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Ergin Ç, Kurt Ö, Türkoğlu M, Sevinç H, Akbaba G. Evaluation of novel cosmetic shampoo formulations against Malassezia species: Preliminary results of anti-dandruff shampoo formulations. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:2078-2083. [PMID: 38544350 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Malassezia species are common, clinically relevant, and lipid-dependent yeasts of humans. They are also the leading causes of the dandruff problem of humans, and the azoles are used primarily in their topical and systemic treatment. Resistance to azoles is an emerging problem among Malassezia sp., which indicates the need of new drug assessments that will be effective against dandruff and limit the use of azoles and other agents in treatment. Among them, the efficacy of various combinations of piroctone olamine and climbazole against Malassezia sp. is highly important. Here, we assessed the efficacies of various piroctone olamine and climbazole formulations against Malassezia sp. in comparison with ketoconazole. METHODS A total of nine formulations were included in the study, where each formulation was prepared from different concentrations of piroctone olamine and climbazole and both. All formulations contained the same ingredients as water, surfactants, hair conditioning agents, and preservatives. Malassezia furfur CBS1878, Malassezia globosa CBS7874, and Malassezia sympodialis CBS9570 were tested for antifungal susceptibility of each formulation by agar diffusion method. Sizes of the inhibition zones were compared with standard medical shampoo containing 2% ketoconazole, and the data were analyzed by Dunnett's multiple-comparison test. RESULTS For all Malassezia sp. strains, climbazole 0.5% and piroctone olamine/climbazole (0.1%/0.1% and 0.1%/0.5%) combinations were found to have the same effect as the medical shampoo containing 2% ketoconazole. Piroctone olamine/climbazole 1.0%/0.1% formulation showed the same efficacy as 2% ketoconazole on M. furfur and M. sympodialis, while 0.1%/0.5% formulation to only M. furfur. For M. globosa, none of the formulations tested were as effective as ketoconazole. CONCLUSION The species distribution of Malassezia sp. varies depending on the anatomical location on the host. According to the results of this study, climbazole and piroctone olamine combinations seem to be promising options against the dandruff problem with their high antifungal/anti dandruff efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağrı Ergin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Pamukkale University School of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Özgür Kurt
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ndiaye D, Perceau M, Lorcin M, Denis F, Gaté L. Antifungal climbazole alters androgenic pathways in mammalian cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 99:105854. [PMID: 38795739 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Among antifungal agents used in pharmaceuticals and personal care products, the synthetic azole climbazole (CBZ; 1-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1-(imidazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one) acts on the fungus Malassezia. Despite concerns surrounding its effects on health, based on alterations to reproduction and steroidogenesis found in fish, little is known about its mechanism of action as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) in mammalian cells. In this study, using OECD test guidelines, we investigated the effects of CBZ (i) in H295R cells, on the production of estradiol and testosterone, as well as intermediate metabolites in steroidogenesis pathway, and (ii) in HeLa9903 and AR-EcoScreen cell lines, on the transactivation of estrogen and androgen receptors. Our results are the first evidence in H295R cells, that CBZ treatment (from 0.3 μM) decreased secreted levels of testosterone and estradiol. This was associated with reduced 17α-hydroxypregnenolone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone levels. The altered levels of these metabolites were associated with a decrease in cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (Cyp17A1) activity without any effect on its protein level. CBZ was also found to exert antagonistic effects toward androgen and estrogen α receptors. These results give insights into the toxicological mechanism of action of CBZ. Many azoles share structural similarities; therefore, caution should be adopted due to their potential toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieynaba Ndiaye
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France.
| | - Marie Perceau
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Mylène Lorcin
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Flavien Denis
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Laurent Gaté
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
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Filatov VA, Ilin EA, Kulyak OY, Kalenikova EI. Development and Validation of a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for the Analysis of the Novel Plant-Based Substance with Antimicrobial Activity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1558. [PMID: 37887259 PMCID: PMC10603869 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12101558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The research into new pharmaceutical substances based on essential oils, individual biologically active phytochemicals, and plant extracts is a priority in field of pharmaceutical sciences. A novel multicomponent substance based on Melaleuca alternifolia (M. alternifolia) leaf oil (TTO), 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol), and (-)-α-bisabolol with potent synergetic antimicrobial activity was investigated and suggested for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis (SD) and dandruff. The objective of this research was to establish and validate a specific, accurate, and precise gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for further quantitative and qualitative analysis in order to ensure quality control. The main parameters of validation were suitability, specificity, linearity, accuracy, and intermediate precision according to the European Pharmacopoeia (XI edition), Russian Pharmacopoeia (XIV edition), and some parameters of ICH requirements. The peaks of fifteen chemical phytoconstituents were identified in the test sample solution with the prevalence of (-)-α-bisabolol (27.67%), 1,8-cineole (25.63%), and terpinen-4-ol (16.98%). These phytochemicals in the novel substance were chosen for standardization and validation of the GC-MS method. The chosen chromatographic conditions were confirmed for testing of the plant-based substance in a suitability test. It was established that the GC-MS method provides a significant separation, symmetry of peaks and resolution between phytochemicals. The calibration curves of each phytochemical had good linearity (R2 > 0.999) in five concentrations. In the same concertation range, the accuracy of terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-cineol, and (-)-α-bisabolol determination using the method of additives was 98.3-101.60%; the relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from 0.89% to 1.51% and corresponded to requirements. The intraday and interday precision was ≤2.56%. Thus, the GC-MS method was validated to be specific, sensitive, linear, accurate, and precise. This GC-MS method could be recommended as a routine analytic technique for multicomponent plant-based substances-enriched terpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor A. Filatov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Organization of Pharmaceutical Business, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (O.Y.K.); (E.I.K.)
- Science Center, SkyLab AG, 1066 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Egor A. Ilin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olesya Yu. Kulyak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Organization of Pharmaceutical Business, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (O.Y.K.); (E.I.K.)
- All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 117216 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena I. Kalenikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Organization of Pharmaceutical Business, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (O.Y.K.); (E.I.K.)
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Dall’Oglio F, Nasca MR, Gerbino C, Micali G. An Overview of the Diagnosis and Management of Seborrheic Dermatitis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2022; 15:1537-1548. [PMID: 35967915 PMCID: PMC9365318 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s284671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlo Gerbino
- Dermatology Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Micali
- Dermatology Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: Giuseppe Micali, Dermatology Clinic, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, Catania, 95123, Italy, Tel + 39 095 321705, Fax + 39 095 3782425, Email
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Diao Y, Matheson JR, Pi Y, Baines FL, Zhang S, Li Y. Comparison of whole-head and split-head design for the clinical evaluation of anti-dandruff shampoo efficacy. Int J Cosmet Sci 2021; 43:510-517. [PMID: 34058011 PMCID: PMC9290732 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dandruff is a common scalp condition that can be improved by regular use of shampoos containing anti-fungal actives. The efficacy of anti-dandruff shampoos can be assessed by measuring scalp flaking, one of the important dandruff symptoms. A randomized, double-blind trial is often used with one of two clinical designs: whole-head parallel design and split-head paired design. We aimed to explore the difference in product differentiation between these two designs using the same two test shampoos and the same scalp flaking assessment method (Total Weighted Head Score Adhered Flakes-TWHS AF). METHODS A clinical study was conducted with a 2- to 3-week wash-out phase and a 4-week test phase, consisting of 2 cells: 120 subjects with whole-head parallel design, divided into 2 subgroups (1:1) using on-site controlled washing method (either wash their own hair at a study site, under the instruction of a study supervisor or wash their own hair at home, as per instructions, but without supervision) and 35 subjects with split-head paired design using salon-staff washing method. Both cells employed hair washing at frequency of three times a week and TWHS AF measurement once a week from the baseline assessment. RESULTS Both designs gave similar differences in TWHS AF between products: 5.6 units (95% CI: 4.1-7.0 units) in whole-head design and 5.9 units (95% CI: 4.9-6.9 units) in split-head design. CONCLUSION Split-head paired design shows a similar ability of detecting product difference as whole-head parallel design, whereas it is a choice of more efficient and more cost-effective, as only a quarter of the subjects are required to demonstrate the efficacy between anti-dandruff shampoos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Diao
- Unilever Research and Development Centre, Shanghai, China
| | - Jane R Matheson
- Unilever Research and Development Port Sunlight Laboratory, Bebington, Merseyside, UK
| | - Yingying Pi
- Unilever Research and Development Centre, Shanghai, China
| | - Fiona L Baines
- Unilever Research and Development Port Sunlight Laboratory, Bebington, Merseyside, UK
| | - Shuliang Zhang
- Unilever Research and Development Centre, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanpei Li
- Unilever Research and Development Centre, Shanghai, China
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Leermakers FAM, Luengo GS, Baghdadli N, Mazilier C, Potter A, Léonforte F. Turning autophobic wetting on biomimetic surfaces into complete wetting by wetting additives. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:4823-4839. [PMID: 32412035 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00129e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Autophobicity or pseudo partial wetting, a phenomenon of a liquid not spreading on its own monolayer, is characterized by an energy barrier that prevents the growth of a wetting film beyond the monolayer thickness. Applying a molecularly detailed self-consistent field theory we illustrate how autophobic wetting can be overcome by wetting additives. More specifically we use an emulsifier which keeps the interfacial tension between the wetting component and the majority solvent low, and a co-solvent additive which partitions inside the film and then destroys the molecular order in it so that the barrier for film growth is cleared. An application wherein it is believed that autophobic wetting is counteracted by such a set of wetting additives is found in an antidandruff shampoo formulation. We have experimental results that show thick deposits onto hydrophobic hair surfaces by administration of the antidandruff shampoo. The complementary modeling of such a system suggests that the active ingredient plays the role of the co-solvent additive. As significant amounts of the co-solvent additives are needed to approach the completely wet state, the formulation naturally brings large amounts of active ingredient to the root of the hair where its presence is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans A M Leermakers
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Rincón-Fontán M, Rodríguez-López L, Vecino X, Cruz JM, Moldes AB. Novel Multifunctional Biosurfactant Obtained from Corn as a Stabilizing Agent for Antidandruff Formulations Based on Zn Pyrithione Powder. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:5704-5712. [PMID: 32226848 PMCID: PMC7097895 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The cosmetic industry provides a wide variety of shampoos to treat dandruff, containing insoluble ingredients such as Zn pyrithione. However, the solubility of this active ingredient is quite limited in both water and oil media; thus, antidandruff formulations must include a large amount of chemically synthesized stabilizing ingredients to avoid their precipitation. In this work, the stabilization of Zn pyrithione in O/W emulsions using a biosurfactant (BS) extract and Tween 80 is studied. The study includes an incomplete factorial design based on the tea tree oil/water ratio and both surfactant and biosurfactant concentrations. The formulations are characterized in terms of particle size, stability after 30 days, and solubility of Zn pyrithione. The formulation that provided the most favorable results contains Tween 80 (5%) and BS extract (2.5%), with an O/W ratio of 0.01. This provides the smallest particle size (40.5 μm), good stability after 30 days (91.0%), and the highest solubility of Zn pyrithione (59%). The results obtained enable the use of the combination of BS extract and Tween 80 as bio/surfactants of antidandruff shampoo formulations, along with another antiseptic agent such as tea tree oil. Furthermore, this is the first work where a biosurfactant is considered to be a stabilizing agent in antidandruff formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Rincón-Fontán
- Chemical Engineering
Department, School of Industrial Engineering—Módulo
Tecnológico Industrial (MTI), University
of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Lorena Rodríguez-López
- Chemical Engineering
Department, School of Industrial Engineering—Módulo
Tecnológico Industrial (MTI), University
of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Xanel Vecino
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Barcelona East School of Engineering (EEBE), Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC)-Barcelona
TECH, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Campus Diagonal-Besòs, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M. Cruz
- Chemical Engineering
Department, School of Industrial Engineering—Módulo
Tecnológico Industrial (MTI), University
of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Ana B. Moldes
- Chemical Engineering
Department, School of Industrial Engineering—Módulo
Tecnológico Industrial (MTI), University
of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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Balato A, Caiazzo G, Di Caprio R, Scala E, Fabbrocini G, Granger C. Exploring Anti-Fungal, Anti-Microbial and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of a Topical Non-Steroidal Barrier Cream in Face and Chest Seborrheic Dermatitis. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2020; 10:87-98. [PMID: 31705438 PMCID: PMC6994561 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-019-00339-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pathogenesis of seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is multifactorial and traditional treatments may not target all aspects of it. The aim of this study was to evaluate short-term anti-fungal, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritus properties of a novel non-steroidal cream (NSC) containing piroctone olamine, zinc salt of L-pyrrolidone carboxylate (PCA), hydroxyphenyl propamidobenzoic acid, biosaccharide gum-2 and stearyl glycyrrhetinate in patients with face and chest SD. METHODS Twelve male subjects affected by SD, presenting face and chest manifestations, were enrolled. Patients were instructed to apply NSC twice a day, performing regular visits at baseline (W0), after 7 (W1) and 14 (W2) days of treatment. A limitation of the study was that no control group treated with the vehicle without active ingredients was enrolled. To evaluate the efficacy of the NSC, investigator's assessments were represented by scoring index (SI) and investigator's global assessment score (IGA). In order to assess NSC anti-fungal and anti-microbial effects, skin scale scrapings were collected and used for Malassezia furfur (MF) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) cultures. In parallel, in order to assess NSC anti-inflammatory effects, gene expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α was assessed. In addition, anti-pruritus effects were also evaluated through gene expression of cathepsin S and L-histidine decarboxylase. RESULTS SI mean scores significantly decreased at W1 and, to a greater extent, at W2 compared with W0. The IGA score registered an important improvement efficacy both for face and chest, from W1 to W2. MF and SE growth was already inhibited at W1, with a more pronounced decrease at W2. Gene expression of all analyzed mediators was significantly reduced at W1 compared to W0. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our assessment is that NSC is an effective and well tolerated treatment option for SD with anti-fungal, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN77871064 (retrospectively registered October 17, 2019). EudraCT number, 2019-003813-32. FUNDING ISDIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Balato
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Caiazzo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Di Caprio
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Emanuele Scala
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fabbrocini
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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Grimshaw SG, Smith AM, Arnold DS, Xu E, Hoptroff M, Murphy B. The diversity and abundance of fungi and bacteria on the healthy and dandruff affected human scalp. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225796. [PMID: 31851674 PMCID: PMC6919596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dandruff is a skin condition that affects the scalp of up to half the world's population, it is characterised by an itchy, flaky scalp and is associated with colonisation of the skin by Malassezia spp. Management of this condition is typically via antifungal therapies, however the precise role of microbes in the aggravation of the condition are incompletely characterised. Here, a combination of 454 sequencing and qPCR techniques were used to compare the scalp microbiota of dandruff and non-dandruff affected Chinese subjects. Based on 454 sequencing of the scalp microbiome, the two most abundant bacterial genera found on the scalp surface were Cutibacterium (formerly Propionibacterium) and Staphylococcus, while Malassezia was the main fungal inhabitant. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of four scalp taxa (M. restricta, M. globosa, C. acnes and Staphylococcus spp.) believed to represent the bulk of the overall population was additionally carried out. Metataxonomic and qPCR analyses were performed on healthy and lesional buffer scrub samples to facilitate assessment of whether the scalp condition is associated with differential microbial communities on the sampled skin. Dandruff was associated with greater frequencies of M. restricta and Staphylococcus spp. compared with the healthy population (p<0.05). Analysis also revealed the presence of an unclassified fungal taxon that could represent a novel Malassezia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally G. Grimshaw
- Unilever Research & Development, Port Sunlight, England, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian M. Smith
- Unilever Research & Development, Colworth, England, United Kingdom
| | - David S. Arnold
- Unilever Research & Development, Port Sunlight, England, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Xu
- Unilever Research & Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Hoptroff
- Unilever Research & Development, Port Sunlight, England, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Murphy
- Unilever Research & Development, Port Sunlight, England, United Kingdom
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Kokoska L, Kloucek P, Leuner O, Novy P. Plant-Derived Products as Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents in Human Health Care. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5501-5541. [PMID: 30182844 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180831144344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A number of papers reporting antimicrobial properties of extracts, essential oils, resins and various classes of compounds isolated from higher plants have been published in recent years; however, a comprehensive analysis of plant-derived antimicrobial agents currently applied in practice for the improvement of human health is still lacking. This review summarizes data on clinical efficacy, antimicrobial effects and the chemistry of commercially available antibacterial and antifungal agents of plant origin currently used in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal, oral, respiratory, skin, and urinary infections. As a result of an analysis of the literature, more than 40 plant-derived over-the-counter pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, cosmetics, herbal medicines, and functional foods containing complex mixtures (e.g. Glycyrrhiza glabra extract, Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil, and Pistacia lentiscus resin), pure compounds (e.g. benzoic acid, berberine, eucalyptol, salicylic acid and thymol) as well as their derivatives and complexes (e.g. bismuth subsalicylate and zinc pyrithione) have been identified. The effectiveness of many of these products is illustrated by results of clinical trials and supported by data on there in vitro antimicrobial activity. A broad spectrum of various commercial products currently available on the market and their welldocumented clinical efficacy suggests that plants are prospective sources for the identification of new types of antimicrobial agents in future. Innovative approaches and methodologies for effective proof-of-concept research and the development of new types of plant-derived products effective against recently emerging problems related to human microbial diseases (e.g. antimicrobial resistance) are also proposed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Kokoska
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague - Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kloucek
- Department of Quality of Agricultural Products, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague - Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Leuner
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague - Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Novy
- Department of Quality of Agricultural Products, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague - Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic
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Piquero-Casals J, Hexsel D, Mir-Bonafé JF, Rozas-Muñoz E. Topical Non-Pharmacological Treatment for Facial Seborrheic Dermatitis. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2019; 9:469-477. [PMID: 31396944 PMCID: PMC6704200 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-019-00319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial seborrheic dermatitis (FSD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disorder occurring in areas of the face rich in sebaceous glands. It clinically manifests as erythematous scaly macules or plaques, often associated with pruritus. Although the pathogenesis of seborrheic dermatitis is not yet fully understood, Malassezia yeast, hormones, sebum levels, and immune response are known to play important roles. Additional factors including drugs, cold temperatures, and stress may exacerbate the condition. Currently, the available treatments do not cure the disease but relieve symptoms. Various pharmacological treatments are available, including antifungal agents, keratolytics, topical low-potency steroids, and calcineurin inhibitors. All of them provide several benefits, but they also have potential side effects. Seborrheic dermatitis tends to have a chronic, recurrent course. To avoid the long-term use of drugs, topical non-pharmacological products such as cosmetics or medical devices may improve clinical outcomes. Products with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory ingredients such as zinc, piroctone olamine, dihydroavenanthramide, biosaccharide gum-2, and stearyl glycyrrhetinate may speed FSD recovery and avoid flare-ups. Finally, the use of specific cleansers, moisturizers, and sunscreens formulated as light creams or gel/creams should be strongly recommended to all FSD patients. We provide a brief review of the most used non-pharmacological cleansers, topical gel/creams, and specific sunscreens in the management of FSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Piquero-Casals
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Doris Hexsel
- Brazilian Center for Studies in Dermatology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Rozas-Muñoz
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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Anion Inhibition Profile of the β-Carbonic Anhydrase from the Opportunist Pathogenic Fungus Malassezia Restricta Involved in Dandruff and Seborrheic Dermatitis. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9070147. [PMID: 31323880 PMCID: PMC6680850 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9070147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are ubiquitous metalloenzymes, which catalyze the crucial physiological CO2 hydration/dehydration reaction (CO2 + H2O ⇌ HCO3- + H+) balancing the equilibrium between CO2, H2CO3, HCO3- and CO32-. It has been demonstrated that their selective inhibition alters the equilibrium of the metabolites above affecting the biosynthesis and energy metabolism of the organism. In this context, our interest has been focalized on the fungus Malassezia restricta, which may trigger dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis altering the complex bacterial and fungal equilibrium of the human scalp. We investigated a rather large number of inorganic metal-complexing anions (a well-known class of CA inhibitors) for their interaction with the β-CA (MreCA) encoded by the M. restricta genome. The results were compared with those obtained for the two human ?-CA isoforms (hCAI and hCAII) and the β-CA from Malassezia globosa. The most effective MreCA inhibitors were diethyldithiocarbamate, sulfamide, phenyl arsenic acid, stannate, tellurate, tetraborate, selenocyanate, trithiocarbonate, and bicarbonate. The different KI values obtained for the four proteins investigated might be attributed to the architectural features of their catalytic site. The anion inhibition profile is essential for better understanding the inhibition/catalytic mechanisms of these enzymes and for designing novel types of inhibitors, which may have clinical applications for the management of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis.
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Leong C, Schmid B, Buttafuoco A, Glatz M, Bosshard PP. In vitroefficacy of antifungal agents alone and in shampoo formulation against dandruff‐associatedMalasseziaspp. andStaphylococcusspp. Int J Cosmet Sci 2019; 41:221-227. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Leong
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - B. Schmid
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - A. Buttafuoco
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - M. Glatz
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - P. P. Bosshard
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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Paz-Alvarez M, Pudney PDA, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. Topical delivery of climbazole to mammalian skin. Int J Pharm 2018; 549:317-324. [PMID: 30055301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dandruff is a common condition, affecting up to half the global population of immunocompetent adults at some time during their lives and it has been highly correlated with the over-expression of the fungus Malassezia spp. Climbazole (CBZ) is used as an antifungal and preservative agent in many marketed formulations for the treatment of dandruff. While the efficacy of CBZ in vitro and in vivo has previously been reported, limited information has been published about the uptake and deposition of CBZ in the skin. Hence, our aim was to investigate the skin permeation of CBZ as well as the influence of various solvents on CBZ skin delivery. Four solvents were selected for the permeability studies of CBZ, namely propylene glycol (PG), octyl salicylate (OSal), Transcutol® P (TC) and polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG). The criteria for selection were based on their wide use as excipients in commercial formulations, their potential to act as skin penetration enhancers and their favourable safety profiles. 1% (w/v) solutions of CBZ were applied under infinite and finite dose conditions using Franz type diffusion cells to human and porcine skin. In line with the topical use of CBZ as an antidandruff agent, comparatively low amounts of CBZ penetrated across the skin barrier (<1% of the applied dose of CBZ). Finite dose studies resulted in a higher extraction of CBZ from human skin compared with infinite dose studies (p < 0.05). CBZ was also taken up to a higher extent in porcine skin (>7-fold) compared with human skin (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, no statistical differences were observed in the amounts that permeated across the different membranes. These preliminary results confirm the potential of simple formulations of CBZ to target the outer layers of the epidermis. The PG and OSal formulations appear to be promising vehicles for CBZ in terms of overall skin extraction and penetration. Future work will expand the range of vehicles studied and explore the reasons underlying the retention of CBZ in the outer layers of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul D A Pudney
- Strategic Science Group, Unilever R&D, Colworth Science Park, MK44 1LQ, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | | | - Majella E Lane
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX London, UK
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Zieba M, Wieczorek D, Klimaszewska E, Malysa A, Kwasniewska D. Application of new synthesized zwitterionic surfactants as hair shampoo components. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2018.1503545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Zieba
- Department of Chemistry, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities, Radom, Poland
| | - Daria Wieczorek
- Department of Technology and Instrumental Analysis, University of Economics and Business, Poznań, Poland
| | - Emilia Klimaszewska
- Department of Chemistry, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities, Radom, Poland
| | - Anna Malysa
- Department of Chemistry, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities, Radom, Poland
| | - Dobrawa Kwasniewska
- Department of Technology and Instrumental Analysis, University of Economics and Business, Poznań, Poland
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Abstract
Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a chronic, recurring inflammatory skin disorder that manifests as erythematous macules or plaques with varying levels of scaling associated with pruritus. The condition typically occurs as an inflammatory response to Malassezia species and tends to occur on seborrheic areas, such as the scalp, face, chest, back, axilla, and groin areas. SD treatment focuses on clearing signs of the disease; ameliorating associated symptoms, such as pruritus; and maintaining remission with long-term therapy. Since the primary underlying pathogenic mechanisms comprise Malassezia proliferation and inflammation, the most commonly used treatment is topical antifungal and anti-inflammatory agents. Other broadly used therapies include lithium gluconate/succinate, coal tar, salicylic acid, selenium sulfide, sodium sulfacetamide, glycerin, benzoyl peroxide, aloe vera, mud treatment, phototherapy, among others. Alternative therapies have also been reported, such as tea tree oil, Quassia amara, and Solanum chrysotrichum. Systemic therapy is reserved only for widespread lesions or in cases that are refractory to topical treatment. Thus, in this comprehensive review, we summarize the current knowledge on SD treatment and attempt to provide appropriate directions for future cases that dermatologists may face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis J Borda
- a Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Marina Perper
- a Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Jonette E Keri
- a Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA.,b Veterans Affairs Miami Health Care System , Miami , FL , USA
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Holmes AM, Kempson I, Turnbull T, Paterson D, Roberts MS. Imaging the penetration and distribution of zinc and zinc species after topical application of zinc pyrithione to human skin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 343:40-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Trüeb RM, Henry JP, Davis MG, Schwartz JR. Scalp Condition Impacts Hair Growth and Retention via Oxidative Stress. Int J Trichology 2018; 10:262-270. [PMID: 30783333 PMCID: PMC6369642 DOI: 10.4103/ijt.ijt_57_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventionally, the medical focus has been either on hair loss or the condition of the scalp in terms of specific dermatological diseases. Indeed, the proximate structural arrangement of the scalp and hair leads to an interdependent relationship between the two. While protective benefits of the hair to the scalp are obvious, the role of the scalp as an incubatory environment for the preemergent hair fiber has largely been ignored. In fact, there is a wealth of observational data on specific dermatological conditions of the scalp providing evidence for the role of the scalp condition in supporting the production of healthy hair. Oxidative stress, the inability of the body to sufficiently counteract the sources of oxidation, is prevalent in many skin conditions, including normal skin aging. On the scalp, the hair appears to be impacted prior to emergence, and oxidative stress appears to play a role in premature hair loss. The scalp commensal organism, Malassezia, has been recognized to be a source of oxidative damage. Therefore, hair care products, specifically shampoos, with active Malassezia inhibitory agents, such as zinc pyrithione, tend to reduce premature hair loss, besides the known benefits in treating specific dermatologic scalp pathologies, and therefore should represent an integral part of every treatment regimen for hair loss, even in individuals not showing symptoms of scalp pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph M Trüeb
- Center for Dermatology and Hair Diseases, University of Zurich, Wallisellen, Switzerland
| | - Jim P Henry
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mike G Davis
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Youn HJ, Kim SY, Park M, Jung WH, Lee YW, Choe YB, Ahn KJ. Efficacy and Safety of Cream Containing Climbazole/Piroctone Olamine for Facial Seborrheic Dermatitis: A Single-Center, Open-Label Split-Face Clinical Study. Ann Dermatol 2016; 28:733-739. [PMID: 27904273 PMCID: PMC5125955 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2016.28.6.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a multifactorial disease; Malassezia species play an important role in its pathogenesis. Objective We aimed to determine whether a cream containing climbazole/piroctone olamine (C/P cream), antifungal agents with expected efficacy against Malassezia species, could improve SD symptoms. Methods We instructed 24 patients with mild-to-moderate SD to apply the C/P cream and emollient cream on the right and left sides of the face, respectively, every morning and evening for 4 weeks. The casual sebum level (measured with Sebumeter®; Courage & Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Germany) and the extent of erythema (measured with Mexameter®; Courage & Khazaka Electronic GmbH) on the face were measured at baseline and after 4 weeks. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined to demonstrate the antifungal activity of the C/P cream. Results The casual sebum level and erythema were measured at week 4, and the median values demonstrated a quantitative improvement on the C/P cream-treated right side of the face compared to the emollient cream-treated left side. For the C/P cream, the MICs were 0.625, 5, 0.625, and 2.5 mg/ml for Malassezia restricta, M. globosa, M. sympodialis, and M. slooffiae, respectively. Conclusion Based on the reduced casual sebum level and extent of erythema, the antifungal activity of C/P cream against Malassezia species seems useful for the treatment of mild to moderate SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Jeong Youn
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minji Park
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Won Hee Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Yang Won Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Beom Choe
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Joong Ahn
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Sinclair R, Turner GA, Jones DAR, Luo S. Clinical studies in dermatology require a post-treatment observation phase to define the impact of the intervention on the natural history of the complaint. Arch Dermatol Res 2016; 308:379-87. [PMID: 27025208 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-016-1636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of a post-treatment period of observation or "regression phase" is common in pharmaceutical and cosmetic clinical dermatology studies. Regression phases can be incorporated into a variety of study designs, ranging from simple post-treatment observation for a defined period, as has been used for moisturizers, antidandruff formulations, and treatments for acne, to more complex randomized intermittent-treatment designs, as used in studies of psoriasis pharmacotherapies. Extensive information can be derived from a regression phase. Notably, it can provide useful data on the persistence of effect and time to relapse after treatment cessation, which are particularly relevant to skin conditions in which consumer or patient adherence to treatment is suboptimal. By incorporating a regression phase, a clinical study can more closely reflect "real-world" behavior, e.g., the switching by consumers from antidandruff to beauty shampoos. The regression phase can also help to differentiate between products that show similar effectiveness during the treatment phase, and monitoring post-treatment physiological end points can provide valuable evidence on the safety and mechanism of action of the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney Sinclair
- Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graham A Turner
- Unilever Research & Development, Port Sunlight, Quarry Road East, Wirral, Merseyside, CH63 3JW, UK.
| | - D Andrew R Jones
- Unilever Research & Development, Port Sunlight, Quarry Road East, Wirral, Merseyside, CH63 3JW, UK
| | - Shengjun Luo
- Unilever Research & Development, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Cavana P, Petit JY, Perrot S, Guechi R, Marignac G, Reynaud K, Guillot J. Efficacy of a 2% climbazole shampoo for reducing Malassezia population sizes on the skin of naturally infected dogs. J Mycol Med 2015; 25:268-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dos Santos RM, Dias-Souza MV. Effectiveness of five antidandruff cosmetic formulations against planktonic cells and biofilms of dermatophytes. Saudi J Biol Sci 2015; 24:331-337. [PMID: 28149170 PMCID: PMC5272929 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the in vitro antifungal effectiveness of five different formulations against dandruff and ringworm dermatophytes. Candida albicans was also included in our assays. Fungal susceptibility tests were performed with planktonic cells and biofilms of reference strains. Microbiological and physicochemical quality parameters were assessed for all formulations. Our data indicated that the formulations were effective against the dermatophytes strains, and to our knowledge, the effectiveness of cosmetic formulations against fungal biofilms is shown for the first time. The formulations were considered effective against the explored dermatophytes and were considered safe given the adequate microbiological and physicochemical characteristics shown in the proposed assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Martins Dos Santos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil; Integrated Pharmacology and Drug Interactions Research Group (GPqFAR), Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Dias-Souza
- Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil; Integrated Pharmacology and Drug Interactions Research Group (GPqFAR), Brazil
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Seborrhoeic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that is distributed worldwide. It commonly affects the scalp, face and flexures of the body. Treatment options include antifungal drugs, steroids, calcineurin inhibitors, keratolytic agents and phototherapy. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of antifungal agents for seborrhoeic dermatitis of the face and scalp in adolescents and adults.A secondary objective is to assess whether the same interventions are effective in the management of seborrhoeic dermatitis in patients with HIV/AIDS. SEARCH METHODS We searched the following databases up to December 2014: the Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (2014, Issue 11), MEDLINE (from 1946), EMBASE (from 1974) and Latin American Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) (from 1982). We also searched trials registries and checked the bibliographies of published studies for further trials. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of topical antifungals used for treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis in adolescents and adults, with primary outcome measures of complete clearance of symptoms and improved quality of life. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Review author pairs independently assessed eligibility for inclusion, extracted study data and assessed risk of bias of included studies. We performed fixed-effect meta-analysis for studies with low statistical heterogeneity and used a random-effects model when heterogeneity was high. MAIN RESULTS We included 51 studies with 9052 participants. Of these, 45 trials assessed treatment outcomes at five weeks or less after commencement of treatment, and six trials assessed outcomes over a longer time frame. We believe that 24 trials had some form of conflict of interest, such as funding by pharmaceutical companies.Among the included studies were 12 ketoconazole trials (N = 3253), 11 ciclopirox trials (N = 3029), two lithium trials (N = 141), two bifonazole trials (N = 136) and one clotrimazole trial (N = 126) that compared the effectiveness of these treatments versus placebo or vehicle. Nine ketoconazole trials (N = 632) and one miconazole trial (N = 47) compared these treatments versus steroids. Fourteen studies (N = 1541) compared one antifungal versus another or compared different doses or schedules of administration of the same agent versus one another. KetoconazoleTopical ketoconazole 2% treatment showed a 31% lower risk of failed clearance of rashes compared with placebo (risk ratio (RR) 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59 to 0.81, eight studies, low-quality evidence) at four weeks of follow-up, but the effect on side effects was uncertain because evidence was of very low quality (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.64, six studies); heterogeneity between studies was substantial (I² = 74%). The median proportion of those who did not have clearance in the placebo groups was 69%.Ketoconazole treatment resulted in a remission rate similar to that of steroids (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.44, six studies, low-quality evidence), but occurrence of side effects was 44% lower in the ketoconazole group than in the steroid group (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.96, eight studies, moderate-quality evidence).Ketoconozale yielded a similar remission failure rate as ciclopirox (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.26, three studies, low-quality evidence). Most comparisons between ketoconazole and other antifungals were based on single studies that showed comparability of treatment effects. CiclopiroxCiclopirox 1% led to a lower failed remission rate than placebo at four weeks of follow-up (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.94, eight studies, moderate-quality evidence) with similar rates of side effects (RR 0.9, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.11, four studies, moderate-quality evidence). Other antifungalsClotrimazole and miconazole efficacies were comparable with those of steroids on short-term assessment in single studies.Treatment effects on individual symptoms were less clear and were inconsistent, possibly because of difficulties encountered in measuring these symptoms.Evidence was insufficient to conclude that dose or mode of delivery influenced treatment outcome. Only one study reported on treatment compliance. No study assessed quality of life. One study assessed the maximum rash-free period but provided insufficient data for analysis. One small study in patients with HIV compared the effect of lithium versus placebo on seborrhoeic dermatitis of the face, but treatment outcomes were similar. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Ketoconazole and ciclopirox are more effective than placebo, but limited evidence suggests that either of these agents is more effective than any other agent within the same class. Very few studies have assessed symptom clearance for longer periods than four weeks. Ketoconazole produced findings similar to those of steroids, but side effects were fewer. Treatment effect on overall quality of life remains unknown. Better outcome measures, studies of better quality and better reporting are all needed to improve the evidence base for antifungals for seborrhoeic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enembe O Okokon
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Calabar Teaching HospitalCalabar, Nigeria
| | - Jos H Verbeek
- Cochrane Occupational Safety and Health Review Group, Finnish Institute of Occupational HealthKuopio, Finland
| | - Jani H Ruotsalainen
- Cochrane Occupational Safety and Health Review Group, Finnish Institute of Occupational HealthKuopio, Finland
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Shakibaie M, Haghiri M, Jafari M, Amirpour-Rostami S, Ameri A, Forootanfar H, Mehrabani M. Preparation and evaluation of the effect of Fe3O4@piroctone olamine magnetic nanoparticles on matrix metalloproteinase-2: A preliminaryin vitrostudy. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 61:676-82. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Shakibaie
- Pharmaceutics Research Center; Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences; Kerman Iran
| | - Mahboobe Haghiri
- The Student Research Committee; Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences; Kerman Iran
| | - Mandana Jafari
- Pharmaceutics Research Center; Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences; Kerman Iran
| | - Sahar Amirpour-Rostami
- Pharmaceutics Research Center; Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences; Kerman Iran
| | - Alieh Ameri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences; Kerman Iran
| | - Hamid Forootanfar
- Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center; Kerman University of Medical Sciences; Kerman Iran
| | - Mitra Mehrabani
- Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center; Kerman University of Medical Sciences; Kerman Iran
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Pople JE, Moore AE, Talbot DCS, Barrett KE, Jones DA, Lim FL. Climbazole increases expression of cornified envelope proteins in primary keratinocytes. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 36:419-26. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. E. Pople
- Unilever R&D Colworth; Colworth Science Park; Sharnbrook Bedfordshire UK
| | - A. E. Moore
- Unilever R&D Colworth; Colworth Science Park; Sharnbrook Bedfordshire UK
| | - D. C. S. Talbot
- Unilever R&D Colworth; Colworth Science Park; Sharnbrook Bedfordshire UK
| | - K. E. Barrett
- Unilever R&D Colworth; Colworth Science Park; Sharnbrook Bedfordshire UK
| | - D. A. Jones
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight; Quarry Road East; Bebington Wirral UK
| | - F. L. Lim
- Unilever R&D Colworth; Colworth Science Park; Sharnbrook Bedfordshire UK
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Genotype Analyses of Human Commensal Scalp Fungi, Malassezia globosa, and Malassezia restricta on the Scalps of Patients with Dandruff and Healthy Subjects. Mycopathologia 2014; 177:263-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-014-9748-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chen G, Hoptroff M, Fei X, Su Y, Janssen HG. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry measurement of climbazole deposition from hair care products onto artificial skin and human scalp. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1317:155-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bhogal RK, Mouser PE, Higgins CA, Turner GA. Protease activity, localization and inhibition in the human hair follicle. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013; 36:46-53. [PMID: 23992282 PMCID: PMC4265249 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective In humans, the process of hair shedding, referred to as exogen, is believed to occur independently of the other hair cycle phases. Although the actual mechanisms involved in hair shedding are not fully known, it has been hypothesized that the processes leading to the final step of hair shedding may be driven by proteases and/or protease inhibitor activity. In this study, we investigated the presence of proteases and protease activity in naturally shed human hairs and assessed enzyme inhibition activity of test materials. Methods We measured enzyme activity using a fluorescence-based assay and protein localization by indirect immunohistochemistry (IHC). We also developed an ex vivo skin model for measuring the force required to pull hair fibres from skin. Results Our data demonstrate the presence of protease activity in the tissue material surrounding club roots. We also demonstrated the localization of specific serine protease protein expression in human hair follicle by IHC. These data provide evidence demonstrating the presence of proteases around the hair club roots, which may play a role during exogen. We further tested the hypothesis that a novel protease inhibitor system (combination of Trichogen® and climbazole) could inhibit protease activity in hair fibre club root extracts collected from a range of ethnic groups (UK, Brazil, China, first-generation Mexicans in the USA, Thailand and Turkey) in both males and females. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this combination is capable of increasing the force required to remove hair in an ex vivo skin model system. Conclusion These studies indicate the presence of proteolytic activity in the tissue surrounding the human hair club root and show that it is possible to inhibit this activity with a combination of Trichogen® and climbazole. This technology may have potential to reduce excessive hair shedding. Résumé
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Bhogal
- Unilever R&D Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - P E Mouser
- Unilever R&D Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - C A Higgins
- Unilever R&D Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - G A Turner
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight, Bebington, CH63 3JW, UK
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Turner GA, Matheson JR, Li GZ, Fei XQ, Zhu D, Baines FL. Enhanced efficacy and sensory properties of an anti-dandruff shampoo containing zinc pyrithione and climbazole. Int J Cosmet Sci 2012; 35:78-83. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. A. Turner
- Unilever Research & Development Port Sunlight; Quarry Road East; Bebington; Merseyside; CH63 3JW; U.K
| | - J. R. Matheson
- Unilever Research & Development Port Sunlight; Quarry Road East; Bebington; Merseyside; CH63 3JW; U.K
| | - G.-Z. Li
- Unilever Research & Development Centre Shanghai; 66 Linxin Road; Linkong Economic Development Zone; Changning District; Shanghai; 200335; China
| | - X.-Q. Fei
- Unilever Research & Development Centre Shanghai; 66 Linxin Road; Linkong Economic Development Zone; Changning District; Shanghai; 200335; China
| | - D. Zhu
- Unilever Research & Development Centre Shanghai; 66 Linxin Road; Linkong Economic Development Zone; Changning District; Shanghai; 200335; China
| | - F. L. Baines
- Unilever Research & Development Port Sunlight; Quarry Road East; Bebington; Merseyside; CH63 3JW; U.K
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