1
|
Çiçek Zekey Ö, Uçar HN, Akyürek F, Arıcı Sağlıyan G, Çetin FH, Türkoğlu S, Altınbaş K. Neurotrophic factor levels and executive functions in children of parents with bipolar disorder: A case controlled study. J Affect Disord 2024; 359:327-332. [PMID: 38795781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the current study, it was aimed to evaluate neurotrophic factor levels and their relationship with executive functions in high-risk children and adolescents (high-risk group) whose parents were diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD) but not affected by any psychiatric disease,and in order to determine possible vulnerability factors related to the disease. METHODS The study sample consisted of 32 high-risk group and 34 healthy controls. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version-Turkish Adaptation (KSADS-PL-T), Stroop Test, Serial Digit Learning Test (SDLT) and Cancellation Test to evaluate executive functions were administered to all participants by the clinician.Serum levels of neurotrophic factors were measured using commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS Serum BDNF, NT-3, NT-4 levels and SDLT scores were significantly lower in the high-risk group for BD compared to the healthy control group. A moderate negative correlation was found between BDNF levels and the Cancellation Test scores in the high-risk group. In addition to these results, the odds ratios of age, NT-4, SDLT scores for being in the risky group in terms of BD diagnosis were 1.26, 0.99 and 0.86 respectively. LIMITATIONS This was a cross-sectional study. Causality between study results is therefore difficult to establish. The relatively small sample size of the study is another limitation. CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggest that BDNF, NT-3, NT-4 may play a role in the physiopathology of BD and may be associated with impaired executive function areas such as attention and response inhibition in the high-risk group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Çiçek Zekey
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Sivas Numune Hospital, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - Halit Necmi Uçar
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Diamind Zihin Akademisi, Konya, Turkey
| | - Fikret Akyürek
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Fatih Hilmi Çetin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Diamind Zihin Akademisi, Konya, Turkey
| | - Serhat Türkoğlu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Andrikopoulos D, Vassiliou G, Fatouros P, Tsirmpas C, Pehlivanidis A, Papageorgiou C. Machine learning-enabled detection of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with multimodal physiological data: a case-control study. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:547. [PMID: 39103819 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05987-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a multifaceted neurodevelopmental psychiatric condition that typically emerges during childhood but often persists into adulthood, significantly impacting individuals' functioning, relationships, productivity, and overall quality of life. However, the current diagnostic process exhibits limitations that can significantly affect its overall effectiveness. Notably, its face-to-face and time-consuming nature, coupled with the reliance on subjective recall of historical information and clinician subjectivity, stand out as key challenges. To address these limitations, objective measures such as neuropsychological evaluations, imaging techniques and physiological monitoring of the Autonomic Nervous System functioning, have been explored. METHODS The main aim of this study was to investigate whether physiological data (i.e., Electrodermal Activity, Heart Rate Variability, and Skin Temperature) can serve as meaningful indicators of ADHD, evaluating its utility in distinguishing adult ADHD patients. This observational, case-control study included a total of 76 adult participants (32 ADHD patients and 44 healthy controls) who underwent a series of Stroop tests, while their physiological data was passively collected using a multi-sensor wearable device. Univariate feature analysis was employed to identify the tests that triggered significant signal responses, while the Informative k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm was used to filter out less informative data points. Finally, a machine-learning decision pipeline incorporating various classification algorithms, including Logistic Regression, KNN, Random Forests, and Support Vector Machines (SVM), was utilized for ADHD patient detection. RESULTS Results indicate that the SVM-based model yielded the optimal performance, achieving 81.6% accuracy, maintaining a balance between the experimental and control groups, with sensitivity and specificity of 81.4% and 81.9%, respectively. Additionally, integration of data from all physiological signals yielded the best results, suggesting that each modality captures unique aspects of ADHD. CONCLUSIONS This study underscores the potential of physiological signals as valuable diagnostic indicators of adult ADHD. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, our findings demonstrate that multimodal physiological data collected via wearable devices can complement traditional diagnostic approaches. Further research is warranted to explore the clinical applications and long-term implications of utilizing physiological markers in ADHD diagnosis and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgia Vassiliou
- First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Artemios Pehlivanidis
- First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalabos Papageorgiou
- First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis", University Mental Health, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou H, Cai S, Zhang X, Chen Y, Wang A. Cross-modal conflict deficit in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 243:105917. [PMID: 38579588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The difference between the audiovisual incongruent condition and the audiovisual congruent condition is known as cross-modal conflict, which is an important behavioral index to measure the conflict control function. Previous studies have found conflict control deficits in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but it is not clear whether and how cross-modal conflict occurs in children with ADHD at different processing levels. The current study adopted the cross-modal matching paradigm to recruit 25 children with ADHD (19 boys and 6 girls) and 24 TD children (17 boys and 7 girls), aiming to investigate the cross-modal conflict effect at the perception and response levels of children with ADHD. The results showed that both groups of children showed significant cross-modal conflict, and there was no significant difference between the ADHD and TD groups in the number of error trials and mean response time. However, the cross-modal conflict effect caused by auditory distractors was different between the ADHD and TD groups; the TD group had stronger auditory conflict at the response level, whereas the ADHD group had weaker auditory conflict. This indicates that the ADHD group had a deficit of auditory conflict at the response level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Research Center for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shizhong Cai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
| | - Xianghui Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Research Center for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China.
| | - Aijun Wang
- Department of Psychology, Research Center for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li X, Cai S, Chen Y, Tian X, Wang A. Enhancement of visual dominance effects at the response level in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 242:105897. [PMID: 38461557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have widely demonstrated that individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit deficits in conflict control tasks. However, there is limited evidence regarding the performance of children with ADHD in cross-modal conflict processing tasks. The current study aimed to investigate whether children with ADHD have poor conflict control, which has an impact on sensory dominance effects at different levels of information processing under the influence of visual similarity. A total of 82 children aged 7 to 14 years, including 41 children with ADHD and 41 age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) children, were recruited. We used the 2:1 mapping paradigm to separate levels of conflict, and the congruency of the audiovisual stimuli was divided into three conditions. In C trials, the target stimulus and the distractor stimulus were identical, and the bimodal stimuli corresponded to the same response keys. In PRIC trials, the distractor stimulus differed from the target stimulus and did not correspond to any response keys. In RIC trials, the distractor stimulus differed from the target stimulus, and the bimodal stimuli corresponded to different response keys. Therefore, we explicitly differentiated cross-modal conflict into a preresponse level (PRIC > C), corresponding to the encoding process, and a response level (RIC > PRIC), corresponding to the response selection process. Our results suggested that auditory distractors caused more interference during visual processing than visual distractors caused during auditory processing (i.e., typical auditory dominance) at the preresponse level regardless of group. However, visual dominance effects were observed in the ADHD group, whereas no visual dominance effects were observed in the TD group at the response level. A possible explanation is that the increased interference effects due to visual similarity and children with ADHD made it more difficult to control conflict when simultaneously confronted with incongruent visual and auditory inputs. The current study highlights how children with ADHD process cross-modal conflicts at multiple levels of information processing, thereby shedding light on the mechanisms underlying ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Psychology, Research Center for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shizhong Cai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China.
| | - Xiaoming Tian
- Department of Psychology, Research Center for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215011, China.
| | - Aijun Wang
- Department of Psychology, Research Center for Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kofler MJ, Groves NB, Chan ESM, Marsh CL, Cole AM, Gaye F, Cibrian E, Tatsuki MO, Singh LJ. Working memory and inhibitory control deficits in children with ADHD: an experimental evaluation of competing model predictions. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1277583. [PMID: 38779551 PMCID: PMC11110569 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1277583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Children with ADHD demonstrate difficulties on many different neuropsychological tests. However, it remains unclear whether this pattern reflects a large number of distinct deficits or a small number of deficit(s) that broadly impact test performance. The current study is among the first experiments to systematically manipulate demands on both working memory and inhibition, with implications for competing conceptual models of ADHD pathogenesis. Method A clinically evaluated, carefully phenotyped sample of 110 children with ADHD, anxiety disorders, or co-occurring ADHD+anxiety (Mage=10.35, 44 girls; 69% White Not Hispanic/Latino) completed a counterbalanced, double dissociation experiment, with two tasks each per inhibition (low vs. high) x working memory (low vs. high) condition. Results Bayesian and frequentist models converged in indicating that both manipulations successfully increased demands on their target executive function (BF10>5.33x108, p<.001). Importantly, occupying children's limited capacity working memory system produced slower response times and reduced accuracy on inhibition tasks (BF10>317.42, p<.001, d=0.67-1.53). It also appeared to differentially reduce inhibition (and non-inhibition) accuracy for children with ADHD relative to children with anxiety (BF10=2.03, p=.02, d=0.50). In contrast, there was strong evidence against models that view working memory deficits as secondary outcomes of underlying inhibition deficits in ADHD (BF01=18.52, p=.85). Discussion This pattern indicates that working memory broadly affects children's ability to inhibit prepotent tendencies and maintain fast/accurate performance, and may explain the errors that children with ADHD make on inhibition tests. These findings are broadly consistent with models describing working memory as a causal mechanism that gives rise to secondary impairments. In contrast, these findings provide evidence against models that view disinhibition as a cause of working memory difficulties or view working memory as a non-causal correlate or epiphenomenon in ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Kofler
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Nicole B. Groves
- Department of Psychiatry, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Elizabeth S. M. Chan
- Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Carolyn L. Marsh
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Alissa M. Cole
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Fatou Gaye
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Enrique Cibrian
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Miho O. Tatsuki
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Leah J. Singh
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Medrano Nava E, Flores-Lázaro JC, Nicolini Sánchez H, Juárez García F. Effects of comorbidity on executive functions among children with ADHD, finding trends. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2024; 13:100-112. [PMID: 36395527 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2022.2135440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is still no basic overview about the effect of various types of comorbidity in executive functions due to two main reasons: (1) the type and number of comorbidities in ADHD is significantly varied, (2) EFs are very diverse and have different neuropsychological properties. Our objective was to determine the effect of comorbid disorders (number and type) on the performance in a wide range (seven) of executive functions in a sample of children with ADHD. Fifty-five male children aged seven to nine years with ADHD were divided into six groups: G1 = ADHD only (ADHD-O), G1 = Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), G3 = (anxiety/depressive disorder (ADD), G4 = ODD + ADD, G5 = ODD + learning disorder (LD), G6 = ODD + LD + conduct disorder (CD). The six groups exhibited different number of deficits in EFs; G1 showed only 1 deficit in contrast, G6 presented 11. Statistical analysis (ANOVA and logistic regression) identified three most affected EFs: Working memory, generation/classification of semantic categories, and inhibitory control. Alterations in EFs increased mainly in relation to the increase of the specific number and type of comorbidity. To date, no studies have addressed comorbidity from this perspective. A wide range approach of EF confirms the need to further study comorbidity in ADHD from a wide range/variety perspective and determine all possible combinations (number/type) to clarify its contribution to the complex neuropsychology functioning in ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Medrano Nava
- Child Psychiatry Hospital, SAP-DJNN, Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
- Postgraduate program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julio C Flores-Lázaro
- Child Psychiatry Hospital, SAP-DJNN, Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
- Psychology Faculty, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Humberto Nicolini Sánchez
- Genomics of Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
DeLuna-Castruita A, Lizarraga-Cortes V, Flores A, Manjarrez E. ADHD Adults Show Lower Interindividual Similarity in Ex-Gaussian Reaction Time Vectors for Congruent Stimuli Compared to Control Peers. J Atten Disord 2024; 28:335-349. [PMID: 38084076 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231214966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interindividual similarity refers to how similarly individuals respond when receiving the same stimulus or intervention. In this study, we aimed to examine interindividual similarity in adults with ADHD. METHOD We used the cosine similarity index of ex-Gaussian reaction time (RT) vectors of mu, sigma, and tau parameters during a Stroop task. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that the ADHD group exhibits a reduced interindividual similarity index in their ex-Gaussian RT vectors for congruent stimuli compared to the healthy control group. Importantly, we did not find significant differences in the interindividual similarity index to incongruent stimuli between both groups, thus suggesting that this reduced index was selective for congruent stimuli. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight that ADHD adults exhibit more significant interindividual differences in cognitive functioning when processing congruent stimuli than healthy controls. These results provide new insights into the selective mechanisms underlying ADHD and may contribute to developing new targeted interventions for this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amira Flores
- Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li C, Delgado-Gómez D, Sujar A, Wang P, Martin-Moratinos M, Bella-Fernández M, Masó-Besga AE, Peñuelas-Calvo I, Ardoy-Cuadros J, Hernández-Liebo P, Blasco-Fontecilla H. Assessment of ADHD Subtypes Using Motion Tracking Recognition Based on Stroop Color-Word Tests. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:323. [PMID: 38257416 PMCID: PMC10818498 DOI: 10.3390/s24020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder known for its significant heterogeneity and varied symptom presentation. Describing the different subtypes as predominantly inattentive (ADHD-I), combined (ADHD-C), and hyperactive-impulsive (ADHD-H) relies primarily on clinical observations, which can be subjective. To address the need for more objective diagnostic methods, this pilot study implemented a Microsoft Kinect-based Stroop Color-Word Test (KSWCT) with the objective of investigating the potential differences in executive function and motor control between different subtypes in a group of children and adolescents with ADHD. A series of linear mixture modeling were used to encompass the performance accuracy, reaction times, and extraneous movements during the tests. Our findings suggested that age plays a critical role, and older subjects showed improvements in KSWCT performance; however, no significant divergence in activity level between the subtypes (ADHD-I and ADHD-H/C) was established. Patients with ADHD-H/C showed tendencies toward deficits in motor planning and executive control, exhibited by shorter reaction times for incorrect responses and more difficulty suppressing erroneous responses. This study provides preliminary evidence of unique executive characteristics among ADHD subtypes, advances our understanding of the heterogeneity of the disorder, and lays the foundation for the development of refined and objective diagnostic tools for ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - David Delgado-Gómez
- Department of Statistics, University Carlos III of Madrid, 28903 Getafe, Spain
| | - Aaron Sujar
- School of Computer Engineering, University Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ping Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Marina Martin-Moratinos
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Marcos Bella-Fernández
- Department of Psychiatry, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain
- Department of Psychology, Comillas Pontifical University, 28015 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Inmaculada Peñuelas-Calvo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ardoy-Cuadros
- Health Sciences College, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Hernández-Liebo
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, 39008 Santander, Spain
| | - Hilario Blasco-Fontecilla
- Center of Biomedical Network Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- UNIR-ITEI & Health Sciences School, International University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou W, Fan Y, Chang Y, Liu W, Wang J, Wang Y. Pathogenesis of Comorbid ADHD and Chinese Developmental Dyslexia: Evidence From Eye-Movement Tracking and Rapid Automatized Naming. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:294-306. [PMID: 36461680 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221140858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ADHD and Chinese developmental dyslexia (DD) have a very high comorbidity rate; however, which cognitive deficits characterize the comorbidity and when they occur during cognitive processing are still under debate. METHODS Rapid automatic naming (RAN) tasks with eye-movement tracking were conducted with 75 children who were typically developing, had comorbid ADHD and DD, had only ADHD, and had only DD. RESULTS The clinical groups had longer first fixation durations than the control for RAN digits. Temporal eye-movement measures, such as gaze duration and total reading time, were found to vary between the comorbidity and ADHD groups. Spatial eye-movement measures, such as regression probability and incoming saccade amplitude, differed between the comorbidity and DD groups. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that investigation with eye-movement measures combined with RAN tasks can strengthen the understanding of the pathogenesis of comorbid ADHD and DD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Chang
- China Rehabilitation Research Center for Hearing and Speech Impairment, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jiuju Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University) and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University) and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Girard-Joyal O, Gauthier B. Creativity in the Predominantly Inattentive and Combined Presentations of ADHD in Adults. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1187-1198. [PMID: 34894845 PMCID: PMC9096579 DOI: 10.1177/10870547211060547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: ADHD and its associated inhibition deficits might promote creativity. However, results in the literature are conflicting, possibly due to the heterogeneity of ADHD. To control for this heterogeneity, creativity, and inhibition were investigated in the predominantly inattentive (ADHD-I) and combined (ADHD-C) presentations. Method: Participants were males/females aged 18 to 51, diagnosed with ADHD-I (n = 21), ADHD-C (n = 19), or without ADHD (n = 43). Self-rated Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale and evaluator-rated figural Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT) were used for measuring creativity, Stroop task for inhibition, and Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales for ADHD symptoms. Results: The ADHD-C group reported higher self-rated creativity than other groups and made more original drawings paired to more abstract titles in the figural TTCT than controls. Conclusion: ADHD-C participants were the most creative. This result was more importantly associated with higher degrees of ADHD symptoms rather than poorer inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard-Joyal
- University of Montreal, Laval, QC, Canada,Olivier Girard-Joyal, Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, 1700 Jacques-Tétreault, Laval, Quebec, H7N 0B6, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kang JG, Kim MS. Neuropsychological Profile of College Students Who Engage in Binge Drinking. Front Psychol 2022; 13:873654. [PMID: 35496236 PMCID: PMC9051325 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.873654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the neuropsychological profile of college students who engage in binge drinking (BD) using comprehensive neuropsychological tests evaluating verbal/non-verbal memory, executive functions, and attention. Groups were determined based on scores on the Korean version of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT-K) and Alcohol Use Questionnaire (AUQ). There were 79 and 81 participants in the BD and non-BD groups, respectively. We administered the Korean version of the California Verbal Learning Test (K-CVLT) and Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RCFT) to evaluate verbal and non-verbal memory, respectively, and measured executive functions using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Trail-Making Test, Controlled Oral Word Association Test and Stroop Color-Word Test. We administered the d2 test to evaluate attention. Neuropsychological performance was analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance. The BD group showed significantly poorer performance in the long-term free recall condition of the K-CVLT and delayed recall condition of the RCFT and completed significantly fewer categories on the WCST than the non-BD group. In addition, there were significant negative associations among the AUDIT-K total score, AUQ binge score, and long-term free recall score of the K-CVLT. There were significant negative associations between the total AUDIT-K score and delayed recall RCFT score, and between the total AUDIT-K total score and numbers of completed categories on the WCST. These results indicate that college students who participate in BD have difficulties with verbal/non-verbal memory and executive functions, and further suggest that excessive alcohol use could have detrimental effects on the hippocampal-prefrontal circuit even with a relatively short period of alcohol use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Myung-Sun Kim
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with an ADHD diagnosis have increased levels of interfering thoughts, especially in the form of mind wandering. This was mostly investigated in sustained attention tasks; hence it is unclear whether the findings are only due to their difficulties in those types of tasks. Moreover, it is unclear how the amount of control invested in the task will affect those differences between control and ADHD groups. METHOD ADHD and matched control groups performed the Stroop task under high and low conflict conditions while measuring their interfering thoughts level. RESULTS Individuals with ADHD have more interfering thoughts compared to a control group even when they are able to change their control level according to the task conflict. CONCLUSION Interfering thoughts are an independent predictor of ADHD impairments, observed regardless of the degree of control invested in the task.
Collapse
|
13
|
Nicosia J, Cohen-Shikora ER, Strube MJ. What Can Brinley Plots Tell Us About Cognitive Aging? Exploring Simulated Data and Modified Brinley Plots. Front Psychol 2022; 13:797583. [PMID: 35250731 PMCID: PMC8894435 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.797583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive aging researchers have been challenged with demonstrating age-related effects above and beyond global slowing ever since Cerella raised this issue in 1990. As the literature has made clear, this has indeed proved to be a difficult task and continues to plague the field. One way that researchers have attempted to test for disproportionate age differences across task conditions is by using Brinley plots, or plotting the mean response latencies of older adults against the mean latencies for younger adults. The simplicity and large proportion of variance accounted for by these models has led to the widespread use of Brinley plots over the years. However, as systematically tested here through eight cases of simulated data, it is clear that the Brinley technique is not well suited to either identify or display the underlying structure of datasets examining age-related differences in attentional control. Some of the problems with conventional Brinley plots can be resolved by using a modified Brinley plot that includes study-specific slopes linking trial types and a no-age-difference reference line. Multilevel models find all of the relevant effects, especially if applied to trial-level data, and have the advantage of incorporating study-level moderators that might account for slope heterogeneity. Ultimately, we encourage fellow cognitive aging researchers to access the code and data for this project on OSF (https://osf.io/zxus8/) and employ the use of multilevel models over Brinley plots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Nicosia
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Jessica Nicosia,
| | - Emily R. Cohen-Shikora
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Michael J. Strube
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Münscher JC, Bürger M, Herzberg PY. The Continuous Matching Task (CMT) - real-time procedural stimulus generation for adaptive testing of attention. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2021:1-14. [PMID: 34464221 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2021.1969399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Continuous Matching Task (CMT) is a novel paradigm designed to measure sustained attention and alertness. It is a special type of Continuous Performance Task (CPT) that utilizes truly continuous stimulus material. Stimuli are generated in real-time by a procedural algorithm which also enables adaptive testing. The task is highly flexible and can be used in either single or dual-task configurations that also allow for task mixing. The functionality of the algorithm and applications are presented. The viability of the CMT is tested and results are compared with similar tasks, i.e. Stroop-Task and Conner's CPT (CCPT), as well as self-reports of ADHD in adults in a Multi-Trait-Multi-Method approach in a sample of N = 122 participants. Self-reports and measurements of heart rate variability during testing are analyzed to infer and compare mental workload during tasks. Overall, variants of the CMT induce a higher mental workload than the other tasks, and employing the dual-task CMT with adaptive difficulty resulted in the highest reliability and validity. Results indicate that the CMT is primarily a measure of alertness and processing speed and benefits from adaptive testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johann-Christoph Münscher
- Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Department of Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Bürger
- Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Department of Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Yorck Herzberg
- Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Department of Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wright AJ. Psychological and neuropsychological underpinnings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder assessment. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 26:783-794. [PMID: 33624519 DOI: 10.1177/1359104521996765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The identification and diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is extremely important in order to help change the trajectory of an individual's life outcomes. A review of the current state of evidence-based assessment of ADHD is dominated by the DSM-5's conceptualization of behaviorally-oriented diagnostic criteria. This assumption that the DSM-5's method for identifying ADHD is the gold standard underlies the research base that evaluates the incremental validity of measures and methods for diagnosing it. That is, when evaluating whether a measure is useful in the identification of ADHD, the 'right answer' is based on the DSM-5's behaviorally-oriented definition. An alternative model for considering the fact that ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder, with its roots in executive dysfunction, is proposed. Using neuropsychological and cognitive tests to identify executive functioning problems can be combined with rating scales and interviews to diagnose ADHD in a way that does not ascribe entirely to a behavioral definition of the disorder.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ridderinkhof KR, Wylie SA, van den Wildenberg WPM, Bashore TR, van der Molen MW. The arrow of time: Advancing insights into action control from the arrow version of the Eriksen flanker task. Atten Percept Psychophys 2021; 83:700-721. [PMID: 33099719 PMCID: PMC7884358 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-020-02167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Since its introduction by B. A. Eriksen and C. W. Eriksen (Perception & Psychophysics, 16, 143-49, 1974), the flanker task has emerged as one of the most important experimental tasks in the history of cognitive psychology. The impact of a seemingly simple task design involving a target stimulus flanked on each side by a few task-irrelevant stimuli is astounding. It has inspired research across the fields of cognitive neuroscience, psychophysiology, neurology, psychiatry, and sports science. In our tribute to Charles W. ("Erik") Eriksen, we (1) review the seminal papers originating from his lab in the 1970s that launched the paradigmatic task and laid the foundation for studies of action control, (2) describe the inception of the arrow version of the Eriksen flanker task, (3) articulate the conceptual and neural models of action control that emerged from studies of the arrows flanker task, and (4) illustrate the influential role of the arrows flanker task in disclosing developmental trends in action control, fundamental deficits in action control due to neuropsychiatric disorders, and enhanced action control among elite athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott A Wylie
- Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Event segmentation is the automatic cognitive process of chunking ongoing information into meaningful events. Event segmentation theory (EST) proposes that event segmentation is a grouping process fundamental to normal, everyday perceptual processing, taking a central role in attention and action control. The neurocognitive deficits observed among individuals with ADHD overlap those involved in event segmentation, but to date no research has examined event segmentation in the context of ADHD. Objective: The goal of this study was to document the event segmentation deficits of individuals with ADHD. Method: Seventy-five undergraduates with ADHD and seventy-nine without ADHD performed an event segmentation task. Results: Results revealed that undergraduates with ADHD identify significantly more large events. Conclusion: These findingssuggest explicit disturbances in the event model and updating system among those with ADHD. Future research directions include further elucidating these deficits with more varied stimuli and establishing associations with functional impairments.
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang M, Vallabhajosyula R, Fung D. Emotional Bias Modification for Individuals With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Protocol for a Co-Design Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e24078. [PMID: 33355536 PMCID: PMC7787886 DOI: 10.2196/24078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with a worldwide prevalence rate of 5%. Individuals with ADHD often tend to have difficulties with emotional regulation. The advances in experimental psychology have led to the discovery of emotional biases. Targeting emotional biases could potentially help improve the core symptoms of irritability and short-temperedness among these individuals. Emotional biases refer to the preferential allocation of attention toward emotional stimuli. A recent study reported the presence of emotional biases among individuals with ADHD when they compared individuals with ADHD with those without. Gamification technologies have been explored to help diminish the repetitiveness of the task and increase the intrinsic motivation to train. These inconsistent findings of the impact of gaming on the effectiveness of mobile interventions call for further work to better understand the needs of patients (users) and health care professionals. OBJECTIVE The aim of this research study is to collate health care professionals' perspectives on the limitations of the existing task, and to determine if gamification elements could be incorporated, to refine the conventional intervention. METHODS A qualitative research approach, that of a focus group, will be used. Health care professionals from the Department of Development Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore will be invited to participate in this qualitative research. During the focus group, participants are to comment on the limitations of the existing emotional bias intervention; recommend strategies to improve the intervention; and provide their perspectives pertaining to the use of gamification to improve the intervention. RESULTS We expect that the study will be completed in 12 months from the publication of this protocol. CONCLUSIONS To our best knowledge, this is perhaps one of the only few studies that have attempted to explore emotional biases among adolescents with ADHD. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/24078.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melvyn Zhang
- Family Medicine and Primary Care, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Daniel Fung
- Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hamzeloo M, Mashhadi A, Fadardi JS, Ghahremanzadeh M. Adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among the prison inmates: An investigation of the executive function differences and comorbidity effects. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Mashhadi
- Department of Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran,
| | - Javad S. Fadardi
- Department of Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran,
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, UK,
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Erdogan Bakar E, Karakaş S. Spontaneous age-related changes of attention in unmedicated boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clin Neuropsychol 2020; 36:664-698. [PMID: 32954923 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2020.1801846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuropsychological, neuroanatomical, and electrophysiological studies have reported a steady increase in the different attention types until the age of 10 years. Moreover, differences between healthy control (HC) boys and those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) become nonsignificant in late childhood. This cross-sectional study aimed to perform a comparative analysis of attentional processing in boys with ADHD and HC in the 6:00-10:11 years age range. Methods: Age-related changes in attentional processing were compared between Caucasian Turkic boys (72-131 months of age) with ADHD (n = 144) and HC (n = 112). Selective, focused, and inhibitory attention were measured using the Stroop Test (5 scores); sustained attention was measured using the Cancellation Test (3 scores); and attention span was measured using the Visual Aural Digit Span Test-Revised (6 scores). Results: At the age of 6 years, the ADHD group had a significantly lower performance for all attention types. By the age of 10 years, there were no significant between-group differences. However, the component structure of the neuropsychological test scores in the ADHD group differed from that in the HC group and previous studies. Conclusions: Attentional processing in boys with ADHD changes within the age-range of 6:00-10:00 years where it finally becomes similar to that in HC boys. This delayed maturation is consistent with the maturational lag model of ADHD. However, there was a between-group difference in the component structure of attentional processing, which is consistent with the maturational deviance model of ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sirel Karakaş
- Department of Psychology, Doğuş University, İstanbul, Turkey.,Neurometrika Medical Technologies Research and Development Limited Liability Company, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Horowitz I, Avirame K, Naim-Feil J, Rubinson M, Moses E, Gothelf D, Levit-Binnun N. The interactive effects of test-retest and methylphenidate administration on cognitive performance in youth with ADHD: A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Psychiatry Res 2020; 291:113056. [PMID: 32554183 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that Methylphenidate (MPH) affects cognitive performance on the neuropsychological tests and clinical symptoms of individuals diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study investigated the acute effects of MPH on neuropsychological tests to explore the interaction between MPH and test-retest effects. Twenty youths with ADHD were tested before and after MPH intake in a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design and compared to twenty matched controls. Participants were tested on a range of standardized tasks including sustained attention to response, N-Back, and Word/Color Stroop. Identical tasks were administered twice each testing day, before and 1 hour after MPH/Placebo administration. Healthy controls were tested similarly with no intervention. Decreases in response time (RT) variability across tasks and in commission errors were found in ADHD after MPH. Conversely, a significant increase in RT variability and increase in omission errors were observed after the placebo. In the control group, RT variability and omission errors increased whereas commission errors decreased, suggesting fatigue and practice effects, respectively. Test-retest reliability was higher in controls than ADHD. It is suggested that cognitive tests are sensitive objective measures for the assessment of responses to MPH in ADHD but are also affected by repetition and fatigue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itai Horowitz
- Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Keren Avirame
- Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jodie Naim-Feil
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Sagol Center for Brain and Mind, Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel
| | - Mica Rubinson
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Elisha Moses
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Doron Gothelf
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nava Levit-Binnun
- Sagol Center for Brain and Mind, Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Salomone S, Fleming GR, Bramham J, O'Connell RG, Robertson IH. Neuropsychological Deficits in Adult ADHD: Evidence for Differential Attentional Impairments, Deficient Executive Functions, and High Self-Reported Functional Impairments. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:1413-1424. [PMID: 26769747 DOI: 10.1177/1087054715623045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study is aimed to investigate neuropsychological deficits in adult ADHD. Method: Neuropsychological deficits in terms of executive functions, divided, selective, and sustained attention, were investigated in a group of adults with ADHD using a series of neuropsychological tests as well as electroencephalography (EEG). Subjective ratings of everyday life attention and memory problems were also collected. Results: Adults with ADHD showed impairments in executive functions, divided attention and sustained attention, compared with adult controls. Performance on selective attention tasks in adults with ADHD was instead no different from control participants' performance. EEG results confirmed neuropsychological findings by showing a selective impairment on P3 event-related potential (ERP) amplitude indicative of sustained attention deficits. Higher subjective ratings of everyday attentional and memory problems were also found in the ADHD group compared with the control group. Conclusion: This pattern of results suggests differential impairments of attentional skills. Impaired executive functions and higher subjective functional impairments were also found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jessica Bramham
- St. Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Editorial: The Genetic Overlap Between Cognitive Abilities and a Transdiagnostic Vulnerability for Psychopathology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 59:701-702. [PMID: 31302217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive abilities, such as working memory, selective attention, inhibition, alertness, and flexibility, are collectively known as executive functioning (EF), which is essential in daily life routines. For instance, EF is important when planning a series of actions, in novel situations, or during the performance of complex tasks. General intelligence, or g, is a related construct and involves, for instance, the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, and learn from experience. The concept g is usually measured with a psychometric intelligence test. It has been known for more than a decade that EF and, in particular, g are negatively correlated with psychopathology. Yet, the underlying source of this correlation is largely unknown.
Collapse
|
24
|
de la Peña IC, Pan MC, Thai CG, Alisso T. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Inattentive Subtype/Presentation: Research Progress and Translational Studies. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10050292. [PMID: 32422912 PMCID: PMC7287898 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10050292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the predominantly inattentive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD-PI) subtype/presentation is important given its high prevalence, but paradoxically it is under-recognized and undertreated. The temporal stability of the inattention symptom could impact the high worldwide prevalence of ADHD-PI. Some evidence suggests differences in the nature of attentional deficit in ADHD-PI vs. that in other subtypes. Impairments in neuropsychological, neurocognitive, and social functioning are also evident in ADHD-PI, which could be specific to the subtype (e.g., processing speed, social perception, and skills), or differ from others in severity. Neuroimaging studies have also revealed ADHD-PI-specific neuropathological abnormalities and those that are shared with other subtypes. ADHD-PI is highly comorbid with learning and internalizing (e.g., anxiety and depression) disorders. There is no solid evidence for ADHD-PI-specific genetic etiologies and differential responses of subtypes to ADHD medications. Translational studies have used the Wistar Kyoto/NCrl substrain which requires further characterizations as an ADHD-PI model. Overall, ADHD-PI research has been conducted in the context of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, which arguably does not conform to the widely recognized "dimensional" view of ADHD. The Research Domain Criteria has been proposed to provide a novel framework for understanding the nature of neuropsychiatric illnesses and ultimately improve their diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ike C. de la Peña
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (C.G.T.); (T.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-909-651-5995; Fax: +1-909-558-0446
| | - Michael C. Pan
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
- Division of Social Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas Tacloban College, Tacloban 6500, Philippines
| | - Chau Giang Thai
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (C.G.T.); (T.A.)
| | - Tamara Alisso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (C.G.T.); (T.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bairova NB, Bocharov AV, Savostyanov AN, Petrenko EN, Kozlova EA, Saprigyn AE, Slobodskaya HR. Stroop-like animal size test: Links with child effortful control, personality and problem behavior. Child Neuropsychol 2019; 26:409-432. [PMID: 31535948 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2019.1665173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined children's performance on the Stroop-like animal size test and its relations to parent-reported temperamental effortful control, personality, and common emotional and behavioral problems in a Russian sample of 5-12-year-olds (N = 202). The animal size test demonstrated a Stroop-like effect for accuracy and response time (RT) in both genders and across all ages. Children's performance on the animal size test considerably improved with age such that older children performed more accurately, were faster and their responses were less variable than younger children's responses. The findings indicated that RT was negatively related to temperamental trait of effortful control and its key components, attention focusing and inhibitory control, whereas RT variability was negatively related to both regulatory traits, effortful control and conscientiousness, and their components. Children's performance on the AST was meaningfully related to hyperactivity-inattention, externalizing behavior and overall level of childhood psychopathology. These findings provide support for the usefulness of the animal size test in the neuropsychological assessment of preschool and school-age children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda B Bairova
- Department of Child Development and Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey V Bocharov
- Department of Psychophysiology of Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of the Humanities, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander N Savostyanov
- Department of Psychophysiology of Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of the Humanities, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgenia N Petrenko
- Department of Child Development and Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena A Kozlova
- Department of Child Development and Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander E Saprigyn
- Department of Psychophysiology of Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Helena R Slobodskaya
- Department of Child Development and Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jaščenoka J, Schwörer MC, Petermann F, Petermann U. Zum Zusammenhang von Arbeitsgedächtnisleistungen und ausgewählten Exekutivfunktionen bei Kindern mit ADHS. KINDHEIT UND ENTWICKLUNG 2019. [DOI: 10.1026/0942-5403/a000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Defizite in Exekutivfunktionen werden als ein wesentliches Merkmal einer Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung angesehen. Bisher liegen wenige standardisierte Testverfahren zur Erfassung solcher exekutiven Defizite vor, die bei Kindern und Jugendlichen besonders eng mit einer ADHS assoziiert scheinen (kognitive Flexibilität, Inhibition, Handlungsplanung, „Switching“). Das Hauptziel der vorliegenden Studie war deshalb die Validierung des neuropsychologischen Moduls des ADHS-Diagnostikums für Kinder und Jugendliche (ADHS-KJ-NPT). Diesbezüglich wurde eine Stichprobe von 58 ADHS-Kindern (77.6 % männlich) im Alter von 6 bis 12 Jahren ( M = 9.01 Jahre; SD = 1.43) mit dem ADHS-KJ-NPT sowie mit den Untertests des Index Arbeitsgedächtnis und des Index Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit des Wechsler-Intelligenztests (WISC-V) untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die ADHS-KJ-NPT-Untertests, die darauf abzielen, Defizite in der Inhibitionsfähigkeit zu erfassen, mit dem WISC-V-Index Arbeitsgedächtnis korrelieren. Zudem wurden Korrelationen zwischen dem WISC-V-Index Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit und den ADHS-KJ-NPT-Untertests gefunden, mit denen Defizite in der flexiblen Aufmerksamkeitssteuerung und in der Inhibitionsfähigkeit auf äußere Reize erfasst werden sollen. Diese Korrelationen stellten sich bei 6- bis 9-jährigen Kindern als substanziell heraus, während dies bei 10- bis 12-Jährigen nicht der Fall ist. Die Studie trägt weiter zur Fundierung der Kriteriumsvalidität des neuropsychologischen Moduls des ADHS-KJ bei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jaščenoka
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen
| | | | - Franz Petermann
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen
| | - Ulrike Petermann
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sella F, Re AM, Lucangeli D, Cornoldi C, Lemaire P. Strategy Selection in ADHD Characteristics Children: A Study in Arithmetic. J Atten Disord 2019; 23:87-98. [PMID: 22451509 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712438766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been argued that ADHD characteristics children have difficulties in selecting the best strategy when they accomplish cognitive tasks. The detrimental influence of these poor strategy skills may be crucial for several aspects of academic achievement such as mathematical learning. METHOD Fourth- and fifth-grade children with ADHD symptoms and matched controls were asked to select the better of two rounding strategies in a computational estimation task (i.e., finding the best estimate of two-digit addition problems). RESULTS (a) Both control and ADHD children correctly executed a selected strategy, (b) ADHD children selected the best strategy less often than controls, (c) ADHD took more time to estimate sums of two-digit addition problems and provided poorer estimates, and (d) different factors predicted best strategy selections in each group. CONCLUSION These findings have important implications for further understanding the sources of differences in cognitive performance between ADHD and control children. (J. of Att. Dis. 2019; 23(1) 87-98).
Collapse
|
28
|
Overlapping and Distinct Cognitive Impairments in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity and Autism Spectrum Disorder without Intellectual Disability. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 46:1705-1716. [PMID: 29450820 PMCID: PMC6093794 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are commonly comorbid, share genetic liability, and often exhibit overlapping cognitive impairments. Clarification of shared and distinct cognitive effects while considering comorbid symptoms across disorders has been lacking. In the current study, children ages 7-15 years assigned to three diagnostic groups:ADHD (n = 509), ASD (n = 97), and controls (n = 301) completed measures spanning the cognitive domains of attention/arousal, working memory, set-shifting, inhibition, and response variability. Specific processes contributing to response variability were examined using a drift diffusion model, which separately quantified drift rate (i.e., efficiency of information processing), boundary separation (i.e., speed-accuracy trade-offs), and non-decision time. Children with ADHD and ASD were impaired on attention/arousal, processing speed, working memory, and response inhibition, but did not differ from controls on measures of delayed reward discounting, set-shifting, or interference control. Overall, impairments in the ASD group were not attributable to ADHD symptoms using either continuous symptom measures or latent categorical grouping approaches. Similarly, impairments in the ADHD group were not attributable to ASD symptoms. When specific RT parameters were considered, children with ADHD and ASD shared impairments in drift rate. However, children with ASD were uniquely characterized by a wider boundary separation. Findings suggest a combination of overlapping and unique patterns of cognitive impairment for children with ASD as compared to those with ADHD, particularly when the processes underlying reaction time measures are considered separately.
Collapse
|
29
|
Pievsky MA, McGrath RE. The Neurocognitive Profile of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review of Meta-Analyses. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018; 33:143-157. [PMID: 29106438 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acx055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Numerous meta-analyses have summarized studies comparing the neurocognitive performance of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to that of healthy controls. Method The present study is a systematic review and quantitative summary of those meta-analyses that aimed to determine the extent to which individuals with ADHD differ cognitively from typically developing controls. Results Of 253 standardized mean differences (SMDs) drawn from 34 meta-analyses, 244 (96%) were positive, indicating better neurocognitive performance in the control group than the ADHD group. The mean effect size was .45 (SD = .27). Unweighted means of SMDs for neurocognitive domains ranged from .35 (set shifting) to .54 (working memory). When weighted by the number of studies aggregated, they ranged from .35 (set shifting) to .66 (reaction time variability). Neurocognitive domains with mean effects over .50 included working memory (.54), reaction time variability (.53), response inhibition (.52), intelligence/achievement (.51), and planning/organization (.51). When weighted by number of aggregated studies, the domains with mean effects over .50 were reaction time variability (.66), intelligence/achievement (.60), vigilance (.56), working memory (.54), and response inhibition (.52). Age moderated the relationship between ADHD diagnosis and neurocognitive functioning, with greater between-groups differences among children and adults than among adolescents. Funding also moderated this relationship: meta-analyses that received drug funding found larger effect sizes than those without drug funding. Conclusions The evidence suggests that ADHD is associated with substantial deficits across a variety of neurocognitive domains. This is the most in-depth review of the neurocognitive functioning of people with ADHD to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert E McGrath
- School of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hoffmann A, Montoro CI, Reyes Del Paso GA, Duschek S. Cerebral blood flow modulations during cognitive control in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2018; 237:118-125. [PMID: 29803902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated cerebral blood flow modulations during proactive and reactive cognitive control in major depressive disorder (MDD). Proactive control refers to preparatory processes during anticipation of a behaviorally relevant event; reactive control is activated after such an event to ensure goal attainment. METHODS Using functional transcranial Doppler sonography, blood flow velocities in the middle cerebral arteries of both hemispheres were recorded in 40 MDD patients and 40 healthy controls during a precued Stroop task. The font color of color words, which appeared 5 s after an acoustic warning signal, had to be indicated while ignoring word meaning. RESULTS Patients, as compared to controls, exhibited smaller bilateral blood flow increases during task preparation and larger increases after color word presentation. Response time was longer in patients irrespective of the match or mismatch between font color and word meaning. The blood flow increase after word presentation correlated positively with response time. LIMITATIONS Potential effects of psychotropic medication on cognition and cerebral blood flow could not be controlled. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed evidence of reduced cortical activity during proactive and elevated activity that occurs during reactive control in MDD. Deficient implementation of proactive control in MDD may lead to increased reliance on reactive control. The association between the blood flow increase after color word presentation and poorer performance indicates that deficient response preparation cannot be compensated for by reactive strategies. The findings are clinically relevant, as they may contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms relevant to cognitive impairments in MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hoffmann
- UMIT - Institute of Psychology, University for Health Sciences Medical Informatics and Technology, Eduard-Wallnöfer Zentrum 1, Hall in Tirol 6060, Austria.
| | | | | | - Stefan Duschek
- UMIT - Institute of Psychology, University for Health Sciences Medical Informatics and Technology, Eduard-Wallnöfer Zentrum 1, Hall in Tirol 6060, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Duschek S, Hoffmann A, Bair A, Reyes Del Paso GA, Montoro CI. Cerebral blood flow modulations during proactive control in chronic hypotension. Brain Cogn 2018; 125:135-141. [PMID: 29990703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In addition to complaints including fatigue, mood disturbance, dizziness or cold limbs, chronic low blood pressure (hypotension) is associated with reduced cognitive performance. Deficiencies in cerebral blood flow regulation may contribute to this impairment. This study investigated cerebral blood flow modulations during proactive control in hypotension. Proactive control refers to cognitive processes during anticipation of a behaviourally relevant event that allow optimization of readiness to react. Using functional transcranial Doppler sonography, bilateral blood flow velocities in the middle cerebral arteries were recorded in 40 hypotensive and 40 normotensive participants during a precued Stroop task. Hypotensive participants exhibited smaller bilateral blood flow increases during response preparation and longer response time. The group differences in blood flow and response time did not vary by executive function load, i.e. congruent vs. incongruent trials. Over the total sample, the flow increase correlated negatively with response time in trials with a higher executive function load. The findings indicate reduced cerebral blood flow adjustment during both the basic and more complex requirements of proactive control in hypotension. They also suggest a general deficit in attentional function and processing speed due to low blood pressure and cerebral hemodynamic dysregulations rather than particular impairments in executive functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Duschek
- UMIT - University of Health Sciences Medical Informatics and Technology, Institute of Psychology, Eduard-Wallnöfer-Zentrum 1, 6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria.
| | - Alexandra Hoffmann
- UMIT - University of Health Sciences Medical Informatics and Technology, Institute of Psychology, Eduard-Wallnöfer-Zentrum 1, 6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria.
| | - Angela Bair
- UMIT - University of Health Sciences Medical Informatics and Technology, Institute of Psychology, Eduard-Wallnöfer-Zentrum 1, 6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria.
| | | | - Casandra I Montoro
- UMIT - University of Health Sciences Medical Informatics and Technology, Institute of Psychology, Eduard-Wallnöfer-Zentrum 1, 6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Andersen EH, Lewis GF, Belger A. Aberrant parasympathetic reactivity to acute psychosocial stress in male patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Res 2018; 265:39-47. [PMID: 29684768 PMCID: PMC5984181 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autonomic dysfunction represents a core domain of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SCZ), with aberrant physiologic arousal underlying maladaptive social and cognitive behaviors. Antagonistic parasympathetic and sympathetic systems support autonomic flexibility to appropriately regulate arousal and respond to environmental challenges, which can be modeled using physiologic measures. SCZ patients consistently show heightened basal stress, however, their parasympathetic reactivity to an acute psychosocial stressor is poorly understood. Heart period (HP-arousal), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA-parasympathetic vagal activity), and their relationship were measured in SCZ patients (n = 19) and healthy controls (n = 20) at baseline and during psychosocial stress exposure. Parasympathetic vagal control of arousal, reflected in RSA-HP coupling, was assessed for the first time in SCZ. Patients demonstrated blunted physiologic reactivity (less change in heart period and respiratory sinus arrhythmia), a unique increase in respiratory sinus arrhythmia relative to baseline during recovery, and elevated arousal was associated with poor cognitive performance and greater positive symptoms. Arousal regulation was tightly controlled by parasympathetic activity in controls only, indicated by a strong association between changes in heart period and respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Results are the first to demonstrate maladaptive, inefficient parasympathetic arousal regulation (RSA-HP decoupling) in reaction to psychosocial stress in SCZ, representing an autonomic profile incompatible with appropriate social and emotional functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Andersen
- Neuroscience Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Gregory F Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Aysenil Belger
- Neuroscience Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University & University of North Carolina, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Maoz H, Aviram S, Nitzan U, Segev A, Bloch Y. Association Between Continuous Performance and Response Inhibition Tests in Adults With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:293-299. [PMID: 25922185 DOI: 10.1177/1087054715584056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study of ADHD uses various computerized tests to assess cognitive functions. Uncertainty exists regarding the association between deficits found by different tools testing similar or different cognitive functions (e.g., continuous performance tests [CPT] and response inhibition [RI] tests).We hypothesized that different tools that measure continuous performance will be better correlated between themselves than with a tool that examines RI. METHOD Thirty-six adults with ADHD performed two different CPTs and a RI task. We analyzed correlations between different measures examined by the tasks. RESULTS There were strong correlations between corresponding measures in the CPTs. Correlations between the results in CPT and the RI task were only minimal. CONCLUSION These findings support the specificity of impairments in different cognitive domains (continuous attention vs. RI) beyond the specific test used in the study of ADHD. Also, these findings strengthen the importance of specific discriminative cognitive domains in ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Maoz
- 1 Shalvata Mental Health Care Center, Hod-Hasharon, Israel.,2 Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Shai Aviram
- 1 Shalvata Mental Health Care Center, Hod-Hasharon, Israel.,3 Haifa University, Israel
| | - Uri Nitzan
- 1 Shalvata Mental Health Care Center, Hod-Hasharon, Israel.,2 Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Aviv Segev
- 1 Shalvata Mental Health Care Center, Hod-Hasharon, Israel.,2 Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Yuval Bloch
- 1 Shalvata Mental Health Care Center, Hod-Hasharon, Israel.,2 Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Xiang L, Chen Y, Chen A, Zhang F, Xu F, Wang B. The effects of trait impulsivity on proactive and reactive interference control. Brain Res 2018; 1680:93-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
35
|
Vieira de Melo BB, Trigueiro MJ, Rodrigues PP. Systematic overview of neuroanatomical differences in ADHD: Definitive evidence. Dev Neuropsychol 2017; 43:52-68. [DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2017.1414821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bastos Vieira de Melo
- Occupational Therapy Department, Higher School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Vigo
| | - Maria João Trigueiro
- Occupational Therapy Department, Higher School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pereira Rodrigues
- CINTESIS & Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Simpson A, Upson M, Carroll DJ. Where does prepotency come from on developmental tests of inhibitory control? J Exp Child Psychol 2017; 162:18-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
37
|
Elosúa MR, Del Olmo S, Contreras MJ. Differences in Executive Functioning in Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Front Psychol 2017; 8:976. [PMID: 28676771 PMCID: PMC5476919 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the interest in Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and its relation to deficits in working memory (WM) and more specifically the different executive functions (EFs) has grown, to the point of confirming that these are quite frequent in this disorder. The aim of this study was precisely to explore differences in executive functioning of WM in fourth grade Primary school children with and without ADHD (26 and 29 children, respectively), introducing rigorous control measures in the tests used. Four EFs were analyzed: divided attention, updating, attentional shifting and inhibition, measured through four tasks, the dual-task paradigm (digits and box-crossing), the N-Back task, the Trail Making Test and the Stroop task, respectively. The results showed that participants with ADHD, compared to children with typical development (TD), exhibited a smaller verbal memory span as well as deficits in the attentional shifting and updating functions. However, a similar performance for the EF of inhibition was found for both groups of participants. Finally, an unexpected result was obtained with regard to the role of divided attention, as children with ADHD were less impaired when performing the double task than participants in the TD group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Rosa Elosúa
- Psicología Básica I, Universidad Nacional de Educación a DistanciaMadrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Del Olmo
- Psicología Básica I, Universidad Nacional de Educación a DistanciaMadrid, Spain
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano BlesaZaragoza, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Uebel-von Sandersleben H, Albrecht B, Rothenberger A, Fillmer-Heise A, Roessner V, Sergeant J, Tannock R, Banaschewski T. Revisiting the co-existence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Chronic Tic Disorder in childhood-The case of colour discrimination, sustained attention and interference control. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178866. [PMID: 28594866 PMCID: PMC5464598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Chronic Tic Disorder (CTD) are two common and frequently co-existing disorders, probably following an additive model. But this is not yet clear for the basic sensory function of colour processing sensitive to dopaminergic functioning in the retina and higher cognitive functions like attention and interference control. The latter two reflect important aspects for psychoeducation and behavioural treatment approaches. Methods Colour discrimination using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue Test, sustained attention during the Frankfurt Attention Inventory (FAIR), and interference liability during Colour- and Counting-Stroop-Tests were assessed to further clarify the cognitive profile of the co-existence of ADHD and CTD. Altogether 69 children were classified into four groups: ADHD (N = 14), CTD (N = 20), ADHD+CTD (N = 20) and healthy Controls (N = 15) and compared in cognitive functioning in a 2×2-factorial statistical model. Results Difficulties with colour discrimination were associated with both ADHD and CTD factors following an additive model, but in ADHD these difficulties tended to be more pronounced on the blue-yellow axis. Attention problems were characteristic for ADHD but not CTD. Interference load was significant in both Colour- and Counting-Stroop-Tests and unrelated to colour discrimination. Compared to Controls, interference load in the Colour-Stroop was higher in pure ADHD and in pure CTD, but not in ADHD+CTD, following a sub-additive model. In contrast, interference load in the Counting-Stroop did not reveal ADHD or CTD effects. Conclusion The co-existence of ADHD and CTD is characterized by additive as well as sub-additive performance impairments, suggesting that their co-existence may show simple additive characteristics of both disorders or a more complex interaction, depending on demand. The equivocal findings on interference control may indicate limited validity of the Stroop-Paradigm for clinical assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Björn Albrecht
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aribert Rothenberger
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anke Fillmer-Heise
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Veit Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joseph Sergeant
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculteit der Psychologie, Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ma I, Mies GW, Lambregts-Rommelse NNJ, Buitelaar JK, Cillessen AHN, Scheres A. Does an attention bias to appetitive and aversive words modulate interference control in youth with ADHD? Child Neuropsychol 2017; 24:541-557. [PMID: 28511579 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2017.1296940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Interference control refers to the ability to selectively attend to certain information while ignoring distracting information. This ability can vary as a function of distractor relevance. Distractors that are particularly relevant to an individual may attract more attention than less relevant distractors. This is referred to as attention bias. Weak interference control and altered reward sensitivity are both important features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, interference control is typically studied in isolation. This study integrates both. Youths (aged 9 to 17 years) with ADHD (n = 37, 25 boys) and typically-developing controls (n = 38, 20 boys) completed a Stroop task using appetitive words and matched neutral words to assess whether appetitive distractors diminished interference control more in youths with ADHD than controls. In order to test for specificity, aversive words were also included. As expected, appetitive words disrupted interference control but this effect was not stronger for youths with ADHD than the controls. Aversive words, on the other hand, facilitated interference control. Dimensional analyses revealed that this facilitation effect increased substantially as a function of ADHD symptom severity. Possible mechanisms for this effect include up-regulation of interference control as a function of induced negative mood, or as a function of increased effort. In conclusion, appetitive words do not lead to worse interference control in youths with ADHD compared with controls. Interference control was modulated in a valence-specific manner, concurrent with mood-induced effects on cognitive control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ili Ma
- a Department of Developmental Psychology, Behavioural Science Institute , Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Gabry W Mies
- a Department of Developmental Psychology, Behavioural Science Institute , Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Nanda N J Lambregts-Rommelse
- b Department of Psychiatry , Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,c Department of Psychiatry , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- b Department of Psychiatry , Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,c Department of Psychiatry , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Antonius H N Cillessen
- a Department of Developmental Psychology, Behavioural Science Institute , Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Scheres
- a Department of Developmental Psychology, Behavioural Science Institute , Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wagner F, Rohde LAD, Trentini CM. Neuropsicologia do Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade: Modelos Neuropsicológicos e Resultados de Estudos Empíricos. PSICO-USF 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-82712016210311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Diferentes modelos teóricos foram propostos para explicar os déficits neuropsicológicos e seu impacto no comportamento de indivíduos com Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade (TDAH). Os objetivos deste artigo serão apresentar os principais modelos neuropsicológicos do TDAH e possibilitar uma atualização acerca dos principais achados relacionados ao funcionamento neuropsicológico de pacientes com esse diagnóstico. Revisões e meta-análises sobre funcionamento executivo, aversão à resposta tardia, processamento temporal e variações intraindividuais no tempo de reação são apresentadas. O perfil neuropsicológico de pacientes com TDAH é heterogêneo e testes neuropsicológicos não são suficientemente sensíveis e específicos para realização do diagnóstico, embora sejam muito importantes na identificação do perfil cognitivo para estabelecimento de um plano de tratamento mais abrangente e adequado às necessidades especificas de cada paciente.
Collapse
|
41
|
Vuillier L, Bryce D, Szücs D, Whitebread D. The Maturation of Interference Suppression and Response Inhibition: ERP Analysis of a Cued Go/Nogo Task. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165697. [PMID: 27814356 PMCID: PMC5096696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control is a core function that allows us to resist interference from our surroundings and to stop an ongoing action. To date, it is not clear whether inhibitory control is a single process or whether it is composed of different processes. Further, whether these processes are separate or clustered in childhood is under debate. In this study, we investigated the existence and development of two hypothesized component processes of inhibitory control–interference suppression and response inhibition–using a single task and event related potential components. Twenty 8-year-old children and seventeen adults performed a spatially cued Go/Nogo task while their brain activity was recorded using electroencephalography. Mean N2 amplitudes confirmed the expected pattern for response inhibition with both the children and the adults showing more negative N2 for Nogo vs. Go trials. The interference suppression N2 effect was only present in adults and appeared as a more negative N2 in response to Go trials with a congruent cue than Go trials with an incongruent cue. Contrary to previous findings, there was no evidence that the interference suppression N2 effect was later occurring than the response inhibition N2 effect. Overall, response inhibition was present in both the children and the adults whereas interference suppression was only present in the adults. These results provide evidence of distinct maturational processes for both component processes of inhibitory control, with interference suppression probably continuing to develop into late childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vuillier
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Donna Bryce
- Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Denes Szücs
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Whitebread
- Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wright BC. What Stroop tasks can tell us about selective attention from childhood to adulthood. Br J Psychol 2016; 108:583-607. [PMID: 27786354 PMCID: PMC5516206 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A rich body of research concerns causes of Stroop effects plus applications of Stroop. However, several questions remain. We included assessment of errors with children and adults (N = 316), who sat either a task wherein each block employed only trials of one type (unmixed task) or where every block comprised of a mix of the congruent, neutral, and incongruent trials. Children responded slower than adults and made more errors on each task. Contrary to some previous studies, interference (the difference between neutral and incongruent condition) showed no reaction time (RT) differences by group or task, although there were differences in errors. By contrast, facilitation (the difference between neutral and congruent condition) was greater in children than adults, and greater on the unmixed task than the mixed task. After considering a number of theoretical accounts, we settle on the inadvertent word‐reading hypothesis, whereby facilitation stems from children and the unmixed task promoting inadvertent reading particularly in the congruent condition. Stability of interference RT is explained by fixed semantic differences between neutral and incongruent conditions, for children versus adults and for unmixed versus mixed task. We conclude that utilizing two tasks together may reveal more about how attention is affected in other groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barlow C Wright
- Division of Psychology, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Van Cauwenberge V, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Hoppenbrouwers K, Van Leeuwen K, Wiersema JR. Regulation of emotion in ADHD: can children with ADHD override the natural tendency to approach positive and avoid negative pictures? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 124:397-406. [PMID: 27744615 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1631-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Van Cauwenberge
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Shackleton Building (B44), Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Karel Hoppenbrouwers
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35 Blok d-Bus 7001, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Karla Van Leeuwen
- Department of Parenting and Special Education, KU Leuven, Leopold Vanderkelenstraat 32-Bus 3765, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Jan R Wiersema
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hovik KT, Plessen KJ, Skogli EW, Andersen PN, Øie M. Dissociable Response Inhibition in Children With Tourette's Syndrome Compared With Children With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2016; 20:825-35. [PMID: 24276800 DOI: 10.1177/1087054713512371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigates whether performance in a verbal response task (Color-Word Interference Test [CWIT]) and a motor response task (Conners' Continuous Performance Test [CCPT]) discriminates children with Tourette's Syndrome (TS), ADHD, and typically developing children (TDC). METHOD Nineteen children with TS, 79 with ADHD, and 50 with TDC participated (8-17 years). RESULTS Children with TS committed significantly fewer errors in the verbal response task than those with ADHD. Moreover, children with TS but without ADHD performed better than TDC. Errors in motor task and speed of response did not distinguish between groups. A cautious tendency of response correlated positively with rates of tics in children with TS. CONCLUSION Children with TS were superior in inhibiting a prepotent verbal response; however, comorbidity with ADHD in those children negatively influenced performance. Results support the hypothesis that levels of inhibitory control distinguish children with TS, ADHD, and TDC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Tore Hovik
- Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Merete Øie
- Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway University of Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ma I, van Holstein M, Mies GW, Mennes M, Buitelaar J, Cools R, Cillessen AHN, Krebs RM, Scheres A. Ventral striatal hyperconnectivity during rewarded interference control in adolescents with ADHD. Cortex 2016; 82:225-236. [PMID: 27399612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by cognitive deficits (e.g., interference control) and altered reward processing. Cognitive control is influenced by incentive motivation and according to current theoretical models, ADHD is associated with abnormal interactions between incentive motivation and cognitive control. However, the neural mechanisms by which reward modulates cognitive control in individuals with ADHD are unknown. METHOD We used event-related functional resonance imaging (fMRI) to study neural responses during a rewarded Stroop color-word task in adolescents (14-17 years) with ADHD (n = 25; 19 boys) and healthy controls (n = 33; 22 boys). RESULTS Adolescents with ADHD showed increased reward signaling within the superior frontal gyrus and ventral striatum (VS) relative to controls. Importantly, functional connectivity analyses revealed a hyperconnectivity between VS and motor control regions in the ADHD group, as a function of reward-cognitive control integration. Connectivity was associated with performance improvement in controls but not in the ADHD group, suggesting inefficient connectivity. CONCLUSION Adolescents with ADHD show increased neural sensitivity to rewards and its interactions with interference control in VS and motor regions, respectively. The findings support theoretical models of altered reward-cognitive control integration in individuals with ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ili Ma
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mieke van Holstein
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabry W Mies
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Mennes
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roshan Cools
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ruth M Krebs
- Ghent University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anouk Scheres
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Adjorlolo S. Diagnostic Accuracy, Sensitivity, and Specificity of Executive Function Tests in Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury in Ghana. Assessment 2016; 25:498-512. [PMID: 27121081 DOI: 10.1177/1073191116646445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The sociocultural differences between Western and sub-Saharan African countries make it imperative to standardize neuropsychological tests in the latter. However, Western-normed tests are frequently administered in sub-Saharan Africa because of challenges hampering standardization efforts. Yet a salient topical issue in the cross-cultural neuropsychology literature relates to the utility of Western-normed neuropsychological tests in minority groups, non-Caucasians, and by extension Ghanaians. Consequently, this study investigates the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of executive function (EF) tests (The Stroop Test, Trail Making Test, and Controlled Oral Word Association Test), and a Revised Quick Cognitive Screening Test (RQCST) in a sample of 50 patients diagnosed with moderate traumatic brain injury and 50 healthy controls in Ghana. The EF test scores showed good diagnostic accuracy, with area under the curve (AUC) values of the Trail Making Test scores ranging from .746 to .902. With respect to the Stroop Test scores, the AUC values ranged from .793 to .898, while Controlled Oral Word Association Test had AUC value of .787. The RQCST scores discriminated between the groups, with AUC values ranging from .674 to .912. The AUC values of composite EF score and a neuropsychological score created from EF and RQCST scores were .936 and. 942, respectively. Additionally, the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test, EF composite score, and RQCST scores showed good to excellent sensitivities and specificities. In general, this study has shown that commonly used EF tests in Western countries have diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity when administered in Ghanaian samples. The findings and implications of the study are discussed.
Collapse
|
47
|
The interaction between reinforcement and inhibitory control in ADHD: A review and research guidelines. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 44:94-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
48
|
Kingdon D, Cardoso C, McGrath JJ. Research Review: Executive function deficits in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - a meta-analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016; 57:116-31. [PMID: 26251262 PMCID: PMC5760222 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like symptoms are common in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). FASD and ADHD groups both display executive function impairments; however, there is ongoing debate whether the pattern and magnitude of executive function deficits differs between these two types of disorders. METHODS An electronic literature search was conducted (PubMed, PsychInfo; 1972-2013) to identify studies comparing the executive functioning of children with FASD with ADHD or control groups. FASD groups included those with and without dysmorphy (i.e., FAS, pFAS, ARND, and other FASD diagnoses). Effect sizes (Hedges' g, standardized mean difference) were calculated. Random effects meta-analytic models were performed using the metafor package for R. RESULTS Fifty-one studies met inclusion criteria (FASD N = 2,115; ADHD N = 453; controls N = 1,990). Children with FASD showed the strongest and most consistent deficits in planning, fluency, and set-shifting compared to controls (Hedges' g = -0.94, -0.78) and children with ADHD (Hedges' g = -0.72, -0.32). FASD was associated with moderate to large impairments in working memory, compared to controls (Hedges' g = -.84, -.58) and small impairments relative to groups with ADHD (Hedges' g = -.26). Smaller and less consistent deficits were found on measures of inhibition and vigilance relative to controls (Hedges' g = -0.52, -0.31); FASD and ADHD were not differentiated on these measures. Moderator analyses indicated executive dysfunction was associated with older age, dysmorphy, and larger group differences in IQ. Sex and diagnostic system were not consistently related to effect size. CONCLUSIONS While FASD is associated with global executive impairments, executive function weaknesses are most consistent for measures of planning, fluency, and set-shifting. Neuropsychological measures assessing these executive function domains may improve differential diagnosis and treatment of FASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kingdon
- Department of Psychology; Concordia University; Montreal QC Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Van Cauwenberge V, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Hoppenbrouwers K, Van Leeuwen K, Wiersema JR. "Turning down the heat": Is poor performance of children with ADHD on tasks tapping "hot" emotional regulation caused by deficits in "cool" executive functions? RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 47:199-207. [PMID: 26444927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Emotional dysregulation in daily life is very common in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is however not clear whether this reflects a specific deficit or that it may be the result of generic executive function (EF) deficits. The current study addresses this question by means of an emotional working memory (WM) task with 2 memory load conditions and four possible backgrounds (blank screen, neutral, positive or negative picture), which was administered to 38 typically developing children and 29 children with ADHD. Children responded slower on trials when negative pictures were presented at the background versus when neutral pictures were presented, indicating an emotional interference effect; however crucially, groups did not differ in this respect. Reaction times were also slower on trials with a neutral picture as background versus trials without a picture, with children with ADHD showing an enhanced interference effect. There was a main effect of WM load on performance, but it did not interact with interference or group effects. To summarize, the findings indicate a generic interference control deficit in the children with ADHD in the current sample, while they could not provide support for an emotional interference deficit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Van Cauwenberge
- Ghent University, Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- Ghent University, Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; University of Southampton, School of Psychology, Shackleton Building (B44), Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Karel Hoppenbrouwers
- KU Leuven, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Kapucijnenvoer 35 blok d - bus 7001, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Karla Van Leeuwen
- KU Leuven, Department of Parenting and Special Education, Leopold Vanderkelenstraat 32 - bus 3765, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jan R Wiersema
- Ghent University, Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bahçivan Saydam R, Ayvaşik HB, Alyanak B. Executive Functioning in Subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2015; 52:386-392. [PMID: 28360745 DOI: 10.5152/npa.2015.8712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aims to evaluate executive functions (EF), such as inhibition, planning, working memory, and set shifting, in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by comparing three ADHD subtype groups (ADHD-Inattentive, ADHD-Combined, and ADHD-Comorbid) and a normal control group. METHODS Participants included 147 children. In total, 111 children were assigned to the ADHD groups of the study. Each child was matched according to the WISC-R Full-Scale IQ-score, sex, and age and was grouped as follows: ADHD-Inattentive group (ADHD-I; n=37), ADHD-Combined (ADHD-C; n=37), ADHD-Comorbid group (ADHD-Comorbid with oppositional defiant disorder and/or conduct disorder; n=37), and control group (n=36). The tests used to assess the children were Conners' Parent and Teacher Rating Scales; Wechsler Intelligence Scale-Revised; Tower of London test; Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; Stroop Color-Word Test, and verbal fluency test. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA between subjects for all dependent variables. RESULTS Children in the ADHD-I group had significantly better performances in verbal working memory and verbal category shifting than children in the ADHD-C group. There was no significant difference between the ADHD-I and ADHD-C groups in terms of inhibition, set shifting, verbal fluency, cognitive flexibility, and planning. The ADHD-Comorbid group displayed more severe impairments in EF measures than the ADHD-C group; however, the severity was not statistically significant. EF performances of children in the control group were similar to children in the ADHD-I group but better than children in the ADHD-C and ADHD-Comorbid groups. CONCLUSION The outcome of the study indicated that subjects in the ADHD-Comorbid and ADHD-C groups had more severe EF deficits than subjects in the ADHD-I and control groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reyhan Bahçivan Saydam
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, İstanbul University İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - H Belgin Ayvaşik
- Department of Psychology, Orta Doğu Technical University Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Behiye Alyanak
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, İstanbul University İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|