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Chen Y, Tang J, Chen Y, Farrand J, Craft MA, Carlson BW, Yuan H. Amplitude of fNIRS Resting-State Global Signal Is Related to EEG Vigilance Measures: A Simultaneous fNIRS and EEG Study. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:560878. [PMID: 33343275 PMCID: PMC7744746 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.560878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has been utilized to image the hemodynamic activities and connectivity in the human brain. With the advantage of economic efficiency, portability, and fewer physical constraints, fNIRS enables studying of the human brain at versatile environment and various body positions, including at bed side and during exercise, which complements the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, like fMRI, fNIRS imaging can be influenced by the presence of a strong global component. Yet, the nature of the global signal in fNIRS has not been established. In this study, we investigated the relationship between fNIRS global signal and electroencephalogram (EEG) vigilance using simultaneous recordings in resting healthy subjects in high-density and whole-head montage. In Experiment 1, data were acquired at supine, sitting, and standing positions. Results found that the factor of body positions significantly affected the amplitude of the resting-state fNIRS global signal, prominently in the frequency range of 0.05-0.1 Hz but not in the very low frequency range of less than 0.05 Hz. As a control, the task-induced fNIRS or EEG responses to auditory stimuli did not differ across body positions. However, EEG vigilance plays a modulatory role in the fNIRS signals in the frequency range of less than 0.05 Hz: resting-state sessions of low EEG vigilance measures are associated with high amplitudes of fNIRS global signals. Moreover, in Experiment 2, we further examined the epoch-to-epoch fluctuations in concurrent fNIRS and EEG data acquired from a separate group of subjects and found a negative temporal correlation between EEG vigilance measures and fNIRS global signal amplitudes. Our study for the first time revealed that vigilance as a neurophysiological factor modulates the resting-state dynamics of fNIRS, which have important implications for understanding and processing the noises in fNIRS signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Chen
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Julia Tang
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Yafen Chen
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Jesse Farrand
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Melissa A. Craft
- Fran and Earl Ziegler College of Nursing, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Barbara W. Carlson
- Fran and Earl Ziegler College of Nursing, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Han Yuan
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
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McIntyre JK, Lundin JI, Cameron JR, Chow MI, Davis JW, Incardona JP, Scholz NL. Interspecies variation in the susceptibility of adult Pacific salmon to toxic urban stormwater runoff. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:196-203. [PMID: 29554567 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Adult coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) prematurely die when they return from the ocean to spawn in urban watersheds throughout northwestern North America. The available evidence suggests the annual mortality events are caused by toxic stormwater runoff. The underlying pathophysiology of the urban spawner mortality syndrome is not known, and it is unclear whether closely related species of Pacific salmon are similarly at risk. The present study co-exposed adult coho and chum (O. keta) salmon to runoff from a high traffic volume urban arterial roadway. The spawners were monitored for the familiar symptoms of the mortality syndrome, including surface swimming, loss of orientation, and loss of equilibrium. Moreover, the hematology of both species was profiled by measuring arterial pH, blood gases, lactate, plasma electrolytes, hematocrit, and glucose. Adult coho developed behavioral symptoms within a few hours of exposure to stormwater. Various measured hematological parameters were significantly altered compared to coho controls, indicating a blood acidosis and ionoregulatory disturbance. By contrast, runoff-exposed chum spawners showed essentially no indications of the mortality syndrome, and measured blood hematological parameters were similar to unexposed chum controls. We conclude that contaminant(s) in urban runoff are the likely cause of the disruption of ion balance and pH in coho but not chum salmon. Among the thousands of chemicals in stormwater, future forensic analyses should focus on the gill or cardiovascular system of coho salmon. Because of their distinctive sensitivity to urban runoff, adult coho remain an important vertebrate indicator species for degraded water quality in freshwater habitats under pressure from human population growth and urbanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer K McIntyre
- Washington State University, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, 2606 W. Pioneer Ave., Puyallup, WA 98371, USA.
| | - Jessica I Lundin
- National Research Council, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - James R Cameron
- Earth Resources Technologies, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Michelle I Chow
- University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, 1122 Boat St., Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Jay W Davis
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, 510 Desmond Dr. S.E., Lacey, WA 98503, USA
| | - John P Incardona
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
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Abstract
SUMMARYHaemoglobin types in three breeds of sheep were investigated. All three haemoglobin types—A, B and AB—were found to be present in the animals in two of the breeds examined, namely Bikaneri and Corriedale × Bikaneri (F1 generation). Mandia sheep had only Hb B and Hb AB types. Haemoglobin JB animals predominated in all the three breeds, the Mandia breed having the highest percentage of these animals. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.
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Maniatis GM, Ingram VM. ERYTHROPOIESIS DURING AMPHIBIAN METAMORPHOSIS : I. Site of Maturation of Erythrocytes in Rana catesbeiana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 49:372-9. [PMID: 19866765 PMCID: PMC2108325 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.49.2.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The site of maturation of the erythroid cells in premetamorphic, metamorphic, and adult stages of R. catesbeiana has been investigated by comparing the percentages of immature, hemoglobin-containing erythroid cells in circulating blood, liver, spleen, kidney, and bone marrow. In both premetamorphic and thyroxine-treated tadpoles, the liver was found to be the main site of maturation of the red cells. The corresponding site in the frog is the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Maniatis
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Shishikura F, Takeuchi HA, Nagai T. Axolotl hemoglobin: cDNA-derived amino acid sequences of two α globins and a β globin from an adult Ambystoma mexicanum. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 142:258-68. [PMID: 16143550 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Revised: 07/03/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocytes of the adult axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, have multiple hemoglobins. We separated and purified two kinds of hemoglobin, termed major hemoglobin (Hb M) and minor hemoglobin (Hb m), from a five-year-old male by hydrophobic interaction column chromatography on Alkyl Superose. The hemoglobins have two distinct alpha type globin polypeptides (alphaM and alpham) and a common beta globin polypeptide, all of which were purified in FPLC on a reversed-phase column after S-pyridylethylation. The complete amino acid sequences of the three globin chains were determined separately using nucleotide sequencing with the assistance of protein sequencing. The mature globin molecules were composed of 141 amino acid residues for alphaM globin, 143 for alpham globin and 146 for beta globin. Comparing primary structures of the five kinds of axolotl globins, including two previously established alpha type globins from the same species, with other known globins of amphibians and representatives of other vertebrates, we constructed phylogenetic trees for amphibian hemoglobins and tetrapod hemoglobins. The molecular trees indicated that alphaM, alpham, beta and the previously known alpha major globin were adult types of globins and the other known alpha globin was a larval type. The existence of two to four more globins in the axolotl erythrocyte is predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Shishikura
- Department of Biology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
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Abstract
Erythrocytes from representatives of the 5 classes of vertebrates revealed a marked species variation in the number of LDH isozymes, in the distribution of the total LDH activity among these isozymes, and in their electrophoretic mobilities. Starch gel electrophoresis of hemolysates followed by direct histochemical demonstration of LDH activity with nitro blue tetrazolium as dye and phenazine methosulfate as electron transporter showed that closely related species exhibited similar LDH patterns. The rhesus monkey had LDH isozymes of similar pattern to those of human hemolysate but slightly slower in electrophoretic mobility. The goat and sheep each had 1 band of LDH activity in their erythrocytes of identical electrophoretic mobility, whereas the single band in steer hemolysate migrated slightly faster. The 5 bands of chicken hemolysate were quite similar in pattern to the 5 bands of duck hemolysate but migrated slightly faster and exhibited a different distribution of the total LDH activity. The 2 species of snake each had 1 band of LDH activity with identical mobility. Staining occurred with the levorotatory form of the substrate and not with the dextrorotatory form. Examination of more than 380 human hemolysates failed to reveal any differences among individuals in the main LDH bands. The genetic basis for the species differences in erythrocyte lactic dehydrogenases is discussed.
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TOOZE J. MEASUREMENTS OF SOME CELLULAR CHANGES DURING THE FIXATION OF AMPHIBIAN ERYTHROCYTES WITH OSMIUM TETROXIDE SOLUTIONS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 22:551-63. [PMID: 14206422 PMCID: PMC2106476 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.22.3.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
On average, 15 per cent of the total haemoglobin present in the blood of the newt Triturus cristatus was extracted during 45 minutes of fixation in Palade-Caulfield fixative. This extraction was reduced with fixatives buffered at pH 6.2 instead of pH 7.4. The addition of Ca++ ions to a final concentration of 0.01 M in the fixative completely suppressed haemoglobin extraction. The effect of the pH, and the presence or absence of Ca++ ions in the fixative, on the rate of haemoglobin extraction has been determined. During Palade-Caulfield fixation the average projected area of newt erythrocytes increased by 37 per cent, and after dehydration and embedding in Epon the average area was 25 per cent greater than that of the unfixed cell. Fixatives buffered at pH 6.2 and containing 0.01 M Ca++ ions caused cellular shrinkage, with the average projected area decreasing by 10 per cent in the fixative. This shrinkage continued during dehydration, and the final average area of the erythrocytes in Epon was 26 per cent less than that of the unfixed cells. Similar measurements with erythrocytes of Amphiuma tridactylum showed that after Palade-Caulfield fixation the average cellular area was increased by 45 per cent, and after dehydration and embedding in Araldite it was 36 per cent greater than that of the unfixed cell. The average nuclear area increased by 35 per cent during fixation but after embedding it was 26 per cent greater than that of the unfixed nuclei. With a fixative at pH 6.2 containing 0.01 M Ca++ ions, both the nucleus and the whole cell shrank during fixation. The nuclear area decreased by 20 per cent and the cellular area by 22 per cent. After dehydration and embedding in Araldite, the average nuclear area had decreased by 35 per cent and the cellular area by 40 per cent. It has been shown that OsO4 fixation lowers the isoelectric points of haemoglobins and other proteins. This finding has been used in the interpretation of the observed cellular changes resulting from fixation.
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Larsen RL, Hordvik A, Hough E, Jynge K, Hansen LK. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of CO-hemoglobin from the North Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J Mol Biol 1991; 220:829-30. [PMID: 1908904 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(91)90355-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Purification of hemoglobin from North Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) gave three different types. The CO-complexes of types I and III have been crystallized by the batch method at 4 degrees C from solutions 18% (w/v) in polyethylene glycol 2000, 50 mg/ml in hemoglobin and 0.05 M in phosphate buffer (pH 8.3). Orthorhombic crystals, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), were obtained for both, with cell dimensions a = 53.9 A, b = 80.4 A, c = 132.4 A, and a = 58.7 A, b = 95.0 A, c = 107.4 A, for types I and III, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, Norway
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Wood SC, Lenfant C. Phylogeny of the Gas‐Exchange System: Red Cell Function. Compr Physiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp030408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Arévalo F, Pérez-Suárez G, López-Luna P. Hematological data and hemoglobin components in bats (Vespertilionidae). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1987; 88:447-50. [PMID: 2892619 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(87)90061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
1. Statistically significant variations were observed in the RBC counts and Hb concentration in pregnant females of Pipistrellus pipistrellus. 2. Basic hematological values in 59 animals of five species of insectivorous bats were estimated. 3. Electrophoretic separation of the hemoglobins of Plecotus austriacus, Myotis nattereri and Myotis myotis showed two components, whereas in Miniopterus schreibersi and Pipistrellus pipistrellus appeared three and four components, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Arévalo
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madris, Spain
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Walsh AW. Patterns of hemoglobin production in the adult newt (Triturus cristatus) erythron following induction of anemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(83)90062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Everaarts J, Swennen C, Pauptit E. Heterogeneity in blood proteins and egg albumen proteins of the eiderduck, Somateria M. mollissima (L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(83)90174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Maginniss LA, Song YK, Reeves RB. Oxygen equilibria of ectotherm blood containing multiple hemoglobins. RESPIRATION PHYSIOLOGY 1980; 42:329-43. [PMID: 6971463 DOI: 10.1016/0034-5687(80)90123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Complete isocapnic O2 equilibrium curves (O2EC's) and related blood-gas properties are reported for whole blood of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) and the aquatic turtle (Pseudemys scripta) at temperatures ranging from 5 to 35 degrees C. P50's for bullfrog and turtle blood at physiological pH and 25 degrees C were 36.6 Torr (pH 7.83) and 19.3 Torr (pH 7.55), respectively. Elevation of blood temperature significantly reduced hemoglobin oxygen affinity in both species (delta H = -8.1 and -7.8 kcal/mol O2 for Rana and Pseudemys, respectively). Bullfrog and turtle oxygen equilibrium data revealed non-standard curve shapes when compared with the Severinghaus curve for human blood (1979); ectotherm O2EC's rose more steeply below P50 (less sigmoid) and were distinctly flattened (linear) above 50% saturation. The CO2-Bohr effect for bullfrog and turtle blood varied significantly as a function of saturation. In addition, both species exhibited non-linear Hill relationships (logS/1-s vs. log PO2). These results indicate that the oxygen binding properties of the multiple hemoglobin bloods of Rana and Pseudemys (demonstrated by isoelectric focusing) are more complex than those exhibited by normal human blood. As a consequence, these ectotherm blood oxygen data are not well characterized by the limited number of simple descriptive parameters (P50, Hill's n and delta log P50/delta pH) commonly used to delineate predominantly single hemoglobin systems.
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Temperature acclimation in the pancake tortoise, Malacochersus tornieri: Metabolic rate, blood pH, oxygen affinity and red cell organic phosphates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(78)90198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Weber RE, Johansen K, Lykkeboe G, Maloiy GO. Oxygen-binding properties of hemoglobins from estivating and active African lungfish. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1977; 199:85-96. [PMID: 14221 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401990110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The oxygen-binding characteristics and the multiplicity of the stripped hemoglobiin from active lungfish Protopterus amphibius, are the same as in specimens that have been estivating for about 30 months, showing that alteration in the hemoglobin molecules is not involved in the earlier reported increase in oxygen affinity of whole blood during estivation (Johansen et al., '76). At pH 7.0 and 26 degrees C the hemolysates show a high oxygen affinity (P50 = 3.1 Torr), a Bohr factor (delta log P50/delta pH) of - 0.33, and a cooperativity coefficient (n) of 1.7. Between 15 and 26 degrees C, the apparent heat of oxygenation (delta H) is - 8.6 Kcal-mole-1 at pH 7.0, corresponding with data for other fish. A low sensitivity of oxygen affinity to urea appears to be adaptive to the high urea concentrations in estivating lungfish. The salt sensitivity is, however, similar to human hemoglobin. The hemoglobin consists of two major (electrophoretically anodal) components, which differ slightly in oxygen affinity but are both sensitive to pH and nucleoside triphosphates (NTP). Guanosine triphosphate (GTP), the major erythrocytic organic phosphate, however, depresses the oxygen affinity of the composite and separated hemoglobins more effectively than ATP suggesting that GTP is the primary modulator of oxygen affinity. Comparative measurements reveal only one major hemoglobin component in P. annectens which has a markedly lower oxygen affinity and phosphate sensitivity than P. amphibius hemoglobins and thus seems less pliable to phosphate-mediated variation in oxygen affinity. The data are discussed in relation to the hemoglobin systems of other fish.
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Meints RH, Forehand C. Hemoglobin switching in the frog, Ranapipiens and Rana catesbeiana: The effect of hemorrhage on transition from adult to tadpole hemoglobin patterns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(77)90382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Blood: Physical Characteristics, Formed Elements, Hemoglobin, and Coagulation. AVIAN PHYSIOLOGY 1976. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-96274-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Weber RE, de Wilde JA. Multiple haemoglobins in plaice and flounder and their functional properties. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 54:433-7. [PMID: 6199 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(76)90271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Brunori M. Molecular adaptation to physiological requirements: the hemoglobin system of trout. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1975; 9:1-39. [PMID: 235405 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152809-6.50008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Bruns GA, Ingram VM. The erythroid cells and haemoglobins of the chick embryo. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1973; 266:225-305. [PMID: 4147843 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1973.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The changes in the types of erythroid cells produced during embryogenesis of the chick have been correlated with the changes in the types of haemoglobins found in the embryo. Primitive erythroid cells constitute the only red blood cells of 2- to 5-day embryos. The first recognizable immature definitive erythroid cells appear in the embryonic circulation at 5 to 6 days and progressively replace the primitive cells, such that by 14 to 16 days the primitive cells constitute less than 1 % of the circulating erythroid cells. Primitive erythropoiesis is strikingly different from definitive erythropoiesis. At any one time point between 2 and 16 days, all of the isolated primitive cells appear, by morphological criteria, to be at the same stage of maturation, and, although variation in cell size is observed, for an individual maturation stage, the small cells are not more mature than the medium-size cells, nor are the large cells less mature than the medium or small cells. Maturing primitive erythroid cells undergo the progressive changes in cell structure characteristic of erythroid maturation in mammalian erythropoietic systems, but do so as a uniform cell population. Haemoglobin, isolated from primitive erythroid cells of 2- to 5-day embryos, shows two components on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, haemoglobin E and haemoglobin P. The haemoglobin E/P ratio is constant in lysates from 2- to 5-day embryos. A t 6 to 7 days when the first haemoglobinized immature definitive erythroid cells appear in the embryonic circulation, two new haemoglobin components are observed in lysates of erythroid cells. These two new haemoglobin components are electrophoretically and immunologically identical to the two haemoglobin components of adult chickens, haemoglobins A and D. As the definitive erythroid cells replace the primitive erythrocytes in the embryonic circulation, the haemoglobins A and D increase in amount and replace haemoglobin P. Haemoglobin P cannot be detected immunologically in erythroid cell lysates from 16-day embryos which contain less than 1 % primitive cells. In erythroid cell lysates from late embryos, which contained few, if any, primitive erythrocytes, a minor haemoglobin, electrophoretically similar to haemoglobin E on pH 10.3 polyacrylamide gels, is consistently observed. This component differs from haemoglobin E on pH 8.9 polyacrylmide gels, on Sephadex G-100 columns, on polyacrylamide gels of different porosities, and shows a reaction of only partial identity with haemoglobin E by two-dimensional immunodiffusion. This haemoglobin component, haemoglobin H, is detectable electrophoretically in lysates from 12-day embryos and immunologically in lysates from 8-day embryos. Haemoglobin H has not been observed in adult chickens. The switch from the production of primitive to definitive erythroid cells during development of the chick embryo is associated with the initiation of synthesis of three new haemoglobins, the two adult haemoglobins and haemoglobin H. The haemoglobin D /A ratio of adult chicken haemoglobin, determined from the ratio of gel scan peak masses, is 0.30. When haemoglobins D and A first appear in erythroid cell lysates from 6- to 7-day embryos, the haemoglobin D /A ratio is about 0.9. T he D/A ratio of lysates falls to 0.5 by 16 to 18 days, a time when 99 % of the erythroid cells of the embryo are mature definitive erythrocytes. However, the haemoglobin D /A ratio of lysates from late embryos and young chicks of 0.5 to 20 days of age is consistently greater than that of adult chicken haemoglobin. Definitive erythrocytes of chick embryos and young chicks appear to differ from definitive cells of adult chickens in at least two ways: the presence of haemoglobin H and the higher haemoglobin D/A ratio.
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Sharp GD. An electrophoretic study of hemoglobins of some scombroid fishes and related forms. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 44:381-8. [PMID: 4709582 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(73)90011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Collett LC, O'Gower AK. Molluscan hemoglobins with unusual temperature-dependent characteristics. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1972; 41:843-50. [PMID: 4402089 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(72)90346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Shaw AR, Maclean N. A revaluation of the haemoglobin electrophoretogram of the wistar rat. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 40:155-63. [PMID: 5141393 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(71)90072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Seamonds B, Forster R, George P. Physicochemical Properties of the Hemoglobins from the Common Bloodworm Glycera dibranchiata. J Biol Chem 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61920-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Lykakis JJ. Serological and immunochemical comparison of turtle blood proteins: Serum proteins and hemoglobins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(71)90255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wood SC. Effects of metamorphosis on blood respiratory properties and erythrocyte adenosine triphosphate level of the salamander Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz). RESPIRATION PHYSIOLOGY 1971; 12:53-65. [PMID: 5578726 DOI: 10.1016/0034-5687(71)90100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Seamonds B, Forster R, Gottlieb A. Heterogeneity of the Hemoglobin from the Common Bloodworm Glycera dibranchiata. J Biol Chem 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)62367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Blood chemistry and protein polymorphisms in three species of Antarctic seals (Lobodon carcinophagus, Leptonychotes weddelli, and Mirounga leonina). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1029/ar018p0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Rosenberg M. Electrophoretic analysis of hemoglobin and isozymes in individual vertebrate cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1970; 67:32-6. [PMID: 5272321 PMCID: PMC283161 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.67.1.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrophoretic patterns of enzymes in single vertebrate erythrocytes may be visualized with the use of capillary tube polyacrylamide columns and stains which amplify the enzymatic activity. The following points have thereby been demonstrated:1. Peripheral blood of metamorphosing bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) contains two molecular forms of hemoglobin: embryonic (tadpole) and adult (frog). Only one of these forms is found in each erythrocyte.2. Human umbilical cord blood contains fetal and adult hemoglobins; both forms may be found in individual erythrocytes, in varying proportions.3. Both lactate dehydrogenase isozymes found in whole blood of bullfrogs and humans are found in individual erythrocytes, but the proportions differ from cell to cell.
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Theil EC. Red blood cell replacement during the transition from embryonic (tadpole) hemoglobino adult (frog) hemoglobin in Rana catesbeiana. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1970; 33:717-20. [PMID: 5445746 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(70)90385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Brush AH, Power DM. Electrophoretic studies on hemoglobins of brewer's blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1970; 33:587-99. [PMID: 5441853 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(70)90373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Tichy H. [A biochemical and cytogenetic study on the nature of the hemoglobin-polymorp hism in Chironomus tentans and Chironomus pallidivittatus]. Chromosoma 1970; 29:131-88. [PMID: 5461074 DOI: 10.1007/bf00326077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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6 Properties of Fish Hemoglobins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(08)60131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Seal US. Carnivora systematics: a study of hemoglobins. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1969; 31:799-811. [PMID: 5366184 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(69)92080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Valdivieso D, Tamsitt JR, Conde-del Pino E. Electrophoretic properties of neotropical bat hemoglobin. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1969; 30:117-22. [PMID: 5804474 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(69)91304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Agar NS, Rawat JS, Roy A. Haemoglobin of Indian sheep. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1969; 29:1047-54. [PMID: 5793763 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(69)91007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Grigg GC. Temperature-induced changes in the oxygen equilibrium curve of the blood of the brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1969; 28:1203-23. [PMID: 5786827 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(69)90562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ainsworth S, Bingham WS. Reactions of partially oxidised hemoglobin solutons. II. A matrix rank analysis of the initial rate of binding carbon monoxide. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 160:10-7. [PMID: 5651684 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(68)90059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Kleihauer E, Stöffler G. Embryonic hemoglobins of different animal species. Quantitative and qualitative data about production and properties of hemoglobins during early developmental stages of pig, cattle and sheep. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1968; 101:59-69. [PMID: 5646390 DOI: 10.1007/bf00434812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Bertles JF, Borgese TA. Disproportional synthesis of the adult duck's two hemoglobins during acute anemia. J Clin Invest 1968; 47:679-89. [PMID: 5637150 PMCID: PMC297213 DOI: 10.1172/jci105763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Concurrent synthesis of two or more hemoglobins occurs in normal man, the human hemoglobinopathies, and certain animal species. Duck erythrocytes produced in response to acutely induced anemic hypoxia (hemolysis or blood loss) contained reciprocally altered proportions of Hb I (alpha(2) (I) beta(2) (I)) and Hb II (alpha(2) (II) beta(2) (II)); the relative proportion of Hb II was 50-100% increased. Relative rates of synthesis of the two hemoglobins remained proportional to their new concentrations throughout erythroid maturation. This information favors the proposal that relatively increased activity, not delayed decay, of biosynthetic processes responsible for net synthesis of Hb II had occurred. These studies support the concept that the individual biosyntheses of multiple hemoglobins, presumably under genetic control, are potentially manipulable, and they provide evidence for one mechanism leading in a reproducible fashion to alterations in net synthesis in vivo.
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