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Peng RHT, He D, James SA, Williamson JN, Skadden C, Jain S, Hassaneen W, Miranpuri A, Kaur A, Sarol JN, Yang Y. Determining the effects of targeted high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation on reducing post-stroke upper limb motor impairments-a randomized cross-over study. Trials 2024; 25:34. [PMID: 38195605 PMCID: PMC10775560 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07886-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is one of the leading causes of death in the USA and is a major cause of serious disability for adults. This randomized crossover study examines the effect of targeted high-definition transcranial direct current transcranial brain stimulation (tDCS) on upper extremity motor recovery in patients in the post-acute phase of stroke recovery. METHODS This randomized double-blinded cross-over study includes four intervention arms: anodal, cathodal, and bilateral brain stimulation, as well as a placebo stimulation. Participants receive each intervention in a randomized order, with a 2-week washout period between each intervention. The primary outcome measure is change in Motor Evoked Potential. Secondary outcome measures include the Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity (FM-UE) score, a subset of FM-UE (A), related to the muscle synergies, and the Modified Ashworth Scale. DISCUSSION We hypothesize that anodal stimulation to the ipsilesional primary motor cortex will increase the excitability of the damaged cortico-spinal tract, reducing the UE flexion synergy and enhancing UE motor function. We further hypothesize that targeted cathodal stimulation to the contralesional premotor cortex will decrease activation of the cortico-reticulospinal tract (CRST) and the expression of the upper extremity (UE) flexion synergy and spasticity. Finally, we hypothesize bilateral stimulation will achieve both results simultaneously. Results from this study could improve understanding of the mechanism behind motor impairment and recovery in stroke and perfect the targeting of tDCS as a potential stroke intervention. With the use of appropriate screening, we anticipate no ethical or safety concerns. We plan to disseminate these research results to journals related to stroke recovery, engineering, and medicine. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05479006 . Registered on 26 July 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Huan-Ting Peng
- Department of Bioengineering, Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Dorothy He
- The University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Shirley A James
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jordan N Williamson
- Department of Bioengineering, Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Sanjiv Jain
- Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Wael Hassaneen
- Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Amrendra Miranpuri
- Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jesus N Sarol
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Williamson JN, James SA, He D, Li S, Sidorov EV, Yang Y. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation for upper extremity rehabilitation in moderate-to-severe ischemic stroke: a pilot study. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1286238. [PMID: 37900725 PMCID: PMC10602806 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1286238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous studies found that post-stroke motor impairments are associated with damage to the lesioned corticospinal tract (CST) and hyperexcitability of the contralesional cortico-reticulospinal tract (CRST). This proof-of-concept study aims to develop a non-invasive brain stimulation protocol that facilitates the lesioned CST and inhibits the contralesional CRST to improve upper extremity rehabilitation in individuals with moderate-to-severe motor impairments post-stroke. Methods Fourteen individuals (minimum 3 months post ischemic stroke) consented. Physician decision of the participants baseline assessment qualified eight to continue in a randomized, double-blind cross-over pilot trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05174949) with: (1) anodal high-definition transcranial direct stimulation (HD-tDCS) over the ipsilesional primary motor cortex (M1), (2) cathodal HD-tDCS over contralesional dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), (3) sham stimulation, with a two-week washout period in-between. Subject-specific MR images and computer simulation were used to guide HD-tDCS and verified by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) induced Motor Evoked Potential (MEP). The motor behavior outcome was evaluated by an Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity score (primary outcome measure) and the excitability of the ipslesoinal CST and contralesional CRST was determined by the change of MEP latencies and amplitude (secondary outcome measures). Results The baseline ipsilesional M1 MEP latency and amplitude were correlated with FM-UE. FM-UE scores were improved post HD-tDCS, in comparison to sham stimulation. Both anodal and cathodal HD-tDCS reduced the latency of the ipsilesional M1 MEP. The contralesional PMd MEP disappeared/delayed after HD-tDCS. Discussion These results suggest that HD-tDCS could improve the function of the lesioned corticospinal tract and reduce the excitability of the contralesional cortico-reticulospinal tract, thus, improving motor function of the upper extremity in more severely impaired individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N. Williamson
- Department of Bioengineering, Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Shirley A. James
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Hudson College of Public Health, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Dorothy He
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UT Health Huston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Evgeny V. Sidorov
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Clinical Imaging Research Center, Stephenson Family Clinical Research Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Gallogly College of Engineering, Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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Hernandez-Pavon JC, San Agustín A, Wang MC, Veniero D, Pons JL. Can we manipulate brain connectivity? A systematic review of cortico-cortical paired associative stimulation effects. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 154:169-193. [PMID: 37634335 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cortico-cortical paired associative stimulation (ccPAS) is a form of dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) entailing a series of single-TMS pulses paired at specific interstimulus intervals (ISI) delivered to distant cortical areas. The goal of this article is to systematically review its efficacy in inducing plasticity in humans focusing on stimulation parameters and hypotheses of underlying neurophysiology. METHODS A systematic review of the literature from 2009-2023 was undertaken to identify all articles utilizing ccPAS to study brain plasticity and connectivity. Six electronic databases were searched and included. RESULTS 32 studies were identified. The studies targeted connections within the same hemisphere or between hemispheres. 28 ccPAS studies were in healthy participants, 1 study in schizophrenia, and 1 in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. 2 additional studies used cortico-cortical repetitive paired associative stimulation (cc-rPAS) in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) patients. Outcome measures include electromyography (EMG), behavioral measures, electroencephalography (EEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). ccPAS seems to be able to modulate brain connectivity depending on the ISI. CONCLUSIONS ccPAS can be used to modulate corticospinal excitability, brain activity, and behavior. Although the stimulation parameters used across studies reviewed in this paper are varied, ccPAS is a promising approach for basic research and potential clinical applications. SIGNIFICANCE Recent advances in neuroscience have caused a shift of interest from the study of single areas to a more complex approach focusing on networks of areas that orchestrate brain activity. Consequently, the TMS community is also witnessing a change, with a growing interest in targeting multiple brain areas rather than a single locus, as evidenced by an increasing number of papers using ccPAS. In light of this new enthusiasm for brain connectivity, this review summarizes existing literature and stimulation parameters that have proven effective in changing electrophysiological, behavioral, or neuroimaging-derived measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Hernandez-Pavon
- Legs + Walking Lab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (Formerly, The Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Brain Stimulation, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
| | - Arantzazu San Agustín
- Legs + Walking Lab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (Formerly, The Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Brain Stimulation, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Neural Rehabilitation Group, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; PhD Program in Neuroscience, Autonoma de Madrid University-Cajal Institute, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Max C Wang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Jose L Pons
- Legs + Walking Lab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (Formerly, The Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Brain Stimulation, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Yildiz FG, Temucin CM. Multimodal integration and modulation of visual and somatosensory inputs on the corticospinal excitability. Neurophysiol Clin 2023; 53:102842. [PMID: 36724583 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2022.102842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Corticospinal excitability may be affected by various sensory inputs under physiological conditions. In this study, we aimed to investigate the corticospinal excitability by using multimodal conditioning paradigms of combined somatosensory electrical and visual stimulation to understand the sensory-motor integration. METHODS We examined motor evoked potentials (MEP) obtained by using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) that were conditioned by using a single goggle-light-emitting diode (LED) stimulation, peripheral nerve electrical stimulation (short latency afferent inhibition protocol), or a combination of both (goggle-LED+electrical stimulation) at different interstimulus intervals (ISIs) in 14 healthy volunteers. RESULTS We found MEP inhibition at ISIs of 50-60 ms using the conditioned goggle-LED stimulation. The combined goggle-LED stimulation at a 60 ms ISI resulted in an additional inhibition to the electrical stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Visual inputs cause significant modulatory effects on the corticospinal excitability. Combined visual and somatosensory stimuli integrate probably via different neural circuits and/or interneuron populations. To our knowledge, multimodal integration of visual and somatosensory inputs by using TMS-short latency inhibition protocol have been evaluated via electrophysiological methods for the first time in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Gokcem Yildiz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Hacettepe Univesity, EMG-TMS Unit, Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Cagri Mesut Temucin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Hacettepe Univesity, EMG-TMS Unit, Ankara, Turkey
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Passera B, Harquel S, Chauvin A, Gérard P, Lai L, Moro E, Meoni S, Fraix V, David O, Raffin E. Multi-scale and cross-dimensional TMS mapping: A proof of principle in patients with Parkinson's disease and deep brain stimulation. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1004763. [PMID: 37214390 PMCID: PMC10192635 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1004763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) mapping has become a critical tool for exploratory studies of the human corticomotor (M1) organization. Here, we propose to gather existing cutting-edge TMS-EMG and TMS-EEG approaches into a combined multi-dimensional TMS mapping that considers local and whole-brain excitability changes as well as state and time-specific changes in cortical activity. We applied this multi-dimensional TMS mapping approach to patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) with Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the sub-thalamic nucleus (STN) ON and OFF. Our goal was to identifying one or several TMS mapping-derived markers that could provide unprecedent new insights onto the mechanisms of DBS in movement disorders. Methods Six PD patients (1 female, mean age: 62.5 yo [59-65]) implanted with DBS-STN for 1 year, underwent a robotized sulcus-shaped TMS motor mapping to measure changes in muscle-specific corticomotor representations and a movement initiation task to probe state-dependent modulations of corticospinal excitability in the ON (using clinically relevant DBS parameters) and OFF DBS states. Cortical excitability and evoked dynamics of three cortical areas involved in the neural control of voluntary movements (M1, pre-supplementary motor area - preSMA and inferior frontal gyrus - IFG) were then mapped using TMS-EEG coupling in the ON and OFF state. Lastly, we investigated the timing and nature of the STN-to-M1 inputs using a paired pulse DBS-TMS-EEG protocol. Results In our sample of patients, DBS appeared to induce fast within-area somatotopic re-arrangements of motor finger representations in M1, as revealed by mediolateral shifts of corticomuscle representations. STN-DBS improved reaction times while up-regulating corticospinal excitability, especially during endogenous motor preparation. Evoked dynamics revealed marked increases in inhibitory circuits in the IFG and M1 with DBS ON. Finally, inhibitory conditioning effects of STN single pulses on corticomotor activity were found at timings relevant for the activation of inhibitory GABAergic receptors (4 and 20 ms). Conclusion Taken together, these results suggest a predominant role of some markers in explaining beneficial DBS effects, such as a context-dependent modulation of corticospinal excitability and the recruitment of distinct inhibitory circuits, involving long-range projections from higher level motor centers and local GABAergic neuronal populations. These combined measures might help to identify discriminative features of DBS mechanisms towards deep clinical phenotyping of DBS effects in Parkinson's Disease and in other pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Passera
- CNRS UMR 5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et Neurocognition, LPNC, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sylvain Harquel
- CNRS UMR 5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et Neurocognition, LPNC, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, INSERM, IRMaGe, Grenoble, France
- Defitech Chair in Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alan Chauvin
- CNRS UMR 5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et Neurocognition, LPNC, Grenoble, France
| | - Pauline Gérard
- CNRS UMR 5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et Neurocognition, LPNC, Grenoble, France
| | - Lisa Lai
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Elena Moro
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Sara Meoni
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Valerie Fraix
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier David
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, U1106, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Estelle Raffin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
- Defitech Chair in Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
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Kim E, Kum J, Lee SH, Kim H. Development of a wireless ultrasonic brain stimulation system for concurrent bilateral neuromodulation in freely moving rodents. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1011699. [PMID: 36213731 PMCID: PMC9539445 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1011699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilateral brain stimulation is an important modality used to investigate brain circuits and treat neurological conditions. Recently, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) received significant attention as a novel non-invasive neurostimulation technique with high spatial specificity. Despite the growing interest, the typical ultrasound brain stimulation study, especially for small animals, is limited to a single target of sonication. The constraint is associated with the complexity and the cost of the hardware system required to achieve multi-regional sonication. This work presented the development of a low-cost LIPUS system with a pair of single-element ultrasound transducers to address the above problem. The system was built with a multicore processor with an RF amplifier circuit. In addition, LIPUS device was incorporated with a wireless module (bluetooth low energy) and powered by a single 3.7 V battery. As a result, we achieved an ultrasound transmission with a central frequency of 380 kHz and a peak-to-peak pressure of 480 kPa from each ultrasound transducer. The developed system was further applied to anesthetized rats to investigate the difference between uni- and bilateral stimulation. A significant difference in cortical power density extracted from electroencephalogram signals was observed between uni- and bilateral LIPUS stimulation. The developed device provides an affordable solution to investigate the effects of LIPUS on functional interhemispheric connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Kim
- Biomedical Research Division, Bionics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeungeun Kum
- Biomedical Research Division, Bionics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Lee
- Biomedical Research Division, Bionics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyungmin Kim
- Biomedical Research Division, Bionics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hyungmin Kim,
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Woldeamanuel GG, Frazer AK, Lee A, Avela J, Tallent J, Ahtiainen JP, Pearce AJ, Kidgell DJ. Determining the Corticospinal Responses and Cross-Transfer of Ballistic Motor Performance in Young and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Mot Behav 2022; 54:763-786. [PMID: 35437124 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2022.2061409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ballistic motor training induces plasticity changes and imparts a cross-transfer effect. However, whether there are age-related differences in these changes remain unclear. Thus, the purpose of this study was to perform a meta-analysis to determine the corticospinal responses and cross-transfer of motor performance following ballistic motor training in young and older adults. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. A best evidence synthesis was performed for variables that had insufficient data for meta-analysis. There was strong evidence to suggest that young participants exhibited greater cross-transfer of ballistic motor performance than their older counterparts. This meta-analysis showed no significant age-related differences in motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and surface electromyography (sEMG) for both hands following ballistic motor training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gashaw Garedew Woldeamanuel
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ashlyn K Frazer
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Annemarie Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Janne Avela
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, NeuroMuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jamie Tallent
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Juha P Ahtiainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, NeuroMuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Alan J Pearce
- College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dawson J Kidgell
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Betancur DFA, Tarragó MDGL, Torres ILDS, Fregni F, Caumo W. Central Post-Stroke Pain: An Integrative Review of Somatotopic Damage, Clinical Symptoms, and Neurophysiological Measures. Front Neurol 2021; 12:678198. [PMID: 34484097 PMCID: PMC8416310 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.678198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The physiopathology of central post-stroke pain (CPSP) is poorly understood, which may contribute to the limitations of diagnostic and therapeutic advancements. Thus, the current systematic review was conducted to examine, from an integrated perspective, the cortical neurophysiological changes observed via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), focusing on the structural damage, and clinical symptoms in patients with CPSP. Methods: The literature review included the databases EMBASE, PubMed, and ScienceDirect using the following search terms by MeSH or Entree descriptors: [("Cerebral Stroke") AND ("Pain" OR "Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation") AND ("Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation")] (through September 29, 2020). A total of 297 articles related to CPSP were identified. Of these, only four quantitatively recorded cortical measurements. Results: We found four studies with different methodologies and results of the TMS measures. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines, two studies had low methodological quality and the other two studies had satisfactory methodological quality. The four studies compared the motor threshold (MT) of the stroke-affected hemisphere with the unaffected hemisphere or with healthy controls. Two studies assessed other cortical excitability measures, such as cortical silent period (CSP), short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and intracortical facilitation (ICF). The main limitations in the interpretation of the results were the heterogeneity in parameter measurements, unknown cortical excitability measures as potential prognostic markers, the lack of a control group without pain, and the absence of consistent and validated diagnosis criteria. Conclusion: Despite the limited number of studies that prevented us from conducting a meta-analysis, the dataset of this systematic review provides evidence to improve the understanding of CPSP physiopathology. Additionally, these studies support the construction of a framework for diagnosis and will help improve the methodological quality of future research in somatosensory sequelae following stroke. Furthermore, they offer a way to integrate dysfunctional neuroplasticity markers that are indirectly assessed by neurophysiological measures with their correlated clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernando Arias Betancur
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratory of Pain & Neuromodulation, Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Iraci Lucena da Silva Torres
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Pharmacology of Pain and Neuromodulation: Pre-clinical Investigations Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Physics, and Rehabilitation Department, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wolnei Caumo
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratory of Pain & Neuromodulation, Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Pain and Palliative Care Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Herbert P, Burke JR. Characterization of stimulus response curves obtained with transcranial magnetic stimulation from bilateral anterior digastric muscles in healthy subjects. Somatosens Mot Res 2021; 38:178-187. [PMID: 34126860 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2021.1914019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to describe measurements of stimulus-response curves in the anterior digastric muscle (ADM) bilaterally following transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the right and left hemispheres. The first dorsal interosseous muscle (FDI) was the control muscle. MATERIALS AND METHODS The subjects were 20 healthy young adults. Test sessions determined motor thresholds (MT) and stimulus-response curves (1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6 × MT) from either the FDI or ADM following TMS to left and right hemispheres using the double cone coil. Bilateral recordings of MEPs in the left and right ADM allowed us to generate stimulus response curves following ipsilateral and contralateral TMS. RESULTS Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for MEP amplitudes from ipsilateral and contralateral ADMs were >0.60 at motor threshold (MT) and >0.90 at stimulus intensities above MT. There was a linear increase in MEP amplitudes across stimulus intensities for the FDI following contralateral TMS, while MEP amplitudes from the ADM following contralateral and ipsilateral TMS increased linearly across stimulus intensities [F(3, 57) [Muscle × Recording Site × Stim Intensity] = 33.57; p < 0.05]; (ηp2 = 0.64). The slopes of the stimulus-response curve of the contralateral FDI was greater than the slopes of the stimulus response curves of the ipsilateral and contralateral ADM (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The current study provided insights on the methodology for recording stimulus response curves in the ADM with TMS. These findings may translate into a valid, reliable, and relevant clinical outcome to study the pathophysiology of the corticobulbar motor system.
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Gamboa OL, Brito A, Abzug Z, D'Arbeloff T, Beynel L, Wing EA, Dannhauer M, Palmer H, Hilbig SA, Crowell CA, Liu S, Donaldson R, Cabeza R, Davis SW, Peterchev AV, Sommer MA, Appelbaum LG. Application of long-interval paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation to motion-sensitive visual cortex does not lead to changes in motion discrimination. Neurosci Lett 2020; 730:135022. [PMID: 32413540 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The perception of visual motion is dependent on a set of occipitotemporal regions that are readily accessible to neuromodulation. The current study tested if paired-pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (ppTMS) could modulate motion perception by stimulating the occipital cortex as participants viewed near-threshold motion dot stimuli. In this sham-controlled study, fifteen subjects completed two sessions. On the first visit, resting motor threshold (RMT) was assessed, and participants performed an adaptive direction discrimination task to determine individual motion sensitivity. During the second visit, subjects performed the task with three difficulty levels as TMS pulses were delivered 150 and 50 ms prior to motion stimulus onset at 120% RMT, under the logic that the cumulative inhibitory effect of these pulses would alter motion sensitivity. ppTMS was delivered at one of two locations: 3 cm dorsal and 5 cm lateral to inion (scalp-based coordinate), or at the site of peak activation for "motion" according to the NeuroSynth fMRI database (meta-analytic coordinate). Sham stimulation was delivered on one-third of trials by tilting the coil 90°. Analyses showed no significant active-versus-sham effects of ppTMS when stimulation was delivered to the meta-analytic (p = 0.15) or scalp-based coordinates (p = 0.17), which were separated by 29 mm on average. Active-versus-sham stimulation differences did not interact with either stimulation location (p = 0.12) or difficulty (p = 0.33). These findings fail to support the hypothesis that long-interval ppTMS recruits inhibitory processes in motion-sensitive cortex but must be considered within the limited parameters used in this design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lucia Gamboa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Alexandra Brito
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Zachary Abzug
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, United States
| | - Tracy D'Arbeloff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, United States; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, United States
| | - Lysianne Beynel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Erik A Wing
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, United States
| | - Moritz Dannhauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Hannah Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Susan A Hilbig
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Courtney A Crowell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Sicong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Rachel Donaldson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Roberto Cabeza
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, United States; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, United States
| | - Simon W Davis
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, United States; Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Angel V Peterchev
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, United States; Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Duke University, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Marc A Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, United States; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, United States; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, United States; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Lawrence G Appelbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, United States; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, United States.
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11
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Gunes ZI, Kan VWY, Ye X, Liebscher S. Exciting Complexity: The Role of Motor Circuit Elements in ALS Pathophysiology. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:573. [PMID: 32625051 PMCID: PMC7311855 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease, characterized by the degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons. Despite decades of research, we still to date lack a cure or disease modifying treatment, emphasizing the need for a much-improved insight into disease mechanisms and cell type vulnerability. Altered neuronal excitability is a common phenomenon reported in ALS patients, as well as in animal models of the disease, but the cellular and circuit processes involved, as well as the causal relevance of those observations to molecular alterations and final cell death, remain poorly understood. Here, we review evidence from clinical studies, cell type-specific electrophysiology, genetic manipulations and molecular characterizations in animal models and culture experiments, which argue for a causal involvement of complex alterations of structure, function and connectivity of different neuronal subtypes within the cortical and spinal cord motor circuitries. We also summarize the current knowledge regarding the detrimental role of astrocytes and reassess the frequently proposed hypothesis of glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity with respect to changes in neuronal excitability. Together, these findings suggest multifaceted cell type-, brain area- and disease stage- specific disturbances of the excitation/inhibition balance as a cardinal aspect of ALS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep I Gunes
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vanessa W Y Kan
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - XiaoQian Ye
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Liebscher
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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12
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Khammash D, Simmonite M, Polk TA, Taylor SF, Meehan SK. Temporal Dynamics of Corticocortical Inhibition in Human Visual Cortex: A TMS Study. Neuroscience 2019; 421:31-38. [PMID: 31676351 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (ppTMS) has been used extensively to probe local facilitatory and inhibitory function in motor cortex. We previously developed a reliable ppTMS method to investigate these functions in visual cortex and found reduced thresholds for net intracortical inhibition compared to motor cortex. The current study used this method to investigate the temporal dynamics of local facilitatory and inhibitory networks in visual cortex in 28 healthy subjects. We measured the size of the visual disturbance (phosphene) evoked by stimulating visual cortex with a fixed intensity, supra-threshold test stimulus (TS) when that TS was preceded by a sub-threshold conditioning stimulus (CS). We manipulated the inter-stimulus interval (ISI) and assessed how the size of the phosphene elicited by the fixed-intensity TS changed as a function of interval for two different CS intensities (45% and 75% of phosphene threshold). At 45% of threshold, the CS produced uniform suppression of the phosphene elicited by the TS across ISIs ranging from 2 to 200 ms. At 75% of threshold, the CS did not have a significant effect on phosphene size across the 2-15 ms intervals. Intervals of 50-200 ms exhibited statistically significant suppression of phosphenes, however, suppression was not uniform with some subjects demonstrating no change or facilitation. This study demonstrates that the temporal dynamics of local inhibitory and facilitatory networks are different across motor and visual cortex and that optimal parameters to index local inhibitory and facilitatory influences in motor cortex are not necessarily optimal for visual cortex. We refer to the observed inhibition as visual cortex inhibition (VCI) to distinguish it from the phenomenon reported in motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Khammash
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Molly Simmonite
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Thad A Polk
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Stephan F Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Sean K Meehan
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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13
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Valero-Cabré A, Toba MN, Hilgetag CC, Rushmore RJ. Perturbation-driven paradoxical facilitation of visuo-spatial function: Revisiting the 'Sprague effect'. Cortex 2019; 122:10-39. [PMID: 30905382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The 'Sprague Effect' described in the seminal paper of James Sprague (Science 153:1544-1547, 1966a) is an unexpected paradoxical effect in which a second brain lesion reversed functional deficits induced by an earlier lesion. It was observed initially in the cat where severe and permanent contralateral visually guided attentional deficits generated by the ablation of large areas of the visual cortex were reversed by the subsequent removal of the superior colliculus (SC) opposite to the cortical lesion or by the splitting of the collicular commissure. Physiologically, this effect has been explained in several ways-most notably by the reduction of the functional inhibition of the ipsilateral SC by the contralateral SC, and the restoration of normal interactions between cortical and midbrain structures after ablation. In the present review, we aim at reappraising the 'Sprague Effect' by critically analyzing studies that have been conducted in the feline and human brain. Moreover, we assess applications of the 'Sprague Effect' in the rehabilitation of visually guided attentional impairments by using non-invasive therapeutic approaches such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS). We also review theoretical models of the effect that emphasize the inhibition and balancing between the two hemispheres and show implications for lesion inference approaches. Last, we critically review whether the resulting inter-hemispheric rivalry theories lead toward an efficient rehabilitation of stroke in humans. We conclude by emphasizing key challenges in the field of 'Sprague Effect' applications in order to design better therapies for brain-damaged patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Valero-Cabré
- Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Group, Frontlab Team, Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm UMR S 1127, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, F-75013, IHU-A-ICM, Paris, France; Laboratory for Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity & Rehabilitation, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Monica N Toba
- Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (EA 4559), University Hospital of Amiens and University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Claus C Hilgetag
- Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg University, Germany; Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Jarrett Rushmore
- Laboratory for Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity & Rehabilitation, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Khammash D, Simmonite M, Polk TA, Taylor SF, Meehan SK. Probing short-latency cortical inhibition in the visual cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation: A reliability study. Brain Stimul 2019; 12:702-704. [PMID: 30700394 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method to stimulate localized brain regions. Despite widespread use in motor cortex, TMS is seldom performed in sensory areas due to variable, qualitative metrics. OBJECTIVE Assess the reliability and validity of tracing phosphenes, and to investigate the stimulation parameters necessary to elicit decreased visual cortex excitability with paired-pulse TMS at short inter-stimulus intervals. METHODS Across two sessions, single and paired-pulse recruitment curves were derived by having participants outline elicited phosphenes and calculating resulting average phosphene sizes. RESULTS Phosphene size scaled with stimulus intensity, similar to motor cortex. Paired-pulse recruitment curves demonstrated inhibition at lower conditioning stimulus intensities than observed in motor cortex. Reliability was high across sessions. CONCLUSIONS TMS-induced phosphenes are a valid and reliable tool for measuring cortical excitability and inhibition in early visual areas. Our results also provide appropriate stimulation parameters for measuring short-latency intracortical inhibition in visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Khammash
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Ave, 41809, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Molly Simmonite
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Thad A Polk
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Stephan F Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Sean K Meehan
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Ave, 41809, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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15
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Bracco M, Mangano GR, Turriziani P, Smirni D, Oliveri M. Combining tDCS with prismatic adaptation for non-invasive neuromodulation of the motor cortex. Neuropsychologia 2017; 101:30-38. [PMID: 28487249 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prismatic adaptation (PA) shifts visual field laterally and induces lateralized deviations of spatial attention. Recently, it has been suggested that prismatic goggles are also able to modulate brain excitability, with cognitive after-effects documented even in tasks not necessarily spatial in nature. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to test whether neuromodulatory effects obtained from tDCS and prismatic goggles could interact and induce homeostatic changes in corticospinal excitability. METHODS Thirty-four subjects were submitted to single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the right primary motor cortex to measure Input-Output (IO) curve as a measure of corticospinal excitability. Assessment was made in three experimental conditions: before and after rightward PA and anodal tDCS of the right motor cortex; before and after rightward PA; before and after anodal tDCS of the right motor cortex. RESULTS A significant decrease of MEPs amplitude and of IO curve slope steepness was found after the combination of rightward PA and anodal tDCS; on the other hand, an increase of MEPs amplitude and of the steepness of IO curve slope on the right motor cortex was found following either rightward PA or anodal tDCS. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that priming of motor cortex excitability using PA could be an additional tool to modulate cortical metaplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bracco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e della Formazione, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy; Dipartimento NEUROFARBA, Università Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy; NeuroTeam Life and Science, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppa Renata Mangano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e della Formazione, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy; NeuroTeam Life and Science, Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrizia Turriziani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e della Formazione, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy; NeuroTeam Life and Science, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Smirni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e della Formazione, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy; NeuroTeam Life and Science, Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Oliveri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e della Formazione, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy; NeuroTeam Life and Science, Palermo, Italy
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16
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Nardone R, Langthaler PB, Höller Y, Bathke A, Frey VN, Brigo F, Trinka E. Modulation of non-painful phantom sensation in subjects with spinal cord injury by means of rTMS. Brain Res Bull 2015; 118:82-6. [PMID: 26405006 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We aimed in this study to investigate whether repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), given as theta burst stimulation (TBS), can interfere with non-painful phantom sensations in subjects with spinal cord injury (SCI). In double-blind, sham-controlled experiments in five subjects with cervical or thoracic traumatic SCI, we evaluated the effects of a single session of inhibitory (continuous) TBS, excitatory (intermittent) TBS, or placebo TBS, on simplex and complex non-painful phantom sensations. The interventions targeted the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1), the primary sensory cortex (S1) and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Measurements were carried out at baseline (T0), 5 min (T1) and 30 min later (T2) after the intervention. Descriptive evaluation of results shows that non-painful phantom sensations were not affected by rTMS applied over M1. Continuous (inhibitory) TBS over S1 induced a short-lasting decrease of simple non-painful phantom sensations, while continuous TBS over PPC induced a short-lasting decrease of both simple and complex phantom sensations. Intermittent (excitatory) TBS over PPC induced a slight increase of non-painful phantom sensations. Tests for significance confirm these observations, but must be interpreted with caution because of the small sample size. In conclusion, non-painful phantom sensations may be associated to a hyperexcitability of PPC and to a lesser extent of S1, which can be normalized by inhibitory rTMS. Our preliminary findings provide further evidence that neuromodulatory techniques are able to reverse phantom sensations not only after limb amputation but also in other conditions characterized by deafferentation such as SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Patrick B Langthaler
- Department of Mathematics, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Yvonne Höller
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Arne Bathke
- Department of Mathematics, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vanessa N Frey
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Francesco Brigo
- Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy; Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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17
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Stamm M, Aru J, Rutiku R, Bachmann T. Occipital long-interval paired pulse TMS leads to slow wave components in NREM sleep. Conscious Cogn 2015; 35:78-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Sharing Social Touch in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex. Curr Biol 2014; 24:1513-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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Magnani B, Caltagirone C, Oliveri M. Prismatic Adaptation as a Novel Tool to Directionally Modulate Motor Cortex Excitability: Evidence From Paired-pulse TMS. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:573-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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20
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Ge S, Jiang R, Wang R, Chen J. Design of a dynamic transcranial magnetic stimulation coil system. J Med Syst 2014; 38:64. [PMID: 24957390 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-014-0064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To study the brain activity at the whole-head range, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) researchers need to investigate brain activity over the whole head at multiple locations. In the past, this has been accomplished with multiple single TMS coils that achieve quasi whole-head array stimulation. However, these designs have low resolution and are difficult to position and control over the skull. In this study, we propose a new dynamic whole-head TMS mesh coil system. This system was constructed using several sagittal and coronal directional wires. Using both simulation and real experimental data, we show that by varying the current direction and strength of each wire, this new coil system can form both circular coils or figure-eight coils that have the same features as traditional TMS coils. Further, our new system is superior to current coil systems because stimulation parameters such as size, type, location, and timing of stimulation can be dynamically controlled within a single experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China,
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21
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Ahveninen J, Huang S, Nummenmaa A, Belliveau JW, Hung AY, Jääskeläinen IP, Rauschecker JP, Rossi S, Tiitinen H, Raij T. Evidence for distinct human auditory cortex regions for sound location versus identity processing. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2585. [PMID: 24121634 PMCID: PMC3932554 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurophysiological animal models suggest that anterior auditory cortex (AC) areas process sound-identity information, whereas posterior ACs specialize in sound location processing. In humans, inconsistent neuroimaging results and insufficient causal evidence have challenged the existence of such parallel AC organization. Here we transiently inhibit bilateral anterior or posterior AC areas using MRI-guided paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) while subjects listen to Reference/Probe sound pairs and perform either sound location or identity discrimination tasks. The targeting of TMS pulses, delivered 55–145 ms after Probes, is confirmed with individual-level cortical electric-field estimates. Our data show that TMS to posterior AC regions delays reaction times (RT) significantly more during sound location than identity discrimination, whereas TMS to anterior AC regions delays RTs significantly more during sound identity than location discrimination. This double dissociation provides direct causal support for parallel processing of sound identity features in anterior AC and sound location in posterior AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyrki Ahveninen
- Harvard Medical School-Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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22
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Bancroft TD, Hogeveen J, Hockley WE, Servos P. TMS-induced neural noise in sensory cortex interferes with short-term memory storage in prefrontal cortex. Front Comput Neurosci 2014; 8:23. [PMID: 24634653 PMCID: PMC3942793 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2014.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, Harris et al. (2002) found disruption of vibrotactile short-term memory after applying single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to primary somatosensory cortex (SI) early in the maintenance period, and suggested that this demonstrated a role for SI in vibrotactile memory storage. While such a role is compatible with recent suggestions that sensory cortex is the storage substrate for working memory, it stands in contrast to a relatively large body of evidence from human EEG and single-cell recording in primates that instead points to prefrontal cortex as the storage substrate for vibrotactile memory. In the present study, we use computational methods to demonstrate how Harris et al.'s results can be reproduced by TMS-induced activity in sensory cortex and subsequent feedforward interference with memory traces stored in prefrontal cortex, thereby reconciling discordant findings in the tactile memory literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D Bancroft
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy Hogeveen
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - William E Hockley
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Philip Servos
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo, ON, Canada
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23
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Du X, Summerfelt A, Chiappelli J, Holcomb HH, Hong LE. Individualized brain inhibition and excitation profile in response to paired-pulse TMS. J Mot Behav 2013; 46:39-48. [PMID: 24246068 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2013.850401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) are generated from paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulations (ppTMS) using certain interstimulus intervals (ISIs). ppTMS provides an accessible technique to evaluate inhibitory and facilitatory motor neural circuits. However, SICI and ICF are highly variable such that individual variability is not captured by any one static ISI. The authors hypothesized that individuals may have individualized and relatively stable pattern of SICI-ICF profiles. They tested SICI and ICF profiles using ISIs from 1 to 500 ms, on 2 occasions about 3 weeks apart, and the test-retest reliability, in 23 healthy controls. Moderate-to-good test-retest reliabilities were found at ppTMS with 1 and 3 ms ISIs (SICI) and with 12, 15, 18, and 21 ms ISIs (ICF), but not with other control ISIs. A similar pattern of results was obtained for men and women. Interestingly, the peak facilitation, peak inhibition, and maximum inhibition and facilitation ranges were individualized, such that they varied considerably across individuals but had high repeatability within individual (Cronbach's α = 0.76 to 0.85). Therefore, individuals appear to have unique inhibition-facilitation profiles that are relatively stable. Although the functional implications of individualized profiles are currently unknown, the relatively stable profiles may index underlying neural inhibition and excitation traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Du
- a Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore
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Legon W, Dionne JK, Staines WR. Continuous theta burst stimulation of the supplementary motor area: effect upon perception and somatosensory and motor evoked potentials. Brain Stimul 2013; 6:877-83. [PMID: 23706289 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The supplementary motor area (SMA) has been implicated in many aspects of movement preparation and execution. In addition to motor roles, the SMA is responsive to somesthetic stimuli though it is unclear exactly what role the SMA plays in a somatosensory network. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS It is the purpose of this study to assess how continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) of the SMA affects both somatosensory (SEPs) and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and if cTBS leads to alterations in tactile perception thresholds of the index fingertip. METHODS In experiment 1, cTBS was delivered over scalp sites FCZ (SMA stimulation) (n = 10) and CZ (control stimulation) (n = 10) in separate groups for 40 s (600 pulses) at 90% of participants' resting motor threshold. For both groups, median nerve SEPs were elicited from the right wrist at rest via electrical stimulation (0.5 ms pulse) before and at 10 min intervals post-cTBS out to 30 min (t = pre, 10, 20, and 30 min). Subjects' perceptual thresholds were assessed at similar time intervals as the SEP data using a biothesiometer (120 Hz vibration). In experiment 2 (n = 10) the effect of cTBS to SMA upon single and paired-pulse MEP amplitudes from the right first dorsal interosseous (FDI) was assessed. RESULTS cTBS to scalp site FCZ (SMA stimulation) reduced the frontal N30 SEP and increased tactile perceptual thresholds 30 min post-stimulation. However, parietal SEPs and MEP amplitudes from both single and paired-pulse stimulation were unaffected at all time points post-stimulation. cTBS to stimulation site CZ (control) did not result in any physiological or behavioral changes. CONCLUSION(S) These data demonstrate cTBS to the SMA reduces the amplitude of the N30 coincident with an increase in vibration sensation threshold but does not affect primary somatosensory or motor cortex excitability. The SMA may play a significant role in a somatosensory tactile attention network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wynn Legon
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Differential effects of left parietal theta-burst stimulation on order and quantity processing. Brain Stimul 2013; 6:160-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Mylius V, Ayache SS, Zouari HG, Aoun-Sebaïti M, Farhat WH, Lefaucheur JP. Stroke rehabilitation using noninvasive cortical stimulation: hemispatial neglect. Expert Rev Neurother 2013; 12:983-91. [PMID: 23002941 DOI: 10.1586/ern.12.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The rehabilitation of neuropsychological sequels of cerebral stroke such as hemispatial neglect by noninvasive cortical stimulation (NICS) attracts increasing attention from the scientific community. The NICS techniques include primarily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). They are based on the concept of either reactivating a hypoactive cortical region affected by the stroke (the right hemisphere in case of neglect) or reducing cortical hyperactivity of the corresponding cortical region in the contralateral hemisphere (the left hemisphere). In the studies published to date on the topic of neglect rehabilitation, rTMS was used to inhibit the left parietal cortex and tDCS to either activate the right or inhibit the left parietal cortex. Sham-controlled NICS studies assessed short-term effects, whereas long-term effects were only assessed in noncontrolled rTMS studies. Further controlled studies of large series of patients are necessary to determine the best parameters of stimulation (including the optimal cortical target location) according to each subtype of neglect presentation and to the time course of stroke recovery. To date, even if there are serious therapeutic perspectives based on imaging data and experimental studies, the evidence is not compelling enough to recommend any particular NICS protocol to treat this disabling condition in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit Mylius
- Université Paris-Est-Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, EA 4391, Créteil, France.
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D'Amelio M, Rossini PM. Brain excitability and connectivity of neuronal assemblies in Alzheimer's disease: from animal models to human findings. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:42-60. [PMID: 22789698 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The human brain contains about 100 billion neurons forming an intricate network of innumerable connections, which continuously adapt and rewire themselves following inputs from external and internal environments as well as the physiological synaptic, dendritic and axonal sculpture during brain maturation and throughout the life span. Growing evidence supports the idea that Alzheimer's disease (AD) targets selected and functionally connected neuronal networks and, specifically, their synaptic terminals, affecting brain connectivity well before producing neuronal loss and compartmental atrophy. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the dismantling of neuronal circuits and the implementation of 'clinically oriented' methods to map-out the dynamic interactions amongst neuronal assemblies will enhance early/pre-symptomatic diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression. More important, this will open the avenues to innovative treatments, bridging the gap between molecular mechanisms and the variety of symptoms forming disease phenotype. In the present review a set of evidence supports the idea that altered brain connectivity, exhausted neural plasticity and aberrant neuronal activity are facets of the same coin linked to age-related neurodegenerative dementia of Alzheimer type. Investigating their respective roles in AD pathophysiology will help in translating findings from basic research to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello D'Amelio
- IRCCS S. Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy.
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Palomar FJ, Díaz-Corrales F, Carrillo F, Fernández-del-Olmo M, Koch G, Mir P. Sensory perception changes induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation over the primary somatosensory cortex in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2011; 26:2058-64. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.23779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience: a new synthesis of methodological issues. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 35:516-36. [PMID: 20599555 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has become a mainstay of cognitive neuroscience, thus facing new challenges due to its widespread application on behaviorally silent areas. In this review we will summarize the main technical and methodological considerations that are necessary when using TMS in cognitive neuroscience, based on a corpus of studies and technical improvements that has become available in most recent years. Although TMS has been applied only relatively recently on a large scale to the study of higher functions, a range of protocols that elucidate how this technique can be used to investigate a variety of issues is already available, such as single pulse, paired pulse, dual-site, repetitive and theta burst TMS. Finally, we will touch on recent promising approaches that provide powerful new insights about causal interactions among brain regions (i.e., TMS with other neuroimaging techniques) and will enable researchers to enhance the functional resolution of TMS (i.e., state-dependent TMS). We will end by briefly summarizing and discussing the implications of the newest safety guidelines.
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30
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Somatosensory processing and body representation. Cortex 2009; 45:1078-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Novel 'hunting' method using transcranial magnetic stimulation over parietal cortex disrupts visuospatial sensitivity in relation to motor thresholds. Neuropsychologia 2009; 47:3152-61. [PMID: 19651149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 07/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable inter-study and inter-individual variation in the scalp location of parietal sites where transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) may modulate visuospatial behaviours (e.g. see Ryan, Bonilha, & Jackson, 2006); and no clear consensus on methods for identifying such sites. Here we introduce a novel TMS "hunting paradigm" that allows rapid, reliable identification of a site over the right anterior intraparietal sulcus (IPS), where short trains (at 10 Hz for 0.5 s) of TMS disrupt performance of a visuospatial task. The task involves detection of a small peripheral gap (at 14 degrees eccentricity), on one or other (known) side of an extended (29 degrees ) horizontal line centred on fixation. Signal-detection analysis confirmed that TMS at the right IPS site reduced sensitivity (d') for gap targets in the left visual hemifield. A further experiment showed that the same right-parietal TMS increased sensitivity instead for gaps in the right hemifield. Comparing TMS across a grid of scalp locations around the identified 'hotspot' confirmed the spatial-specificity of the effective site. Assessment of the TMS intensity required to produce the phenomena found this was linearly related to individuals' resting motor TMS threshold over hand M1. Our approach provides a systematic new way to identify an effective site and intensity in individuals, at which TMS over right-parietal cortex reliably changes visuospatial sensitivity.
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Rounis E, Yarrow K, Rothwell JC. Effects of rTMS conditioning over the fronto-parietal network on motor versus visual attention. J Cogn Neurosci 2007; 19:513-24. [PMID: 17335398 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.3.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that visuospatial orienting attention depends on a network of frontal and parietal areas in the right hemisphere. Rushworth et al. [Rushworth, M. F., Krams, M., & Passingham, R. E. The attentional role of the left parietal cortex: The distinct lateralization and localization of motor attention in the human brain. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 698-710, 2001] have recently provided evidence for a left-lateralized network of parietal areas involved in motor attention. Using two variants of a cued reaction time (RT) task, we set out to investigate whether high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS; 5 Hz) delivered "off-line" in a virtual lesion paradigm over the right or left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) or the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) would affect performance in a motor versus a visual attention task. Although rTMS over the DLPFC on either side did not affect RT performance on a spatial orienting task, it did lead to an increase in the RTs of invalidly cued trials in a motor attention task when delivered to the left DLPFC. The opposite effect was found when rTMS was delivered to the PPC: In this case, conditioning the right PPC led to increased RTs in invalidly cued trials located in the left hemispace, in the spatial orienting task. rTMS over the PPC on either side did not affect performance in the motor attention task. This double dissociation was evident in the first 10 min after rTMS conditioning. These results enhance our understanding of the networks associated with attention. They provide evidence of a role for the left DLPFC in the mechanisms of motor preparation, and confirm Mesulam's original proposal for a right PPC dominance in spatial attention [Mesulam, M. M. A cortical network for directed attention and unilateral neglect. Annals of Neurology, 10, 309-325, 1981].
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Torriero S, Oliveri M, Koch G, Lo Gerfo E, Salerno S, Petrosini L, Caltagirone C. Cortical networks of procedural learning: evidence from cerebellar damage. Neuropsychologia 2006; 45:1208-14. [PMID: 17166525 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The lateral cerebellum plays a critical role in procedural learning that goes beyond the strict motor control functions attributed to it. Patients with cerebellar damage show marked impairment in the acquisition of procedures, as revealed by their performance on the serial reaction time task (SRTT). Here we present the case of a patient affected by ischemic damage involving the left cerebellum who showed a selective deficit in procedural learning while performing the SRTT with the left hand. The deficit recovered when the cortical excitability of an extensive network involving both cerebellar hemispheres and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was decreased by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Although inhibition of the right DLPFC or a control fronto-parietal region did not modify the patient's performance, inhibition of the right (unaffected) cerebellum and the left DLPFC markedly improved task performance. These findings could be explained by the modulation of a set of inhibitory and excitatory connections between the lateral cerebellum and the contralateral prefrontal area induced by rTMS. The presence of left cerebellar damage is likely associated with a reduced excitatory drive from sub-cortical left cerebellar nuclei towards the right DLPFC, causing reduced excitability of the right DLPFC and, conversely, unbalanced activation of the left DLPFC. Inhibition of the left DLPFC would reduce the unbalancing of cortical activation, thus explaining the observed selective recovery of procedural memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Torriero
- Laboratorio di Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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Koch G, Franca M, Mochizuki H, Marconi B, Caltagirone C, Rothwell JC. Interactions between pairs of transcranial magnetic stimuli over the human left dorsal premotor cortex differ from those seen in primary motor cortex. J Physiol 2006; 578:551-62. [PMID: 17124263 PMCID: PMC2075160 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.123562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A single TMS pulse (110% resting motor threshold, RMT) to the left dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) (CS2) suppresses the amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from a test pulse (TS) over the right motor cortex (M1), and facilitates MEPs from the left motor cortex. We probed how this interaction was changed by a prior conditioning pulse over PMd (CS1) using a paired pulse TMS design. In the main experiments, the intensity of CS1 was 80% RMT. Basal suppression of right M1 was removed when CS1-CS2 was 1 ms or 5 ms with a similar tendency at 15 ms. Basal facilitation of left M1 was suppressed at CS1-CS2 of 5 ms. A similar time course was seen if CS2 was increased to 100% RMT, but there was no significant effect if CS1 was 70% RMT. Preconditioning PMd with continuous or intermittent theta burst repetitive TMS (cTBS, iTBS) abolished the basal CS2-TS interaction between premotor and motor cortices. Finally, if very short interstimulus intervals between CS1 and CS2 were explored to detect interactions similar to I-wave facilitation in M1, we found that the basal suppression of right M1 was abolished at CS1-CS2 intervals of 1.8 and 2.8 ms. We suggest that paired pulse TMS may be capable of investigating properties of intrinsic circuits in PMd and that their properties differ from those in the nearby M1. Paired TMS may be a useful method of studying the excitability of intrinsic circuits in non-primary areas of the motor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Koch
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Rice NJ, Tunik E, Grafton ST. The anterior intraparietal sulcus mediates grasp execution, independent of requirement to update: new insights from transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurosci 2006; 26:8176-82. [PMID: 16885231 PMCID: PMC6673775 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1641-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a role of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) in grasping is becoming evident, the specific contribution of regions within the IPS remains undefined. In this vein, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was delivered to the anterior (aIPS), middle (mIPS), and caudal (cIPS) IPS in two tasks designed to dissociate the potential roles of the IPS in either grasp planning or execution (task 1) and its involvement in error detection or error correction (task 2). Determining the involvement of specific regions of the IPS in perceptual (planning and error detection) versus motor (execution and correction) components of grasping allowed us to assess the ecological validity of competing computational models attempting to simulate reach-to-grasp movements. In task 1, we demonstrate that, when no on-line adjustment is necessary, TMS to aIPS (but not mIPS or cIPS) disrupts grasping; this disruption is only elicited when TMS is applied during the execution (but not the planning) phase of the movement. Task 2 reveals that TMS to aIPS (but not mIPS or cIPS) disrupts grasping in the presence of a perturbation; this disruption is only elicited when TMS is applied during the error correction (but not error detection) phase of the movement. We propose that the specific contribution of the aIPS in grasping is in the on-line computation of a difference vector based on motor goal, efference copy, and sensory inputs. This computation is performed for both stable and perturbed motor goals.
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Fierro B, Brighina F, Giglia G, Palermo A, Francolini M, Scalia S. Paired pulse TMS over the right posterior parietal cortex modulates visuospatial perception. J Neurol Sci 2006; 247:144-8. [PMID: 16730028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously observed a relative contralateral neglect by right parietal single-pulse TMS given 150 ms after visual stimulus presentation. Here we investigated the effects of parietal paired TMS in normal subjects performing a visuospatial task. METHODS Thirteen right-handed healthy subjects underwent a line-length judgement task during single-pulse and paired (1, 3, 5, 10 ms ISIs) TMS, delivered on the right parietal cortex 150 ms after visual stimulus. RESULTS Single pulse TMS over the right parietal cortex induced a significant rightward bias compared to the baseline condition. At 1 and 3 ms ISIs, paired-pulse TMS did not show any effect in comparison with single pulse TMS. More importantly, 5 ms ISI was able to restore baseline levels, thus inducing a significant improvement of the performance compared to single-pulse TMS and 1-3 ms ISIs. CONCLUSIONS Paired TMS seems able to modulate activity of the right posterior parietal cortex in healthy subjects performing a cognitive visuospatial task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigida Fierro
- Dipartimento di Neurologia, Oftalmologia, Otorinolaringoiatria e Psichiatria, Università di Palermo, Via G. La Loggia, 90129, Palermo, Italy
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Bonato C, Miniussi C, Rossini PM. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and cortical evoked potentials: A TMS/EEG co-registration study. Clin Neurophysiol 2006; 117:1699-707. [PMID: 16797232 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In recent years, a promising tool has been introduced which allows the co-registration of electroencephalographic (EEG) activity during brain transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The aims of the present study are to identify eventual stimulus-related artefacts, and to confirm and extend previous EEG/TMS findings about the possible networks generating EEG responses evoked by TMS. METHODS Focal TMS was delivered to the left primary motor cortex (MI), with different coils (real and sham) and orientations (45 and 135 degrees in respect to the sagittal plane), in six healthy subjects. EEG and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were simultaneously recorded from 19 scalp electrodes. RESULTS TMS, with coil oriented at 45 degrees , induced EEG responses characterized by a sequence of positive deflections peaking at approximately 14, 30, 60 and 190 ms and negative deflections peaking at approximately 10, 18, 40 and 100 ms post-TMS. The negative components were recorded at the recording electrode corresponding with the stimulation site (N10, N18), as well as at recording electrodes over the frontal region of the contralateral, unstimulated, hemisphere (N40) and bilaterally over the central hemispheres with its maximal representation at the stimulation site (N100). The positive components were instead detected at the frontal region of the right, unstimulated, hemisphere (P14), over the central electrodes Cz, Fz and the frontal region of the right hemisphere (P30), at the stimulation site (P60), and over the frontal regions of both hemispheres. When TMS was delivered with the coil oriented at 135 degrees , no MEPs were recorded from the right target muscle. Nonetheless, all the TMS-induced EEG components were still evoked apart from the N20-P30. Finally, TMS with the sham coil over left MI did not induce either significant EEG responses or MEPs. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the TMS evoked components we have obtained by recording in continuous mode strikingly fit with those already described by other authors for both their latencies and the spatio-temporal pattern of scalp distribution. SIGNIFICANCE This experiment is a farther validation of the combined EEG/TMS recording technique as a promising tool for experimental and clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bonato
- Neurofisiologia IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Via Pilastroni 4, 25125 Brescia, Italy
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38
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Mottaghy FM. Interfering with working memory in humans. Neuroscience 2006; 139:85-90. [PMID: 16337091 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 05/07/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The interference method transcranial magnetic stimulation has to be seen as a complimentary tool to the other noninvasive correlational techniques such as positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging or electroencephalography in cognitive neuroscience. However, the combination of two methods e.g. transcranial magnetic stimulation and positron emission tomography seems to be the strongest approach to validate or postulate new hypotheses. In this review several studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation to disentangle working memory functions are presented. The conclusion is drawn that there exists a superordinated amodal central executive within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex strongly connected with modality specific areas mainly within the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Mottaghy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Koch G, Franca M, Albrecht UV, Caltagirone C, Rothwell JC. Effects of paired pulse TMS of primary somatosensory cortex on perception of a peripheral electrical stimulus. Exp Brain Res 2006; 172:416-24. [PMID: 16523332 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-006-0359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Paired pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (paired TMS) was introduced to study local inhibitory or facilitatory intracortical circuits of the primary motor cortex. However, similar interactions can be shown in other areas of cortex. The current study tests the effects of paired pulse TMS of the right primary somatosensory cortex (S1) on the sensory perception of electrical stimuli applied on the contralateral thumb finger. In the main experiment a subthreshold conditioning stimulus (CS) preceded a suprathreshold test stimulus (TS) at different inter-stimulus intervals. We found that perception of a peripheral electrical stimulus was markedly attenuated by paired TMS in comparison to single pulse TMS when the ISIs was 10 or 15 ms, while there was no effect at shorter ISIs. There was no additional effect of the CS pulse if the intensity of the TS was subthreshold. In control experiments we observed that the effect vanished when the delay between the peripheral stimulus and the TS was 10 or 30 ms rather than 20 ms or if the pairs of pulses were applied over the vertex rather than the hand area. Furthermore, there was no change at longer ISIs when paired TMS was applied over the posterior parietal cortex of the same hemisphere. These results demonstrate that paired pulse TMS is able to probe intracortical circuits in S1 and that the intrinsic properties of these circuits differ even between closely adjacent areas of the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Koch
- Laboratorio di Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Via Ardeatina, 306, 00179 Rome, Italy.
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Rushworth MFS, Taylor PCJ. TMS in the parietal cortex: updating representations for attention and action. Neuropsychologia 2006; 44:2700-16. [PMID: 16455113 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Revised: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is one of the most recent techniques to have been used in investigations of the parietal cortex but already a number of studies have employed it as a tool in investigations of attentional and sensorimotor processes in the human parietal cortices. The high temporal resolution of TMS has proved to be a particular strength of the technique and the experiments have led to hypotheses about when circumscribed regions of parietal cortex are critical for specific attentional and sensorimotor processes. A consistent theme that runs through many reports is that of a critical contribution of parietal areas when attention or movements are re-directed and representations for attention or action must be updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F S Rushworth
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, United Kingdom.
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Haggard P, Kitadono K, Press C, Taylor-Clarke M. The brain's fingers and hands. Exp Brain Res 2005; 172:94-102. [PMID: 16369787 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-005-0311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The brain keeps track of the changing positions of body parts in space using a spatial body schema. When subjects localise a tactile stimulus on the skin, they might either use a somatotopic body map, or use a body schema to identify the location of the stimulation in external space. Healthy subjects were touched on the fingertips, with the hands in one of two postures: either the right hand was vertically above the left, or the fingers of both hands were interwoven. Subjects made speeded verbal responses to identify either the finger or the hand that was touched. Interweaving the fingers significantly impaired hand identification across several experiments, but had no effect on finger identification. Our results suggest that identification of fingers occurs in a somatotopic representation or finger schema. Identification of hands uses a general body schema, and is influenced by external spatial location. This dissociation implies that touches on the finger can only be identified with a particular hand after a process of assigning fingers to hands. This assignment is based on external spatial location. Our results suggest a role of the body schema in the identification of structural body parts from touch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Haggard
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University College London, Alexandra House, London, UK.
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Chen
- Division of Neurology and Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.
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43
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Della-Maggiore V, Malfait N, Ostry DJ, Paus T. Stimulation of the posterior parietal cortex interferes with arm trajectory adjustments during the learning of new dynamics. J Neurosci 2005; 24:9971-6. [PMID: 15525782 PMCID: PMC6730240 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2833-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial neurophysiological evidence points to the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) as playing a key role in the coordinate transformation necessary for visually guided reaching. Our goal was to examine the role of PPC in the context of learning new dynamics of arm movements. We assessed this possibility by stimulating PPC with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) while subjects learned to make reaching movements with their right hand in a velocity-dependent force field. We reasoned that, if PPC is necessary to adjust the trajectory of the arm as it interacts with a novel mechanical system, interfering with the functioning of PPC would impair adaptation. Single pulses of TMS were applied over the left PPC 40 msec after the onset of movement during adaptation. As a control, another group of subjects was stimulated over the visual cortex. During early stages of learning, the magnitude of the error (measured as the deviation of the hand paths) was similar across groups. By the end of the learning period, however, error magnitudes decreased to baseline levels for controls but remained significantly larger for the group stimulated over PPC. Our findings are consistent with a role of PPC in the adjustment of motor commands necessary for adapting to a novel mechanical environment.
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44
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Moliadze V, Giannikopoulos D, Eysel UT, Funke K. Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol applied to visual cortex of anaesthetized cat: effects on visually evoked single-unit activity. J Physiol 2005; 566:955-65. [PMID: 15919717 PMCID: PMC1464771 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.086090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we tested the paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (ppTMS) protocol - a conditioning stimulus (CS) given at variable intervals prior to a test stimulus (TS) - for visually evoked single-unit activity in cat primary visual cortex. We defined the TS as being supra-threshold when it caused a significant increase or decrease in the visually evoked activity. By systematically varying the interstimulus interval (ISI) between 2 and 30 ms and the strength of CS within the range 15-130% of TS, we found a clear dependence of the ppTMS effect on CS strength but little relation to ISI. The CS effect was strongest with an ISI of 3 ms and steadily declined for longer ISIs. A switch from enhancement of intracortical inhibition at short ISIs (2-5 ms, SICI) to intracortical facilitation (ICF) at longer ISIs (7-30 ms), as demonstrated for human motor cortex, was not evident. Whether the CS caused facilitation or suppression of the TS effect mainly depended on the strength of CS and the polarity of the TS effect: within a range of 60-130% a positive correlation between ppTMS and TS effect was evident, resulting in a stronger facilitation if the TS caused facilitation of visual activity, and more suppression if the TS was suppressive by itself. The correlation inverted when CS was reduced to 15-30%. The ppTMS effect was not simply the sum of the CS and TS effect, it was much smaller at weak CS strength (15-50%) but stronger than the sum of CS and TS effects at CS strength 60-100%. Differences in the physiological state between sensory and motor cortices and the interactions of paired synaptic inputs are discussed as possible reasons for the partly different effects of ppTMS in cat visual cortex and human motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Moliadze
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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45
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Sparing R, Dambeck N, Stock K, Meister IG, Huetter D, Boroojerdi B. Investigation of the primary visual cortex using short-interval paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Neurosci Lett 2005; 382:312-6. [PMID: 15925110 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2004] [Revised: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies using short-interval paired-pulse TMS have provided valuable insights into physiology of human motor cortex. Depending on the interstimulus interval (ISI) between the two pulses intra-cortical facilitation (ICF) or intra-cortical inhibition (ICI) can be observed. Similar patterns of inhibition and facilitation have also been demonstrated in prefrontal and parietal cortices. In order to prove whether principles that govern cortical excitability in the motor system also extend to the visual system and to further characterize possible neural correlates of phosphene generation, we applied short-interval paired-pulse TMS to the occipital cortex. In addition, we examined the effect of different coil orientations on perception of phosphenes induced by paired-pulse TMS. In all of 10 healthy subjects, a general facilitation of phosphene perception could be observed for interstimulus intervals of 2-12 ms (conditioning stimulus (CS) 90% and test stimulus (TS) 100% of subject's phosphene threshold) compared to TS alone. With CS intensity decreasing to 80% or less, the effect diminished. No significant changes occurred when TS intensity was increased to 110%. Phosphene perception was enhanced with an induced current direction from lateral to medial at an ISI of 12 ms. Inhibition was not observed in any condition. Our results indicate that the mechanisms underlying phosphene induction in the visual cortex are different from those underlying intracortical inhibition and facilitation in the motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Sparing
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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46
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Abstract
Cognitive neuroscientists use transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in several ways, from aiming to increase understanding of brain-behavior relationships to transiently improving performance, both in normals and in patients with neurological and neuropsychological deficits. Different types of TMS (single-pulse, paired-pulse, repetitive) are able to interfere with higher brain functions that require the cooperation of different brain areas and complex neuronal networks. Currently, behavioral TMS effects on the brain are usually short-lived and their underlying mechanisms not yet wholly understood. However, the aim of using TMS to develop rehabilitative strategies for motor, perceptive and cognitive functions represents an intriguing challenge.
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47
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Koch G, Oliveri M, Torriero S, Caltagirone C. Modulation of excitatory and inhibitory circuits for visual awareness in the human right parietal cortex. Exp Brain Res 2004; 160:510-6. [PMID: 15480601 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-004-2039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2003] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The balance of specific patterns of excitation and inhibition in critical regions of both hemispheres could be relevant in orienting attention over the extrapersonal space. In the present study a group of normal subjects had to detect small rectangular stimuli presented briefly on a computer screen in three different conditions: unilateral presentation either to left or right visual periphery or bilateral simultaneous presentation. Paired transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), was applied over the right parietal cortex 150 ms after the presentation of the visual stimuli with different inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs: 1, 3,5 and 10 ms). When paired TMS was applied 150 ms, but not 100 ms, after simultaneous visual presentation, the number of failures in detecting left targets increased compared to the single-pulse condition if the ISI was 3 ms; on the contrary, it decreased if the ISI was 5 ms. No effects were seen when paired pulses of the same intensity were delivered. These findings provide evidence of a supramodal-specific pattern of excitability of the right posterior parietal cortex in processing visuospatial information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Koch
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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48
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Oliveri M, Finocchiaro C, Shapiro K, Gangitano M, Caramazza A, Pascual-Leone A. All Talk and No Action: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study of Motor Cortex Activation during Action Word Production. J Cogn Neurosci 2004; 16:374-81. [PMID: 15072673 DOI: 10.1162/089892904322926719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A number of researchers have proposed that the premotor and motor areas are critical for the representation of words that refer to actions, but not objects. Recent evidence against this hypothesis indicates that the left premotor cortex is more sensitive to grammatical differences than to conceptual differences between words. However, it may still be the case that other anterior motor regions are engaged in processing a word's sensorimotor features. In the present study, we used singleand paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation to test the hypothesis that left primary motor cortex is activated during the retrieval of words (nouns and verbs) associated with specific actions. We found that activation in the motor cortex increased for action words compared with non-action words, but was not sensitive to the grammatical category of the word being produced. These results complement previous findings and support the notion that producing a word activates some brain regions relevant to the sensorimotor properties associated with that word regardless of its grammatical category.
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49
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Cahn SD, Herzog AG, Pascual-Leone A. Paired-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Effects of Hemispheric Laterality, Gender, and Handedness in Normal Controls. J Clin Neurophysiol 2003; 20:371-4. [PMID: 14701998 DOI: 10.1097/00004691-200309000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation analyzed retrospective normative data from paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (PP TMS) studies to assess the effects of hemispheric laterality, gender, and handedness on cortical excitability. There were no significant differences between left and right hemisphere responses in either men or women. Likewise, there was no significant difference in findings between men and women, considering each hemisphere separately. There were no significant differences between right-handed individuals and nonright-handed individuals for left or right hemispheric responses in either men or women or for both genders combined. Nevertheless, large intersubject variance and past evidence of cortical excitability modulation by other factors, such as menstrual cycle phase and reproductive hormonal changes in women, suggest a need for further investigations into other potential factors that may contribute to the large variance among healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth D Cahn
- Laboratory for Magnetic Brain Stimulation, Behavioral Neurology, Neurology Department, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive tool for the electrical stimulation of neural tissue, including cerebral cortex, spinal roots, and cranial and peripheral nerves. TMS can be applied as single pulses of stimulation, pairs of stimuli separated by variable intervals to the same or different brain areas, or as trains of repetitive stimuli at various frequencies. Single stimuli can depolarise neurons and evoke measurable effects. Trains of stimuli (repetitive TMS) can modify excitability of the cerebral cortex at the stimulated site and also at remote areas along functional anatomical connections. TMS might provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of the neural circuitry underlying neurological and psychiatric disorders, be developed into clinically useful diagnostic and prognostic tests, and have therapeutic uses in various diseases. This potential is supported by the available studies, but more work is needed to establish the role of TMS in clinical neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Magnetic Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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