1
|
Zong TX, Silveira AP, Morais JAV, Sampaio MC, Muehlmann LA, Zhang J, Jiang CS, Liu SK. Recent Advances in Antimicrobial Nano-Drug Delivery Systems. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12111855. [PMID: 35683711 PMCID: PMC9182179 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are among the major health issues of the 21st century. The substantial use of antibiotics over the years has contributed to the dissemination of multidrug resistant bacteria. According to a recent report by the World Health Organization, antibacterial (ATB) drug resistance has been one of the biggest challenges, as well as the development of effective long-term ATBs. Since pathogens quickly adapt and evolve through several strategies, regular ATBs usually may result in temporary or noneffective treatments. Therefore, the demand for new therapies methods, such as nano-drug delivery systems (NDDS), has aroused huge interest due to its potentialities to improve the drug bioavailability and targeting efficiency, including liposomes, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, and others. Given the relevance of this subject, this review aims to summarize the progress of recent research in antibacterial therapeutic drugs supported by nanobiotechnological tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Xin Zong
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (T.-X.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Ariane Pandolfo Silveira
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910900, Brazil; (A.P.S.); (J.A.V.M.); (M.C.S.)
| | | | - Marina Carvalho Sampaio
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910900, Brazil; (A.P.S.); (J.A.V.M.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Luis Alexandre Muehlmann
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910900, Brazil; (A.P.S.); (J.A.V.M.); (M.C.S.)
- Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (L.A.M.); (C.-S.J.); (S.-K.L.)
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (T.-X.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Cheng-Shi Jiang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (T.-X.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: (L.A.M.); (C.-S.J.); (S.-K.L.)
| | - Shan-Kui Liu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (T.-X.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: (L.A.M.); (C.-S.J.); (S.-K.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nolan C, Behrends V. Sub-Inhibitory Antibiotic Exposure and Virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111393. [PMID: 34827331 PMCID: PMC8615142 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a prime opportunistic pathogen, one of the most important causes of hospital-acquired infections and the major cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis lung infections. One reason for the bacterium's pathogenic success is the large array of virulence factors that it can employ. Another is its high degree of intrinsic and acquired resistance to antibiotics. In this review, we first summarise the current knowledge about the regulation of virulence factor expression and production. We then look at the impact of sub-MIC antibiotic exposure and find that the virulence-antibiotic interaction for P. aeruginosa is antibiotic-specific, multifaceted, and complex. Most studies undertaken to date have been in vitro assays in batch culture systems, involving short-term (<24 h) antibiotic exposure. Therefore, we discuss the importance of long-term, in vivo-mimicking models for future work, particularly highlighting the need to account for bacterial physiology, which by extension governs both virulence factor expression and antibiotic tolerance/resistance.
Collapse
|
3
|
Utilizing nanoparticles for improving anti-biofilm effects of azithromycin: A head-to-head comparison of modified hyaluronic acid nanogels and coated poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 555:595-606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
4
|
Abstract
Surface-attached colonies of bacteria known as biofilms play a major role in the pathogenesis of device-related infections. Biofilm colonies are notorious for their resistance to suprainhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. Numerous studies have shown that subminimal inhibitory concentrations of some antibiotics can act as agonists of bacterial biofilm formation in vitro, a process that may have clinical relevance. This article reviews studies demonstrating that low-dose antibiotics induce bacterial biofilm formation. These studies have provided important information about the regulation of biofilm formation and the signaling pathways involved in global gene regulation in response to cell stressors. It is still unclear whether antibiotic-induced biofilm formation contributes to the inconsistent success of antimicrobial therapy for device infections.
Collapse
|
5
|
Clarithromycin and N -acetylcysteine co-spray-dried powders for pulmonary drug delivery: A focus on drug solubility. Int J Pharm 2017; 533:463-469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
6
|
Kimura S, Mori N, Kai T, Ishii Y, Yamaguchi K, Tateda K. Azithromycin Modulates 3',5'-cyclic Diguanylic Acid Signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Infect Chemother 2017; 23:550-555. [PMID: 28579350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrolides have been reported to exert a variety of effects on both host immunomodulation and repression of bacterial pathogenicity. In this study, we report that the 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) signaling system, which regulates virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is affected by the macrolide azithromycin. Using DNA microarray analysis, we selected a gene encoding PA2567 related to c-di-GMP metabolism that was significantly affected by azithromycin treatment. Expression of the PA2567 gene was significantly repressed by azithromycin in a time- and dose-dependent manner, whereas no difference in PA2567 gene expression was observed in the absence of azithromycin. In-frame deletion of the PA2567 gene affected both virulence factors and the quorum-sensing system, and significantly decreased total bacteria in a mouse pneumonia model compared to the wild-type strain (P < 0.05). These results suggest that macrolides possess the ability to modulate c-di-GMP intracellular signaling in P. aeruginosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Kimura
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Nobuaki Mori
- Department of General Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kai
- Genomic Science Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keizo Yamaguchi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tateda
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cross JL, Ramadan HH, Thomas JG. The Impact of a Cation Channel Blocker (Furosemide) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 Biofilm Architecture. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 137:21-6. [PMID: 17599559 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2007.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine if furosemide could have a role in inhibition of biofilm formation. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study of 72-hour biofilms grown in the Calgary Biofilm Device (CBD) treated with furosemide and controls. METHODS: Bacteria were treated with furosemide and controls to determine its antiplanktonic properties. PA01 biofilms were treated with serial 2-fold dilutions of furosemide and controls over a 48-hour period at pH concentrations of 7.0, 8.0, and 9.0. RESULTS: Furosemide had no effect on planktonic PA01. It had minimal effect at pH below 8.0. A pH of 8.0 and 9.0 reduced biofilms 25%. Furosemide 10 mg/mL reduced biofilms 50% at pH 8.0 and 9.0. It inhibited biofilms to <30% at concentrations of 0.6 to 0.16 mg/mL at pH 8.0 and <10% at concentrations of 1.25 to 0.3 mg/mL at pH 9.0. CONCLUSION: Furosemide was found to be nonantiplanktonic, but does appear to destabilize preformed PA01 biofilms at pH-dependent concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Cross
- Department of Otolaryngology Head-Neck Surgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9200, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aka ST, Haji SH. Sub-MIC of antibiotics induced biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the presence of chlorhexidine. Braz J Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26221101 PMCID: PMC4512058 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246120140218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Public health is facing a new challenge due to the alarming increase in bacterial resistance to most of the conventional antibacterial agents. It has been found that only minor cell damage is caused when exposed to sub-lethal levels of antimicrobial. Biofilms can play an important role in producing resistance, which is developed to reservoirs of pathogens in the hospital and cannot be easily removed. The aim of this study was to test whether the sub-lethal dose of antibiotics can induce biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa
following incubating in the presence and absence of chlorhexidine. Standard antibiotic-micro broth 96-flat well plates were used for determination of MIC and biofilm assay. The adherence degree of biofilm was determined by estimation of OD
630 nm
values using ELISA reader. The mean 22 isolates of P. aeruginosa
growing in culture with presence and absence of chlorhexidine, could exhibited the significant (p < 0.001) proportion of adherence followed incubation in sub minimal inhibitory concentrations (Sub-MIC) of cefotaxim, amoxicillin, and azithromycin in comparison with control (antibiotic-free broth), while the sub-MIC of ciprofloxacin revealed significant inhibition of biofilm. Conclusion: Incubating the isolates of P. aeruginosa
to sub-MIC of antibiotics exhibited induction of biofilm in the presence of chlorhexidine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safaa T Aka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil City, Iraq
| | - Sayran H Haji
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil City, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Imperi F, Leoni L, Visca P. Antivirulence activity of azithromycin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:178. [PMID: 24795709 PMCID: PMC4001013 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics represent our bulwark to combat bacterial infections, but the spread of antibiotic resistance compromises their clinical efficacy. Alternatives to conventional antibiotics are urgently needed in order to complement the existing antibacterial arsenal. The macrolide antibiotic azithromycin (AZM) provides a paradigmatic example of an "unconventional" antibacterial drug. Besides its growth-inhibiting activity, AZM displays potent anti-inflammatory properties, as well as antivirulence activity on some intrinsically resistant bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this bacterium, the antivirulence activity of AZM mainly relies on its ability to interact with the ribosome, resulting in direct and/or indirect repression of specific subsets of genes involved in virulence, quorum sensing, biofilm formation, and intrinsic antibiotic resistance. Both clinical experience and clinical trials have shown the efficacy of AZM in the treatment of chronic pulmonary infections caused by P. aeruginosa. The aim of this review is to combine results from laboratory studies with evidence from clinical trials in order to unify the information on the in vivo mode of action of AZM in P. aeruginosa infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Imperi
- Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation and Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, “Sapienza” University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Livia Leoni
- Department of Sciences, “Roma Tre” UniversityRome, Italy
| | - Paolo Visca
- Department of Sciences, “Roma Tre” UniversityRome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
He X, Hwang HM, Aker WG, Wang P, Lin Y, Jiang X, He X. Synergistic combination of marine oligosaccharides and azithromycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:759-67. [PMID: 24529598 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we describe how utilization of low molecular weight alginate-derived oligosaccharide (ADO) and chito-oligosaccharide (COS) in conjunction with antibiotics, could more effectively inhibit the growth of wild-type and resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Inhibition is effected by modulating the bacteria's quorum sensing (QS) system, thus regulating biofilm formation and reducing resistance to antibiotic treatment. This can be demonstrated by using conventional MIC screening. COS showed synergistic effects with azithromycin, whereas ADO indicated additive effects against wild-type P. aeruginosa. Using electrospray-ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flightmass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), the chemical structure of ADO and of COS was characterized. The wild-type and resistant strains were identified by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. This report demonstrates the feasibility of attenuating the tolerance of P. aeruginosa to azithromycin by using specific marine oligosaccharides.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Azithromycin/pharmacology
- Biofilms/growth & development
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Drug Synergism
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Structure
- Oligosaccharides/chemistry
- Oligosaccharides/pharmacology
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa/classification
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology
- Quorum Sensing/drug effects
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Stress, Physiological
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China; Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, United States
| | - Huey-min Hwang
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, United States
| | - Winfred G Aker
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, United States
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, United States
| | - Xiaolu Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyu He
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Flume PA, Van Devanter DR. State of progress in treating cystic fibrosis respiratory disease. BMC Med 2012; 10:88. [PMID: 22883684 PMCID: PMC3425089 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the gene associated with cystic fibrosis (CF), there has been tremendous progress in the care of patients with this disease. New therapies have entered the market and are part of the standard treatment of patients with CF, and have been associated with marked improvement in survival. Now there are even more promising therapies directed at different components of the pathophysiology of this disease. In this review, our current knowledge of the pathophysiology of lung disease in patients with CF is described, along with the current treatment of CF lung disease, and the therapies in development that offer great promise to our patients.
Collapse
|
12
|
Jain N, Lai PC, Walters JD. Effect of gingivitis on azithromycin concentrations in gingival crevicular fluid. J Periodontol 2012; 83:1122-8. [PMID: 22220766 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.110558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrolide antibiotics yield high concentrations in inflamed tissue, suggesting that their levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) could be increased at gingivitis sites. However, the increased volume of GCF associated with gingivitis could potentially dilute macrolides. To determine whether these assumptions are correct, the bioavailability of systemically administered azithromycin was compared in GCF from healthy and gingivitis sites. METHODS Experimental gingivitis was induced in one maxillary posterior sextant in nine healthy individuals. Contralateral healthy sextants served as controls. Participants ingested 500 mg azithromycin, followed by a 250-mg dose 24 hours later. Four hours after the second dose, plaque was removed from experimental sites. GCF was collected from eight surfaces in both the experimental and control sextants and pooled separately. GCF samples were subsequently collected on days 2, 3, 8, and 15, and azithromycin content was determined by agar diffusion bioassay. RESULTS On days 2 and 3, the pooled GCF volume at experimental sites was significantly higher than at control sites (P <0.01), and the total azithromycin mass in 30-second GCF samples pooled from experimental sites was significantly higher than at control sites (P <0.02). However, there were no significant differences in azithromycin concentration between the experimental and control pools at any point. Concentrations exceeded 7.3 μg/mL on day 2 and 2.5 μg/mL on day 15. CONCLUSION Azithromycin concentrations are similar in GCF from gingivitis sites and healthy sites, suggesting that the processes that regulate GCF azithromycin concentration can compensate for local inflammatory changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Jain
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University Health Sciences Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Asahi Y, Noiri Y, Igarashi J, Suga H, Azakami H, Ebisu S. Synergistic effects of antibiotics and an N-acyl homoserine lactone analog on Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 112:404-11. [PMID: 22093286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effects of the combined application of an N-acyl homoserine lactone (HSL) analog and antibiotics on biofilms of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major pathogen of periodontal disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Antibiotics used were cefuroxime, ofloxacin and minocycline. A flow-cell model was used for biofilm formation. Samples were divided into four groups: control, analog-treated, antibiotic-treated and combined application groups. Biofilm cell survival was determined using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence and confocal laser microscopy (CLSM). In the combined application group, the ATP count in biofilm cells was significantly decreased compared with the antibiotic-treated group (Games-Howell test, P < 0·05). A combination of cefuroxime and the analog was most effective against the P. gingivalis biofilm. CLSM observations revealed that the proportion of dead cells was highest in the combined application group. CONCLUSIONS The combined application of the N-acyl HSL analog and antibiotics was effective at reducing the viability of P. gingivalis cells in biofilms. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The combined application of the N-acyl HSL analog and antibiotics may be successful for eradicating infections involving bacterial biofilms, such as periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Asahi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Florescu DF, Grant W, Botha JF, Fey P, Kalil AC. Should multivisceral transplantation be considered in patients colonized with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa? Microb Drug Resist 2011; 18:74-8. [PMID: 22107253 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2011.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes two subsequent liver-small bowel-pancreas-kidney (multivisceral) transplantations in a child colonized with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We discuss the dilemma concerning the transplantation of patients colonized with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas spp., its potential consequences, and the peri and postoperative management of these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana F Florescu
- Transplant Infectious Diseases Program, Infectious Diseases Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska NE 68198-5400, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Antibiofilm effects of azithromycin and erythromycin on Porphyromonas gingivalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:5887-92. [PMID: 21911560 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05169-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance of biofilm-grown bacteria contributes to chronic infections, such as marginal and periapical periodontitis, which are strongly associated with Porphyromonas gingivalis. Concurrent azithromycin (AZM) administration and mechanical debridement improve the clinical parameters of periodontal tissue in situ. We examined the in vitro efficacy of AZM against P. gingivalis biofilms. The susceptibilities of adherent P. gingivalis strains 381, HW24D1, 6/26, and W83 to AZM, erythromycin (ERY), ampicillin (AMP), ofloxacin (OFX), and gentamicin (GEN) were investigated using a static model. The optical densities of adherent P. gingivalis cells were significantly decreased by using AZM and ERY at sub-MIC levels compared with those of the controls in all the strains tested, except for the effect of ERY on strain W83. AMP and OFX inhibited P. gingivalis adherent cells at levels over their MICs, and GEN showed no inhibition in the static model. The effects of AZM and ERY against biofilm cells were investigated using a flow cell model. The ATP levels of P. gingivalis biofilms were significantly decreased by AZM at concentrations below the sub-MICs; however, ERY was not effective for inhibition of P. gingivalis biofilm cells at their sub-MICs. Furthermore, decreased density of P. gingivalis biofilms was observed three-dimensionally with sub-MIC AZM, using confocal laser scanning microscopy. These findings suggest that AZM is effective against P. gingivalis biofilms at sub-MIC levels and could have future clinical application for oral biofilm infections, such as chronic marginal and periapical periodontitis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lai PC, Ho W, Jain N, Walters JD. Azithromycin concentrations in blood and gingival crevicular fluid after systemic administration. J Periodontol 2011; 82:1582-6. [PMID: 21417585 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.110012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that is active against several periodontal pathogens. Macrolides are taken up and concentrated inside gingival fibroblasts, which could influence their pharmacokinetics. This study tests the hypothesis that steady-state levels of azithromycin are higher and more sustained in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) than in serum. METHODS Four healthy patients received an initial dose of 500-mg azithromycin followed by 250-mg doses on each of the next 2 days. Serum and GCF samples were obtained 2 hours after the last dose on day 2, and on days 4 and 7. GCF samples were collected from maxillary posterior sites with paper strips. The strips were pooled and eluted with high-purity water. After extraction, the azithromycin content of the serum samples and GCF eluates was determined with an agar diffusion bioassay. RESULTS On days 2, 4, and 7, the concentrations of azithromycin in blood serum were 0.22 ± 0.02, 0.08 ± 0.02, and 0.04 ± 0.01 μg/mL, respectively. The concentrations in GCF were 8.82 ± 1.25, 7.90 ± 1.72, and 7.38 ± 1.15 μg/mL, respectively. Mean GCF levels were significantly higher than mean serum levels (P ≤0.02; paired t test). CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate that the pharmacokinetic profiles of azithromycin are different in GCF and serum. At steady state, azithromycin concentrations in GCF were higher and more sustained than those in serum. Based on previous studies, the levels observed in GCF were above the minimal inhibitory concentration for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans), Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Chuang Lai
- Division of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University Health Sciences Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sibley CD, Grinwis ME, Rabin HR, Surette MG. Azithromycin paradox in the treatment of cystic fibrosis airway disease. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:1315-9. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of: Saiman L, Anstead M, Mayer-Hamblett N et al.: Effect of azithromycin on pulmonary function in patients with cystic fibrosis uninfected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 303(17), 1707–1715 (2010). Chronic airway infection and inflammation are hallmarks of cystic fibrosis (CF). Disease progression can be described as chronic inflammation punctuated by acute exacerbations with overt immunological responses. Macrolide antibiotics, which have both immunomodulatory and antibacterial activities, have been shown to be beneficial in the management of CF airway disease, although the mechanism of action is unknown. It is also unclear whether all patients, particularly those not colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, benefit from this treatment. In this article, Saiman et al. examine the effects of azithromycin on lung function in pediatric and adolescent CF patients who are not colonized with P. aeruginosa. The data indicate beneficial effects of azithromycin treatment and suggest the mechanisms of action of azithromycin is at least partially independent of P. aeruginosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Sibley
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Margot E Grinwis
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Harvey R Rabin
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medicine & Adult Cystic Fibrosis Clinic, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Michael G Surette
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Effects of subminimum inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on the Pasteurella multocida proteome: a systems approach. Comp Funct Genomics 2010:254836. [PMID: 18464924 PMCID: PMC2367384 DOI: 10.1155/2008/254836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify key regulators of subminimum inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC) antibiotic response in the Pasteurella multocida proteome, we applied systems approaches. Using 2D-LC-ESI-MS2, we achieved 53% proteome coverage. To study the differential protein expression in response to sub-MIC antibiotics in the context of protein interaction networks, we inferred P. multocida Pm70 protein interaction network from orthologous proteins. We then overlaid the differential protein expression data onto the P. multocida protein interaction network to study the bacterial response. We identified proteins that could enhance antimicrobial activity. Overall compensatory response to antibiotics was characterized by altered expression of proteins involved in purine metabolism, stress response, and cell envelope permeability.
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang PL. Roles of Oral Bacteria in Cardiovascular Diseases — From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Cases: Treatment of Periodontal Disease Regarded as Biofilm Infection: Systemic Administration of Azithromycin. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 113:126-33. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09r25fm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
|
20
|
Kobayashi H, Kobayashi O, Kawai S. Pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of chronic colonization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its biofilms in the airway tract. J Infect Chemother 2009; 15:125-42. [PMID: 19554398 DOI: 10.1007/s10156-008-0691-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Florescu DF, Murphy PJ, Kalil AC. Effects of prolonged use of azithromycin in patients with cystic fibrosis: a meta-analysis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2009; 22:467-72. [PMID: 19328860 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Azithromycin has been studied as potential therapeutic anti-inflammatory agent for cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Azithromycin (AZM) has been used as an immunomodulating agent, based on few small studies. Considering the cost and potential side effects of long-term azithromycin therapy, it is important to identify the group of patients that would benefit the most. Weighted mean difference was used for pulmonary function tests, and risk ratios for all other variables. The random-effects model was applied for all reports. Combining four studies (N=368), azithromycin showed increase in FEV(1) (3.53%, 95% CI 0.00, 7.07, p=0.05; I(2)=38%) and FVC (4.24%, 95% CI 2.02, 6.45, p=0.0002; I(2)=0%). When trials were analyzed by baseline Pseudomonas sputum colonization, the heterogeneity decreased (I(2)=0%), FEV(1) significantly increased to 4.66% (95% CI 1.18, 8.15, p=0.009), and FVC increased to 4.64% (95% CI 2.11, 7.17, p=0.0003). The GI side effects were 72% higher with azithromycin use (RR 1.72, 95% CI 1.33, 2.21, p=0.00003), the main side effects being nausea (RR 2.04, 95% CI 1.19, 3.45, p=0.009), and diarrhea (RR 2.12, 95% CI 1.10, 4.08, p=0.02). Azithromycin improves lung function of CF patients, especially in the subgroup colonized with Pseudomonas. However, nausea and diarrhea are significantly more frequent with azythromycin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D F Florescu
- Infectious Diseases Section, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-5400, NE, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nichols DP, Konstan MW, Chmiel JF. Anti-inflammatory therapies for cystic fibrosis-related lung disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2009; 35:135-53. [PMID: 18546078 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-008-8081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease affecting many organ systems. In the lung, the underlying ion transport defect in CF establishes a perpetuating cycle of impaired airway clearance, chronic endobronchial infection, and exuberant inflammation. The interrelated nature of these components of CF lung disease makes it likely that the most effective therapeutic strategies will include treatments of each of these. This chapter reviews the preclinical and clinical data focused on ways to better understand and particularly to limit inflammation in the CF airway. Anti-inflammatories are an attractive therapeutic target in CF with a proven ability to decrease the rate of decline in lung function. However, the inherent complexity of the inflammatory response combined with the obvious dependency on this response to contain infection and the side effect profiles of common anti-inflammatories have made identifying the most suitable agents challenging. Research continues to discover impairments in signaling events in CF that may contribute to the excessive inflammation seen clinically. Concurrent with these findings, promising new therapies are being evaluated to determine which agents will be most effective and well tolerated. Available data from studies commenced over the last two decades, which have generated both encouraging and disappointing results, are reviewed below.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David P Nichols
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Once-weekly azithromycin in cystic fibrosis with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Respir Med 2008; 102:1643-53. [PMID: 18701270 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on the effects of long-term treatment with azithromycin (AZM) on inflammatory markers in cystic fibrosis patients chronically infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa are scarce. So far there is no pharmacokinetic and clinical data on once-weekly dosage of AZM in CF patients. METHODS In a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, patients received AZM or placebo 1 per week for 8 weeks (AZM dosage--20-29 kg: 500 mg, 30-39 kg: 750 mg, 40-49 kg: 1000 mg and > or = 50 kg: 1250 mg) after a course of intravenous antipseudomonal antibiotics. Pulmonary function tests, the serum markers LPS-binding protein (LBP), interleukin-8 (IL-8), CRP, P. aeruginosa alginate in sputum samples and quality of life scores were evaluated. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients (21 AZM/17 placebo) (mean age: 23.7 years; mean FEV(1): 62% of predicted) were recruited. After treatment (mean dose of 21.2 mg/kg body weight once a week) pulmonary function declined in both groups compared to baseline (i.e. after cessation of i.v. antibiotics). The AZM group was significantly better for mean changes in serum CRP (AZM: +0.9 mg/l, placebo: +21.6 mg/l, p=0.019), lipopolysaccharide binding protein in serum, LBP (AZM: +0.9 microg/ml, placebo: +7.0 microg/ml, p=0.015), serum interleukin-8 (AZM: -3.1 pg/ml, placebo: +2.9 pg/ml, p=0.001) and alginate in sputum (AZM: +85 microg/ml, placebo: +353 microg/ml, p=0.048). Quality of life was significantly better after AZM and there was no increase in treatment-related adverse events. CONCLUSION Once-weekly azithromycin ameliorated inflammatory reactions and improved quality of life. A decline of pulmonary function after cessation of i.v. antibiotics could not be prevented.
Collapse
|
24
|
Proesmans M, Vermeulen F, De Boeck K. What's new in cystic fibrosis? From treating symptoms to correction of the basic defect. Eur J Pediatr 2008; 167:839-49. [PMID: 18389279 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-008-0693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chronic relentless lung infection and pancreatic insufficiency are the cardinal features of cystic fibrosis (CF), a life-shortening autosomal recessive disease. Mutations in the 'cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator' (CFTR) are currently classified into five groups according to their repercussion on CFTR protein synthesis and its chloride channel function. Stop codon mutations (class I) result in a truncated nonfunctional CFTR, class II mutations consist of aberrantly folded CFTR protein that is degraded by the cell quality control system, while class III mutations lead to defective regulation of the CFTR protein and, consequently, the absence of CFTR function. These three classes usually lead to a classic CF phenotype with pancreatic insufficiency. CFTR mutations that lead to defective chloride conductance are grouped together in class IV. Class V mutations interfere with normal transcription, thereby reducing the amount of otherwise normal CFTR. These latter two classes are mostly associated with a milder expression of the disease. In the absence of CFTR function, unrestrained Na+ absorption and the failure of active Cl- secretion lead to a decreased airway surface liquid (ASL) volume and subsequent failure of normal mucociliary clearance. This review highlights recent therapeutic strategies that either target the underlying defect or the early steps in CF pathophysiology. To date, gene therapy has failed to demonstrate a clinical benefit after repeated administration. Mutation-specific chloride channel correction pharmacotherapy is currently being developed, an example of which is PTC124, a new chemical compound that selectively induces read-through of premature stop codons. However, clinical efficacy for most of the compounds still has to be proven in large clinical trials. The positive effect of nebulised hypertonic saline on mucociliary clearance is based on the restoration of ASL height. Recent advances in the current treatment of lung infection and inflammation are highlighted in this review. Lung transplantation should be considered in terminally ill patients, but the timing of the transplantation is crucial: transplanting too early shortens survival, while transplanting too late results in patients dying on the waiting list.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Proesmans
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li F, Yu J, Yang H, Wan Z, Bai D. Effects of ambroxol on alginate of mature Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Curr Microbiol 2008; 57:1-7. [PMID: 18389310 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-008-9142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm-forming bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen in mechanically ventilated newborns, which can cause life-threatening infections. Alginate of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms is considered an important virulence factor which contributes to the resistance to antibiotics. Traditionally, ambroxol is widely used in newborns with lung problems as a mucolytic agent and antioxidant agent as well. And there are few studies that demonstrated the anti-biofilm activity of ambroxol. In this study, we found that ambroxol can affect the structure of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Further, we found that ambroxol reduces the production of alginate, the expression of the important genes and the activity of key enzyme guanosine diphospho-D-mannose dehydrogenase (GDP-mannose dehydrogenase; GMD) which were involved in alginate biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chmiel JF, Konstan MW. Inflammation and anti-inflammatory therapies for cystic fibrosis. Clin Chest Med 2007; 28:331-46. [PMID: 17467552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis lung disease is characterized by a self-propagating cycle of obstruction, infection, and inflammation. The inflammatory response, which accounts for the majority of the morbidity and mortality of the disease, begins early in life, becomes persistent, and is excessive relative to the bacterial burden. Therapies aimed at decreasing the inflammatory response represent a relatively new strategy for treatment. This article reviews the current state of the art of anti-inflammatory therapy in cystic fibrosis and introduces clinical trials that are underway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James F Chmiel
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hoffmann N, Lee B, Hentzer M, Rasmussen TB, Song Z, Johansen HK, Givskov M, Høiby N. Azithromycin blocks quorum sensing and alginate polymer formation and increases the sensitivity to serum and stationary-growth-phase killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and attenuates chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection in Cftr(-/-) mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:3677-87. [PMID: 17620382 PMCID: PMC2043275 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01011-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The consequences of O-acetylated alginate-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in the lungs of chronically infected cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are tolerance to both antibiotic treatments and effects on the innate and the adaptive defense mechanisms. In clinical trials, azithromycin (AZM) has been shown to improve the lung function of CF patients. The present study was conducted in accordance with previous in vitro studies suggesting that the effect of AZM may be the inhibition of alginate production, blockage of quorum sensing (QS), and increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide and the complement system. Moreover, we show that AZM may affect the polymerization of P. aeruginosa alginate by the incomplete precipitation of polymerized alginate and high levels of readily dialyzable uronic acids. In addition, we find that mucoid bacteria in the stationary growth phase became sensitive to AZM, whereas cells in the exponential phase did not. Interestingly, AZM-treated P. aeruginosa lasI mutants appeared to be particularly resistant to serum, whereas bacteria with a functional QS system did not. We show in a CF mouse model of chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection that AZM treatment results in the suppression of QS-regulated virulence factors, significantly improves the clearance of P. aeruginosa alginate biofilms, and reduces the severity of the lung pathology compared to that in control mice. We conclude that AZM attenuates the virulence of P. aeruginosa, impairs its ability to form fully polymerized alginate biofilms, and increases its sensitivity to complement and stationary-phase killing, which may explain the clinical efficacy of AZM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Hoffmann
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Panum Institute 24.1, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nalca Y, Jänsch L, Bredenbruch F, Geffers R, Buer J, Häussler S. Quorum-sensing antagonistic activities of azithromycin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1: a global approach. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:1680-8. [PMID: 16641435 PMCID: PMC1472232 DOI: 10.1128/aac.50.5.1680-1688.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The administration of macrolides such as azithromycin for chronic pulmonary infection of cystic fibrosis patients has been reported to be of benefit. Although the mechanisms of action remain obscure, anti-inflammatory effects as well as interference of the macrolide with Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor production have been suggested to contribute to an improved clinical outcome. In this study we used a systematic approach and analyzed the impact of azithromycin on the global transcriptional pattern and the protein expression profile of P. aeruginosa PAO1 cultures versus those in untreated controls. The most remarkable result of this study is the finding that azithromycin exhibited extensive quorum-sensing antagonistic activities. In accordance with the inhibition of the quorum-sensing systems, virulence factor production was diminished and the oxidative stress response was impaired, whereas the type III secretion system was strongly induced. Moreover, P. aeruginosa motility was reduced, which probably accounts for the previously observed impaired biofilm formation capabilities of azithromycin-treated cultures. The interference of azithromycin with quorum-sensing-dependent virulence factor production, biofilm formation, and oxidative stress resistance in P. aeruginosa holds great promise for macrolide therapy in cystic fibrosis. Clearly quorum-sensing antagonist macrolides should be paid more attention in the management of chronic P. aeruginosa infections, and as quorum-sensing antagonists, macrolides might gain vital importance for more general application against chronic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Nalca
- Chronic Pseudomonas Infections, German Research Center for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Lung transplantation has become an accepted therapy for selected patients with advanced lung disease. One of the main limitations to successful lung transplantation is rejection of the transplanted organ. This article discusses the clinical presentation, treatment, and prevention of hyperacute, acute, and chronic rejection in the lung transplant recipient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P M Whelan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kobayashi H. Airway biofilms: implications for pathogenesis and therapy of respiratory tract infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 4:241-53. [PMID: 16086598 DOI: 10.2165/00151829-200504040-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of bacterial biofilms in the airway environment, the pathogenesis of airway biofilm, and possible therapeutic methods are discussed. Biofilm diseases that characteristically involve the respiratory system include cystic fibrosis (CF), diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB), and bronchiectasia with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) infection. There is evidence to suggest that almost all strains of P. aeruginosa have the genetic capacity to synthesize alginate, a main matrix of biofilms, when ecological conditions are unfavorable for their survival. The bacteria inside the mature biofilm show increased resistance to both antibacterials and phagocytic cells, express fewer virulence factors because of their stationary state of growth, and are less stimulatory to the mucosa because of the 'sandwich binding'. These factors facilitate both the colonization of bacteria and their extended survival even under unfavorable conditions. Since the biofilm limits colonization to a latent form, the clinical symptoms in this situation are unremarkable. However, the clinical progression of both CF and DPB proceeds in two characteristic directions. The first is an acute exacerbation caused by planktonic bacteria that have germinated from the biofilm. The second is a slow progression of disease that is induced by harmful immune reactions. The harmful reactions are mediated by alginate, which induces antigen antibody reactions around the airways, as well as formation of circulating immune complexes that are deposited on lung tissue. Furthermore, the highest titer of bacterial permeability increasing anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (BPI-ANCA) is observed in association with highly impaired pulmonary function in patients with CF and DPB, as well as in patients with a lengthy period of colonization with P. aeruginosa. BPI-ANCA subsequently makes chronic airway infection even more intractable. The long-term use of 14- or 15-ring membered macrolides results in a favorable clinical outcome for patients with DPB and in some patients with CF. In the last 10 years, an increasing number of studies have reported secondary actions of macrolides that include effects on both airway and phagocytic cells, as well as an anti-biofilm activity. The 14- or 15-ring membered macrolides inhibit: (i) the alginate production from P. aeruginosa; (ii) the antibody reaction to alginate, which leads to a decrease in the immune complex formation; and (iii) the activation of the autoinducer 3-O-C12-homoserine lactone and subsequent expression of lasI and rhlI in quorum sensing systems in P. aeruginosa. These anti-biofilm actions of macrolides may represent their basic mechanisms of action on airway biofilm disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shitrit D, Bendayan D, Gidon S, Saute M, Bakal I, Kramer MR. Long-Term Azithromycin Use for Treatment of Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome in Lung Transplant Recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24:1440-3. [PMID: 16143268 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2004.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Revised: 07/22/2004] [Accepted: 08/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term improvement in lung function was observed in 5 of 6 lung transplant recipients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) who were treated with oral azithromycin. We assessed the long-term effect (mean duration 10 months) of treatment with oral azithromycin in 11 lung transplant recipients with BOS. Mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was 40 +/- 9% at initiation of azithromycin treatment, 39 +/- 10% after 1 month, 39 +/- 12% after 4 months, 38 +/- 10% after 7 months and 38 +/- 10% after 10 months, respectively (statistically non-significant for all data). We conclude that long-term administration with oral azithromycin does not reverse BOS in lung transplant recipients, but may slow progression of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Shitrit
- Pulmonary Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
For more than 20 years macrolide antibiotics have been used to treat chronic inflammatory airway diseases based on their immunomodulatory activity. Macrolide antibiotics down-regulate damaging prolonged inflammation as well as increase mucus clearance, decrease bacterial virulence and prevent biofilm formation. Initially shown to decrease morbidity and mortality in diffuse panbronchiolitis and in steroid-dependent asthma, long-term macrolide therapy has now been shown to significantly reduce exacerbations and improve lung function and quality of life in children with cystic fibrosis. They have also proven beneficial in Japanese children and adults with chronic sinobronchitis especially when there is nasal polyposis. Long-term macrolides have also proven clinically beneficial in some patients with plastic bronchitis. Adverse reactions are few and generally self-limited when used at the recommended dosage for immunomodulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Shinkai
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1081 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce K Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1081, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gerhardt SG, McDyer JF, Girgis RE, Conte JV, Yang SC, Orens JB. Maintenance azithromycin therapy for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: results of a pilot study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168:121-5. [PMID: 12672648 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200212-1424bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the pulmonary transplant population. Previous studies show that macrolide antibiotics may be efficacious in the treatment of panbronchiolitis and cystic fibrosis. In the latter, azithromycin decreases the number of respiratory exacerbations, improves FEV1, and improves quality of life. We hypothesized that oral azithromycin therapy may improve lung function in patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. To test this hypothesis, we conducted an open-label pilot trial using maintenance azithromycin therapy in six lung transplant recipients (250 mg orally three times per week for a mean of 13.7 weeks). In this study, five of these six individuals demonstrated significant improvement in pulmonary function, as assessed by FEV1, as compared with their baseline values at the start of azithromycin therapy. The mean increase in the percentage of predicted FEV1 values in these individuals was 17.1% (p </= 0.05). In addition, the absolute FEV1 increased by 0.50 L (range -0.18 to 1.36 L). These data suggest a potential role for maintenance macrolide therapy in the treatment of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan G Gerhardt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Vranes J. Effect of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of azithromycin on adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to polystyrene. J Chemother 2000; 12:280-5. [PMID: 10949976 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2000.12.4.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa forms a bacterial biofilm by producing alginate when it adheres to mucosa or various medical devices. In this study, the effect of subminimal inhibitory concentrations (subMICs) of azithromycin (AZM) on the biofilm formation and in vitro adherence to polystyrene of 14 wild-type P. aeruginosa strains was studied. A total of 35 P. aeruginosa isolates from clinical specimens were used. Glycocalyx production was determined by the tube method, and bacterial adherence to the wells of flat bottom polystyrene tissue culture plates was estimated by the spectrophotometric method. Compared to the control, the adherence ability to polystyrene was inhibited by incubation with subMICs of AZM in a dose-dependent manner. These results support the findings of other investigators suggesting that AZM in subinhibitory concentrations may be useful in the prevention or treatment of biofilm-associated infections due to P. aeruginosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Vranes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Andrija Stampar School of Public Health, Zagreb University Medical School, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mitsuya Y, Kawai S, Kobayashi H. Influence of macrolides on guanosine diphospho-D-mannose dehydrogenase activity in Pseudomonas biofilm. J Infect Chemother 2000; 6:45-50. [PMID: 11810531 DOI: 10.1007/s101560050049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/1999] [Accepted: 12/08/1999] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The formation of biofilm is regarded as a major cause of intractable infectious disease. Our studies were done to elucidate the action of a 14-membered-ring macrolide (erythromycin; EM) and a 16-membered-ring macrolide (midecamycin; MDM) on guanosine diphospho-d-mannose dehydrogenase (GDP-mannose dehydrogenase; GMD), one of the constituents of bacterial biofilm that is known to produce alginate. The mucoid type of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PT-1578 and the non-mucoid type of P. aeruginosa PAO1 were grown with nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor media. Comparative measurements were made of their GMD enzyme activities, with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), a cell membrane enzyme, used as a control. It was found that the GMD enzyme activity of mucoid type of Pseudomonas bacteria increased when they were grown on nutrient-poor media. Measurements were also made to determine the effects of EM and MDM against GMD and G6PDH enzyme activities. In media with either EM or MDM added, the production of G6PDH was not inhibited, irrespective of the concentration of EM or MDM. However, EM was effective against the production of GMD, showing a concentration-dependent effect. Scanning electron microscopy studies were also carried out to determine the effects of both macrolides on bacterial alginate production. It was found that reduction of alginate content occurred after the addition of EM. When environmental conditions for bacteria deteriorate, GMD enzyme is activated, production of alginate is initiated, and then biofilm is formed. Our results suggest that EM may have an inhibitory effect on the GMD production cycle, hence inhibiting the formation of biofilm. This may explain the differences in the clinical usefulness of 14-membered-and 16-membered-ring macrolides against biofilm disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Mitsuya
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-10-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|