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TAYLOR PF, WINKELMANN RK, GIBILISCO JA, REEVE CM. Nerve Endings in the Anterior Part of the Human Hard Palate. J Dent Res 2016; 43:447-54. [PMID: 14159492 DOI: 10.1177/00220345640430031701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Vibrotactile sensitivity and the frequency response of the Pacinian corpuscle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3758/bf03342215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lauria G, Lombardi R. Skin biopsy in painful and immune-mediated neuropathies. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2012; 17 Suppl 3:38-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2012.00430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lauria
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit; IRRCS Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute; Milan; Italy
| | - Raffaella Lombardi
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit; IRRCS Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute; Milan; Italy
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Hoeijmakers JG, Faber CG, Lauria G, Merkies IS, Waxman SG. Small-fibre neuropathies—advances in diagnosis, pathophysiology and management. Nat Rev Neurol 2012; 8:369-79. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2012.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe palmar hyperhidrosis is a chronic disease, resistant to conventional therapy. Botulinum toxin inhibits sweat production by blocking release of acetylcholine from presynaptic membranes. OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to evaluate the short- and long-term effectiveness of botulinum toxin therapy in treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. METHODS Four patients with severe palmar hyperhidrosis were treated with subepidermal injections of botulinum toxin. Fifty injections, 2 mouse units each, were used in each palm. Regional nerve blocks of the median and ulnar nerves were performed before the procedure. Patients were observed for 12 months after treatment. RESULTS Botulinum toxin injections significantly reduced sweat production in the treated areas of the palms. Anhidrosis lasted for 12 months in one patient, 7 months in two patients, and 4 months in one patient. Mild weakness of the thumb lasting 3 weeks occurred in one patient. No other side effects were observed. CONCLUSION Botulinum toxin provides an effective, safe, and long-lasting alternative therapeutic modality for treatment of severe palmar hyperhidrosis. Additional studies are needed for optimization of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Shelley
- Division of Dermatology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699-0008, USA
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Egan CL, Viglione-Schneck MJ, Walsh LJ, Green B, Trojanowski JQ, Whitaker-Menezes D, Murphy GF. Characterization of unmyelinated axons uniting epidermal and dermal immune cells in primate and murine skin. J Cutan Pathol 1998; 25:20-9. [PMID: 9508340 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1998.tb01685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to characterize further the structure and function of cutaneous nerves which we have previously shown to associate with skin immune cells (Hosoi et al., Nature 1993: 363:159). Ultrastructurally, axons were prominent within the superficial dermis and epidermis in neonatal murine skin, but they were inconspicuous in adult murine and primate skin. Immunohistochemical and immunoultrastuctural evaluation of normal adult human and simian skin for neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM), however, defined a plexus of axons surrounding superficial dermal mast cells and extending as delicate, vertical branches into the overlying epidermal layer. Antibodies to neuropeptides substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and to nerve cell-specific clathrin (LCb subunit) also reacted with this neural plexus. Double labeling disclosed intimate associations of N-CAM-positive axons with dermal chymase-positive mast cells as well as with epidermal CD1a-positive Langerhans' cells by confocal scanning laser microscopy. Functionally, capsaicin applied to forearm skin revealed by 6 h discharge of mast cell chymase and induction of E-selectin in adjacent microvascular endothelium, events consistent with release of substance P from axons and subsequent stimulation of cytokine-mediated mast cell-endothelial interaction. Identical application of capsaicin to human skin xenografted to immunodeficient mice, and thus experimentally lacking in unmyelinated axons, failed to show similar findings. These results provide additional support to the concept that an elaborate network of cutaneous axons may play a functional role in regulation of skin inflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Egan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Hamann W. Mammalian cutaneous mechanoreceptors. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 64:81-104. [PMID: 8868524 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(95)00011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W Hamann
- Anaesthetics Department, UMDS Guy's Hospital, London, U.K
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Crivellato E, Travan L, Damiani D, Fusaroli P, Mallardi F. Visualization of PGP 9.5 immunoreactive nerve terminals in the mouse snout epidermis. Acta Histochem 1994; 96:197-203. [PMID: 7976129 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(11)80177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Intraepidermal free nerve endings were investigated in the mouse snout skin by means of an immunohistochemical procedure using a rabbit antiserum against protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5). Immunoperoxidase reactivity was detected in different subtypes of intraepidermal nerves and cells. The great majority of axons observed in the stratified epithelium were varicose; a small percentage was either smooth (non-varicose) or irregularly shaped. Intraepidermal nerves ended at different levels within the epidermis, often with a terminal knob-like swelling. Various patterns of intraepidermal innervation could be distinguished. Most fibres entering the epidermis originated from large bundles running a horizontal course below the dermo-epidermal junction. Such fibres ascended vertically through the stratified epithelium in a "candelabrum-like" fashion, without emitting collaterals. Other fibres branched profusely and ended in complex intraepidermal neural networks. Less frequently, intraepidermal fibres terminated with large irregularly shaped expansions of different morphologies. Some of these were the intraepidermal continuations of axons within Meissner's corpuscles. Some fibres appeared to come into contact with PGP 9.5-immunoreactive cells (which closely resembled Merkel cells) located in the stratum basale. Rare suprabasal dendritic cells (Langerhans cells?) also became visible.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Crivellato
- Dipartimento di Ricerche Mediche e Morfologiche, Università di Udine, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bell
- Department of Mathematics, University at Buffalo, SUNY 14214, USA
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Heppelmann B, Messlinger K, Neiss WF, Schmidt RF. Ultrastructural three-dimensional reconstruction of group III and group IV sensory nerve endings ("free nerve endings") in the knee joint capsule of the cat: evidence for multiple receptive sites. J Comp Neurol 1990; 292:103-16. [PMID: 2312785 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902920107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The noncorpuscular endings ("free nerve endings") of thinly myelinated group III and nonmyelinated group IV afferent nerve fibers have been examined in the knee joint capsule of sympathectomized cats by transmission electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction of series of semi- and ultrathin sections. The sensory ending is the most distal part of a group III or IV nerve fiber that consists only of the sensory axon and associated Schwann cells but lacks a myelin sheath and is not surrounded by perineurium. The sensory axon divides into several branches and forms a terminal tree. The branches run either as single fibers or within small Remak bundles in parallel to sensory axons of other endings; they spread along vessel walls and also extend into dense connective tissue. Each sensory axon consists of a series of spindle-shaped thick segments ("beads") connected by waist-like thin segments. Thus all axons of sensory endings have a string-of-beads appearance, which resembles that of efferent sympathetic nerve fibers. The beads of the sensory axon and the end bulb at its tip show the same ultrastructural features which are characteristic of receptive sites: an accumulation of mitochondria and glycogen particles and various vesicles in the axoplasm and "bare" areas of axolemma that are not covered by Schwann cell processes. Group III and group IV sensory endings differ in the length of their branches (up to 200 microM in group III vs. more than 300 microM in group IV), number of beads per 100 microM axon length (about seven vs. nine or ten), mean diameter of axons (0.9-1.5 microM vs. 0.3-0.6 microM), and the presence of a neurofilament core consisting of bundles of parallel microfilaments only in group III. In conclusion, we propose that the sensory part of noncorpuscular "free nerve endings" is formed by the entire terminal tree of group III or group IV nerve fibers and that the beads in the course of the sensory axon represent multiple receptive sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Heppelmann
- Physiologisches Institut der Universität Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Millard CL, Woolf CJ. Sensory innervation of the hairs of the rat hindlimb: a light microscopic analysis. J Comp Neurol 1988; 277:183-94. [PMID: 3230157 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902770203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The sensory innervation of the hair follicles of the furry skin of the rat hindlimb has been investigated by using the Winkelmann silver technique to stain peripheral axons and their terminals. This technique was found to stain only large- and medium-sized dorsal root ganglion cells and all laminae of the dorsal horn except lamina II, and therefore it is likely that, while A beta and A delta afferent fibres in the skin are stained, C fibres are not. Small vellus hairs were the commonest type of hair on the hindlimb particularly above the ankle. Many were not innervated. Those that were had lanceolate terminals arranged as palisades parallel to the hair shaft with circumferential presumptive Ruffini piloneural complexes and free nerve endings external to this. Circumferential innervation patterns without palisades were not uncommon but palisades without circumferential fibres were rare. Guard hairs which varied considerably in size were the next commonest hair type. Considerably more of these were innervated, by three-to-15 afferents forming both palisades of ten-to-30 lanceolate terminals and circumferential terminals. Both the innervated vellus and guard hairs had an associated vertical fibre projecting toward the epidermis. Tylotrichs, the largest hairs on the hindlimb, were rare (1-2%) and were only found above the ankle, but all were densely innervated by many axons. A prominent single nerve contributed to an annular complex by forming a bilaminar arrangement of lanceolate and circumferential terminals within the outer connective tissue sheath. Each tylotrich had an associated Merkel cell-neurite complex (haarscheiben). Differences in the distribution, innervation density, and phase in the growth cycle of the different hair types were found for skin from different regions of the hindlimb, which, together with the extent of the polyneuronal innervation of most follicles, has important implications for the processing by the somatosensory system of the afferent input generated by brushing hairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Millard
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, England
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Abrahams VC, Hodgins M, Downey D. Morphology, distribution, and density of sensory receptors in the glabrous skin of the cat rhinarium. J Morphol 1987; 191:109-14. [PMID: 3560233 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051910202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The sensory organization of the cat rhinarium has been investigated. Individual rete pegs were found to contain a triad of receptors comprising free nerve endings ascending in the peg to terminate in close proximity to the skin surface, a basally situated layer of Merkel corpuscles, and an abundance of encapsulated receptors lying at the base and to one side of the rete peg. Neither the Merkel corpuscles nor the encapsulated receptors were evenly distributed. Merkel corpuscles were more abundant dorsally; ventrally they were fewer and asymmetrically arranged within individual rete pegs. The encapsulated corpuscles were more evenly distributed, but dorsally they were consistently present as encapsulated clusters of up to nine corpuscles.
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Whitehead MC, Beeman CS, Kinsella BA. Distribution of taste and general sensory nerve endings in fungiform papillae of the hamster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985; 173:185-201. [DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001730304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
Large guard hairs as well as small vellus hairs are multiple innervated having lanceolate terminals of variable number. Ruffini corpuscles consisting of fine axonal ramifications are arranged circularly and located external to the lanceolate terminals. Free nerve endings (FNE's) can also be identified on some hairs distinct from Ruffini terminals. Ruffini terminals and FNE's are usually innervated by axons from the superficial dermal nerve net whereas lanceolate terminals are innervated by axons from the deeper portions of the dermal nerve net. All guard hairs have both types of terminals (lanceolate and Ruffini) confirming Hoggan and Hoggan, Retzius and Symonowicz, and most guard hairs have presumptive FNE's. Many vellus hairs have only small Ruffini endings or FNE's. The diameter of axons supplying Ruffini terminals is 1-2 micrometer and those to lanceolate terminals is 2-4 micrometers. Axons innervating lanceolate and Ruffini terminals branch rarely as correlated with small punctate receptive fields. FNE's branch widely and are correlated with large receptive fields of known nociceptors. The multiplicity of anatomically defined terminals is consistent with the known diversity of physiologically defined hair mechanoreceptive afferents as well as perceptual complexity of human hairy skin. The concept of multiple innervation of hairs confirms Head's prediction and could provide the anatomical basis of Head's basic thesis of altered sensibilities in nerve regeneration (i.e. epicritic and protopathic responses). Head's concept of two separate nervous systems, however, is an over-simplification in the light of current knowledge.
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Abstract
In an attempt to gain insight into the etiology of heel pain, the heel pad was studied via dissection. The dynamic action of the heel pad as well as varying stimuli interpreted as pain were examined in view of their integral relationship to body functions. It is believed that the major role played by the heel pad has to do with pressure, and the larger number of nerve endings present to respond to pressure suggests that these are also the nerve endings responsible for the sensation of pain.
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Waris T. Reinnervation of free skin autografts in the rat. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 1978; 12:85-93. [PMID: 358379 DOI: 10.3109/02844317809012978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Waris T. Innervation of scar tissue in the skin of the rat. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 1978; 12:173-80. [PMID: 570298 DOI: 10.3109/02844317809012992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study the reinnervation of scar tissue was investigated histochemically to demonstrate catecholamine fluorescence and nonspecific cholinesterase activity. The scarring was produced by healing and contraction of a defect in the dorsal skin of the rat. The first regenerating nerves showing nonspecific cholinesterase activity were observed in the scar four weeks postoperatively. Throughout the investigation period, that is up to twenty weeks after the operation, only free regenerated nerves were found in the scar; no encapsulated nerve endings were observed. No fluorescent adrenergic nerves were found in the dense collagenous part of the scar tissue. Regenerated fluorescent nerves were, however, observed in the loose regenerated connective tissue under the scar. Most of these nerves followed the course of blood vessels. In the present work a vigorous contraction of the scar tissue was noted and a poor innervation of the scar tissue with free nerves was observed. The role of these regenerated nerve endings in sensory discrimination, and the importance of different transmitters acting in the sensory system are discussed.
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Shiomi K. Threshold and reaction time to noxious stimulation: their relations with scores on Manifest Anxiety Scale and Maudsley Personality Inventory. Percept Mot Skills 1977; 44:429-30. [PMID: 866044 DOI: 10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With 20 male Japanese undergraduates relationships between electric shock threshold and reaction time to electric shock with 10 v and personality factors were investigated. Significnat product-moment correlations of --.79 and --.69 between response to noxious stimulation and Manifest Anxiety and Maudsley Neuroticism scores were found.
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Loots JM, Loots GP, Joubert WS. A silver impregnation method for nervous tissue suitable for routine use with mounted sections. STAIN TECHNOLOGY 1977; 52:85-7. [PMID: 69340 DOI: 10.3109/10520297709116752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A simple, reliable silver impregnation method for nervous tissue is described for tissues fixed in various fixatives including formalin, Bouin, and Susa. Sections are impregnated in a solution containing 1 g Protargol, 2 ml of a 1% Cu(NO3)2 solution, 2 ml of a 1% AgNO3 solution, and 2-4 drops 30% H2O2 in 100 ml distilled water. Sections are impregnated 2-5 days at 37 C and thereafter reduced in a hydroquinone-formalin solution. This is followed by gold toning and subsequent reduction, dehydration and mounting. This method has been found to be very reliable and selective.
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Conroy JD, Sharp NJ. Bibliography of comparative and veterinary dermatology. Part I. Int J Dermatol 1977; 16:37-44. [PMID: 319072 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1977.tb00738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Jenkinson D. The Distribution of Nerves, Monoamine Oxidase and Cholinesterase in the Skin of the Guinea-Pig, Hamster, Mouse, Rabbit and Rat. Res Vet Sci 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)34370-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Absence of convergence in sensory zones of posterior horns of the spinal cord. Bull Exp Biol Med 1968. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00810183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mamedova AM, Oganisyan AA. Convergence in the sensory zones of the dorsal roots of the spinal cord during stimulation of muscular afferent nerves. Bull Exp Biol Med 1967. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00789474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Orfanos C. Elektronenmikroskopischer Nachweis epithelio-neuraler Verbindungen (Mechano-Receptoren) am Haarfollikelepithel des Menschen. Arch Dermatol Res 1967. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00520182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ballantyne B, Bunch GA. The neurohistology of quiescent mammary tissue in Lepus albus. J Comp Neurol 1966; 127:471-88. [PMID: 5968990 DOI: 10.1002/cne.901270404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Fitzgerald MJ, Lavelle SM. Response of murine cutaneous nerves to skin painting with methylcholanthrene. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1966; 154:617-33. [PMID: 5917326 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091540309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Patrizi G, Munger BL. The cytology of encapsulated nerve endings in the rat penis. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1965; 13:500-15. [PMID: 5892131 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(65)90011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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SMINOFF R. Cutaneous nerve activity in response to temperature changes of the cat's skin. Exp Neurol 1965; 11:171-81. [PMID: 14295616 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(65)90011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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THIES W. [COMPARATIVE NEUROHISTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON NORMAL AND DISEASED HUMAN SKIN AS WELL AS SOFT CELL NEVI, PIGMENTED NEVI, MALIGNANT MELANOMA AND VITILIGO BY MEANS OF THE OSMIUM-ZINC IODIDE METHOD]. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1964; 26:223-47. [PMID: 14164865 DOI: 10.1007/bf01234593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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LIM RK, LIU CN, GUZMAN F, BRAUN C. Visceral receptors concerned in visceral pain and the pseudaffective response to intra-arterial injection of bradykinin and other algesic agents. J Comp Neurol 1962; 118:269-93. [PMID: 14465294 DOI: 10.1002/cne.901180302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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