1
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Fontes A, Pierson H, Bierła JB, Eberhagen C, Kinschel J, Akdogan B, Rieder T, Sailer J, Reinold Q, Cielecka-Kuszyk J, Szymańska S, Neff F, Steiger K, Seelbach O, Zibert A, Schmidt HH, Hauck SM, von Toerne C, Michalke B, Semrau JD, DiSpirito AM, Ramalho-Santos J, Kroemer G, Polishchuk R, Azul AM, DiSpirito A, Socha P, Lutsenko S, Zischka H. Copper impairs the intestinal barrier integrity in Wilson disease. Metabolism 2024; 158:155973. [PMID: 38986805 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
In Wilson disease (WD), liver copper (Cu) excess, caused by mutations in the ATPase Cu transporting beta (ATP7B), has been extensively studied. In contrast, in the gastrointestinal tract, responsible for dietary Cu uptake, ATP7B malfunction is poorly explored. We therefore investigated gut biopsies from WD patients and compared intestines from two rodent WD models and from human ATP7B knock-out intestinal cells to their respective wild-type controls. We observed gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation in patients, rats and mice lacking ATP7B. Mitochondrial alterations and increased intestinal leakage were observed in WD rats, Atp7b-/- mice and human ATP7B KO Caco-2 cells. Proteome analyses of intestinal WD homogenates revealed profound alterations of energy and lipid metabolism. The intestinal damage in WD animals and human ATP7B KO cells did not correlate with absolute Cu elevations, but likely reflects intracellular Cu mislocalization. Importantly, Cu depletion by the high-affinity Cu chelator methanobactin (MB) restored enterocyte mitochondria, epithelial integrity, and resolved gut inflammation in WD rats and human WD enterocytes, plausibly via autophagy-related mechanisms. Thus, we report here before largely unrecognized intestinal damage in WD, occurring early on and comprising metabolic and structural tissue damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and compromised intestinal barrier integrity and inflammation, that can be resolved by high-affinity Cu chelation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Fontes
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; DCV-Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Hannah Pierson
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joanna B Bierła
- Department of Pathomorphology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carola Eberhagen
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Kinschel
- Technical University Munich, Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Munich, Germany
| | - Banu Akdogan
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tamara Rieder
- Technical University Munich, Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Munich, Germany
| | - Judith Sailer
- Technical University Munich, Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Munich, Germany
| | - Quirin Reinold
- Technical University Munich, Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Munich, Germany
| | - Joanna Cielecka-Kuszyk
- Department of Pathomorphology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Szymańska
- Department of Pathomorphology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Katja Steiger
- Comparative Experimental Pathology Department, Institute for General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany
| | - Olga Seelbach
- Comparative Experimental Pathology Department, Institute for General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany
| | - Andree Zibert
- Medizinische Klinik B für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hartmut H Schmidt
- Medizinische Klinik B für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine von Toerne
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jeremy D Semrau
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2125, USA
| | - Ana M DiSpirito
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
| | - João Ramalho-Santos
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; DCV-Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-, HP, Paris, France
| | - Roman Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Anabela Marisa Azul
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alan DiSpirito
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
| | - Piotr Socha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutritional Disorders and Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Svetlana Lutsenko
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hans Zischka
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University Munich, Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Munich, Germany.
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Harder NHO, Lee HP, Flood VJ, San Juan JA, Gillette SK, Heffern MC. Fatty Acid Uptake in Liver Hepatocytes Induces Relocalization and Sequestration of Intracellular Copper. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:863296. [PMID: 35480878 PMCID: PMC9036104 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.863296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential metal micronutrient with biological roles ranging from energy metabolism to cell signaling. Recent studies have shown that copper regulation is altered by fat accumulation in both rodent and cell models with phenotypes consistent with copper deficiency, including the elevated expression of the copper transporter, ATP7B. This study examines the changes in the copper trafficking mechanisms of liver cells exposed to excess fatty acids. Fatty acid uptake was induced in liver hepatocarcinoma cells, HepG2, by treatment with the saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid. Changes in chaperones, transporters, and chelators demonstrate an initial state of copper overload in the cell that over time shifts to a state of copper deficiency. This deficiency is due to sequestration of copper both into the membrane-bound copper protein, hephaestin, and lysosomal units. These changes are independent of changes in copper concentration, supporting perturbations in copper localization at the subcellular level. We hypothesize that fat accumulation triggers an initial copper miscompartmentalization within the cell, due to disruptions in mitochondrial copper balance, which induces a homeostatic response to cytosolic copper overload. This leads the cell to activate copper export and sequestering mechanisms that in turn induces a condition of cytosolic copper deficiency. Taken together, this work provides molecular insights into the previously observed phenotypes in clinical and rodent models linking copper-deficient states to obesity-associated disorders.
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3
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Lutsenko S. Dynamic and cell-specific transport networks for intracellular copper ions. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272704. [PMID: 34734631 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.240523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) homeostasis is essential for the development and function of many organisms. In humans, Cu misbalance causes serious pathologies and has been observed in a growing number of diseases. This Review focuses on mammalian Cu(I) transporters and highlights recent studies on regulation of intracellular Cu fluxes. Cu is used by essential metabolic enzymes for their activity. These enzymes are located in various intracellular compartments and outside cells. When cells differentiate, or their metabolic state is otherwise altered, the need for Cu in different cell compartments change, and Cu has to be redistributed to accommodate these changes. The Cu transporters SLC31A1 (CTR1), SLC31A2 (CTR2), ATP7A and ATP7B regulate Cu content in cellular compartments and maintain Cu homeostasis. Increasing numbers of regulatory proteins have been shown to contribute to multifaceted regulation of these Cu transporters. It is becoming abundantly clear that the Cu transport networks are dynamic and cell specific. The comparison of the Cu transport machinery in the liver and intestine illustrates the distinct composition and dissimilar regulatory response of their Cu transporters to changing Cu levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Lutsenko
- Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Department of Physiology, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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4
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Copper and lipid metabolism: A reciprocal relationship. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129979. [PMID: 34364973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copper and lipid metabolism are intimately linked, sharing a complex, inverse relationship in the periphery (outside of the central nervous system), which remains to be fully elucidated. SCOPE Copper and lipids have independently been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases involving dyslipidaemia, including obesity, cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and also in Wilson disease, an inherited disorder of copper overload. Here we review the relationship between copper and lipid regulatory pathways, which are potential druggable targets for therapeutic intervention. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS While the inverse relationship between copper and lipids is apparent, tissue-specific roles for the copper regulatory protein, ATP7B provide further insight into the association between copper and lipid metabolism. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the relationship between copper and lipid metabolism is important for identifying druggable targets for diseases with disrupted copper and/or lipid metabolism; and may reveal similar connections within the brain and in neurological diseases with impaired copper and lipid transport.
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Guttmann S, Nadzemova O, Grünewald I, Lenders M, Brand E, Zibert A, Schmidt HH. ATP7B knockout disturbs copper and lipid metabolism in Caco-2 cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230025. [PMID: 32155648 PMCID: PMC7064347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal cells control delivery of lipids to the body by adsorption, storage and secretion. Copper (Cu) is an important trace element and has been shown to modulate lipid metabolism. Mutation of the liver Cu exporter ATP7B is the cause of Wilson disease and is associated with Cu accumulation in different tissues. To determine the relationship of Cu and lipid homeostasis in intestinal cells, a CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of ATP7B (KO) was introduced in Caco-2 cells. KO cells showed increased sensitivity to Cu, elevated intracellular Cu storage, and induction of genes regulating oxidative stress. Chylomicron structural protein ApoB48 was significantly downregulated in KO cells by Cu. Apolipoproteins ApoA1, ApoC3 and ApoE were constitutively induced by loss of ATP7B. Formation of small sized lipid droplets (LDs) was enhanced by Cu, whereas large sized LDs were reduced. Cu reduced triglyceride (TG) storage and secretion. Exposure of KO cells to oleic acid (OA) resulted in enhanced TG storage. The findings suggest that Cu represses intestinal TG lipogenesis, while loss of ATP7B results in OA-induced TG storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Guttmann
- Medizinische Klinik B für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Oksana Nadzemova
- Medizinische Klinik B für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Inga Grünewald
- Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Malte Lenders
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Eva Brand
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andree Zibert
- Medizinische Klinik B für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hartmut H. Schmidt
- Medizinische Klinik B für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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6
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Abstract
Copper accumulation and deficiency are reciprocally connected to lipid metabolism. In Wilson disease (WD), which is caused by a genetic loss of function of the copper-transporting P-type ATPase beta, copper accumulates mainly in the liver and lipid metabolism is dysregulated. The underlying mechanisms linking copper and lipid metabolism in WD are not clear. Copper may impair metabolic machinery by direct binding to protein and lipid structures or by generating reactive oxygen species with consequent damage to cellular organelles vital to energy metabolism. In the liver, copper overload results in mitochondrial impairment, down-regulation of lipid metabolism, and the development of steatosis with an etiology not fully elucidated. Little is known regarding the effect of copper overload on extrahepatic energy homeostasis. This review aims to discuss alterations in hepatic energy metabolism associated with WD, highlights potential mechanisms involved in the development of hepatic and systemic dysregulation of lipid metabolism, and reviews current knowledge on the effects of copper overload on extrahepatic energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tagreed A. Mazi
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noreene M. Shibata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Valentina Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA,Corresponding author. (V. Medici)
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7
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Monestier M, Pujol AM, Lamboux A, Cuillel M, Pignot-Paintrand I, Cassio D, Charbonnier P, Um K, Harel A, Bohic S, Gateau C, Balter V, Brun V, Delangle P, Mintz E. A liver-targeting Cu(i) chelator relocates Cu in hepatocytes and promotes Cu excretion in a murine model of Wilson's disease. Metallomics 2020; 12:1000-1008. [DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00069h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A hepatocyte-targeting chelator promotes Cu biliary excretion, hence restoring the physiological Cu detoxification pathway in a murine Wilson's disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Doris Cassio
- INSERM
- Univ. Paris Sud
- UMR U 1174
- F-91405 Orsay
- France
| | | | | | | | - Sylvain Bohic
- Inserm
- UA7
- Synchrotron Radiation for Biomedicine (STROBE)
- Grenoble
- France
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8
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Abstract
Many metals have biological functions and play important roles in human health. Copper (Cu) is an essential metal that supports normal cellular physiology. Significant research efforts have focused on identifying the molecules and pathways involved in dietary Cu uptake in the digestive tract. The lack of an adequate in vitro model for assessing Cu transport processes in the gut has led to contradictory data and gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms involved in dietary Cu acquisition. The recent development of organoid technology has provided a tractable model system for assessing the detailed mechanistic processes involved in Cu utilization and transport in the context of nutrition. Enteroid (intestinal epithelial organoid)-based studies have identified new links between intestinal Cu metabolism and dietary fat processing. Evidence for a metabolic coupling between the dietary uptake of Cu and uptake of fat (which were previously thought to be independent) is a new and exciting finding that highlights the utility of these three-dimensional primary culture systems. This review has three goals: (a) to critically discuss the roles of key Cu transport enzymes in dietary Cu uptake; (b) to assess the use, utility, and limitations of organoid technology in research into nutritional Cu transport and Cu-based diseases; and (c) to highlight emerging connections between nutritional Cu homeostasis and fat metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Pierson
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; ,
| | - Haojun Yang
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; ,
| | - Svetlana Lutsenko
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; ,
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Pierson H, Muchenditsi A, Kim BE, Ralle M, Zachos N, Huster D, Lutsenko S. The Function of ATPase Copper Transporter ATP7B in Intestine. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:168-180.e5. [PMID: 28958857 PMCID: PMC5848507 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Wilson disease is a disorder of copper (Cu) misbalance caused by mutations in ATP7B. ATP7B is highly expressed in the liver-the major site of Cu accumulation in patients with Wilson disease. The intestine also expresses ATP7B, but little is known about the contribution of intestinal ATP7B to normal intestinal copper homeostasis or to Wilson disease manifestations. We characterized the role of ATP7B in mouse intestinal organoids and tissues. METHODS We collected intestinal tissues from ATP7B-knockout (Atp7b-/-) and control mice, and established 3-dimensional enteroids. Immunohistochemistry and x-ray fluorescence were used to characterize the distribution of ATP7B and Cu in tissues. Electron microscopy, histologic analyses, and immunoblotting were used to determine the effects of ATP7B loss. Enteroids derived from control and ATP7B-knockout mice were incubated with excess Cu or with Cu-chelating reagents; effects on cell fat content and ATP7B levels and localization were determined by fluorescent confocal microscopy. RESULTS ATP7B maintains a Cu gradient along the duodenal crypt-villus axis and buffers Cu levels in the cytosol of enterocytes. These functions are mediated by rapid Cu-dependent enlargement of ATP7B-containing vesicles and increased levels of ATP7B. Intestines of Atp7b-/- mice had reduced Cu storage pools in intestine, Cu depletion, accumulation of triglyceride-filled vesicles in enterocytes, mislocalization of apolipoprotein B, and loss of chylomicrons. In primary 3-dimensional enteroids, administration of excess Cu or Cu chelators impaired assembly of chylomicrons. CONCLUSIONS ATP7B regulates vesicular storage of Cu in mouse intestine. ATP7B buffers Cu levels in enterocytes to maintain a range necessary for formation of chylomicrons. Misbalance of Cu and lipid in the intestine could account for gastrointestinal manifestations of Wilson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Pierson
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University – School of Medicine, USA
| | - Abigael Muchenditsi
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University – School of Medicine, USA
| | - Byung-Eun Kim
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, USA
| | - Martina Ralle
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health Science University, USA
| | - Nicholas Zachos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Dominik Huster
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Svetlana Lutsenko
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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10
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Concilli M, Iacobacci S, Chesi G, Carissimo A, Polishchuk R. A systems biology approach reveals new endoplasmic reticulum-associated targets for the correction of the ATP7B mutant causing Wilson disease. Metallomics 2017; 8:920-930. [PMID: 27714068 DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00148c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an important trace element required for the activity of essential enzymes. However, excess Cu compromises the redox balance in cells and tissues causing serious toxicity. The process of disposal of excess Cu from organisms relies on the activity of Cu-transporting ATPase ATP7B. ATP7B is mainly expressed in liver hepatocytes where it sequesters the potentially toxic metal and mediates its excretion into the bile. Mutations in the ATP7B gene cause Wilson disease (WD), which is characterized by the accumulation of toxic Cu in the liver due to the scarce expression of ATP7B as well as the failure of ATP7B mutants to pump Cu and/or traffic to the Cu-excretion sites. The most frequent ATP7B mutant, H1069Q, still presents a significant Cu-transporting activity, but undergoes retention within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where the mutant is rapidly degraded. Expression of this ATP7B mutant has been recently reported to activate the p38 and JNK stress kinase pathways, which, in turn, trigger quality control mechanisms leading to the arrest of ATP7B-H1069Q in the ER and to the acceleration of its degradation. However, the main molecular players operating in these p38/JNK-dependent ER quality control pathways remain to be discovered. By using a combination of RNAseq, bioinformatics and RNAi approaches, we found a cluster of ER quality control genes whose expression is controlled by p38 and JNK and is required for the efficient retention of the ATP7B-H1069Q mutant in the ER. Silencing these genes reduced the accumulation of the ATP7B mutant in the ER and facilitated the mutant sorting and export to the Golgi and post-Golgi copper excretion sites. In sum, our findings reveal the ER-associated genes that could be utilized for the correction of ATP7B mutants and, hence, for the normalization of Cu homeostasis in Wilson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Concilli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, NA 80078, Italy.
| | - Simona Iacobacci
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, NA 80078, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Chesi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, NA 80078, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Carissimo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, NA 80078, Italy.
| | - Roman Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, NA 80078, Italy.
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11
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Abstract
GOALS To determine the prevalence and characteristics of lipomas in patients with Wilson disease. BACKGROUND Wilson disease is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting in copper accumulation in the liver and the central nervous tissue. Subcutaneous lipomas were often noted by the authors during clinical examinations of patients with Wilson disease. This is the first study to analyze the prevalence and progression of lipoma development in patients with Wilson disease. STUDY Eighty consecutive patients attending a tertiary care center were examined for the presence of subcutaneous lipomas. RESULTS Subcutaneous lipomas could be detected during the examination of 21 (26%) of the 80 patients with Wilson disease. Multiple subcutaneous lipomas were present in 16 (76%) of the 21 affected patients. Lipomas were mainly found on the extremities and the trunk. Neither initial presentation nor decoppering treatment influenced the presence or course of lipomas in these patients. CONCLUSIONS Subcutaneous lipoma formation is more common in patients with Wilson disease than in the general population. We suggest that the presence of lipomas contributes to the differential diagnosis of Wilson disease.
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12
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Balter V, Lamboux A, Zazzo A, Télouk P, Leverrier Y, Marvel J, Moloney AP, Monahan FJ, Schmidt O, Albarède F. Contrasting Cu, Fe, and Zn isotopic patterns in organs and body fluids of mice and sheep, with emphasis on cellular fractionation. Metallomics 2014; 5:1470-82. [PMID: 23963064 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00151b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report Cu, Fe, and Zn natural isotope compositions in organs, body fluids, diets and feces of mice and sheep. Large and systematic isotope variability is observed, notably in the δ(66)Zn in liver and δ(65)Cu in kidneys, but significant differences exist between mice, sheep and humans, especially in the δ(66)Zn value of blood. The results are interpreted with reference to current knowledge of metal trafficking and redox conditions in cells. In general, the light isotopes preferentially fractionate into 'softer' bonds involving sulfur such as cysteine and glutathione, whereas heavy isotopes fractionate into 'harder' bonds involving nitrogen (histidine) and even more oxygen, notably hydroxides, phosphates, and carbonates. Bonds involving the reduced forms Cu(+) and Fe(2+) are enriched in the light isotopes relative to bonds involving the oxidized Cu(2+) and Fe(3+) forms. Differences in blood Zn isotope abundances between mice, sheep and humans may reflect a different prevalence of Zn ZIP transporters. The isotopically heavy Cu in the kidneys may reflect isotope fractionation during redox processes and may be relevant to ascorbate degradation into oxalate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Balter
- CNRS UMR 5276 "Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon", Ecole Normale Supérieure. 46, Allée d'Italie, 69634 Lyon, France.
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13
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Przybyłkowski A, Gromadzka G, Wawer A, Grygorowicz T, Cybulska A, Członkowska A. Intestinal expression of metal transporters in Wilson's disease. Biometals 2013; 26:925-34. [PMID: 23963605 PMCID: PMC3825560 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9668-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In Wilson’s disease (WND), biallelic ATP7B gene mutation is responsible for pathological copper accumulation in the liver, brain and other organs. It has been proposed that copper transporter 1 (CTR1) and the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) translocate copper across the human intestinal epithelium, while Cu-ATPases: ATP7A and ATP7B serve as copper efflux pumps. In this study, we investigated the expression of CTR1, DMT1 and ATP7A in the intestines of both WND patients and healthy controls to examine whether any adaptive mechanisms to systemic copper overload function in the enterocytes. Duodenal biopsy samples were taken from 108 patients with Wilson’s disease and from 90 controls. CTR1, DMT1, ATP7A and ATP7B expression was assessed by polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Duodenal CTR1 mRNA and protein expression was decreased in WND patients in comparison to control subjects, while ATP7A mRNA and protein production was increased. The variable expression of copper transporters may serve as a defense mechanism against systemic copper overload resulting from functional impairment of ATP7B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Przybyłkowski
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927, Warsaw, Poland,
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14
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Wang Y, Zhu S, Hodgkinson V, Prohaska JR, Weisman GA, Gitlin JD, Petris MJ. Maternofetal and neonatal copper requirements revealed by enterocyte-specific deletion of the Menkes disease protein. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G1236-44. [PMID: 23064757 PMCID: PMC3532455 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00339.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The essential requirement for copper in early development is dramatically illustrated by Menkes disease, a fatal neurodegenerative disorder of early childhood caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the copper transporting ATPase ATP7A. In this study, we generated mice with enterocyte-specific knockout of the murine ATP7A gene (Atp7a) to test its importance in dietary copper acquisition. Although mice lacking Atp7a protein within intestinal enterocytes appeared normal at birth, they exhibited profound growth impairment and neurological deterioration as a consequence of copper deficiency, resulting in excessive mortality prior to weaning. Copper supplementation of lactating females or parenteral copper injection of the affected offspring markedly attenuated this rapid demise. Enterocyte-specific deletion of Atp7a in rescued pregnant females did not restrict embryogenesis; however, copper accumulation in the late-term fetus was severely reduced, resulting in early postnatal mortality. Taken together, these data demonstrate unique and specific requirements for enterocyte Atp7a in neonatal and maternofetal copper acquisition that are dependent on dietary copper availability, thus providing new insights into the mechanisms of gene-nutrient interaction essential for early human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Abstract
In the almost 100 years since Wilson's description of the illness that now bears his name, tremendous advances have been made in our understanding of this disorder. The genetic basis for Wilson's disease - mutation within the ATP7B gene - has been identified. The pathophysiologic basis for the damage resulting from the inability to excrete copper via the biliary system with its consequent gradual accumulation, first in the liver and ultimately in the brain and other organs and tissues, is now known. This has led to the development of effective diagnostic and treatment modalities that, although they may not eliminate the disorder, do provide the means for efficient diagnosis and effective amelioration if carried out in a dedicated and persistent fashion. Nevertheless, Wilson's disease remains both a diagnostic and treatment challenge for physician and patient. Its protean clinical manifestations make diagnosis difficult. Appropriate diagnostic evaluations to confirm the diagnosis and institute treatment can be confusing. In this chapter, the clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment approaches for Wilson's disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald F Pfeiffer
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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16
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Human copper transporters: mechanism, role in human diseases and therapeutic potential. Future Med Chem 2011; 1:1125-42. [PMID: 20454597 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal copper homeostasis is essential for human growth and development. Copper deficiency, caused by genetic mutations, inadequate diet or surgical interventions, may lead to cardiac hypertrophy, poor neuronal myelination, blood vessel abnormalities and impaired immune response. Copper overload is associated with morphological and metabolic changes in tissues and, if untreated, eventual death. Recent reports also indicate that changes in the expression of copper transporters alter the sensitivity of cancer cells to major chemotherapeutic drugs, such as cisplatin, although the mechanism behind this important phenomenon remains unclear. This review summarizes current information on the molecular characteristics of copper transporters CTR1, CTR2, ATP7A and ATP7B, their roles in mammalian copper homeostasis and the physiological consequences of their inactivation. The mechanisms through which copper transporters may influence cell sensitivity to cisplatin are discussed. Regulation of human copper homeostasis has significant therapeutic potential and requires the detailed understanding of copper transport mechanisms.
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Klaassen CD, Aleksunes LM. Xenobiotic, bile acid, and cholesterol transporters: function and regulation. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 62:1-96. [PMID: 20103563 PMCID: PMC2835398 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.002014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transporters influence the disposition of chemicals within the body by participating in absorption, distribution, and elimination. Transporters of the solute carrier family (SLC) comprise a variety of proteins, including organic cation transporters (OCT) 1 to 3, organic cation/carnitine transporters (OCTN) 1 to 3, organic anion transporters (OAT) 1 to 7, various organic anion transporting polypeptide isoforms, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter, peptide transporters (PEPT) 1 and 2, concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNT) 1 to 3, equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1 to 3, and multidrug and toxin extrusion transporters (MATE) 1 and 2, which mediate the uptake (except MATEs) of organic anions and cations as well as peptides and nucleosides. Efflux transporters of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily, such as ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), multidrug resistance proteins (MDR) 1 and 2, bile salt export pump, multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP) 1 to 9, breast cancer resistance protein, and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G members 5 and 8, are responsible for the unidirectional export of endogenous and exogenous substances. Other efflux transporters [ATPase copper-transporting beta polypeptide (ATP7B) and ATPase class I type 8B member 1 (ATP8B1) as well as organic solute transporters (OST) alpha and beta] also play major roles in the transport of some endogenous chemicals across biological membranes. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of these transporters (both rodent and human) with regard to tissue distribution, subcellular localization, and substrate preferences. Because uptake and efflux transporters are expressed in multiple cell types, the roles of transporters in a variety of tissues, including the liver, kidneys, intestine, brain, heart, placenta, mammary glands, immune cells, and testes are discussed. Attention is also placed upon a variety of regulatory factors that influence transporter expression and function, including transcriptional activation and post-translational modifications as well as subcellular trafficking. Sex differences, ontogeny, and pharmacological and toxicological regulation of transporters are also addressed. Transporters are important transmembrane proteins that mediate the cellular entry and exit of a wide range of substrates throughout the body and thereby play important roles in human physiology, pharmacology, pathology, and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160-7417, USA.
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van den Berghe PVE, Klomp LWJ. New developments in the regulation of intestinal copper absorption. Nutr Rev 2010; 67:658-72. [PMID: 19906252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition metal copper is an essential trace element involved in many enzymatic processes that require redox-chemistry. The redox-activity of copper is potentially harmful. Severe imbalance of copper homeostasis can occur with some hereditary disorders of copper metabolism. Copper is acquired from the diet by intestinal absorption and is subsequently distributed throughout the body. The regulation of intestinal copper absorption to maintain whole-body copper homeostasis is currently poorly understood. This review evaluates novel findings regarding the molecular mechanism of intestinal copper uptake. The role of recently identified transporters in enterocyte copper uptake and excretion into the portal circulation is described, and the regulation of dietary copper uptake during physiological and pathophysiological conditions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V E van den Berghe
- Department of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Mammalian copper-transporting P-type ATPases, ATP7A and ATP7B: emerging roles. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 42:206-9. [PMID: 19922814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) has a role in a diverse and increasing number of pathways, physiological and disease processes. These roles are testament to the fundamental importance of Cu in biology and the need to understand the mechanisms that regulate Cu homeostasis. The mammalian Cu-transporting P-type ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B are two key proteins that regulate the Cu status of the body. They transport Cu across cellular membranes for biosynthetic and protective functions, enabling Cu to fulfill its role as a catalytic and structural cofactor for many essential enzymes, and to prevent a toxic build-up of Cu inside cells. A variety of regulatory mechanisms operate at transcriptional and post-translational levels to ensure adequate Cu supplies for both physiological and pathophysiological processes. This review summarizes the recent literature that is revealing the emerging roles of the Cu-ATPases in health and disease.
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Kaplan JH, Lutsenko S. Copper transport in mammalian cells: special care for a metal with special needs. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:25461-5. [PMID: 19602511 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r109.031286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper plays an essential role in human physiology. It is required for respiration, radical defense, neuronal myelination, angiogenesis, and many other processes. Copper has distinct physicochemical properties that pose uncommon challenges for its transport across biological membranes. Only small amounts of copper are present in biological fluids, and essentially none of it exists in a free ion form. These properties and the low redox potential of copper dictate special structural and mechanistic features in copper transporters. This minireview discusses molecular mechanisms through which copper enters and exits human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack H Kaplan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
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The multi-layered regulation of copper translocating P-type ATPases. Biometals 2009; 22:177-90. [PMID: 19130269 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-008-9183-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The copper-translocating Menkes (ATP7A, MNK protein) and Wilson (ATP7B, WND protein) P-type ATPases are pivotal for copper (Cu) homeostasis, functioning in the biosynthetic incorporation of Cu into copper-dependent enzymes of the secretory pathway, Cu detoxification via Cu efflux, and specialized roles such as systemic Cu absorption (MNK) and Cu excretion (WND). Essential to these functions is their Cu and hormone-responsive distribution between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and exocytic vesicles located at or proximal to the apical (WND) or basolateral (MNK) cell surface. Intriguingly, MNK and WND Cu-ATPases expressed in the same tissues perform distinct yet complementary roles. While intramolecular differences may specify their distinct roles, cellular signaling components are predicted to be critical for both differences and synergy between these enzymes. This review focuses on these mechanisms, including the cell signaling pathways that influence trafficking and bi-functionality of Cu-ATPases. Phosphorylation events are hypothesized to play a central role in Cu homeostasis, promoting multi-layered regulation and cross-talk between cuproenzymes and Cu-independent mechanisms.
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