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Jafree DJ, Long DA, Scambler PJ, Ruhrberg C. Mechanisms and cell lineages in lymphatic vascular development. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:271-288. [PMID: 33825109 PMCID: PMC8205918 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have critical roles in both health and disease and their study is a rapidly evolving area of vascular biology. The consensus on how the first lymphatic vessels arise in the developing embryo has recently shifted. Originally, they were thought to solely derive by sprouting from veins. Since then, several studies have uncovered novel cellular mechanisms and a diversity of contributing cell lineages in the formation of organ lymphatic vasculature. Here, we review the key mechanisms and cell lineages contributing to lymphatic development, discuss the advantages and limitations of experimental techniques used for their study and highlight remaining knowledge gaps that require urgent attention. Emerging technologies should accelerate our understanding of how lymphatic vessels develop normally and how they contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniyal J Jafree
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - David A Long
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Peter J Scambler
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
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Jafree DJ, Long DA. Beyond a Passive Conduit: Implications of Lymphatic Biology for Kidney Diseases. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:1178-1190. [PMID: 32295825 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019121320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney contains a network of lymphatic vessels that clear fluid, small molecules, and cells from the renal interstitium. Through modulating immune responses and via crosstalk with surrounding renal cells, lymphatic vessels have been implicated in the progression and maintenance of kidney disease. In this Review, we provide an overview of the development, structure, and function of lymphatic vessels in the healthy adult kidney. We then highlight the contributions of lymphatic vessels to multiple forms of renal pathology, emphasizing CKD, transplant rejection, and polycystic kidney disease and discuss strategies to target renal lymphatics using genetic and pharmacologic approaches. Overall, we argue the case for lymphatics playing a fundamental role in renal physiology and pathology and treatments modulating these vessels having therapeutic potential across the spectrum of kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniyal J Jafree
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,MB/PhD Programme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Long
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Jafree DJ, Moulding D, Kolatsi-Joannou M, Perretta Tejedor N, Price KL, Milmoe NJ, Walsh CL, Correra RM, Winyard PJ, Harris PC, Ruhrberg C, Walker-Samuel S, Riley PR, Woolf AS, Scambler PJ, Long DA. Spatiotemporal dynamics and heterogeneity of renal lymphatics in mammalian development and cystic kidney disease. eLife 2019; 8:48183. [PMID: 31808745 PMCID: PMC6948954 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity of lymphatic vessels during embryogenesis is critical for organ-specific lymphatic function. Little is known about lymphatics in the developing kidney, despite their established roles in pathology of the mature organ. We performed three-dimensional imaging to characterize lymphatic vessel formation in the mammalian embryonic kidney at single-cell resolution. In mouse, we visually and quantitatively assessed the development of kidney lymphatic vessels, remodeling from a ring-like anastomosis under the nascent renal pelvis; a site of VEGF-C expression, to form a patent vascular plexus. We identified a heterogenous population of lymphatic endothelial cell clusters in mouse and human embryonic kidneys. Exogenous VEGF-C expanded the lymphatic population in explanted mouse embryonic kidneys. Finally, we characterized complex kidney lymphatic abnormalities in a genetic mouse model of polycystic kidney disease. Our study provides novel insights into the development of kidney lymphatic vasculature; a system which likely has fundamental roles in renal development, physiology and disease. In most organs in the body, fluid tends to build up in the spaces between cells, especially if the organs become inflamed. Each organ has a ‘waste disposal system’; a set of specialized tubes called lymphatic vessels, to clear away this excess fluid and keep a check on inflammation. Defects in these tubes have been linked to a wide range of diseases including heart attacks, obesity, dementia and cancer. The kidneys are responsible for filtering blood and balancing many of the body’s chemical processes. Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is the most common genetic kidney disorder and it results in cysts filled with fluid building up in the kidney. The growth of cysts in PKD may be due to a problem with the lymphatic vessels. However, compared to other organs, how lymphatic vessels first form within the kidney and what they do is not well understood. Now, Jafree et al. have used three-dimensional imaging to study how lymphatic vessels form in the kidneys of mice and humans. The experiments showed that lymphatic vessels first appear when mouse kidneys are about half developed, and start to grow rapidly when the kidneys are thought to begin filtering blood. Clusters of cells that may help lymphatic vessels to grow were also found hidden deep within the kidneys of mouse embryos. Treating the kidneys with a factor that stimulates the growth of lymphatic vessels increased the numbers of these clusters. Jafree et al. found similar clusters of cells in human kidneys, suggesting that lymphatic vessels in the kidneys of different mammals may develop in the same way. Further experiments showed that the lymphatic vessels of kidneys in mice with PKD become distorted early on in the disease, when cysts are still small and before the mice develop symptoms. In the future, identifying drugs that target kidney lymphatic vessels may lead to more effective treatments for patients with PKD and other kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniyal J Jafree
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,MB/PhD Programme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dale Moulding
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Kolatsi-Joannou
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nuria Perretta Tejedor
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen L Price
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie J Milmoe
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L Walsh
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa Maria Correra
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Jd Winyard
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Walker-Samuel
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Riley
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian S Woolf
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Scambler
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Long
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Seimiya A, Okada T, Nagano N, Hosono S, Takahashi S, Takahashi S. Characterization of chylomicron in preterm infants. Pediatr Int 2019; 61:63-66. [PMID: 30449060 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the chylomicron fraction of preterm infants at birth and during the early postnatal period. METHODS The subjects consisted of 133 infants (81 boys and 52 girls): 74 were term infants born at 37-41 weeks of gestation and 59 were preterm infants born at 29-36 weeks of gestation. Cholesterol and triglyceride in the chylomicron fraction were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Compared with term infants, preterm infants had higher cholesterol and lower triglyceride in the chylomicron fraction, both in cord blood and at 1 month after birth. Thus, the chylomicron triglyceride/cholesterol ratio was significantly lower in preterm infants than in term infants in cord blood and at 1 month of age. On single regression analysis the chylomicron triglyceride/cholesterol ratio correlated positively with gestational age at birth (r = 0.331, P = 0.0003) and at 1 month (r = 0.221, P = 0.0119). CONCLUSIONS Preterm infants have a less-lipidated chylomicron composition at birth and at 1 month of age. Some prenatal factors may persist to influence chylomicron lipidation during the early postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Seimiya
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Okada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Nutrition and Life Science, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Shimo-ogino, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Nagano
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Hosono
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shori Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
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Yamamoto M, Wilting J, Abe H, Murakami G, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Abe SI. Development of the pulmonary pleura with special reference to the lung surface morphology: a study using human fetuses. Anat Cell Biol 2018; 51:150-157. [PMID: 30310706 PMCID: PMC6172594 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2018.51.3.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In and after the third trimester, the lung surface is likely to become smooth to facilitate respiratory movements. However, there are no detailed descriptions as to when and how the lung surface becomes regular. According to our observations of 33 fetuses at 9–16 weeks of gestation (crown-rump length [CRL], 39–125 mm), the lung surface, especially its lateral (costal) surface, was comparatively rough due to rapid branching and outward growing of bronchioli at the pseudoglandular phase of lung development. The pulmonary pleura was thin and, beneath the surface mesothelium, no or little mesenchymal tissue was detectable. Veins and lymphatic vessels reached the lung surface until 9 weeks and 16 weeks, respectively. In contrast, in 8 fetuses at 26–34 weeks of gestation (CRL, 210–290 mm), the lung surface was almost smooth because, instead of bronchioli, the developing alveoli faced the external surfaces of the lung. Moreover, the submesothelial tissue became thick due to large numbers of dilated veins connected to deep intersegmental veins. CD34-positive, multilayered fibrous tissue was also evident beneath the mesothelium in these stages. The submesothelial tissue was much thicker at the basal and mediastinal surfaces compared to apical and costal surfaces. Overall, rather than by a mechanical stress from the thoracic wall and diaphragm, a smooth lung surface seemed to be established largely by the thick submesothelial tissue including veins and lymphatic vessels until 26 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jőrg Wilting
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Georg-August-Universität Gőttingen, Gőttingen, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- Department of Anatomy, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Gen Murakami
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Internal Medicine, Iwamizawa Asuka Hospital, Iwamizawa, Japan
| | | | - Shin-Ichi Abe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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Hwang SE, Kim JH, Bae SI, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Murakami G, Cho BH. Mesoesophagus and other fascial structures of the abdominal and lower thoracic esophagus: a histological study using human embryos and fetuses. Anat Cell Biol 2014; 47:227-35. [PMID: 25548720 PMCID: PMC4276896 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2014.47.4.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A term "mesoesophagus" has been often used by surgeons, but the morphology was not described well. To better understand the structures attaching the human abdominal and lower thoracic esophagus to the body wall, we examined serial or semiserial sections from 10 embryos and 9 fetuses. The esophagus was initially embedded in a large posterior mesenchymal tissue, which included the vertebral column and aorta. Below the tracheal bifurcation at the fifth week, the esophagus formed a mesentery-like structure, which we call the "mesoesophagus," that was sculpted by the enlarging lungs and pleural cavity. The pneumatoenteric recess of the pleuroperitoneal canal was observed in the lowest part of the mesoesophagus. At the seventh week, the mesoesophagus was divided into the upper long and lower short parts by the diaphragm. Near the esophageal hiatus, the pleural cavity provided 1 or 2 recesses in the upper side, while the fetal adrenal gland in the left side was attached to the lower side of the mesoesophagus. At the 10th and 18th week, the mesoesophagus remained along the lower thoracic esophagus, but the abdominal esophagus attached to the diaphragm instead of to the left adrenal. The mesoesophagus did not contain any blood vessels from the aorta and to the azygos vein. The posterior attachment of the abdominal esophagus seemed to develop to the major part of the phrenoesophageal membrane with modification from the increased mass of the left fetal adrenal. After postnatal degeneration of the fetal adrenal, the abdominal esophagus might again obtain a mesentery. Consequently, the mesoesophagus seemed to correspond to a small area containing the pulmonary ligament and aorta in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Eun Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Daejeon Sun Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sang In Bae
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | | | - Gen Murakami
- Division of Internal Medicine, Iwamizawa Asuka Hospital, Iwamizawa, Japan
| | - Baik Hwan Cho
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
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7
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Roost MS, van Iperen L, de Melo Bernardo A, Mummery CL, Carlotti F, de Koning EJ, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM. Lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis during human fetal pancreas development. Vasc Cell 2014; 6:22. [PMID: 25785186 PMCID: PMC4362646 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-6-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The complex endocrine and exocrine functionality of the human pancreas depends on an efficient fluid transport through the blood and the lymphatic vascular systems. The lymphatic vasculature has key roles in the physiology of the pancreas and in regulating the immune response, both important for developing successful transplantation and cell-replacement therapies to treat diabetes. However, little is known about how the lymphatic and blood systems develop in humans. Here, we investigated the establishment of these two vascular systems in human pancreas organogenesis in order to understand neovascularization in the context of emerging regenerative therapies. Methods We examined angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis during human pancreas development between 9 and 22 weeks of gestation (W9-W22) by immunohistochemistry. Results As early as W9, the peri-pancreatic mesenchyme was populated by CD31-expressing blood vessels as well as LYVE1- and PDPN-expressing lymphatic vessels. The appearance of smooth muscle cell-coated blood vessels in the intra-pancreatic mesenchyme occurred only several weeks later and from W14.5 onwards the islets of Langerhans also became heavily irrigated by blood vessels. In contrast to blood vessels, LYVE1- and PDPN-expressing lymphatic vessels were restricted to the peri-pancreatic mesenchyme until later in development (W14.5-W17), and some of these invading lymphatic vessels contained smooth muscle cells at W17. Interestingly, between W11-W22, most large caliber lymphatic vessels were lined with a characteristic, discontinuous, collagen type IV-rich basement membrane. Whilst lymphatic vessels did not directly intrude the islets of Langerhans, three-dimensional reconstruction revealed that they were present in the vicinity of islets of Langerhans between W17-W22. Conclusion Our data suggest that the blood and lymphatic machinery in the human pancreas is in place to support endocrine function from W17-W22 onwards. Our study provides the first systematic assessment of the progression of lymphangiogenesis during human pancreatic development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2045-824X-6-22) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias S Roost
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth van Iperen
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ana de Melo Bernardo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Françoise Carlotti
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Jp de Koning
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands ; Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, University Medical Center, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susana M Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands ; Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Shah S, Conlin LK, Gomez L, Aagenaes Ø, Eiklid K, Knisely AS, Mennuti MT, Matthews RP, Spinner NB, Bull LN. CCBE1 mutation in two siblings, one manifesting lymphedema-cholestasis syndrome, and the other, fetal hydrops. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75770. [PMID: 24086631 PMCID: PMC3784396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphedema-cholestasis syndrome (LCS; Aagenaes syndrome) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by 1) neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis, often lessening and becoming intermittent with age, and 2) severe chronic lymphedema, mainly lower limb. LCS was originally described in a Norwegian kindred in which a locus, LCS1, was mapped to a 6.6cM region on chromosome 15. Mutations in CCBE1 on chromosome 18 have been reported in some cases of lymphatic dysplasia, but not in LCS. Methods Consanguineous parents of Mexican ancestry had a child with LCS who did not exhibit extended homozygosity in the LCS1 region. A subsequent pregnancy was electively terminated due to fetal hydrops. We performed whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping to identify regions of homozygosity in these siblings, and sequenced promising candidate genes. Results Both siblings harbored a homozygous mutation in CCBE1, c.398 T>C, predicted to result in the missense change p.L133P. Regions containing known ‘cholestasis genes’ did not demonstrate homozygosity in the LCS patient. Conclusions Mutations in CCBE1 may yield a phenotype not only of lymphatic dysplasia, but also of LCS or fetal hydrops; however, the possibility that the sibling with LCS also carries a homozygous mutation in an unidentified gene influencing cholestasis cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohela Shah
- Liver Center Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Laura K. Conlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Luis Gomez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Kristin Eiklid
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - A. S. Knisely
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T. Mennuti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Randolph P. Matthews
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology,and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nancy B. Spinner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laura N. Bull
- Liver Center Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kim JH, Abe S, Shibata S, Asakawa S, Maki H, Murakami G, Cho BH. Dense distribution of macrophages in flexor aspects of the hand and foot of mid-term human fetuses. Anat Cell Biol 2013; 45:259-67. [PMID: 23301193 PMCID: PMC3531589 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2012.45.4.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing human musculoskeletal system, cell death with macrophage accumulation occurs in the thigh muscle and interdigital area. To comprehensively clarify the distribution of macrophages, we immunohistochemically examined 16 pairs of upper and lower extremities without the hip joint (left and right sides) obtained from 8 human fetuses at approximately 10-15 weeks of gestation. Rather than in muscles, CD68-positive macrophages were densely distributed in loose connective tissues of the flexor aspects of the extremities, especially in the wrist, hand and foot. In contrast, no or fewer macrophages were evident in the shoulder and the extensor aspects of the extremities. The macrophages were not concentrated at the enthesis of the tendon and ligament, but tended to be arranged along other connective tissue fibers. Deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling revealed apoptosis in the hand lumbricalis muscles, but not in the area of macrophage accumulation. Likewise, podoplanin-positive lymphatic vessels were not localized to areas of macrophage accumulation. Re-organization of the connective tissue along and around the flexor tendons of the hand and foot, such as development of the bursa or tendon sheath at 10-15 weeks, might require the phagocytotic function of macrophages, although details of the mechanism remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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10
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Retropancreatic fascia is absent along the pancreas facing the superior mesenteric artery: a histological study using elderly donated cadavers. Surg Radiol Anat 2012; 35:403-10. [PMID: 23250565 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-012-1051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To determine the fascial configuration between the superior mesenteric artery and vein and the posterior aspect of the pancreas, we examined histological sections of 10 elderly donated cadavers without pathology in the abdomen. The retropancreatic fascia was absent along the pancreatic parenchyma facing the artery and vein. Abundant nerves along the artery were separated from the pancreas by loose tissue almost 10 mm in thickness. In addition, anterior renal fasciae facing the pancreatic body were not evident in these specimens, possibly due to the degeneration of the left adrenal gland with age. Thus, a definite renal fascia was restricted on the lateral and posterior sides of the left kidney. These findings suggest that interactions between a pancreatic tumor and nerves would require migration of cancer cells over a long distance. Conversely, attachment of the enlarged tumor mass to the nerves may be necessary for the invasion. The anterior renal fascia may fuse with the retropancreatic fascia.
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11
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Yang JD, Ishikawa K, Hwang HP, Yu HC, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Murakami G, Cho BH. Morphology of the ligament of Treitz likely depends on its fetal topographical relationship with the left adrenal gland and liver caudate lobe as well as the developing lymphatic tissues: a histological study using human fetuses. Surg Radiol Anat 2012; 35:25-38. [PMID: 22777511 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-012-0996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the factors affecting the development of the ligament of Treitz, we examined sagittal and frontal histological sections of 35 human fetuses with a crown-rump length of 100-300 mm (approximately 16-38 weeks of gestation). The retropancreatic fascia consistently extended in a layer behind the pancreatic body and the splenic artery and vein, and also in front of the left renal vein and left adrenal. In 18 specimens, a connective tissue band was seen originating from the diaphragmatic crus around the esophageal opening and ending at the retropancreatic fascia to the left of the origin of the celiac artery. In 10 of these 18 specimens, these putative upper parts of the ligament contained striated muscles, or so-called Hilfsmuskel. Although most of other 17 specimens were larger fetuses, the left adrenal, the liver caudate lobe and the celiac ganglion made space for the ligament very limited. In 22 specimens including the above 18, the retropancreatic fascia extended inferiorly to approach the fourth portion of the duodenum (D4) or the duodenojejunal junction (DJJ). However, in 11 of the 22 examples of the putative lower part of the ligament, the connection between the duodenal muscle coat and the fascia was interrupted by developing lymphatic tissues. Consequently, the ligament of Treitz seemed to develop from both pleuroperitoneal membrane-derived cells and the retropancreatic fusion fascia, although the morphology was markedly modified by adjacent structures such as the adrenal gland. The ligament may "recover" after the adrenal becomes reduced in size after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Do Yang
- Department of Surgery and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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12
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Balakrishnan K, Majesky M, Perkins JA. Head and neck lymphatic tumors and bony abnormalities: a clinical and molecular review. Lymphat Res Biol 2012; 9:205-12. [PMID: 22196287 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2011.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic malformations and lymphatic-derived tumors commonly involve the head and neck, where they may be associated with bony abnormalities and other systemic symptoms. The reasons for the association between these disorders and local skeletal changes are largely unknown, but such changes may cause significant disease-related morbidity. Ongoing work in molecular and developmental biology is beginning to uncover potential reasons for the bony abnormalities found in head and neck lymphatic disease; this article summarizes current knowledge on possible mechanisms underlying this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Balakrishnan
- University of Washington, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Seattle, WA, USA
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Kim JH, Han EH, Jin ZW, Lee HK, Fujimiya M, Murakami G, Cho BH. Fetal topographical anatomy of the upper abdominal lymphatics: its specific features in comparison with other abdominopelvic regions. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 295:91-104. [PMID: 22144396 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Using semiserial sections from 19 human fetuses of 8-30 weeks gestation, we examined the topohistology of the upper abdominal lymphatics and compared it with that of the lower abdominal and pelvic lymphatics. The upper abdominal lymphatics were characterized by an intimate relationship with the peritoneal lining, a common mesentery for the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Lymphatic connections from the upper abdominal viscera to the paraaortic and paracaval areas followed two routes: (1) from the intestinal mesentery, along the peritoneum on the left aspect of the proximal SMA, via the chain of lymph follicles (LFs) lying along the retropancreatic fusion fascia, to drain into the LFs around the left renal vein; (2) from sites along the peritoneum on the posterior wall of the omental bursa, via the root of the hepatoduodenal ligament, to drain into LFs around the vena cava. The development of these two posterior drainage routes seemed to be promoted by the peritoneum or a peritoneal remnant (i.e., fusion fascia) attaching to the great vessels, and inhibited or impeded by the developing nerves and diaphragm. No paraaortic, paracaval, or pelvic LFs lay along the peritoneum. The pelvic LFs were usually located along the bundle of lymphatic vessels originating from the femoral canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Kim
- Department of Surgery and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Cho KH, Cheong JS, Ha YS, Cho BH, Murakami G, Katori Y. The anatomy of fetal peripheral lymphatic vessels in the head-and-neck region: an immunohistochemical study. J Anat 2011; 220:102-11. [PMID: 22034965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Using D2-40 immunohistochemistry, we assessed the distribution of peripheral lymphatic vessels (LVs) in the head-and-neck region of four midterm fetuses without nuchal edema, two of 10 weeks and two of 15 weeks' gestation. We observed abundant LVs in the subcutaneous layer, especially in and along the facial muscles. In the occipital region, only a few LVs were identified perforating the back muscles. The parotid and thyroid glands were surrounded by LVs, but the sublingual and submandibular glands were not. The numbers of submucosal LVs increased from 10 to 15 weeks' gestation in all of the nasal, oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cavities, but not in the palate. The laryngeal submucosa had an extremely high density of LVs. In contrast, we found few LVs along bone and cartilage except for those of the mandible as well as along the pharyngotympanic tube, middle ear, tooth germ, and the cranial nerves and ganglia. Some of these results suggested that cerebrospinal fluid outflow to the head LVs commences after 15 weeks' gestation. The subcutaneous LVs of the head appear to grow from the neck side, whereas initial submucosal LVs likely develop in situ because no communication was evident with other sites during early developmental stages. In addition, CD68-positive macrophages did not accompany the developing LVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Ho Cho
- Department of Neurology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Jeonbuk Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Disease Center, Iksan, Korea.
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Abe SI, Suzuki M, Cho KH, Murakami G, Cho BH, Ide Y. CD34-positive developing vessels and other structures in human fetuses: an immunohistochemical study. Surg Radiol Anat 2011; 33:919-27. [PMID: 21789504 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-011-0854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CD34 is a well-known marker of progenitor cells of blood vessels and stromal tissues. Thus, CD34-positive cells have recently been used clinically in the field of vascular and orthopedic biotechnology because of their capacity to assist regeneration of injured tissues. However, to our knowledge, the in situ distribution of CD34-positive cells has not yet been described in the human fetus, with the exception of a few organs. In the present study, we conducted immunohistochemistry for CD34 using 12 human fetuses (9-15 weeks of gestation). CD34-positive structures showed a vessel-like appearance and were regularly arrayed in the viscera, nerves and lymph nodes, whereas in the body wall and extremities, they were distributed diffusely as fibrous tissues, such as the fascia and perimysium. The myocardium was also divided and bundled by CD34-positive fibrous tissues. In striated muscles, limited examples of CD34 expression were found in the tongue and extraocular muscles in which only vessels were positive. Lymphatic vessels were negative for CD34. In addition to their contribution to vascular development in any part of the body, CD34-positive mesenchymal tissues seem to play a critical role in the pattern formation of skeletal muscle, synovial tissue and other muscle/tendon-associated tissues in human fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Abe
- Oral Health Science Center HRC8, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan.
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Cytokeratin-positive hepatocytes in the hilar region: An immunohistochemical study using livers from fetuses and elderly individuals. Ann Anat 2011; 193:224-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kim JH, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Verdugo-López S, Cho KH, Murakami G, Cho BH. Early Fetal Development of the Human Cochlea. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:996-1002. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jin ZW, Li CA, Kim JH, Shibata S, Murakami G, Cho BH. Fetal head anomaly restricted to the eye, the mandible, and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid: A histological study. Clin Anat 2011; 24:599-606. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.21135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Blei F. Literature Watch. Lymphat Res Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2010.8402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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