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Vance MM, Gryglewicz K, Nam E, Richardson S, Borntrager L, Karver MS. Exploring Service Use Disparities among Suicidal Black Youth in a Suicide Prevention Care Coordination Intervention. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:2231-2243. [PMID: 36100810 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to examine service utilization disparities among Black youth participating in Linking Individuals Needing Care (LINC), a 90-day research-informed suicide care coordination intervention. METHODS An open trial pilot was conducted to examine the effectiveness of LINC in increasing access to and engagement in mental health and non-mental health services among suicidal youth (N = 587). Other variables of interest included service use facilitators and service use barriers. Generalized linear mixed models with binomial distribution and logit link were performed to ascertain if service use facilitators and barriers were associated with service utilization and if disparities in service use and engagement existed between Black and White suicidal youth through a comparative analysis. RESULTS Service utilization differences were found between Black and White youth. While Black and White youth were both likely to engage in individual therapy (OR = 1.398, p < .001) and non-mental health services (OR = 1.289, p < .001), utilization rates for mental health and medication management services were lower for Black (55.1% to 60.6%) youth compared to White (66.0% to 71.0%) youth. Specifically, Black youth were significantly less likely than Whites to receive medication management (OR = .466, p = .002). Systemic barriers such long waitlists for care (OR = 1.860, p = .039) and poor relationship with providers (OR = 7.680, p = .028) increased odds of engagement in non-mental health services. Clinical disorders and engagement in suicide-related behaviors increased the likelihood of obtaining care from both medication management and non-mental health services. CONCLUSION Care coordination services for suicidal youth can increase access and engagement in mental health and non-mental health services. Culturally adapted models attending to cultural and social assets of Black families are needed to reduce disparities and suicide risk among Black youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Vance
- Department of Social Work & Sociology, North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA.
| | - Kim Gryglewicz
- School of Social Work, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Eunji Nam
- School of Social Welfare, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sonyia Richardson
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Lisa Borntrager
- School of Social Work, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Marc S Karver
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Abstract
Suicide is a serious public health problem in many countries and has always been a source of apprehension and quest to human mankind, which can be resolved with due diligence. Suicide is a hidden and silent epidemic, with many causative factors. Studying and researching on various causative factors have always been the subject of significance for the researchers. Psychiatric illnesses happen to be the primary reasons for the majority of suicide mortality cases. Not only this, there has been a consistent increase in the no. of cases of mental disorders as well as attempted and completed suicide cases. If one looks at global scenario, an approximate 70,000 people commit suicide, and further alarming is the fact that the rate of suicide attempt cases has gone up to 250% during last 18 years in conflict zones. Poisoning, hanging and self-immolation are some of the common methods to commit suicide. Physical and mental illness, disturbed emotional relationships and economic difficulties were the major reasons for suicide with the predisposed population being women, student and farmers. As per WHO's approximation, there is one suicide every minute and an attempted suicide every third second. It implies that the number of killed due to suicide is greater than that of the ones killed due to the armed conflict.
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Roberts KJ, Smith N, Bowden-Jones H, Cheeta S. Gambling disorder and suicidality within the UK: an analysis investigating mental health and gambling severity as risk factors to suicidality. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2016.1257648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J. Roberts
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
- University College London, London, UK
| | - Neil Smith
- National Problem Gambling Clinic, London, UK
| | | | - Survjit Cheeta
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
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Butt ZA, Overholser JC, Danielson CK. Predictors of Attitudes Towards Physician-Assisted Suicide. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2016; 47:107-17. [PMID: 15085822 DOI: 10.2190/dy9y-ya97-wg3n-cqth] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Psychological factors may influence an individual's acceptance of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (PAS). The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate predictors of attitudes towards PAS. Data were collected from 136 college students at a private Midwestern university. In addition to demographic and family history information, respondents completed measures of attitudes towards seeking mental health services, depression, hopelessness, and PAS attitudes. Respondent age, race, and hopelessness scores emerged as the only significant predictors ( R2 = .20) in a multiple regression model used to identify potential predictors of PAS attitudes. Younger, non-minority respondents, and those endorsing more hopelessness reported more accepting attitudes towards PAS. Data from a three month follow-up assessment supported the stability of this pattern. The findings highlight the important role that mental health professionals should play in PAS decision making. Implications for the evaluation of medically ill considering PAS and their caregivers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan A Butt
- Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7123, USA.
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Werth JL, Moore KG, Doka KJ, Doka KJ. Book Review: The Suicidal Patient: Clinical and Legal Standards of Care, Nobody's Child: How Older Women Say Good-Bye to Their Mothers, Complicated Grieving and Bereavement: Understanding and Treating People Experiencing Loss, Health Care&Spirituality: Listening, Assessing, Caring. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2016. [DOI: 10.2190/9x8a-dn98-4ekv-eww4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James L. Werth
- Department of Psychology The University of Akron Akron, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Kenneth J. Doka
- Professor of Gerontology The College of New Rochelle New Rochelle, NY 10805
| | - Kenneth J. Doka
- Professor of Gerontology The College of New Rochelle New Rochelle, NY and Senior Consultant The Hospice Foundation of America Washington, D.C. 20009
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Silverman MM, De Leo D. Why There Is a Need for an International Nomenclature and Classification System for Suicide. CRISIS 2016; 37:83-7. [PMID: 27232426 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego De Leo
- 2 Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention (AISRAP), Mt. Gravatt, QLD, Australia.,3 Slovene Centre for Suicide Research, Koper, Slovenia
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia J Byrns
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Harbauer G, Ring M, Schuetz C, Andreae A, Haas S. Suicidality assessment with PRISM-S - simple, fast, and visual: a brief nonverbal method to assess suicidality in adolescent and adult patients. CRISIS 2014; 34:131-6. [PMID: 23261912 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The PRISM-S task was developed at the Crisis Intervention Center (KIZ) Winterthur, Switzerland, to enable an assessment of the degree of suicidality in less than 5 minutes with a simple, visual instrument. AIMS Comparison of validity and clinical use of the new PRISM-S task with other instruments known as "gold standards". METHOD Quantitative pilot study enlisting 100 inpatients admitted to the KIZ, aged 15-42 years. Patients' suicidality was assessed by the PRISM-S task during the first clinical interview and compared to data obtained by standardized suicidality instruments. RESULTS The patients completed the PRISM-S task in 2 to 5 minutes without difficulty. Data show significant positive correlations between the suicidality as assessed by PRISM-S and the gold standards, i.e., DSI-SS (r = 0.59, N = 65, p < .0001). LIMITATIONS There is no strong evidence that PRISM-S is useful for outpatients or in other settings. The experiences gained with outpatients/patients with other disorders are promising but have not been systematically evaluated. The results do not rely on a randomized design. The sample consists of persons coming to the crisis intervention center. CONCLUSIONS PRISM-S offers a brief, easy-to-administer, and valid method to assess patients' suicidality. The simple instruction facilitates its use in other languages and other cultures as well. The acceptance by patients and health professionals was good, with no one refusing to complete the task.
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Petrakis M, Joubert L. A social work contribution to suicide prevention through assertive brief psychotherapy and community linkage: use of the Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life (MANSA). SOCIAL WORK IN HEALTH CARE 2013; 52:239-257. [PMID: 23521387 DOI: 10.1080/00981389.2012.737903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a striking absence of literature articulating and evaluating clinical social work contributions to suicide prevention, despite considerable practice in this important field. This article reports on a model of assertive brief psychotherapeutic intervention and facilitated linkage to community services utilized in a prospective cohort study of emergency department suicide attempt aftercare. A key outcome measure, the Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life (MANSA), was used with 65 patients to assess psychosocial domains at initial presentation, 4-weeks, 3-months, and 6-months. There were significant improvements in the domains of work, finance, leisure, social life, living situation, personal safety and health by 3 months. There were highly significant correlations between psychosocial improvements and improved depression scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Petrakis
- Department of Social Work, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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May AM, Klonsky ED, Klein DN. Predicting future suicide attempts among depressed suicide ideators: a 10-year longitudinal study. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46:946-52. [PMID: 22575331 PMCID: PMC3372684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Suicidal ideation and attempts are a major public health problem. Research has identified many risk factors for suicidality; however, most fail to identify which suicide ideators are at greatest risk of progressing to a suicide attempt. Thus, the present study identified predictors of future suicide attempts in a sample of psychiatric patients reporting suicidal ideation. The sample comprised 49 individuals who met full DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder and/or dysthymic disorder and reported suicidal ideation at baseline. Participants were followed for 10 years. Demographic, psychological, personality, and psychosocial risk factors were assessed using validated questionnaires and structured interviews. Phi coefficients and point-biserial correlations were used to identify prospective predictors of attempts, and logistic regressions were used to identify which variables predicted future attempts over and above past suicide attempts. Six significant predictors of future suicide attempts were identified - cluster A personality disorder, cluster B personality disorder, lifetime substance abuse, baseline anxiety disorder, poor maternal relationship, and poor social adjustment. Finally, exploratory logistic regressions were used to examine the unique contribution of each significant predictor controlling for the others. Comorbid cluster B personality disorder emerged as the only robust, unique predictor of future suicide attempts among depressed suicide ideators. Future research should continue to identify variables that predict transition from suicidal thoughts to suicide attempts, as such work will enhance clinical assessment of suicide risk as well as theoretical models of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M. May
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - E. David Klonsky
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel N. Klein
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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11
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Kaliniecka H, Shawe-Taylor M. Promoting positive risk management: evaluation of a risk management panel. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2008; 15:654-61. [PMID: 18803740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2008.01289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a National Health Service Trust risk management panel (RMP) service was effective in promoting positive risk management by supporting mental health clinicians/teams in their management of people with mental health problems who presented with high risk of harm to themselves or to others. Fifteen mental health workers completed a questionnaire regarding their experience of the RMP. Content analysis revealed several themes. The majority of participants found the RMP helpful because of the support provided by shared case discussion and collective responsibility for risk management offered by the RMP. Medical records of the 23 individuals referred into the RMP were also examined. Trends in diagnoses, risks and RMP recommendations were identified. This study points to the importance of the organization's role alongside the individual clinician's in positive risk management and in supporting people with mental health problems using the recovery model. Improvements in developing a RMP are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kaliniecka
- Tandridge Primary Care Mental Health Team, Surrey and Borders Partnership National Health Service Foundation Trust, Surrey, UK
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Silverman MM, Berman AL, Sanddal ND, O'carroll PW, Joiner TE. Rebuilding the tower of Babel: a revised nomenclature for the study of suicide and suicidal behaviors. Part 1: Background, rationale, and methodology. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2007; 37:248-63. [PMID: 17579538 DOI: 10.1521/suli.2007.37.3.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morton M Silverman
- Clinical Associate Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA.
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13
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Silverman MM, Berman AL, Sanddal ND, O'carroll PW, Joiner TE. Rebuilding the tower of Babel: a revised nomenclature for the study of suicide and suicidal behaviors. Part 2: Suicide-related ideations, communications, and behaviors. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2007; 37:264-77. [PMID: 17579539 DOI: 10.1521/suli.2007.37.3.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 610] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Morton M Silverman
- Clinical Associate Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a simple and easy-to-complete tool to communicate identified clinical risks. CONCLUSIONS Literature and Internet searching did not yield a simple and easy-to-use method of identifying and communicating risks. A Risk Identification Form was developed and may be of interest to mental health services wishing to implement a similar tool to document and communicate clinical risk identified during assessment of mental health consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Arya
- Mental Health, Department of Health, Perth, WA, Australia.
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15
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Ramberg IL, Wasserman D. Benefits of implementing an academic training of trainers program to promote knowledge and clarity in work with psychiatric suicidal patients. Arch Suicide Res 2004; 8:331-43. [PMID: 16081400 DOI: 10.1080/13811110490476707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A 200-hour academic, postgraduate training-of-trainers program in suicide prevention at Karolinska Institute for key mental healthcare staff, designed to enable them to enhance their co-workers' knowledge and job clarity, was evaluated in a panel study by means of questionnaires. Psychiatric staff working regularly with suicidal patients in clinics where key persons attended the course (n = 134, intervention group) were compared with staff working in clinics without participants (n = 166, control group). Perceptions of being sufficiently trained (p < .01) improved significantly among staff working in intervention clinics. Compared with the control group, the intervention group had a better understanding of essentials (p < .05); found instructions clearer (p < .01) and experienced fewer problems with superiors' differing views (p < .05) at follow up. Assistant nurses working in intervention clinics seem to have benefited most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga-Lill Ramberg
- Swedish National Center for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental III-Health (NASP), Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ramberg IL, Wasserman D. Suicide-preventive activities in psychiatric care: evaluation of an educational programme in suicide prevention. Nord J Psychiatry 2004; 58:389-94. [PMID: 15513616 DOI: 10.1080/08039480410005954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To promote implementation of suicide-preventive activities, the Swedish National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP) introduced a 200-h academic, postgraduate educational programme (based on the training-of-trainers model) in suicide prevention. This programme was provided at Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, for key persons in psychiatric care. Twenty-nine key persons from 11 psychiatric intervention clinics in Stockholm County attended the first course. Preconditions for implementing suicide-preventive activities were assessed by means of semi-structured interviews with all course participants still working in the intervention clinics (n=10). In all but one of these 10 clinics, a wide range of suicide-preventive activities had been implemented as a result of the NASP course. Activities varied in scope, but the key persons seemed to have succeeded in pinpointing the key elements in suicide prevention - the need for specific knowledge about the suicidal process and for well-defined suicide-preventive routines. However, organizational factors and staff turnover were obstacles to maintaining and making the activities routine. There is a need to strengthen the course participants' formal roles as implementers and encourage the clinical management in their continuous implementation of suicide-preventive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga-Lill Ramberg
- Swedish National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP) at the Swedish National Institute for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Spirito A, Overholser J. The suicidal child: assessment and management of adolescents after a suicide attempt. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2003; 12:649-65, vi. [PMID: 14579644 DOI: 10.1016/s1056-4993(03)00034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been estimated that for each completed suicide, there are 15 to 20 nonfatal suicide attempts. A prior suicide attempt can create a major elevation in the risk of subsequent attempt. A prior suicide attempt also is a strong predictor for eventual completed suicide. Consequently, management of an adolescent who attempts suicide is important. In this article, the authors examine various issues related to suicide risk in adolescents. The article focuses on key issues that should be included in a thorough assessment of adolescents who are referred for an evaluation during a suicidal crisis. The empirical literature is used as a guide for identifying risk factors that should be monitored and managed as part of a comprehensive treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Spirito
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Box G-BH Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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Links PS, Gould B, Ratnayake R. Assessing suicidal youth with antisocial, borderline, or narcissistic personality disorder. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2003; 48:301-10. [PMID: 12866335 DOI: 10.1177/070674370304800505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper has 3 objectives. First, we review the epidemiologic evidence for the association between suicidal behaviour and suicide in individuals diagnosed with antisocial, borderline, or narcissistic personality disorder. Second, we examine whether any potentially modifiable risk factors are associated with these diagnoses, based on existing empirical evidence. Last, we discuss clinical approaches to assessing youth with antisocial, borderline, or narcissistic personality disorder presenting at risk for suicide. METHOD We reviewed the English-language literature for the last 12 years (from January 1, 1991, to December 31, 2002), using as search terms the names of the 3 disorders, as well as the key words suicide, suicidal behaviour, youth, and adolescents. RESULTS Patients with antisocial or borderline personality disorder are likely to be at increased risk for suicidal behaviour when they demonstrate such comorbid disorders as major depressive episodes or substance abuse disorders, when they experience recent negative life events, or when they have a history of childhood sexual abuse. CONCLUSIONS For patients with antisocial personality disorder, the risk of violence has to be judged in addition to the risk of suicide or self-harm. For patients with borderline personality disorder, interventions are determined by differentiating acute-on-chronic from chronic risk of suicidal behaviour. Finally, patients with narcissistic personality disorder can be at high risk for suicide during periods when they are not suffering from clinical depression. These episodes can seem to be unpredictable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Links
- Department of Psychiatry, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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Wagner BM, Wong SA, Jobes DA. Mental health professionals' determinations of adolescent suicide attempts. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2003; 32:284-300. [PMID: 12374474 DOI: 10.1521/suli.32.3.284.22178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The degree of ambiguity in the term suicide attempt was examined among 14 expert suicidologists, and 59 general mental health clinicians who either did or did not receive a standard definition of the term. The participants judged whether each of ten vignettes of actual adolescent self-harm behaviors was a suicide attempt. Low levels of agreement were found within each group, although agreement was better for the most and least serious cases. Possible explanations were examined, including how professionals weight suicidal intent and medical lethality in their suicide attempt decisions, and the use of a "fuzzy," natural language conceptualization of suicide attempts was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Wagner
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
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Abstract
Life stress has been found to be associated with onset of depression and with greater severity of depressive symptoms. It is unclear, though, if life stress is related to particular classes or specific symptoms in depression. The association between severe life events and depressive symptoms was tested in 59 individuals diagnosed by Research Diagnostic Criteria with endogenous primary nonpsychotic major depression. As predicted, life stress was associated principally with cognitive-affective symptoms, not somatic symptoms. There also was a consistent association across different assessment methods between severe events and suicidal ideation. Finally, associations held specifically for severe events occurring before onset, not for severe events occurring after onset. Symptom variation in major depression is related specifically to severe stressors before onset and includes primarily cognitive-affective types of symptoms. There is an especially pronounced association of prior severe stress with suicidal ideation. The implications of stress-symptom associations are addressed for enlarging understanding of symptom heterogeneity and subtype distinctions in major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Monroe
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403-1227, USA
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