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Ortiz-Ramírez JÁ, Rodríguez-Rojas JJ, Hernández-Escareño JJ, Galan-Huerta KA, Rebollar-Téllez EA, Moreno-Degollado G, Medina-De la Garza CE, Sánchez-Casas RM, Fernández-Salas I. Molecular and Serological Identification of Anaplasma marginale and Borrelia burgdorferi in Cattle and Ticks from Nuevo Leon, Northern Mexico. Pathogens 2023; 12:784. [PMID: 37375474 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases affect livestock productivity and cause significant economic losses. Therefore, surveillance of these pathogens and vectors is paramount to reducing these effects in livestock. This study aimed to identify Anaplasma marginale and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks collected from cattle. Molecular biology techniques were utilized to identify A. marginale for both types of samples, i.e., ticks and bovine blood. Serology of cattle using indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was conducted to determine antibodies to B. burgdorferi s.l. from seven locations in Nuevo Leon, Mexico, between 2015 and 2017. From 404 bovines, 2880 ticks were collected: Rhipicephalus microplus (2391 females and 395 males), Amblyomma spp. (51 females and 42 males) and Dermacentor variabilis (1 female). Rhipicephalus microplus represented the largest specimens captured, with 96.7% within the seven study sites. PCR processed only 15% (442) of tick samples to identify A. marginale. Field genera proportions were followed to select testing tick numbers. Results showed that 9.9% (44/442) of A. maginale infected the pooled tick species, whereas the highest percent corresponded to 9.4% (38/404) in R. microplus. Regarding the molecular analysis of blood samples, 214 of 337 (63.5%) were positive for A. maginale. In each of the seven locations, at least one bovine sample tested positive for A. maginale. Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. was not found either in the ticks or serum samples. Two A.marginale DNA nucleotide sequences obtained in this study were deposited in the GenBank with the following accession numbers OR050501 cattle, and OR050500 R.microplus tick. Results of this work point to current distribution of bovine anaplasmosis in northern Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ángel Ortiz-Ramírez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Escobedo 66054, NL, Mexico
| | - Jorge Jesús Rodríguez-Rojas
- Unidad de Patógenos y Vectores, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 66460, NL, Mexico
| | | | - Kame-A Galan-Huerta
- Departamento de Bioquímicay Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 66460, NL, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Alfonso Rebollar-Téllez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, NL, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Moreno-Degollado
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Escobedo 66054, NL, Mexico
| | - Carlos E Medina-De la Garza
- Unidad de Patógenos y Vectores, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 66460, NL, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Sánchez-Casas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Escobedo 66054, NL, Mexico
- Unidad de Patógenos y Vectores, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 66460, NL, Mexico
| | - Ildefonso Fernández-Salas
- Unidad de Patógenos y Vectores, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 66460, NL, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, NL, Mexico
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Abstract
Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne illness in North America and Europe. The etiologic agent, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, is transmitted to humans by certain species of Ixodes ticks, which are found widely in temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere. Clinical features are diverse but death is rare. The risk of human infection is determined by the distribution and abundance of vector ticks, ecologic factors influencing tick infection rates, and human behaviors that promote tick bite. Rates of infection are highest among children aged 5 to 15 years and adults aged more than 50 years. In the northeastern United States where disease is most common, exposure occurs primarily in areas immediately around the home. Knowledge of disease epidemiology is important for patient management and proper diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mead
- Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 3156 Rampart Road, Ft Collins, CO 80521, USA.
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González-Salazar C, Stephens CR, Meneses-Mosquera AK. Assessment of the potential establishment of Lyme endemic cycles in Mexico. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2021; 46:207-220. [PMID: 35230025 DOI: 10.52707/1081-1710-46.2.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although Lyme disease is currently classified as exotic in Mexico, recent studies have suggested that it might be endemic there. We assessed the potential risk for the establishment of Borrelia burgdorferi transmission in Mexico. To identify the potential routes of B. burgdorferi spread, Complex Inference Networks were used initially to identify potential vector-host interactions between hard ticks (Ixodes) and migratory birds in the U.S., and a model for predicting the most important potential bird hosts of hard ticks was then obtained. By using network metrics, keystone-vectors were identified as those species with highest connectivity within and between network communities and had the potential to keep the pathogen circulating with many birds and to be dispersed to several regions. The climatic profile where these interactions occur in the U.S. was characterized and a geographic model for each keystone-vector was built. The accuracy of these models to predict areas where hard ticks have been reported positive for B. burgdorferi allows one to identify areas of greater risk of Lyme disease emergence. These hard tick-bird interactions and their climatic profile were mapped into the winter ranges of birds in Mexico. Thus, those regions in Mexico with the highest potential for becoming endemic areas of Lyme disease through the arrival of hard ticks and birds infected by B. burgdorferi were identified. These areas are candidates for future surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantino González-Salazar
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, CDMX., México,
- C3 - Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, CDMX, México
| | - Christopher R Stephens
- C3 - Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, CDMX, México
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, CDMX, México
| | - Anny K Meneses-Mosquera
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, CDMX., México
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4
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Colunga-Salas P, Hernández-Canchola G, Sánchez-Montes S, Lozano-Sardaneta YN, Becker I. Genetic diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto: Novel strains from Mexican wild rodents. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:1263-1274. [PMID: 32772436 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi s.s. is a Gram-negative spirochaete, the aetiological agent of Lyme disease, the most common vector-borne disease in the Northern hemisphere. Reports on the presence of B. burgdorferi in central Mexico have been strongly criticized, since these were based only on unspecific serological methods. Furthermore, the worldwide genetic diversity of B. burgdorferi s.s. has not been evaluated. For this reason, the aim of the present study was to confirm the presence of B. burgdorferi in the central area of Mexico and to evaluate its relationship with regard to the global genetic diversity of B. burgdorferi s.s. To achieve this, fragments of the flagellin and the outer surface protein A genes were amplified from ear biopsies of the arboreal wild endemic mice Habromys schmidlyi. With these sequences, a concatenated Bayesian analysis was performed to confirm the identity of B. burgdorferi s.s. Afterwards, the global genetic diversity of this bacterial species was evaluated using our sequences and those available in GenBank. A prevalence of 10.4% (5/48) of H. schmidlyi infected with Borrelia sp. was detected, and the phylogenetic analyses confirmed the identity of B. burgdorferi s.s. Using both genes, the genetic diversity was low. However, genetic structuring analyses revealed that populations of western United States and those from Mexico formed slightly different genetic groups, separated from the populations of the rest of the world. Our study not only confirms the presence of this bacterium in central Mexico, but also shows the most southern record of this bacterium so far. It also highlights the importance of H. schmidlyi as a new potential host of this bacterial species. Our study also provides first genetic data on an incipient process of divergence in B. burgdorferi s.s. populations of eastern United States and central Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Colunga-Salas
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Giovani Hernández-Canchola
- Museum of Natural Science, 119 Foster Hall, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Colección de Mamíferos, Museo de Zoología "Alfonso L. Herrera", Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sokani Sánchez-Montes
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias región Tuxpan, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | - Yokomi N Lozano-Sardaneta
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Aguilar-Tipacamu G, Carvajal-Gamez BI, García-Rejon J, Machain-Willians C, Mosqueda J. Immuno-molecular prospecting for vector-borne diseases in central Mexico. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67 Suppl 2:185-192. [PMID: 32090486 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Climatic changes have influenced the temporal and spatial distribution of diseases. In livestock-grazing areas, rodents are reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens; therefore, they play an important role in the transmission of diseases affecting domestic animals and humans. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of the zoonotic agents: Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis and Rickettsia rickettsii, as well as the presence of viral RNA from the Bunyaviridae, Togaviridae and Flaviviridae families, in wild rodents from animal production units in central Mexico. The samples were obtained from wild rodents that had access and contact with animal production units. A total of 92 rodents were captured, and samples of blood, serum and organs, such as spleen, kidney, heart and liver, were obtained. The serum was used to detect antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis and Rickettsia rickettsii by an immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT); the blood was used for PCR analysis; and the organs were used to obtain RNA (cDNA) to perform RT-PCR. By IFAT, all samples were positive to A. phagocytophilum and E. canis, and negative to B. burgdorferi and R. rickettsii. The samples that were positive to IFAT were used to confirm the presence of pathogen by PCR analysis. The results from the PCR were as follows: 34 samples were positive to A. phagocytophilum, and 59 to E. canis. There was no amplification of genetic material from the Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae and Togaviridae virus families from the organs that were sampled, which suggests that the samples obtained did not contain RNA specific to these families. This is the first immuno-molecular prospecting study on vector-borne diseases in central Mexico demonstrating the presence of A. phagocytophilum and E. canis in wild rodents living in cattle grazing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Aguilar-Tipacamu
- C. A. Salud Animal y Microbiologia Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Bertha I Carvajal-Gamez
- Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, C. A. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Julian García-Rejon
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - Carlos Machain-Willians
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - Juan Mosqueda
- C. A. Salud Animal y Microbiologia Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico.,Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, C. A. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Queretaro, Mexico
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Carrizales-Sepúlveda EF, Jiménez-Castillo RA, Vera-Pineda R. Advanced AV-block: Is it time to consider Lyme carditis as a differential diagnosis in Mexico? J Electrocardiol 2020; 73:141-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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López-Pérez AM, Sánchez-Montes S, Foley J, Guzmán-Cornejo C, Colunga-Salas P, Pascoe E, Becker I, Delgado-de la Mora J, Licona-Enriquez JD, Suzan G. Molecular evidence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and Rickettsia massiliae in ticks collected from a domestic-wild carnivore interface in Chihuahua, Mexico. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 10:1118-1123. [PMID: 31202622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sixty-five wild carnivores and twenty free-roaming dogs from the Janos Biosphere Reserve (JBR), northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico, were inspected for ticks which were tested by molecular assays to identify Borrelia and Rickettsia infections. Overall, 45 ticks belonging to five taxa, including Dermacentor parumapertus, Ixodes hearlei, Ixodes kingi, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l., and Ornithodoros sp. were collected from 9.2% of the wild carnivores and 60% of the free-roaming dogs. Borrelia burgdorferi s.s. DNA was detected in an I. kingi tick collected from a kit fox (Vulpes macrotis), while Rickettsia massiliae was detected in two (6.5%) of the 31 Rh. sanguineus s.l. collected from free-roaming dogs. Our results revealed host associations between free-roaming dogs and wild carnivore hosts and their ticks in the JBR. The presence of the etiological agents of Lyme disease and spotted fever rickettsiosis in ticks raises the potential risk of tick-borne diseases at the human-domestic-wildlife interface in northwestern Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés M López-Pérez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades y una Salud, Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Sokani Sánchez-Montes
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Janet Foley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carmen Guzmán-Cornejo
- Laboratorio de Acarología, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pablo Colunga-Salas
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Emily Pascoe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Delgado-de la Mora
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Gerardo Suzan
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades y una Salud, Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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Maggi RG, Krämer F. A review on the occurrence of companion vector-borne diseases in pet animals in Latin America. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:145. [PMID: 30917860 PMCID: PMC6438007 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Companion vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) are an important threat for pet life, but may also have an impact on human health, due to their often zoonotic character. The importance and awareness of CVBDs continuously increased during the last years. However, information on their occurrence is often limited in several parts of the world, which are often especially affected. Latin America (LATAM), a region with large biodiversity, is one of these regions, where information on CVBDs for pet owners, veterinarians, medical doctors and health workers is often obsolete, limited or non-existent. In the present review, a comprehensive literature search for CVBDs in companion animals (dogs and cats) was performed for several countries in Central America (Belize, Caribbean Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico) as well as in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana (British Guyana), Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela) regarding the occurrence of the following parasitic and bacterial diseases: babesiosis, heartworm disease, subcutaneous dirofilariosis, hepatozoonosis, leishmaniosis, trypanosomosis, anaplasmosis, bartonellosis, borreliosis, ehrlichiosis, mycoplasmosis and rickettsiosis. An overview on the specific diseases, followed by a short summary on their occurrence per country is given. Additionally, a tabular listing on positive or non-reported occurrence is presented. None of the countries is completely free from CVBDs. The data presented in the review confirm a wide distribution of the CVBDs in focus in LATAM. This wide occurrence and the fact that most of the CVBDs can have a quite severe clinical outcome and their diagnostic as well as therapeutic options in the region are often difficult to access and to afford, demands a strong call for the prevention of pathogen transmission by the use of ectoparasiticidal and anti-feeding products as well as by performing behavioural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo G. Maggi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Friederike Krämer
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Response to: Lyme Neuroborreliosis in Mexico. Arch Med Res 2019; 50:1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cardenas-de la Garza JA, De la Cruz-Valadez E, Ocampo-Candiani J, Welsh O. Clinical spectrum of Lyme disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 38:201-208. [PMID: 30456435 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lyme disease (borreliosis) is one of the most common vector-borne diseases worldwide. Its incidence and geographic expansion has been steadily increasing in the last decades. Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, a heterogeneous group of which three genospecies have been systematically associated to Lyme disease: B. burgdorferi sensu stricto Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii. Geographical distribution and clinical manifestations vary according to the species involved. Lyme disease clinical manifestations may be divided into three stages. Early localized stage is characterized by erythema migrans in the tick bite site. Early disseminated stage may present multiple erythema migrans lesions, borrelial lymphocytoma, lyme neuroborreliosis, carditis, or arthritis. The late disseminated stage manifests with acordermatitis chronica atrophicans, lyme arthritis, and neurological symptoms. Diagnosis is challenging due to the varied clinical manifestations it may present and usually involves a two-step serological approach. In the current review, we present a thorough revision of the clinical manifestations Lyme disease may present. Additionally, history, microbiology, diagnosis, post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome, treatment, and prognosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Alberto Cardenas-de la Garza
- University Hospital "Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez", Department of Dermatology, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Madero y Gonzalitos s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Estephania De la Cruz-Valadez
- University Hospital "Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez", Department of Dermatology, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Madero y Gonzalitos s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Jorge Ocampo-Candiani
- University Hospital "Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez", Department of Dermatology, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Madero y Gonzalitos s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Oliverio Welsh
- University Hospital "Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez", Department of Dermatology, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Madero y Gonzalitos s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
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11
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Lyme Neuroborreliosis is a Severe and Frequent Neurological Disease in Mexico. Arch Med Res 2018; 49:399-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Sosa-Gutierrez CG, Vargas-Sandoval M, Torres J, Gordillo-Pérez G. Tick-borne rickettsial pathogens in questing ticks, removed from humans and animals in Mexico. J Vet Sci 2017; 17:353-60. [PMID: 26726019 PMCID: PMC5037303 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2016.17.3.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne rickettsial diseases (TBRD) are commonly encountered in medical and veterinary clinical settings. The control of these diseases is difficult, requiring disruption of a complex transmission chain involving a vertebrate host and ticks. The geographical distribution of the diseases is related to distribution of the vector, which is an indicator of risk for the population. A total of 1,107 ticks were collected by tick dragging from forests, ecotourism parks and hosts at 101 sites in 22 of the 32 states of Mexico. Collected ticks were placed in 1.5 mL cryovials containing 70% ethanol and were identified to species. Ticks were pooled according to location/host of collection, date of collection, sex, and stage of development. A total of 51 ticks were assayed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm species identification using morphological methods. A total of 477 pools of ticks were assayed using PCR techniques for selected tick-borne pathogens. Anaplasma phagocytophilum was the most commonly detected pathogen (45 pools), followed by, Ehrlichia (E.) canis (42), Rickettsia (R.) rickettsii (11), E. chaffeensis (8), and R. amblyommii (1). Rhipicephalus sanguineus was the tick most frequently positive for selected pathogens. Overall, our results indicate that potential tick vectors positive for rickettsial pathogens are distributed throughout the area surveyed in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina G Sosa-Gutierrez
- Unit of Research in Infectious Diseases, Children Hospital, National Medical Center, Institute of Mexico Social Security, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Margarita Vargas-Sandoval
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Uruapan 60150, Mexico
| | - Javier Torres
- Unit of Research in Infectious Diseases, Children Hospital, National Medical Center, Institute of Mexico Social Security, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Gordillo-Pérez
- Unit of Research in Infectious Diseases, Children Hospital, National Medical Center, Institute of Mexico Social Security, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
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13
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Movilla R, García C, Siebert S, Roura X. Countrywide serological evaluation of canine prevalence for Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato), Dirofilaria immitis and Ehrlichia canis in Mexico. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:421. [PMID: 27474020 PMCID: PMC4966591 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBD) have become a major concern for canine and human public health. The aim of the study described here is to add epidemiological data regarding four pathogens responsible for CVBD, namely anaplasmosis, borreliosis, dirofilariosis and ehrlichiosis in a national survey conducted in Mexico. METHODS Seventy-four veterinary centres located in 21 federal Mexican states were asked to test dogs with clinical signs suspect for CVBD and healthy dogs, for detection of Dirofilaria immitis antigen and antibodies against Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) and Ehrlichia canis using the SNAP® 4DX® from IDEXX® Laboratories. RESULTS A total of 1706 dogs were tested, including 943 apparently healthy and 722 CVBD-suspect dogs. Infected dogs were 36.7 %. The highest percentages of infection with E. canis (51.0 %) and Anaplasma spp. (16.4 %) were obtained in the northwestern region, while D. immitis was most frequently found in the northeastern region of the country (8.9 %). Four dogs from the northwestern, northeastern, eastern and southeastern regions, respectively, were positive for B. burgdorferi (sensu lato). Northcentral regions showed lowest overall prevalence of infection (2.4 %). Co-infections were detected in 8.8 % of the dogs tested. Statistically significant lower positivity was found among dogs aged less than one year (23.2 %) and small-sized dogs (27.6 %), while higher prevalence of infection was found in dogs living outdoors (42.0 %), dogs with detectable tick infestation (43.3 %) and dogs that received treatment for tick-transmitted infections (58.8 %). Seropositivity was a risk factor for the presence of clinical signs as follows: Anaplasma spp. (OR = 2.63; 95 % CI: 1.88-3.67; P < 0.0001), D. immitis (OR = 2.52; 95 % CI: 1.61-3.95; P < 0.0001), E. canis (OR = 3.58; 95 % CI: 2.88-4.45; P < 0.0001), mixed infections (OR = 4.08; 95 % CI: 2.79-5.96; P < 0.0001), one or more agents (OR = 3.58; 95 % CI: 2.91-4.42; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Canine serological evidence supports that dogs from Mexico are at risk of acquiring Anaplasma spp., D. immitis and/or E. canis, while B. burgdorferi (sensu lato) transmission is minimal in the country. Practitioners play a fundamental role in the detection and control of these diseases to protect dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Movilla
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carrer de l’Hospital, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos García
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuatitlán UNAM, Mexico Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City D.F., Mexico
| | - Susanne Siebert
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, 40789 Monheim and Marketing Companion Animal Products (CAP), InternationalBuilding 6210, 2.56, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Xavier Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carrer de l’Hospital, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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Guzmán-Cornejo C, Robbins RG, Guglielmone AA, Montiel-Parra G, Rivas G, Pérez TM. The Dermacentor (Acari, Ixodida, Ixodidae) of Mexico: hosts, geographical distribution and new records. Zookeys 2016:1-22. [PMID: 27110147 PMCID: PMC4829676 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.569.7221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Distribution and host data from published literature and previously unpublished collection records are provided for all nine species of the Holarctic tick genus Dermacentor that are known to occur in Mexico, as well as two species that may occur there. Parasite-host and host-parasite lists are presented, together with a gazetteer of collection localities and their geographical coordinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Guzmán-Cornejo
- Laboratorio de Acarología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C. P. 04510, D.F. México
| | - Richard G Robbins
- Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Energy, Installations and Environment, Silver Spring, MD 20910-1202, U.S.A
| | - Alberto A Guglielmone
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, CC 22, C.P. 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Griselda Montiel-Parra
- Colección Nacional de Ácaros, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C. P. 04510, D.F. México
| | - Gerardo Rivas
- Laboratorio de Acarología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C. P. 04510, D.F. México
| | - Tila María Pérez
- Colección Nacional de Ácaros, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C. P. 04510, D.F. México
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15
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Abstract
Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne illness in North America and Europe. The etiologic agent, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, is transmitted to humans by certain species of Ixodes ticks, which are found widely in temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere. Clinical features are diverse, but death is rare. The risk of human infection is determined by the geographic distribution of vector tick species, ecologic factors that influence tick infection rates, and human behaviors that promote tick bite. Rates of infection are highest among children 5 to 15 years old and adults older than 50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Mead
- Epidemiology and Surveillance Activity, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
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16
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Beck DL, Orozco JP. Diurnal questing behavior of Amblyomma mixtum (Acari: Ixodidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2015; 66:613-621. [PMID: 26063403 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-015-9928-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The diurnal questing behavior of Amblyomma mixtum Koch was monitored in the laboratory while held on a 12:12 diurnal cycle, and outdoors, using actographic chambers to determine the daily incidences of questing for a host. Nymphs and adults increased their questing activity during the morning. Adult activity peaked in the morning and continued until afternoon, whereas nymphal activity peaked in the afternoon. Nymphs and adults returned to the bottom of the chambers at night. The questing pattern for nymphs held outdoors was similar to that observed indoors. Both nymphs and adults had a higher average questing height when held at 95% RH than at 56% RH. The increase in average questing height was found to be due to fewer ticks questing-and for adults, a decrease in the mean questing height-at lower RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Beck
- Department of Biology, Tennessee Technological University, Box 5063, Cookeville, TN, 38505, USA,
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17
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Medlin JS, Cohen JI, Beck DL. Vector potential and population dynamics for Amblyomma inornatum. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2015; 6:463-72. [PMID: 25881916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We studied the natural life cycle of Amblyomma inornatum and its vector potential in South Texas. This tick is distributed throughout South Texas and most of Central America. A. inornatum represented 1.91% of the ticks collected by carbon dioxide traps during a study of free-living ticks in the Tamaulipan Biotic Province in South Texas. The life cycle of A. inornatum in South Texas showed a clear seasonal pattern consistent with one generation per year. Nymphs emerged in the spring with a peak in February through May. Adults emerged in the summer with a peak in July through September. Detection of A. inornatum larvae was negatively correlated with saturation deficit and positively correlated with rain in the previous few months. Adult activity was positively correlated with temperature and rain in the previous five weeks. Using PCR we detected the presence of species related to Candidatus Borrelia lonestari, Borrelia burgdorferi, Rickettsia species (Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii), Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and another Ehrlichia related to Ehrlichia ewingii. Finally we sequenced the mitochondrial 16S rRNA genes and found that A. inornatum is most closely related to Amblyomma parvum. This is the first report of the life cycle, vector potential and phylogeny of A. inornatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Medlin
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78043, United States
| | - James I Cohen
- Department of Applied Biology, Kettering University, Flint, MI 48504, United States
| | - David L Beck
- Department of Biology, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN 38506, United States.
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Esteve-Gassent MD, Grover A, Feria-Arroyo TP, Castro-Arellano I, Medina RF, Gordillo-Pérez G, de León AAP. Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ticks from wildlife hosts, a response to Norris et al. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:129. [PMID: 25885773 PMCID: PMC4353687 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0739-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent Letter to the Editor, Norris et al. questioned the validity of some of our data reported by Feria-Arroyo et al. The main issue investigated by us was the potential impact of climate change on the probable distribution of the tick vector Ixodes scapularis in the Texas-Mexico transboundary region. As an ancillary issue, an analysis of sequence data for the intergenic spacer of Borrelia burgdorferi was conducted. In the present letter, we provide further evidence supporting our original results, and advocate that extensive study of the population genetics of B. burgdorferi is needed in the Texas-Mexico transboundary region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Esteve-Gassent
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Abha Grover
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Teresa P Feria-Arroyo
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA.
| | - Ivan Castro-Arellano
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA.
| | - Raul F Medina
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Guadalupe Gordillo-Pérez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, IMSS, Distrito Federal, 06720, México.
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Esteve-Gassent MD, Pérez de León AA, Romero-Salas D, Feria-Arroyo TP, Patino R, Castro-Arellano I, Gordillo-Pérez G, Auclair A, Goolsby J, Rodriguez-Vivas RI, Estrada-Franco JG. Pathogenic Landscape of Transboundary Zoonotic Diseases in the Mexico-US Border Along the Rio Grande. Front Public Health 2014; 2:177. [PMID: 25453027 PMCID: PMC4233934 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Transboundary zoonotic diseases, several of which are vector borne, can maintain a dynamic focus and have pathogens circulating in geographic regions encircling multiple geopolitical boundaries. Global change is intensifying transboundary problems, including the spatial variation of the risk and incidence of zoonotic diseases. The complexity of these challenges can be greater in areas where rivers delineate international boundaries and encompass transitions between ecozones. The Rio Grande serves as a natural border between the US State of Texas and the Mexican States of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. Not only do millions of people live in this transboundary region, but also a substantial amount of goods and people pass through it everyday. Moreover, it occurs over a region that functions as a corridor for animal migrations, and thus links the Neotropic and Nearctic biogeographic zones, with the latter being a known foci of zoonotic diseases. However, the pathogenic landscape of important zoonotic diseases in the south Texas-Mexico transboundary region remains to be fully understood. An international perspective on the interplay between disease systems, ecosystem processes, land use, and human behaviors is applied here to analyze landscape and spatial features of Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Hantavirus disease, Lyme Borreliosis, Leptospirosis, Bartonellosis, Chagas disease, human Babesiosis, and Leishmaniasis. Surveillance systems following the One Health approach with a regional perspective will help identifying opportunities to mitigate the health burden of those diseases on human and animal populations. It is proposed that the Mexico-US border along the Rio Grande region be viewed as a continuum landscape where zoonotic pathogens circulate regardless of national borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dolores Esteve-Gassent
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Dora Romero-Salas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | | | - Ramiro Patino
- Department of Biology, University of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Ivan Castro-Arellano
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Guadalupe Gordillo-Pérez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, IMSS, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Allan Auclair
- Environmental Risk Analysis Systems, Policy and Program Development, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Riverdale, MD, USA
| | - John Goolsby
- Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Roger Ivan Rodriguez-Vivas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Cuerpo Académico de Salud Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | - Jose Guillermo Estrada-Franco
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Zootecnia, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
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20
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Feria-Arroyo TP, Castro-Arellano I, Gordillo-Perez G, Cavazos AL, Vargas-Sandoval M, Grover A, Torres J, Medina RF, de León AAP, Esteve-Gassent MD. Implications of climate change on the distribution of the tick vector Ixodes scapularis and risk for Lyme disease in the Texas-Mexico transboundary region. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:199. [PMID: 24766735 PMCID: PMC4022269 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disease risk maps are important tools that help ascertain the likelihood of exposure to specific infectious agents. Understanding how climate change may affect the suitability of habitats for ticks will improve the accuracy of risk maps of tick-borne pathogen transmission in humans and domestic animal populations. Lyme disease (LD) is the most prevalent arthropod borne disease in the US and Europe. The bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi causes LD and it is transmitted to humans and other mammalian hosts through the bite of infected Ixodes ticks. LD risk maps in the transboundary region between the U.S. and Mexico are lacking. Moreover, none of the published studies that evaluated the effect of climate change in the spatial and temporal distribution of I. scapularis have focused on this region. METHODS The area of study included Texas and a portion of northeast Mexico. This area is referred herein as the Texas-Mexico transboundary region. Tick samples were obtained from various vertebrate hosts in the region under study. Ticks identified as I. scapularis were processed to obtain DNA and to determine if they were infected with B. burgdorferi using PCR. A maximum entropy approach (MAXENT) was used to forecast the present and future (2050) distribution of B. burgdorferi-infected I. scapularis in the Texas-Mexico transboundary region by correlating geographic data with climatic variables. RESULTS Of the 1235 tick samples collected, 109 were identified as I. scapularis. Infection with B. burgdorferi was detected in 45% of the I. scapularis ticks collected. The model presented here indicates a wide distribution for I. scapularis, with higher probability of occurrence along the Gulf of Mexico coast. Results of the modeling approach applied predict that habitat suitable for the distribution of I. scapularis in the Texas-Mexico transboundary region will remain relatively stable until 2050. CONCLUSIONS The Texas-Mexico transboundary region appears to be part of a continuum in the pathogenic landscape of LD. Forecasting based on climate trends provides a tool to adapt strategies in the near future to mitigate the impact of LD related to its distribution and risk for transmission to human populations in the Mexico-US transboundary region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria D Esteve-Gassent
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Sosa-Gutiérrez CG, Vargas M, Torres J, Gordillo-Pérez G. Tick-Borne Rickettsial Pathogens in Rodents from Mexico. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2014.711087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Galaviz-Silva L, Pérez-Treviño KC, Molina-Garza ZJ. Distribution of ixodid ticks on dogs in Nuevo León, Mexico, and their association with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2013; 61:491-501. [PMID: 23749032 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-013-9707-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to document the geographic distribution of Ixodes tick species in dogs and the prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in adult ticks and blood samples by amplification of the ospA region of the B. burgdorferi genome. The study area included nine localities in Nuevo León state. DNA amplification was performed on pools of ticks to calculate the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), and the community composition (prevalence, abundance, and intensity of infestation) was recorded. A total of 2,543 adult ticks, representing four species, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor variabilis, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus, and Amblyomma cajennense, were recorded from 338 infested dogs. Statistically significant correlations were observed between female dogs and infestation (P = 0.0003) and between R. sanguineus and locality (P = 0.0001). Dogs sampled in Guadalupe and Estanzuela were positive by PCR (0.9 %) for B. burgdorferi. Rhipicephalus sanguineus had the highest abundance, intensity, and prevalence (10.57, 7.12 and 94.6, respectively). PCR results from 256 pools showed that four pools were positive for D. variabilis (1.6 %), with an MLE of 9.2 %; nevertheless, it is important to consider that in the area under examination probably other reservoir hosts for D. variabilis and B. burgdorferi are present that, very likely, play a much more important role in the ecology of Lyme borreliosis than dogs, which could be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Galaviz-Silva
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Patología Molecular y Experimental. Cd. Universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 66451, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
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Exploring gaps in our knowledge on Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes--updates on complex heterogeneity, ecology, and pathogenicity. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2012; 4:11-25. [PMID: 23246041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Lyme borreliosis complex is a heterogeneous group of tick-borne spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) that are distributed all over the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. Due to the usage of new methods for phylogenetic analysis, this group has expanded rapidly during the past 5 years. Along with this development, the number of Borrelia spp. regarded as pathogenic to humans also increased. Distribution areas as well as host and vector ranges of Lyme borreliosis agents turned out to be much wider than previously thought. Furthermore, there is evidence that ticks, reservoir hosts, and patients can be coinfected with multiple Borrelia spp. or other tick-borne pathogens, which indicates a need to establish new and well-defined diagnostic and therapeutic standards for Lyme borreliosis. This review gives a broad overview on the occurrence of Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes worldwide with particular emphasis on their vectors and vertebrate hosts as well as their pathogenic potential and resultant problems in diagnosis and treatment. Against the background that many issues regarding distribution, species identity, ecology, pathogenicity, and coinfections are still unsolved, the purpose of this article is to reveal directions for future research on the Lyme borreliosis complex.
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Rodríguez I, Fernández C, Sánchez L, Martínez B, Siegrist HH, Lienhard R. Serological evidences suggest Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection in Cuba. Braz J Infect Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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