1
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Bishop PJ, Pierce SE. The fossil record of appendicular muscle evolution in Synapsida on the line to mammals: Part I-Forelimb. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:1764-1825. [PMID: 37726984 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper is the first in a two-part series that charts the evolution of appendicular musculature along the mammalian stem lineage, drawing upon the exceptional fossil record of extinct synapsids. Here, attention is focused on muscles of the forelimb. Understanding forelimb muscular anatomy in extinct synapsids, and how this changed on the line to mammals, can provide important perspective for interpreting skeletal and functional evolution in this lineage, and how the diversity of forelimb functions in extant mammals arose. This study surveyed the osteological evidence for muscular attachments in extinct mammalian and nonmammalian synapsids, two extinct amniote outgroups, and a large selection of extant mammals, saurians, and salamanders. Observations were integrated into an explicit phylogenetic framework, comprising 73 character-state complexes covering all muscles crossing the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints. These were coded for 33 operational taxonomic units spanning >330 Ma of tetrapod evolution, and ancestral state reconstruction was used to evaluate the sequence of muscular evolution along the stem lineage from Amniota to Theria. In addition to producing a comprehensive documentation of osteological evidence for muscle attachments in extinct synapsids, this work has clarified homology hypotheses across disparate taxa and helped resolve competing hypotheses of muscular anatomy in extinct species. The evolutionary history of mammalian forelimb musculature was a complex and nonlinear narrative, punctuated by multiple instances of convergence and concentrated phases of anatomical transformation. More broadly, this study highlights the great insight that a fossil-based perspective can provide for understanding the assembly of novel body plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Bishop
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephanie E Pierce
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Soliz MC, Abdala V. Musculoskeletal and tendinous details of selected anomalies in the locomotor system of anurans. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38529857 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies on anuran anomalies predominantly examine isolated cases or focus on external and skeletal features. Our study analyzes a comprehensive sample collected from 1991 to 2017, examining the muscle-tendon system in 24 anuran species across adult, juvenile, and metamorphic stages. This extensive sample size allows us to investigate consistent anomaly patterns across different developmental stages and anuran families, exploring potential common developmental or genetic factors. Our detailed anatomical examination, encompassing musculature, tendons, and skeletal structures, revealed that 21% of the specimens displayed anomalies, a noteworthy finding considering the extensive sample size and duration of the studied sample. Of these anomalies, 17% affected the locomotor system, predominantly in the upper limbs. Key anomalies included, forelimbs and hindlimbs brachydactyly, rotation in forelimbs, partial kyphotic lordosis, and scoliosis. Notably, the digit 4 in the forelimbs and digits 4 and 5 in the hindlimbs were particularly susceptible to teratogenic effects, indicating possible prolonged exposure during development. Our study also uncovered combinations of anomalies and identified a phenotype similar to Poland syndrome. The findings validate the "Logic of Monsters" (LoMo theory) by Alberch, although the name itself may not be deemed appropriate, showing that developmental disruptions in tetrapods are not random but follow distinct sequences and patterns. The name, while unfortunate, accurately reflects the unusual nature of these developmental anomalies. This contributes to the evolving "Evo-Devo-Path" framework, highlighting the study's importance in understanding developmental disruptions in tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica C Soliz
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Virginia Abdala
- Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Cátedra de Biología General, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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3
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Kępa M, Tomańska A, Staszewska J, Tarnowska M, Klećkowska-Nawrot J, Goździewska-Harłajczuk K, Kuźniarski A, Gębarowski T, Janeczek M. Functional Anatomy of the Thoracic Limb of the Komodo Dragon ( Varanus komodoensis). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2895. [PMID: 37760295 PMCID: PMC10525242 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the Komodo dragon has been included on The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, it is crucial to know in detail its biology as there is a limited availability of research material on these animals-mainly those who died in zoos or whose remains were found in the wild. Anatomy is essential for understanding physiology, identification of diseases, adaptations in the environment, and behavior. In this dissection study, the relationship of individual anatomical structures was analyzed, the anatomy of the active and passive movement system of the thoracic limb was described, photographs were taken, and a radiographic examination was conducted. This species has its own differences, even within closely related lizard species. Varanus komodoensis possesses triceps muscles with three heads, and the wrist is extended with additional bones for greater flexibility of the hand. The muscles of the forelimb are analogous to the hind limb; however, they differ in the mass of individual muscles, especially those predisposed to perform the most important antigravity and locomotive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kępa
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska St. 1, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland; (M.K.); (J.S.); (J.K.-N.); (K.G.-H.); (M.J.)
| | - Anna Tomańska
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska St. 1, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland; (M.K.); (J.S.); (J.K.-N.); (K.G.-H.); (M.J.)
| | - Joanna Staszewska
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska St. 1, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland; (M.K.); (J.S.); (J.K.-N.); (K.G.-H.); (M.J.)
| | - Małgorzata Tarnowska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida St. 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Joanna Klećkowska-Nawrot
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska St. 1, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland; (M.K.); (J.S.); (J.K.-N.); (K.G.-H.); (M.J.)
| | - Karolina Goździewska-Harłajczuk
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska St. 1, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland; (M.K.); (J.S.); (J.K.-N.); (K.G.-H.); (M.J.)
| | - Amadeusz Kuźniarski
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Wrocław Medical University, Krakowska St. 26, 50-425 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Gębarowski
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska St. 1, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland; (M.K.); (J.S.); (J.K.-N.); (K.G.-H.); (M.J.)
| | - Maciej Janeczek
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska St. 1, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland; (M.K.); (J.S.); (J.K.-N.); (K.G.-H.); (M.J.)
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4
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Dickinson E, Young MW, Flaim ND, Sawiec A, Granatosky MC. A functional framework for interpreting phalangeal form. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20230251. [PMID: 37582408 PMCID: PMC10427194 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Across tetrapods, the proportional lengths of the manual and pedal phalanges are highly constrained, following a generalized blueprint of shortening in a proximodistal gradient. Despite this, several lineages of both mammals (e.g. sloths, bats and colugos) and birds (e.g. raptors, parrots and woodpeckers) have broken this pattern, shortening the proximal phalanx while elongating more distal elements. As yet, no unifying explanation for this convergence has been empirically evaluated. This study combines a comparative phylogenetic assessment of phalangeal morphology across mammals and birds with a novel bioinspired robotics approach to explicitly test functional hypotheses relating to these morphotypes. We demonstrate that shortening the proximal phalanx allows taxa to maximize forces produced at the proximal interphalangeal joint, while elongation of subsequent elements maintains total ray length-ensuring arboreal species can still enclose large-diameter supports. Within suspensory and vertically clinging mammals, we additionally observe a secondary adaptation towards maximizing grip strength: namely increasing the height of the trochleae to increase the moment arm of digital flexor muscles that cross the joint. Together, our analyses highlight that numerous tetrapod lineages independently converged upon this morphotype to maximize proximal gripping strength, an adaptation to support specialized hunting and locomotor behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Melody W. Young
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas D. Flaim
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Aleksander Sawiec
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, USA
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Michael C. Granatosky
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, USA
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, USA
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5
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Vélez-García JF, Miglino MA. Evolutionary comparative analysis of the extrinsic thoracic limb muscles in three procyonids (Procyon cancrivorus Cuvier, 1798, Nasua nasua Linnaeus, 1766, and Potos flavus Schreber, 1774) based on their attachments and innervation. Anat Sci Int 2023; 98:273-292. [PMID: 36463570 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-022-00696-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The procyonids (Procyon cancrivorus, Nasua nasua and Potos flavus) are Neotropical carnivorans with the ability to climb trees; however, each one has different locomotor preferences. Thereby, P. flavus is highly arboreal, P. cancrivorus is mainly terrestrial with abilities to swim, and N. nasua is also fossorial. These activities not only require movements of the hands but stabilize the thoracic limb, an action performed by the extrinsic muscles. Besides, former descriptions performed in procyonid species have obsolete terms for these muscles, generating confusion about the comparison among species. Thereby, muscle innervation has also been used to support the evolutionary derivation of the muscles. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the attachments and innervations of these muscles in three procyonids. There were intra- and interspecific anatomical variations in the attachments of all extrinsic thoracic limb muscles. However, based on the innervation, several evolutionary derivations in procyonids could be found, such as: the cleidobrachialis muscle derived from the deltoideus muscle; the atlantoscapularis muscle of P. flavus derived from the serratus ventralis cervicis muscle; the pectoralis transversus muscle derived from the pectoralis profundus and superficiales muscles; and the pectoralis abdominalis muscle derived from the cutaneus trunci muscle. Some functions could be associated with locomotor habits, among them a highly developed pectoralis abdominalis in Nasua for its fossorial habits and the atlantoscapularis in Potos for its arboreal and prehensile habits. Thus, the extrinsic muscles in procyonids have evolved for locomotor preferences, but mainly due to their phylogenetic relationship within the family Procyonidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fernando Vélez-García
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Tolima, Barrio Santa Helena Parte Alta Cl 42 1-02, 730006299, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia. .,Anatomy of the Domestic and Wild Animals Posgraduate Program, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87-Cidade Universitária Armando de Sales Oliveira, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Angélica Miglino
- Anatomy of the Domestic and Wild Animals Posgraduate Program, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87-Cidade Universitária Armando de Sales Oliveira, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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6
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Joy P, G A, Bhardwaj K, Rout S. Unilateral Right-Sided Progressive Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Brevis to the Little Finger: A Case Report With Review of Literature. Cureus 2023; 15:e34577. [PMID: 36874313 PMCID: PMC9981545 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS), an intermediate flexor of the forearm, can present with variations in the musculature or tendons. Here, we report a very rare anomaly of the FDS-V tendon replaced by a muscle belly in the palm, which was a progressive variation. This variation was found in a 60-year-old female cadaver on the right hand. The anomalous belly took its origin from the center of the volar aspect of the flexor retinaculum and was inserted into the A2 pulley of the middle interphalangeal joint to the little finger. The anomalous muscle was innervated by a branch of the median nerve. Knowledge of such variations will be useful for hand surgeons for meticulous planning of surgeries of the palm. The occurrences of such variations might interfere with the biomechanics of the FDS tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praisy Joy
- Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Arthi G
- Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Krati Bhardwaj
- Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Sipra Rout
- Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, IND
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7
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Origin and Distribution of the Brachial Plexus in Two Procyonids ( Procyon cancrivorus and Nasua nasua, Carnivora). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020210. [PMID: 36670750 PMCID: PMC9854546 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Procyon cancrivorus and Nasua nasua are two procyonids with different evolutionary adaptations to use their thoracic limbs. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the differences in the brachial plexus between both species. Five P. cancrivorus and five N. nasua cadavers were used to perform this investigation with the permission of the bioethics committee and environmental license. Gross dissections were performed on the cervical, pectoral, and thoracic limb regions to find the origin and distribution of the brachial plexus. The brachial plexus of both species originated in a variant manner from C5-T1, C5-T2, C6-T1, or C6-T2. All brachial plexus nerves were observed and, interestingly, the musculocutaneous sent a communicating branch to the median nerve medially to the axillary artery, forming an ansa axillaris in both species. An ansa pectoralis was also observed medially to the axillary artery. Additionally, in P. cancrivorus, the musculocutaneous nerve innervates the pronator teres and flexor carpi radialis muscles and communicates with the median nerve at the elbow level to continue as a common trunk at the antebrachium. The brachial plexus has differences between both procyonids, although in both species, it could conserve a primitive arrangement present within the infraorder Arctoidea.
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8
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Young MW, Granatosky MC, Avey‐Arroyo JA, Butcher MT, Dickinson E. Grip it good:
in vivo
grip force across substrate diameters in the brown‐throated three‐toed sloth (
Bradypus variegatus
). J Zool (1987) 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. W. Young
- Department of Anatomy New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury NY USA
| | - M. C. Granatosky
- Department of Anatomy New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury NY USA
- Center for Biomedical Innovation New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury NY USA
| | | | - M. T. Butcher
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences Youngstown State University Youngstown OH USA
| | - E. Dickinson
- Department of Anatomy New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury NY USA
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9
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Dickinson E, Young MW, Kim CJ, Hadjiargyrou M, Granatosky MC. The influence of substrate size upon pulling and gripping forces in parrots (Psittaciformes: Agapornis roseicollis). J Exp Biol 2022; 225:jeb244818. [PMID: 36106504 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The ability to securely grasp substrates of variable diameter is critical to arboreal animals. Arboreal specialists have emerged across several vertebrate lineages - including mammals, lizards and amphibians - and several attempts have been made to quantify their grasping performance, by measuring either gripping (i.e. forces generated about an object or substrate enclosed within the digits) or pulling (i.e. the ability to resist being removed from a substrate) forces. In this study, we present data on both pulling and gripping performance across a range of substrate diameters (0.5-17.5 mm) within a model parrot species (Agapornis roseicollis). Parrots represent an ancient arboreal lineage, allowing us to compare their abilities with those of arboreal specialists within other tetrapod groups. Data were collected using 3D-printed perches of variable diameter, and forces were registered using either an AMTI low-load force plate (grip force) or a Harvard Apparatus portable strength tester (pull force). Gripping forces peaked at a 5 mm diameter perch, while pulling forces were greatest at a 2.5 mm diameter. All forces strongly diminished above 10 mm size, suggesting grip force is optimized when utilizing small perches, a finding which corresponds to observational studies of preferential perching habits among free-ranging parrots. Relative grasping performance (adjusted for body size) in parrots is roughly equivalent to that of other arboreal specialists from other tetrapod lineages, but low when compared with that of raptorial birds that utilize their feet during aerial prey capture. Further taxonomic sampling is encouraged to contextualize how grasping performance varies in an adaptive evolutionary context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA
| | - Melody W Young
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA
| | - Charles J Kim
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA
| | - Michael Hadjiargyrou
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA
| | - Michael C Granatosky
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA
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10
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Moore BRS, Roloson MJ, Currie PJ, Ryan MJ, Patterson RT, Mallon JC. The appendicular myology of Stegoceras validum (Ornithischia: Pachycephalosauridae) and implications for the head-butting hypothesis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268144. [PMID: 36048811 PMCID: PMC9436104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we use an exceptional skeleton of the pachycephalosaur Stegoceras validum (UALVP 2) to inform a comprehensive appendicular muscle reconstruction of the animal, with the goal of better understanding the functional morphology of the pachycephalosaur postcranial skeleton. We find that S. validum possessed a conservative forelimb musculature, particularly in comparison to early saurischian bipeds. By contrast, the pelvic and hind limb musculature are more derived, reflecting peculiarities of the underlying skeletal anatomy. The iliotibialis, ischiocaudalis, and caudofemoralis muscles have enlarged attachment sites and the caudofemoralis has greater leverage owing to the distal displacement of the fourth trochanter along the femur. These larger muscles, in combination with the wide pelvis and stout hind limbs, produced a stronger, more stable pelvic structure that would have proved advantageous during hypothesized intraspecific head-butting contests. The pelvis may have been further stabilized by enlarged sacroiliac ligaments, which stemmed from the unique medial iliac flange of the pachycephalosaurs. Although the pubis of UALVP 2 is not preserved, the pubes of other pachycephalosaurs are highly reduced. The puboischiofemoralis musculature was likely also reduced accordingly, and compensated for by the aforementioned improved pelvic musculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R. S. Moore
- Ottawa Carleton Geoscience Center and Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Mathew J. Roloson
- Ottawa Carleton Geoscience Center and Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip J. Currie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael J. Ryan
- Ottawa Carleton Geoscience Center and Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Beaty Centre for Species Discovery and Palaeobiology section, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - R. Timothy Patterson
- Ottawa Carleton Geoscience Center and Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan C. Mallon
- Ottawa Carleton Geoscience Center and Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Beaty Centre for Species Discovery and Palaeobiology section, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Smith-Paredes D, Vergara-Cereghino ME, Lord A, Moses MM, Behringer RR, Bhullar BAS. Embryonic muscle splitting patterns reveal homologies of amniote forelimb muscles. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:604-613. [PMID: 35314784 PMCID: PMC9090950 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01699-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Limb muscles are remarkably complex and evolutionarily labile. Although their anatomy is of great interest for studies of the evolution of form and function, their homologies among major amniote clades have remained obscure. Studies of adult musculature are inconclusive owing to the highly derived morphology of modern amniote limbs but correspondences become increasingly evident earlier in ontogeny. We followed the embryonic development of forelimb musculature in representatives of six major amniote clades and found, contrary to current consensus, that these early splitting patterns are highly conserved across Amniota. Muscle mass cleavage patterns and topology are highly conserved in reptiles including birds, irrespective of their skeletal modifications: the avian flight apparatus results from slight early topological modifications that are exaggerated during ontogeny. Therian mammals, while conservative in their cleavage patterns, depart drastically from the ancestral amniote musculoskeletal organization in terms of topology. These topological changes occur through extension, translocation and displacement of muscle groups later in development. Overall, the simplicity underlying the apparent complexity of forelimb muscle development allows us to resolve conflicting hypotheses about homology and to trace the history of each individual forelimb muscle throughout the amniote radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Smith-Paredes
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Miccaella E Vergara-Cereghino
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arianna Lord
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, CT, USA.,Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Malcolm M Moses
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard R Behringer
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bhart-Anjan S Bhullar
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, CT, USA.
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12
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Ballell A, Rayfield EJ, Benton MJ. Walking with early dinosaurs: appendicular myology of the Late Triassic sauropodomorph Thecodontosaurus antiquus. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211356. [PMID: 35116154 PMCID: PMC8767213 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dinosaur evolution is marked by numerous independent shifts from bipedality to quadrupedality. Sauropodomorpha is one of the lineages that transitioned from small bipedal forms to graviportal quadrupeds, with an array of intermediate postural strategies evolving in non-sauropodan sauropodomorphs. This locomotor shift is reflected by multiple modifications of the appendicular skeleton, coupled with a drastic rearrangement of the limb musculature. Here, we describe the osteological correlates of appendicular muscle attachment of the Late Triassic sauropodomorph Thecodontosaurus antiquus from multiple well-preserved specimens and provide the first complete forelimb and hindlimb musculature reconstruction of an early-branching sauropodomorph. Comparisons with other sauropodomorphs and early dinosaurs reveal a unique combination of both plesiomorphic and derived musculoskeletal features. The diversity of appendicular osteological correlates among early dinosaurs and their relevance in muscle reconstruction are discussed. In line with previous evidence, aspects of the limb muscle arrangement, such as conspicuous correlates of lower limb extensors and flexors and low moment arms of hip extensors and flexors, suggest Thecodontosaurus was an agile biped. This reconstruction helps to elucidate the timing of important modifications of the appendicular musculature in the evolution of sauropodomorphs which facilitated the transition to quadrupedalism and contributed to their evolutionary success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ballell
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Emily J. Rayfield
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Michael J. Benton
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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Wilde S, Feneck EM, Mohun TJ, Logan MPO. 4D formation of human embryonic forelimb musculature. Development 2021; 148:dev.194746. [PMID: 33234713 PMCID: PMC7904005 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The size, shape and insertion sites of muscles enable them to carry out their precise functions in moving and supporting the skeleton. Although forelimb anatomy is well described, much less is known about the embryonic events that ensure individual muscles reach their mature form. A description of human forelimb muscle development is needed to understand the events that control normal muscle formation and to identify what events are disrupted in congenital abnormalities in which muscles fail to form normally. We provide a new, 4D anatomical characterisation of the developing human upper limb muscles between Carnegie stages 18 and 22 using optical projection tomography. We show that muscles develop in a progressive wave, from proximal to distal and from superficial to deep. We show that some muscle bundles undergo splitting events to form individual muscles, whereas others translocate to reach their correct position within the forelimb. Finally, we show that palmaris longus fails to form from early in development. Our study reveals the timings of, and suggests mechanisms for, crucial events that enable nascent muscle bundles to reach their mature form and position within the human forelimb. Summary: A detailed 4D anatomical description of the human upper limb musculature through embryonic development reveals important events that enable nascent muscle bundles to form correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Wilde
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Eleanor M Feneck
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | | | - Malcolm P O Logan
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Engelkes K, Panpeng S, Haas A. Ontogenetic development of the shoulder joint muscles in frogs (Amphibia: Anura) assessed by digital dissection with implications for interspecific muscle homologies and nomenclature. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-020-00510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPrevious myological studies show inconsistencies with regard to the identification and naming of the shoulder joint muscles in frogs and toads (Amphibia: Anura). Those inconsistencies were revealed and resolved by assessing the ontogenetic development, innervation, and adult morphology of selected anuran species representing ancient lineages and two major neobatrachian groups. To do so, digital dissections of volumes acquired by histological serial sectioning, episcopic microtomy, and contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography scanning were performed and three-dimensional reconstructions were derived. Muscle units crossing the shoulder joint were defined, their ontogenetic development was described, their homology across species was established, and a consistent nomenclature was suggested. The mm. anconaeus, dorsalis scapulae, latissimus dorsi, and the group of scapulohumeralis muscles were ontogenetically derived from the dorsal pre-muscle mass present in all tetrapods. The ventral pre-muscle mass gave rise to the mm. cleidohumeralis, episternohumeralis, supracoracoideus, coracoradialis, subcoracoscapularis, coracobrachialis, and pectoralis. The results indicate that the mm. anconaeus, dorsalis scapulae, latissimus dorsi, coracoradialis, and the portionis sternalis and abdominalis of the m. pectoralis have consistently been recognized and denoted in previous studies, whereas the names for the muscle units commonly denoted as m. coraco-brachialis longus and as parts of the m. deltoideus are misleading with regard to the ontogenetic origin of these muscles. The mm. scapulohumeralis profundus anterior and posterior, although present, have been overlooked in some studies. The mm. cleidohumeralis, supracoracoideus, and coracobrachialis are present with two parts or portions in some species, these portions have previously not always been recognized and assigned correctly.
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Durand S, Collinot JA, Christen T, Becce F, Voser T. Morphological and functional assessment of the flexor carpi radialis brevis using conventional ultrasound and elastography. Surg Radiol Anat 2021; 43:721-726. [PMID: 33398519 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-020-02660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The flexor carpi radialis brevis (FCRB) is a supernumerary musculotendinous structure of the wrist that has been the focus of some interest in the last decade. While its anatomy is well known, its in vivo function remains unknown as it has never been studied. METHODS Eleven cases of FCRB underwent a multimodal ultrasound consisting of B-mode, color Doppler and shear wave elastography. RESULTS A pennate shape was observed in all cases and the mean value of the cross-sectional area was 0.8 cm2 (SD 0.3 cm2). Young's modulus was significantly (p < 0.01) different between the resting position and active flexion or passive extension. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that the FCRB shows biomechanics of a typical skeletal muscle and is voluntarily controlled by flexing the wrist. Absent in other vertebrate taxa, the FCRB probably plays a role in active stability of the wrist in Human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Durand
- Department of Hand Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Aibert Collinot
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Christen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Becce
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Théa Voser
- Department of Hand Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Blotto BL, Pereyra MO, Grant T, Faivovich J. Hand and Foot Musculature of Anura: Structure, Homology, Terminology, and Synapomorphies for Major Clades. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2020. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.443.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris L. Blotto
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”–CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín O. Pereyra
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”–CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva “Claudio J. Bidau,” Instituto de Biología Subtropical–CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químic
| | - Taran Grant
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Coleção de Anfíbios, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Research Associate, Herpetology, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, A
| | - Julián Faivovich
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”–CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos
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Siomava N, Shkil F, Diogo R. Comparative anatomy of the fin muscles of non-sarcopterygian fishes, with notes on homology and evolution. Ann Anat 2020; 230:151507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Venkatapathy S, Bhargavan R. Clinical Assessment of Existence of Palmaris Longus Muscle among South Indian Population. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol 2020; 25:137-142. [PMID: 32312195 DOI: 10.1142/s2424835520500149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Palmaris longus tendon is often used as a donor tendon by surgeons in tendon grafts. It is one of the flexor muscles of the forearm and documented well for its variations in both morphology and number of tendons. Prevalence of absence of this muscle varies among the individuals of same population and individuals of various ethnic groups. The aim of this study was to assess the existence of Palmaris longus muscle within a group of students and its association with side of the limb and gender of the individual. Methods: Three hundred medical students of 150 males and 150 females with age group of 18-21 years were clinically assessed. The standard Schaffer's test was used for the assessment of PL tendon. If the tendon was not found in this test, the confirmation was done by other four tests. Results: Results of this study shows that an overall absence of palmaris longus muscle in both sexes was found to be 32%, out of which 21% absence was found in males and 43% absence found in females. Among the males, the unilateral agenesis was seen in 16% and bilateral agenesis in 4% and in females the unilateral agenesis was seen in 29% and bilateral agenesis seen in 14%. Conclusions: To conclude; in the present study, prevalence of Palmaris longus muscle agenesis was found to be more in female subjects on their left side. Surgeons who plan for tendon reconstructive procedures should know variations of Palmaris longus muscle and its clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhi Venkatapathy
- Department of Anatomy, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry Affiliated to Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed-to-be University), Chennai, India
| | - Rajesh Bhargavan
- Department of Anatomy, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry Affiliated to Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed-to-be University), Chennai, India
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Voegele KK, Ullmann PV, Lamanna MC, Lacovara KJ. Appendicular myological reconstruction of the forelimb of the giant titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Dreadnoughtus schrani. J Anat 2020; 237:133-154. [PMID: 32141103 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissues are variably preserved in the fossil record with external tissues, such as skin and feathers, more frequently preserved than internal tissues (e.g. muscles). More commonly, soft tissues leave traces of their locations on bones and, for muscles, these clues can be used to reconstruct the musculature of extinct vertebrates, thereby enhancing our understanding of how these organisms moved and the evolution of their locomotor patterns. Herein we reconstruct the forelimb and shoulder girdle musculature of the giant titanosaurian sauropod Dreadnoughtus schrani based on observations of osteological correlates and dissections of taxa comprising the Extant Phylogenetic Bracket of non-avian dinosaurs (crocodilians and birds). Fossils of Dreadnoughtus exhibit remarkably well-preserved, well-developed, and extensive muscle scars. Furthermore, this taxon is significantly larger-bodied than any titanosaurian for which a myological reconstruction has previously been attempted, rendering this myological study highly informative for the clade. In total, 28 muscles were investigated in this study, for which 46 osteological correlates were identified; these osteological correlates allowed the reconstruction of 16 muscles on the basis of Level I or Level II inferences (i.e. not Level I' or Level II' inferences). Comparisons with other titanosaurians suggest widespread myological variation in the clade, although potential phylogenetic patterns are often obscured by fragmentary preservation, infrequent myological studies, and lack of consensus on the systematic position of many taxa. By identifying myological variations within the clade, we can begin to address specific evolutionary and biomechanical questions related to the locomotor evolution in these sauropods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul V Ullmann
- Department of Geolgoy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Matthew C Lamanna
- Section of Vertebrate Paleontology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Soliz M, Tulli MJ, Abdala V. Forelimb musculoskeletal-tendinous growth in frogs. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8618. [PMID: 32140306 PMCID: PMC7047859 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tendons unite and transmit the strength of the muscles to the bones, allowing movement dexterity, the distribution of the strength of the limbs to the digits, and an improved muscle performance for a wide range of locomotor activities. Tissue differentiation and maturation of the structures involved in locomotion are completed during the juvenile stage; however, few studies have investigated the ontogenetic variation of the musculoskeletal-tendinous system. We ask whether all those integrated tissues and limb structures growth synchronically between them and along with body length. We examined the ontogenetic variation in selected muscles, tendons and bones of the forelimbs in seventy-seven specimens belonging to seven anuran species of different clades and of three age categories, and investigate the relative growth of the forelimb musculoskeletal-tendinous structures throughout ontogeny. Ten muscles and nine tendons and their respective large bones (humerus and radioulna) were removed intact, and their length was measured and analyzed through a multivariate approach of allometry. We obtained an allometry coefficient, which indicates how the coefficient departures from isometry as well as allometric trends. Our data suggest that along with the post-metamorphic ontogeny, muscles tend to elongate proportionally to bone length, with a positive allometric trend. On the contrary, tendons show a negative allometric growth trend. Only two species show different patterns: Rhinella granulosa and Physalaemus biligonigerus, with an isometric and positive growth of muscles and bones, and most tendons being isometric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Soliz
- Cátedra Vertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - María Jose Tulli
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (CONICET-FML), Cátedra de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales (UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Cátedra de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Virginia Abdala
- Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical (IBN), Cátedra de Biología General, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, UNT, UNT-CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina
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Fahn-Lai P, Biewener AA, Pierce SE. Broad similarities in shoulder muscle architecture and organization across two amniotes: implications for reconstructing non-mammalian synapsids. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8556. [PMID: 32117627 PMCID: PMC7034385 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of upright limb posture in mammals may have enabled modifications of the forelimb for diverse locomotor ecologies. A rich fossil record of non-mammalian synapsids holds the key to unraveling the transition from "sprawling" to "erect" limb function in the precursors to mammals, but a detailed understanding of muscle functional anatomy is a necessary prerequisite to reconstructing postural evolution in fossils. Here we characterize the gross morphology and internal architecture of muscles crossing the shoulder joint in two morphologically-conservative extant amniotes that form a phylogenetic and morpho-functional bracket for non-mammalian synapsids: the Argentine black and white tegu Salvator merianae and the Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana. By combining traditional physical dissection of cadavers with nondestructive three-dimensional digital dissection, we find striking similarities in muscle organization and architectural parameters. Despite the wide phylogenetic gap between our study species, distal muscle attachments are notably similar, while differences in proximal muscle attachments are driven by modifications to the skeletal anatomy of the pectoral girdle that are well-documented in transitional synapsid fossils. Further, correlates for force production, physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), muscle gearing (pennation), and working range (fascicle length) are statistically indistinguishable for an unexpected number of muscles. Functional tradeoffs between force production and working range reveal muscle specializations that may facilitate increased girdle mobility, weight support, and active stabilization of the shoulder in the opossum-a possible signal of postural transformation. Together, these results create a foundation for reconstructing the musculoskeletal anatomy of the non-mammalian synapsid pectoral girdle with greater confidence, as we demonstrate by inferring shoulder muscle PCSAs in the fossil non-mammalian cynodont Massetognathus pascuali.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Fahn-Lai
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Concord Field Station and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew A. Biewener
- Concord Field Station and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie E. Pierce
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Guignard ML, Martinelli AG, Soares MB. The postcranial anatomy of Brasilodon quadrangularis and the acquisition of mammaliaform traits among non-mammaliaform cynodonts. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216672. [PMID: 31075140 PMCID: PMC6510408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brasilodon quadrangularis (Cynodontia, Probainognathia) is an iconic non-mammaliaform cynodont from the Late Triassic of Brazil (Riograndia Assemblage Zone, Candelária Sequence), being considered as the sister taxon of Mammaliaformes. Although its phylogenetic position is very important, several aspects of its postcranial anatomy remain unclear or unstudied. Here, we present a detailed description of the postcranial elements referred to Brasilodon, including previously mentioned specimens and new ones, which add relevant information about its postcranial morphology and provide a new insight into the anatomical transition between advanced non-mammaliaform cynodonts and early mammaliaforms. Functional and ecological implications are also investigated, based on the postcranial morphology and muscular reconstructions. The postcranium of Brasilodon differs from most non-mammaliaform cynodonts and presents similarities with tritylodontids, early mammaliaforms and extant therians, such as a ventrally oriented scapular glenoid facet, a distinct and ossified greater humeral tubercle, lack of ectepicondylar foramen, olecranon process, hemispherical humeral and femoral heads and a prominent intertrochanteric crest. The humeral torsion, the length of the deltopectoral crest, the large bicipital groove and the well-developed lesser tubercle, indicate that the forelimb of Brasilodon was hold in a semi-sprawling position, with well-developed adductor muscles to maintain the body off the ground. The short femoral neck and the strong medial projection of the femoral head indicate the femur was held in a more erect posture than in basal non-mammaliaform cynodonts. The anterodorsally projected iliac blade with reduced postacetabular process, reduction of the anterior part of the pubis, medially located lesser trochanter indicate a basically mammalian pattern of pelvic musculature, able to swing the femur in a nearly parasagittal plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L. Guignard
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Agronomia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Agustin G. Martinelli
- CONICET-Sección Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ’Bernardino Rivadavia', Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Agronomia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marina B. Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Agronomia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- CONICET-Sección Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ’Bernardino Rivadavia', Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Soliz M, Tulli MJ, Abdala V. Relationship between myological variables and different take‐off and landing behaviours in frogs. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Soliz
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Cátedra Vertebrados CONICET‐Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) Salta Argentina
| | - María J. Tulli
- Instituto de Herpetología, Fundación Miguel Lillo UEL‐CONICET Tucumán Argentina
| | - Virginia Abdala
- Cátedra de Biología General, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, UNT Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical (IBN), UNT‐CONICET Tucumán Argentina
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Dohn TE, Ravisankar P, Tirera FT, Martin KE, Gafranek JT, Duong TB, VanDyke TL, Touvron M, Barske LA, Crump JG, Waxman JS. Nr2f-dependent allocation of ventricular cardiomyocyte and pharyngeal muscle progenitors. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007962. [PMID: 30721228 PMCID: PMC6377147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple syndromes share congenital heart and craniofacial muscle defects, indicating there is an intimate relationship between the adjacent cardiac and pharyngeal muscle (PM) progenitor fields. However, mechanisms that direct antagonistic lineage decisions of the cardiac and PM progenitors within the anterior mesoderm of vertebrates are not understood. Here, we identify that retinoic acid (RA) signaling directly promotes the expression of the transcription factor Nr2f1a within the anterior lateral plate mesoderm. Using zebrafish nr2f1a and nr2f2 mutants, we find that Nr2f1a and Nr2f2 have redundant requirements restricting ventricular cardiomyocyte (CM) number and promoting development of the posterior PMs. Cre-mediated genetic lineage tracing in nr2f1a; nr2f2 double mutants reveals that tcf21+ progenitor cells, which can give rise to ventricular CMs and PM, more frequently become ventricular CMs potentially at the expense of posterior PMs in nr2f1a; nr2f2 mutants. Our studies reveal insights into the molecular etiology that may underlie developmental syndromes that share heart, neck and facial defects as well as the phenotypic variability of congenital heart defects associated with NR2F mutations in humans. Many developmental syndromes include both congenital heart and craniofacial defects, necessitating a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the correlation of these defects. During early vertebrate development, cardiac and pharyngeal muscle cells originate from adjacent, partially overlapping progenitor fields within the anterior mesoderm. However, signals that allocate the cells from the adjacent cardiac and pharyngeal muscle progenitor fields are not understood. Mutations in the gene NR2F2 are associated with variable types of congenital heart defects in humans. Our recent work demonstrates that zebrafish Nr2f1a is the functional equivalent to Nr2f2 in mammals and promotes atrial development. Here, we identify that zebrafish nr2f1a and nr2f2 have redundant requirements at earlier stages of development than nr2f1a alone to restrict the number of ventricular CMs in the heart and promote posterior pharyngeal muscle development. Therefore, we have identified an antagonistic mechanism that is necessary to generate the proper number of cardiac and pharyngeal muscle progenitors in vertebrates. These studies provide evidence to help explain the variability of congenital heart defects from NR2F2 mutations in humans and a novel molecular framework for understanding developmental syndromes with heart and craniofacial defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy E. Dohn
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Padmapriyadarshini Ravisankar
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Fouley T. Tirera
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Master’s Program in Genetics, Department of Life Sciences, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Kendall E. Martin
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Molecular Genetics and Human Genetics Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Jacob T. Gafranek
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Tiffany B. Duong
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Master’s Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Terri L. VanDyke
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Melissa Touvron
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Lindsey A. Barske
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - J. Gage Crump
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Joshua S. Waxman
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Westphal N, Mahlow K, Head JJ, Müller J. Pectoral myology of limb-reduced worm lizards (Squamata, Amphisbaenia) suggests decoupling of the musculoskeletal system during the evolution of body elongation. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:16. [PMID: 30630409 PMCID: PMC6329177 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The evolution of elongated body forms in tetrapods has a strong influence on the musculoskeletal system, including the reduction of pelvic and pectoral girdles, as well as the limbs. However, despite extensive research in this area it still remains unknown how muscles within and around bony girdles are affected by these reductions. Here we investigate this issue using fossorial amphisbaenian reptiles, or worm lizards, as a model system, which show substantial variation in the degree of reductions of girdles and limbs. Using iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT), we analyze the composition of the shoulder muscles of the main clades of Amphisbaenia and their outgroups relative to the pectoral skeleton. Results All investigated amphisbaenian taxa retain the full set of 17 shoulder muscles, independent of the degree of limb and girdle reductions, whereas in some cases muscles are fused to complexes or changed in morphology relative to the ancestral condition. Bipes is the only taxon that retains forelimbs and an almost complete pectoral girdle. All other amphisbaenian families show more variation concerning the completeness of the pectoral girdle having reduced or absent girdle elements. Rhineura, which undergoes the most severe bone reductions, differs from all other taxa in possessing elongated muscle strands instead of discrete shoulder muscles. In all investigated amphisbaenians, the shoulder muscle agglomerate is shortened and shifted anteriorly relative to the ancestral position as seen in the outgroups. Conclusions Our results show that pectoral muscle anatomy does not necessarily correspond to the loss or reduction of bones, indicating a decoupling of the musculoskeletal system. Muscle attachment sites change from bones to non-skeletal areas, such as surrounding muscles, skin or connective tissue, whereas muscle origins themselves remain in the same region where the pectoral bones were ancestrally located. Our findings indicate a high degree of developmental autonomy within the musculoskeletal system, we predict that the observed evolutionary rearrangements of amphisbaenian shoulder muscles were driven by functional demands rather than by developmental constraints. Nevertheless, worm lizards display a spatial offset of both pectoral bones and muscles relative to the ancestral position, indicating severe developmental modifications of the amphisbaenian body axis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1303-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Westphal
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kristin Mahlow
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason James Head
- Department of Zoology and University Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Johannes Müller
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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Wagner GP, Griffith OW, Bergmann PJ, Bello‐Hellegouarch G, Kohlsdorf T, Bhullar A, Siler CD. Are there general laws for digit evolution in squamates? The loss and re‐evolution of digits in a clade of fossorial lizards (
Brachymeles
, Scincinae). J Morphol 2018; 279:1104-1119. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Günter P. Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew Haven Connecticut
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale UniversityWest Haven Connecticut
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive SciencesYale Medical SchoolNew Haven Connecticut
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWayne State UniversityDetroit Michigan
- Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale UniversityNew Haven Connecticut
| | - Oliver W. Griffith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew Haven Connecticut
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale UniversityWest Haven Connecticut
| | | | - Gaelle Bello‐Hellegouarch
- Department of BiologyFFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Avenida BandeirantesRibeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Tiana Kohlsdorf
- Department of BiologyFFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Avenida BandeirantesRibeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Anjan Bhullar
- Department of Geology and GeophysicsYale UniversityNew Haven Connecticut
| | - Cameron D. Siler
- Department of Biology and Sam Noble MuseumUniversity of OklahomaNorman Oklahoma
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Nascimento SRR, Ruiz CR. Estudo da prevalência do músculo ancôneo epitroclear por ressonância magnética. Rev Bras Ortop 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbo.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Nascimento SRR, Ruiz CR. A study on the prevalence of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle by magnetic resonance imaging. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE ORTOPEDIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2018; 53:373-377. [PMID: 29892591 PMCID: PMC5993924 DOI: 10.1016/j.rboe.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To analyze magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the elbow area to quantify the presence of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle. Methods A total of 232 exams were analyzed; 218 were included, of which 141 were of men and 77, women. Results Presence of the muscle was observed in 29 cases (13.3%), demonstrating that the presence of this muscle on images does not have a statistical correlation with the gender or age of the individual. Conclusion The prevalence of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle is variable, without a pattern of normality.
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Soliz MC, Ponssa ML, Abdala V. Comparative anatomy and development of pectoral and pelvic girdles in hylid anurans. J Morphol 2018; 279:904-924. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica C. Soliz
- CONICET - Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta; Salta Argentina
| | | | - Virginia Abdala
- Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical, UNT-CONICET, Yerba Buena; Tucumán Argentina
- Cátedra de Biología General, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, UNT; Tucumán Argentina
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30
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Lai PH, Biewener AA, Pierce SE. Three-dimensional mobility and muscle attachments in the pectoral limb of the Triassic cynodont Massetognathus pascuali (Romer, 1967). J Anat 2018; 232:383-406. [PMID: 29392730 PMCID: PMC5807948 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The musculoskeletal configuration of the mammalian pectoral limb has been heralded as a key anatomical feature leading to the adaptive radiation of mammals, but limb function in the non-mammaliaform cynodont outgroup remains unresolved. Conflicting reconstructions of abducted and adducted posture are based on mutually incompatible interpretations of ambiguous osteology. We reconstruct the pectoral limb of the Triassic non-mammaliaform cynodont Massetognathus pascuali in three dimensions, by combining skeletal morphology from micro-computed tomography with muscle anatomy from an extended extant phylogenetic bracket. Conservative tests of maximum range of motion suggest a degree of girdle mobility, as well as substantial freedom at the shoulder and the elbow joints. The glenoid fossa supports a neutral pose in which the distal end of the humerus points 45° posterolaterally from the body wall, intermediate between classically 'sprawling' and 'parasagittal' limb postures. Massetognathus pascuali is reconstructed as having a near-mammalian complement of shoulder muscles, including an incipient rotator cuff (m. subscapularis, m. infraspinatus, m. supraspinatus, and m. teres minor). Based on close inspection of the morphology of the glenoid fossa, we hypothesize a posture-driven scenario for the evolution of the therian ball-and-socket shoulder joint. The musculoskeletal reconstruction presented here provides the anatomical scaffolding for more detailed examination of locomotor evolution in the precursors to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil H. Lai
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- Concord Field Station and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityBedfordMAUSA
| | - Andrew A. Biewener
- Concord Field Station and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityBedfordMAUSA
| | - Stephanie E. Pierce
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
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31
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Perry JMG, Prufrock KA. Muscle Functional Morphology in Paleobiology: The Past, Present, and Future of “Paleomyology”. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:538-555. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. G. Perry
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Kristen A. Prufrock
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
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Siomava N, Diogo R. Comparative anatomy of zebrafish paired and median fin muscles: basis for functional, developmental, and macroevolutionary studies. J Anat 2018; 232:186-199. [PMID: 29148042 PMCID: PMC5770327 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, Danio rerio became one of the most used model organisms in various evo-devo studies devoted to the fin skeletal anatomy and fin-limb transition. Surprisingly, there is not even a single paper about the detailed anatomy of the adult muscles of the five fin types of this species. To facilitate more integrative developmental, functional, genetic, and evolutionary studies of the appendicular musculoskeletal system of the zebrafish and to provide a basis for further comparisons with other fishes and tetrapods, we describe here the identity, overall configuration, and attachments of appendicular muscles in a way that can be easily understood and implemented by non-anatomist researchers. We show that the muscle pattern of the caudal fin is very different from patterns seen in other fins but is very consistent within teleosts. Our observations support the idea of the developmental and evolutionary distinction of the caudal fin and point out that the musculature of the adult zebrafish pectoral and pelvic fins is in general very similar. Both paired fins have superficial and deep layers of abductors and adductors going to all/most rays plus the dorsal and ventral arrectors going only to the first ray. Nevertheless, we noted three major differences between the pelvic and pectoral fins of adult zebrafishes: (i) the pectoral girdle lacks a retractor muscle, which is present in the pelvic girdle - the retractor ischii; (ii) the protractor of the pelvic girdle is an appendicular/trunk muscle, while that of the pectoral girdle is a branchiomeric muscle; (iii) the first ray of the pectoral fin is moved by an additional arrector-3. The anal and dorsal fins consist of serially repeated units, each of which comprises one half-ray and three appendicular muscles (one erector, depressor, and inclinator) on each side of the body. The outermost rays are attachment points for the longitudinal protractor and retractor. Based on our results, we discuss whether the pectoral appendage might evolutionarily be closer to the head than to the pelvic appendage and whether the pelvic appendage might have been derived from the trunk/median fins. We discuss a hypothesis of paired fin origin that is a hybrid of the fin-fold and Gegenbaur's theories. Lastly, our data indicate that D. rerio is indeed an appropriate model organism for the appendicular musculature of teleosts in particular and, at least in the case of the paired fins, also of actinopterygians as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Siomava
- Department of AnatomyHoward University College of MedicineWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of AnatomyHoward University College of MedicineWashingtonDCUSA
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33
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Inter- and Intraspecific Variations in the Pectoral Muscles of Common Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), Bonobos (Pan paniscus), and Humans (Homo sapiens). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9404508. [PMID: 29581990 PMCID: PMC5822815 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9404508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed anatomic variations in the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles of common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) and compared them to anatomic variations in these muscles in humans (Homo sapiens). We have macroscopically dissected these muscles in six adult Pan troglodytes, five Pan paniscus of ages ranging from fetus to adult, and five adult Homo sapiens. Although Pan troglodytes are thought to lack a separate pectoralis abdominis muscle, we have identified this muscle in three of the Pan troglodytes; none of the Pan paniscus, however, had this muscle. We have also found deep supernumerary fascicles in the pectoralis major of two Pan troglodytes and all five Pan paniscus. In all six Pan troglodytes, the pectoralis minor was inserted at the supraspinatus tendon, while, in Pan paniscus and Homo sapiens, it was inserted at the coracoid process of the scapula. Some of the anatomic features and variations of these muscles in common chimpanzees and bonobos are similar to those found in humans, therefore enhancing our knowledge of primate comparative anatomy and evolution and also shedding light on several clinical issues.
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34
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Anzeraey A, Aumont M, Decamps T, Herrel A, Pouydebat E. The effect of food properties on grasping and manipulation in the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:4486-4491. [PMID: 28982969 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.159442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to grasp an object is fundamental from an evolutionary perspective. Involved in many daily activities, grasping has been extensively studied in primates and other mammals. Yet other groups of tetrapods, including anurans, have also evolved significant forelimb prehensile capacities that are often thought to have originated in an arboreal context. In addition, grasping is also observed in aquatic species. But how aquatic frogs use their forelimbs to capture and manipulate prey remains largely unknown. The aim of this study is to explore how the grasping and manipulation of food items in aquatic frogs is impacted by food properties such as size and mobility. To do so, we uses the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis and quantified the use of the hands and fingers while processing mobile and stationary prey of different sizes (small, intermediate and large). Our results show that X. laevis is able to individualize the digits and that the mobility and the length of the prey significantly influence the kind of grasping pattern used. Grasping abilities are thus not specific to terrestrial or arboreal species. These results illustrate how prey properties impact grasping and manipulation strategies in an aquatic frog and shed further light on the ecological contexts that may have given rise to the origin of grasping in frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Anzeraey
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du Vivant, 75005, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Madeleine Aumont
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du Vivant, 75005, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Thierry Decamps
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du Vivant, 75005, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du Vivant, 75005, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Emmanuelle Pouydebat
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du Vivant, 75005, Paris Cedex 5, France
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35
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Fratani J, Ponssa ML, Abdala V. Tendinous framework of anurans reveals an all-purpose morphology. ZOOLOGY 2017; 126:172-184. [PMID: 29310934 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tendons are directly associated with movement, amplifying power and reducing muscular work. Taking into account habitat and locomotor challenges faced by anurans, we identify the more conspicuous superficial tendons of a neotropical anuran group and investigate their relation to the former factors. We show that tendons can be visualized as an anatomical framework connected through muscles and/or fascia, and describe the most superficial tendinous layer of the postcranium of Leptodactylus latinasus. To analyze the relation between tendon morphology and ecological characters, we test the relative length ratio of 10 tendon-muscle (t-m) elements in 45 leptodactylid species while taking phylogeny into account. We identify the evolutionary model that best explains our variables. Additionally, we optimize t-m ratio values, and the shape of the longissimus dorsi insertion onto a selected phylogeny of the species. Our data show the existence of an all-purpose morphology that seems to have evolved independently of ecology and functional requirements. This is indicated by no significant relation between morphometric data of the analyzed tendons and habitat use or locomotion, a strong phylogenetic component to most of the analyzed variables, and a generalized pattern of intermediate values for ancestral states. Ornstein-Uhlenbeck is the model that best explains most t-m variables, indicating that stabilizing selection or selective optima might be driving shifts in tendon length within Leptodactylidae. Herein, we show the substantial influence that phylogeny has on tendon morphology, demonstrating that a generalized and stable morphological configuration of tendons is adequate to enable versatile locomotor modes and habitat use. This is an attempt to present the tendinous system as a framework to body support in vertebrates, and can be considered a starting point for further ecomorphological research of this anatomical system in anurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Fratani
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo), Tucumán, Argentina; Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - María Laura Ponssa
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo), Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - Virginia Abdala
- Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical UNT-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
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36
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Stein MD, Yates A, Hand SJ, Archer M. Variation in the pelvic and pectoral girdles of Australian Oligo-Miocene mekosuchine crocodiles with implications for locomotion and habitus. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3501. [PMID: 28674657 PMCID: PMC5494174 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Australian Oligo-Miocene mekosuchines (Crocodylia; Crocodyloidea) display wide diversity in cranial shape and inferred hunting strategies. Terrestrial habitus has been inferred for these distinctive predators. A direct morphological signal for locomotion can be expected in the postcrania, particularly the pelvic and pectoral girdles. Here we describe fossil materials of the girdles, which chart their morphological variation in the subfamily from Eocene through to Middle Miocene. Over this period, both girdles undergo significant morphological changes. Notably, an enclosed, ventrally orientated acetabulum in the ilium is developed in one lineage. This recapitulates the erect parasagittal configuration of the pelvic limb seen in many Mesozoic crocodylomorph lineages, suggesting consistent use of erect high-walking in these mekosuchines. Other pelves from the same Oligo-Miocene deposits display morphology closer to modern crocodilians, suggesting a partitioning of locomotory strategy among sympatric mekosuchines. Plesiomorphic and derived pelvic girdles are distinguishable by parsimony analysis, and the earliest examples of the mekosuchine pelvis more closely resemble gavialids and alligatorids while latter forms converge on crown group crocodylids in the morphology of the iliac crest. This suggests that a revaluation of the base relationship of Mekosuchinae within Eusuchia is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Stein
- PANGEA Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam Yates
- Museum of Central Australia, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Suzanne J Hand
- PANGEA Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Archer
- PANGEA Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Saberi M, Pu Q, Valasek P, Norizadeh-Abbariki T, Patel K, Huang R. The hypaxial origin of the epaxially located rhomboid muscles. Ann Anat 2017; 214:15-20. [PMID: 28655569 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, skeletal muscles of the body are made up of epaxial and hypaxial muscles based on their innervation and relative position to the vertebral column. The epaxial muscles are innervated by the dorsal branches of the spinal nerves and comprise the intrinsic (deep) back muscles, while the hypaxial muscles are innervated by the ventral branches of the spinal nerves including the plexus and consist of a heterogeneous group of intercostal, abdominal, and limb as well as girdle muscles. The canonical view holds that the epaxial muscles are derived from the medial halves of the somites, whereas the hypaxial muscles are all derived from the lateral somitic halves. The rhomboid muscles are situated dorsal to the vertebral column and therefore in the domain typically occupied by epaxial muscles. However, they are innervated by a ventral branch of the brachial plexus called the N. dorsalis scapulae. Due to the apparent inappropriate position of the muscle in relation to its innervation we investigated its origin to help clarify this issue. To study the embryonic origin of the rhomboid muscles, we followed derivatives of the medial and lateral somite halves using quail-chick chimeras. Our results showed that the rhomboid muscles are made up of cells derived mainly from the lateral portion of the somite. Therefore the rhomboid muscles which lie within the epaxial domain of the body, originate from the hypaxial domain of the somites. However their connective tissue is derived from both medial and lateral somites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minu Saberi
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Germany; Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Qin Pu
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Germany; Institute of Anatomy, Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Petr Valasek
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tannaz Norizadeh-Abbariki
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Ketan Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, UK
| | - Ruijin Huang
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Germany; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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Miyake T, Kumamoto M, Iwata M, Sato R, Okabe M, Koie H, Kumai N, Fujii K, Matsuzaki K, Nakamura C, Yamauchi S, Yoshida K, Yoshimura K, Komoda A, Uyeno T, Abe Y. The pectoral fin muscles of the coelacanthLatimeria chalumnae: Functional and evolutionary implications for the fin-to-limb transition and subsequent evolution of tetrapods. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1203-23. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Miyake
- The Graduate School of Science and Technology; Keio University; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Anatomy; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | | | | | - Ryuichi Sato
- Institute of Biomechanical Control Systems; Kanazawa Institute of Technology; Hakusan Japan
| | - Masataka Okabe
- Department of Anatomy; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koie
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Nihon University; Fujisawa Japan
| | - Nori Kumai
- Research Center of Computational Mechanics (RCCM), Inc; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kenichi Fujii
- Aquamarine Fukushima; Marine Science Museum; Iwaki Japan
| | - Koji Matsuzaki
- Aquamarine Fukushima; Marine Science Museum; Iwaki Japan
| | - Chiho Nakamura
- Aquamarine Fukushima; Marine Science Museum; Iwaki Japan
| | | | - Kosuke Yoshida
- Aquamarine Fukushima; Marine Science Museum; Iwaki Japan
| | | | - Akira Komoda
- Aquamarine Fukushima; Marine Science Museum; Iwaki Japan
| | - Teruya Uyeno
- National Museum of Nature and Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Abe
- Aquamarine Fukushima; Marine Science Museum; Iwaki Japan
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39
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Lima FC, Leite AV, Santos ALQ, Sabec-Pereira DK, Araújo EG, Pereira KF. MUSCULAR ANATOMY OF THE PECTORAL AND FORELIMB OF Caiman crocodilus crocodilus (LINNAEUS, 1758) (CROCODYLIA: ALLIGATORIDAE). CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v17i233788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Among the Brazilian crocodilian, Caiman crocodilus crocodilus is widely distributed, given its adaptation to diverse habitats and their generalist diet. Information about the reproductive and ethological character of this species is abundant, whereas morphological data are still scarce. This study aimed to identify and report the muscles and their origin and the insertion into the pectoral and forelimb of C. crocodilus crocodilus. We used two male specimens, adults, belonging to the collection of the UFG - Jataí. We performed usual procedures for dissection and further individualization, withdrawal of members, and observation of muscle origins and insertions. The musculature of C. crocodilus crocodilus generally conservative is similar to C. latirostris and A. mississippiensis. The muscles of the pectoral girdle showed little variation among crocodilians. In the forelimb, the triceps muscle has five distinct heads and biceps has only one. The extensor and flexor surface of the hand showed similar topography to A. mississippiensis. We described some differences in the origin and insertion of certain muscles, as well as the classification and topography of some flexor and extensor muscles in the forearm segment. The distal segments showed more variations, which probably reflects the variety of locomotor habits among crocodilians.
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Nesbitt SJ, Flynn JJ, Pritchard AC, Parrish JM, Ranivoharimanana L, Wyss AR. Postcranial Osteology ofAzendohsaurus madagaskarensis(?Middle to Upper Triassic, Isalo Group, Madagascar) and its Systematic Position Among Stem Archosaur Reptiles. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2015. [DOI: 10.1206/amnb-899-00-1-126.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abdala V, Grizante MB, Diogo R, Molnar J, Kohlsdorf T. Musculoskeletal anatomical changes that accompany limb reduction in lizards. J Morphol 2015; 276:1290-310. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Abdala
- Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical, CONICET-UNT; Miguel Lillo 251 Tucumán (4000) Argentina
| | - Mariana B. Grizante
- Department of Biology; FFCLRP, University of São Paulo; Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington, District of Columbia 20059
| | - Julia Molnar
- Department of Biology; Coastal Carolina University; Conway South Carolina 29526
| | - Tiana Kohlsdorf
- Department of Biology; FFCLRP, University of São Paulo; Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
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A new heart for a new head in vertebrate cardiopharyngeal evolution. Nature 2015; 520:466-73. [PMID: 25903628 DOI: 10.1038/nature14435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been more than 30 years since the publication of the new head hypothesis, which proposed that the vertebrate head is an evolutionary novelty resulting from the emergence of neural crest and cranial placodes. Neural crest generates the skull and associated connective tissues, whereas placodes produce sensory organs. However, neither crest nor placodes produce head muscles, which are a crucial component of the complex vertebrate head. We discuss emerging evidence for a surprising link between the evolution of head muscles and chambered hearts - both systems arise from a common pool of mesoderm progenitor cells within the cardiopharyngeal field of vertebrate embryos. We consider the origin of this field in non-vertebrate chordates and its evolution in vertebrates.
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Diogo R, Ziermann JM, Linde-Medina M. Is evolutionary biology becoming too politically correct? A reflection on the scala naturae, phylogenetically basal clades, anatomically plesiomorphic taxa, and 'lower' animals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:502-21. [PMID: 24917249 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The notion of scala naturae dates back to thinkers such as Aristotle, who placed plants below animals and ranked the latter along a graded scale of complexity from 'lower' to 'higher' animals, such as humans. In the last decades, evolutionary biologists have tended to move from one extreme (i.e. the idea of scala naturae or the existence of a general evolutionary trend in complexity from 'lower' to "higher" taxa, with Homo sapiens as the end stage) to the other, opposite, extreme (i.e. to avoid using terms such as 'phylogenetically basal' and 'anatomically plesiomorphic' taxa, which are seen as the undesired vestige of old teleological theories). The latter view tries to avoid any possible connotations with the original anthropocentric idea of a scala naturae crowned by man and, in that sense, it can be regarded as a more politically correct view. In the past years and months there has been renewed interest in these topics, which have been discussed in various papers and monographs that tend to subscribe, in general, to the points defended in the more politically correct view. Importantly, most evolutionary and phylogenetic studies of tetrapods and other vertebrates, and therefore most discussions on the scala naturae and related issues have been based on hard tissue and, more recently, on molecular data. Here we provide the first discussion of these topics based on a comparative myological study of all the major vertebrate clades and of myological cladistic and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of bony fish and tetrapods, including Primates. We specifically (i) contradict the notions of a scala naturae or evolutionary progressive trends leading to more complexity in 'higher' animals and culminating in Homo sapiens, and (ii) stress that the refutation of these old notions does not necessarily mean that one should not keep using the terms 'phylogenetically basal' and particularly 'anatomically plesiomorphic' to refer to groups such as the urodeles within the Tetrapoda, or the strepsirrhines and lemurs within the Primates, for instance. This review will contribute to improving our understanding of these broad evolutionary issues and of the evolution of the vertebrate Bauplans, and hopefully will stimulate future phylogenetic, evolutionary and developmental studies of these clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, U.S.A
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Hertel F, Maldonado JE, Sustaita D. Wing and hindlimb myology of vultures and raptors (Accipitriformes) in relation to locomotion and foraging. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Hertel
- Department of Biology; California State University; 18111 Nordhoff Street Northridge CA 91330-8303 USA
| | - Jesús E. Maldonado
- Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics; Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute; National Zoological Park; Washington DC USA
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; PO Box 37012 MRC 5503 Washington DC 20013-7012 USA
| | - Diego Sustaita
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology; Brown University; Providence RI 02912-G USA
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Diogo R, Nacu E, Tanaka E. Is Salamander Limb Regeneration Really Perfect? Anatomical and Morphogenetic Analysis of Forelimb Muscle Regeneration in GFP-Transgenic Axolotls as a Basis for Regenerative, Developmental, and Evolutionary Studies. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:1076-89. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Diogo
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC
| | - E. Nacu
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden; 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - E.M. Tanaka
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden; 01307 Dresden Germany
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Capdarest-Arest N, Gonzalez JP, Türker T. Hypotheses for ongoing evolution of muscles of the upper extremity. Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:452-6. [PMID: 24529649 PMCID: PMC4059683 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There are organs and muscles in the human body that may be considered rudimentary in that they have insignificant or undetermined function. Several such muscles are found in the upper extremity. In this review, four muscles that appear to be undergoing evolutionary changes are discussed: flexor digitorum superficialis to the fifth finger, anconeus, palmaris longus, and anconeus epitrochlearis. The present study synthesizes, advances and extends previously described work about these muscles and extends the hypotheses and concludes that: (a) the flexor digitorum superficialis to the fifth finger is currently under adaptive evolution, (b) the anconeus has currently stabilized its evolution and is serving as a transient stability augmenter during a short portion of the human lifespan, and (c) the entire distal upper extremity is currently in the process of undergoing evolutionary change. Understanding of these muscles and their evolutionary context is important for understanding of impact on function, dysfunction, treatment and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Capdarest-Arest
- University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, The University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Room 4143C, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Jorge P Gonzalez
- University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, The University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Room 4143C, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Tolga Türker
- University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, The University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Room 4143C, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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Bhat W, Davis CR, Akali A, Kay SP, Roberts AM. Painful, palpable and pathological: anomalous flexor digitorum superficialis brevis in the palm, comparative anatomical context, and an updated classification of anomalies of the flexor digitorum superficialis. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2014; 39:101-6. [PMID: 23435488 DOI: 10.1177/1753193413478349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Anomalies of the flexor digitorum superficialis are rare and can present a diagnostic dilemma. Patients present with a painful or palpable mass, or symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. This review article summarizes previously reported anomalies of the flexor digitorum superficialis, reports a further case, and proposes a new classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bhat
- 1Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds
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Diogo R, Wood B. The broader evolutionary lessons to be learned from a comparative and phylogenetic analysis of primate muscle morphology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2013; 88:988-1001. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC 20059 U.S.A
| | - Bernard Wood
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology; George Washington University; Washington DC 20052 U.S.A
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Boisvert CA, Joss JM, Ahlberg PE. Comparative pelvic development of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) and the Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri): conservation and innovation across the fish-tetrapod transition. EvoDevo 2013; 4:3. [PMID: 23342976 PMCID: PMC3651358 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-4-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fish-tetrapod transition was one of the major events in vertebrate evolution and was enabled by many morphological changes. Although the transformation of paired fish fins into tetrapod limbs has been a major topic of study in recent years, both from paleontological and comparative developmental perspectives, the interest has focused almost exclusively on the distal part of the appendage and in particular the origin of digits. Relatively little attention has been paid to the transformation of the pelvic girdle from a small unipartite structure to a large tripartite weight-bearing structure, allowing tetrapods to rely mostly on their hindlimbs for locomotion. In order to understand how the ischium and the ilium evolved and how the acetabulum was reoriented during this transition, growth series of the Australian lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri and the Mexican axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum were cleared and stained for cartilage and bone and immunostained for skeletal muscles. In order to understand the myological developmental data, hypotheses about the homologies of pelvic muscles in adults of Latimeria, Neoceratodus and Necturus were formulated based on descriptions from the literature of the coelacanth (Latimeria), the Australian Lungfish (Neoceratodus) and a salamander (Necturus). Results In the axolotl and the lungfish, the chondrification of the pelvic girdle starts at the acetabula and progresses anteriorly in the lungfish and anteriorly and posteriorly in the salamander. The ilium develops by extending dorsally to meet and connect to the sacral rib in the axolotl. Homologous muscles develop in the same order with the hypaxial musculature developing first, followed by the deep, then the superficial pelvic musculature. Conclusions Development of the pelvic endoskeleton and musculature is very similar in Neoceratodus and Ambystoma. If the acetabulum is seen as being a fixed landmark, the evolution of the ischium only required pubic pre-chondrogenic cells to migrate posteriorly. It is hypothesized that the iliac process or ridge present in most tetrapodomorph fish is the precursor to the tetrapod ilium and that its evolution mimicked its development in modern salamanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Anne Boisvert
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Sustaita D, Pouydebat E, Manzano A, Abdala V, Hertel F, Herrel A. Getting a grip on tetrapod grasping: form, function, and evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2013; 88:380-405. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sustaita
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; 75 N. Eagleville Road; Storrs; CT; 06269-3043; USA
| | - Emmanuelle Pouydebat
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité; UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N; 57 rue Cuvier; 75231; Paris; France
| | - Adriana Manzano
- CONICET-UADER; Matteri y España, (3105); Entre Ríos; Argentina
| | - Virginia Abdala
- Instituto de Herpetología; Fundación Miguel Lillo-CONICET; Miguel Lillo 251; Tucumán; Argentina
| | - Fritz Hertel
- Department of Biology; California State University; 18111 Nordhoff Street; Northbridge; CA; 91330-8303; USA
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité; UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N; 57 rue Cuvier; 75231; Paris; France
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