A, Arora SK. Mycobacterium tuberculosis modulates the gene interactions to activate the HIV replication and faster disease progression in a co-infected host. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106815. [PMID: 25198707 PMCID: PMC4157787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the chronic immune activation, breakdown of immune defense and synergistic effect between HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) may provide essential information regarding key factors involved in the pathogenesis of HIV disease. In this study, we aimed to highlight a few of the immunological events that may influence and accelerate the progression of HIV disease in the presence of co-infecting Mtb. A cross-sectional study was performed on cohorts, including anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) naïve active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients, antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve HIV-1 infected individuals at different stages of disease, ATT and ART naïve HIV-PTB co-infected individuals and healthy controls. A significantly higher T-regulatory cell (Treg) frequency coupled with the high FoxP3 expression in the CD4 T-cells indicated an immunosuppressive environment in the advance stage of HIV-1 infection. This is further substantiated by high HO-1 expression favoring TB co-infection. Functionally, this change in Treg frequency in HIV-1 infected individuals correlated well with suppression of T-cell proliferation. Mtb infection seems to facilitate the expansion of the Treg pool along with increased expression of FoxP3, specifically the variant-1, as evident from the data in HIV-1 co-infected as well as in patients with only PTB. A significantly lower expression of HO-1 in co-infected individuals compared to patients with only HIV-infection having comparable CD4 count correlated well with increased expression of CCR5 and CxCR4 as well as NF-κB and inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, which collectively may contribute to enhanced viral replication and increased cell death, hence faster disease progression in co-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep S. Toor
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sukhvinder Singh
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunil K. Arora
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Bioenergetics has become central to our understanding of pathological mechanisms, the
development of new therapeutic strategies and as a biomarker for disease progression
in neurodegeneration, diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease. A key concept is
that the mitochondrion can act as the ‘canary in the coal mine’ by
serving as an early warning of bioenergetic crisis in patient populations. We propose
that new clinical tests to monitor changes in bioenergetics in patient populations
are needed to take advantage of the early and sensitive ability of bioenergetics to
determine severity and progression in complex and multifactorial diseases. With the
recent development of high-throughput assays to measure cellular energetic function
in the small number of cells that can be isolated from human blood these clinical
tests are now feasible. We have shown that the sequential addition of
well-characterized inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation allows a bioenergetic
profile to be measured in cells isolated from normal or pathological samples. From
these data we propose that a single value–the Bioenergetic Health Index
(BHI)–can be calculated to represent the patient's composite mitochondrial
profile for a selected cell type. In the present Hypothesis paper, we discuss how BHI
could serve as a dynamic index of bioenergetic health and how it can be measured in
platelets and leucocytes. We propose that, ultimately, BHI has the potential to be a
new biomarker for assessing patient health with both prognostic and diagnostic
value.
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High producer haplotype (CAG) of -863C/A, -308G/A and -238G/A polymorphisms in the promoter region of TNF-α gene associate with enhanced apoptosis of lymphocytes in HIV-1 subtype C infected individuals from North India. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98020. [PMID: 24837009 PMCID: PMC4024031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The natural history of HIV-1 infection and its progression towards AIDS vary considerably among individuals. Host genetic factors may be one of the possible reasons for variable HIV-1 disease progression. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of TNF-α gene can influence its production. The aim of the present study was to determine the association of functional TNF-α SNPs and its associated parameters related to apoptosis that may influence the rate of HIV-1 disease progression. Methods Therapy naive, 100 HIV slow progressors (SPs), 100 HIV fast progressors (FPs), 50 HIV exposed but seronegative individuals (ESNs) and 260 healthy controls from same ethnic origin were recruited. Genotyping of TNF-α variants (−863C/A, -308G/A and -238G/A) was done using PCR-RFLP. CD4 counts were determined by flow cytometry. Plasma viral load was estimated by COBAS AMPLICOR HIV-1 monitor test. Plasma TNF-α concentration was estimated by Human CBA Th1/Th2 cytokine kit. The lymphocyte mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by JC-1 dye by flow cytometry. Results Genotype and allele frequency of TNF-α -238G/A and -863C/A was not significantly different in HIV-1-infected patients when compared to controls, while that of TNF-α -308G/A variant (high TNF-α producer) was significantly higher in FPs compared to SPs (p<0.01, OR = 3.43). Haplotype analyses also showed that carriers of high TNF-α producing haplotype CAG was significantly more common among FPs compared to SPs (p<0.01, OR = 3). The circulating TNF-α levels in blood also correlated well with genotypes. The lymphocyte mitochondrial membrane potential of FPs having CAG haplotype was significantly low as compared to wild type (CGG) haplotype (417±22 vs 571±28, p<0.01). Conclusion High producer haplotype, CAG of TNF-α gene associates with enhanced apoptosis of lymphocytes in HIV-1 infected individuals, hence faster progression to AIDS. However, further functional studies are needed to confirm this association and this knowledge may help clinicians to better understand the disease outcome.
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Abstract
Apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells is a key element of HIV pathogenesis and believed to be the driving force behind the selective depletion of CD4+ T cells leading to immunodeficiency. While several viral proteins have been implicated in this process the complex interaction between Env glycoprotein expressed on the surface of infected cells and the receptor and co-receptor expressing bystander cells has been proposed as a major mechanism. HIV-1 utilizes CD4 as the primary receptor for entry into cells; however, it is the viral co-receptor usage that greatly influences CD4 decline and progression to AIDS. This phenomenon is relatively simple for X4 viruses, which arise later during the course of the disease, are considered to be highly fusogenic, and cause a rapid CD4+ T cell decline. However, in contrast, R5 viruses in general have a greater transmissibility, are encountered early during the disease and have a lesser pathogenic potential than the former. The above generalization gets complicated in numerous situations where R5 viruses persist throughout the disease and are capable of causing a rigorous CD4+ T cell decline. This review will discuss the multiple factors that are reported to influence HIV induced bystander apoptosis and pathogenesis including Env glycoprotein phenotype, virus tropism, disease stage, co-receptor expression on CD4+ T cells, immune activation and therapies targeting the viral envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Garg
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Disease, Department of Biomedical Science, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Dr, MSB-1 Annex, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
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Perrin S, Cremer J, Roll P, Faucher O, Ménard A, Reynes J, Dellamonica P, Naqvi A, Micallef J, Jouve E, Tamalet C, Solas C, Pissier C, Arnoux I, Nicolino-Brunet C, Espinosa L, Lévy N, Kaspi E, Robaglia-Schlupp A, Poizot-Martin I, Cau P. HIV-1 infection and first line ART induced differential responses in mitochondria from blood lymphocytes and monocytes: the ANRS EP45 "Aging" study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41129. [PMID: 22829920 PMCID: PMC3400613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ANRS EP45 "Aging" study investigates the cellular mechanisms involved in the accelerated aging of HIV-1 infected and treated patients. The data reported focus on mitochondria, organelles known to be involved in cell senescence. METHODS 49 HIV-1 infected patients untreated with antiretroviral therapy, together with 49 seronegative age- and sex-matched control subjects and 81 HIV-1 infected and treated patients, were recruited by 3 AIDS centres (Marseille, Montpellier, Nice; France; http://clinicaltrials.gov/, NCT01038999). In more than 88% of treated patients, the viral load was <40 copies/ml and the CD4+ cell count was >500/mm(3). ROS (reactive oxygen species) production and ΔΨm (inner membrane potential) were measured by flow cytometry in blood lymphocytes and monocytes (functional parameters). Three mitochondrial network quantitative morphological parameters were computed using confocal microscopy and image analysis. Three PBMC mitochondrial proteins (porin and subunits 2 and 4 of cytochrome C oxidase encoded by mtDNA or nuclear DNA, respectively) were analysed by western blotting. RESULTS Quantitative changes in PBMC mitochondrial proteins were not induced by either HIV-1 infection or ART. Discriminant analysis integrating functional (ROS production and ΔΨm) or morphological (network volume density, fragmentation and branching) parameters revealed HIV-1 infection and ART differential effects according to cell type. First line ART tended to rescue lymphocyte mitochondrial parameters altered by viral infection, but induced slight changes in monocytes. No statistical difference was found between the effects of three ART regimens on mitochondrial parameters. Correlations between functional parameters and viral load confirmed the damaging effects of HIV-1 in lymphocyte mitochondria. CONCLUSIONS In patients considered to be clinically stable, mitochondria exhibited functional and morphological modifications in PBMCs resulting from either direct or indirect effects of HIV-1 infection (lymphocytes), or from first line ART (monocytes). Together with other tissue impairments, these changes may contribute to global aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Perrin
- Inserm UMR 910, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Jonathan Cremer
- Inserm UMR 910, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Patrice Roll
- Inserm UMR 910, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Olivia Faucher
- Service d’Immuno-Hématologie Clinique, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) Sainte Marguerite AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Amélie Ménard
- Service d’Immuno-Hématologie Clinique, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) Sainte Marguerite AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Jacques Reynes
- Département des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHRU (Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire) Gui-de-Chauliac, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Dellamonica
- Service d’Infectiologie, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) L’Archet 1, Nice, France
| | - Alissa Naqvi
- Service d’Infectiologie, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) L’Archet 1, Nice, France
| | - Joëlle Micallef
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique - Unité de Pharmacologie Clinique et d’Evaluations Thérapeutiques (CIC-UPCET), CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Elisabeth Jouve
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique - Unité de Pharmacologie Clinique et d’Evaluations Thérapeutiques (CIC-UPCET), CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Tamalet
- Fédération de Microbiologie Clinique, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
- URMITE CNRS-IRD UMR 6236, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Solas
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et de Toxicologie, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
- Inserm UMR U911, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Christel Pissier
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et de Toxicologie, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
- Inserm UMR U911, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Arnoux
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Corine Nicolino-Brunet
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Conception AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Léon Espinosa
- URMITE CNRS-IRD UMR 6236, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Lévy
- Inserm UMR 910, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Génetique Moléculaire, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Elise Kaspi
- Inserm UMR 910, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Andrée Robaglia-Schlupp
- Inserm UMR 910, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Poizot-Martin
- Service d’Immuno-Hématologie Clinique, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) Sainte Marguerite AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Cau
- Inserm UMR 910, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) La Timone AP-HM (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille), Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Wang Y, Kuro-o M, Sun Z. Klotho gene delivery suppresses Nox2 expression and attenuates oxidative stress in rat aortic smooth muscle cells via the cAMP-PKA pathway. Aging Cell 2012; 11:410-7. [PMID: 22260450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2012.00796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Klotho is a recently discovered anti-aging gene. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether klotho gene transfer attenuates superoxide production and oxidative stress in rat aorta smooth muscle (RASM) cells. RASM cells were transfected with AAV plasmids carrying mouse klotho full-length cDNA (mKL) or LacZ as a control. Klotho gene transfer increased klotho expression in RASM cells. Notably, klotho gene expression decreased Nox2 NADPH oxidase protein expression but did not affect Nox2 mRNA expression, suggesting that the inhibition may occur at the posttranscriptional level. Klotho gene transfer decreased intracellular superoxide production and oxidative stress in RASM cells. Klotho gene expression also significantly attenuated the angiotensin II (AngII)-induced superoxide production, oxidative damage, and apoptosis. Interestingly, klotho gene delivery dose dependently increased the intracellular cAMP level and PKA activity in RASM cells. Rp-cAMP, a competitive inhibitor of cAMP, abolished the klotho-induced increase in PKA activity, indicating that klotho activated PKA via cAMP. Notably, inhibition of cAMP-dependent PKA activity by RP-cAMP abolished klotho-induced inhibition of Nox2 protein expression, suggesting an important role of cAMP-dependent PKA in this process. This finding revealed a previously unidentified role of klotho in regulating Nox2 protein expression in RASM cells. Klotho not only downregulated Nox2 protein expression and intracellular superoxide production but also attenuated AngII-induced superoxide production, oxidative damage, and apoptosis. The klotho-induced suppression of Nox2 protein expression may be mediated by the cAMP-PKA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Wang Y, Kuro-o M, Sun Z. Klotho gene delivery suppresses Nox2 expression and attenuates oxidative stress in rat aortic smooth muscle cells via the cAMP-PKA pathway. Aging Cell 2012. [PMID: 22260450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2012.00796.x.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Klotho is a recently discovered anti-aging gene. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether klotho gene transfer attenuates superoxide production and oxidative stress in rat aorta smooth muscle (RASM) cells. RASM cells were transfected with AAV plasmids carrying mouse klotho full-length cDNA (mKL) or LacZ as a control. Klotho gene transfer increased klotho expression in RASM cells. Notably, klotho gene expression decreased Nox2 NADPH oxidase protein expression but did not affect Nox2 mRNA expression, suggesting that the inhibition may occur at the posttranscriptional level. Klotho gene transfer decreased intracellular superoxide production and oxidative stress in RASM cells. Klotho gene expression also significantly attenuated the angiotensin II (AngII)-induced superoxide production, oxidative damage, and apoptosis. Interestingly, klotho gene delivery dose dependently increased the intracellular cAMP level and PKA activity in RASM cells. Rp-cAMP, a competitive inhibitor of cAMP, abolished the klotho-induced increase in PKA activity, indicating that klotho activated PKA via cAMP. Notably, inhibition of cAMP-dependent PKA activity by RP-cAMP abolished klotho-induced inhibition of Nox2 protein expression, suggesting an important role of cAMP-dependent PKA in this process. This finding revealed a previously unidentified role of klotho in regulating Nox2 protein expression in RASM cells. Klotho not only downregulated Nox2 protein expression and intracellular superoxide production but also attenuated AngII-induced superoxide production, oxidative damage, and apoptosis. The klotho-induced suppression of Nox2 protein expression may be mediated by the cAMP-PKA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Zhang L, Jia X, Zhang X, Sun J, Peng X, Qi T, Ma F, Yin L, Yao Y, Qiu C, Lu H. Proteomic analysis of PBMCs: characterization of potential HIV-associated proteins. Proteome Sci 2010; 8:12. [PMID: 20222986 PMCID: PMC2850332 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-8-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pandemic has continued unabated for nearly 30 years. To better understand the influence of virus on host cells, we performed the differential proteome research of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HIV-positive patients and healthy controls. Results 26 protein spots with more than 1.5-fold difference were detected in two dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) gels. 12 unique up-regulated and one down-regulated proteins were identified in HIV-positive patients compared with healthy donors. The mRNA expression of 10 genes was analyzed by real time RT-PCR. It shows that the mRNA expression of talin-1, vinculin and coronin-1C were up-regulated in HIV positive patients and consistent with protein expression. Western blotting analysis confirmed the induction of fragments of vinculin, talin-1 and filamin-A in pooled and most part of individual HIV-positive clinical samples. Bioinformatic analysis showed that a wide host protein network was disrupted in HIV-positive patients. Conclusions Together, this work provided useful information to facilitate further investigation of the underlying mechanism of HIV and host cell protein interactions, and discovered novel potential biomarkers such as fragment of vinculin, filamin-A and talin-1 for anti-HIV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Jia
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Neurosurgery, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou 350025, PR China
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, PR China
| | - Xia Peng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, PR China
| | - Tangkai Qi
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, PR China
| | - Fang Ma
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, PR China
| | - Lin Yin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, PR China
| | - Yamin Yao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, PR China
| | - Chao Qiu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, PR China
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