1
|
Mitchell DR, Sherratt E, Weisbecker V. Facing the facts: adaptive trade-offs along body size ranges determine mammalian craniofacial scaling. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:496-524. [PMID: 38029779 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian cranium (skull without lower jaw) is representative of mammalian diversity and is thus of particular interest to mammalian biologists across disciplines. One widely retrieved pattern accompanying mammalian cranial diversification is referred to as 'craniofacial evolutionary allometry' (CREA). This posits that adults of larger species, in a group of closely related mammals, tend to have relatively longer faces and smaller braincases. However, no process has been officially suggested to explain this pattern, there are many apparent exceptions, and its predictions potentially conflict with well-established biomechanical principles. Understanding the mechanisms behind CREA and causes for deviations from the pattern therefore has tremendous potential to explain allometry and diversification of the mammalian cranium. Here, we propose an amended framework to characterise the CREA pattern more clearly, in that 'longer faces' can arise through several kinds of evolutionary change, including elongation of the rostrum, retraction of the jaw muscles, or a more narrow or shallow skull, which all result in a generalised gracilisation of the facial skeleton with increased size. We define a standardised workflow to test for the presence of the pattern, using allometric shape predictions derived from geometric morphometrics analysis, and apply this to 22 mammalian families including marsupials, rabbits, rodents, bats, carnivores, antelopes, and whales. Our results show that increasing facial gracility with size is common, but not necessarily as ubiquitous as previously suggested. To address the mechanistic basis for this variation, we then review cranial adaptations for harder biting. These dictate that a more gracile cranium in larger species must represent a structural sacrifice in the ability to produce or withstand harder bites, relative to size. This leads us to propose that facial gracilisation in larger species is often a product of bite force allometry and phylogenetic niche conservatism, where more closely related species tend to exhibit more similar feeding ecology and biting behaviours and, therefore, absolute (size-independent) bite force requirements. Since larger species can produce the same absolute bite forces as smaller species with less effort, we propose that relaxed bite force demands can permit facial gracility in response to bone optimisation and alternative selection pressures. Thus, mammalian facial scaling represents an adaptive by-product of the shifting importance of selective pressures occurring with increased size. A reverse pattern of facial 'shortening' can accordingly also be found, and is retrieved in several cases here, where larger species incorporate novel feeding behaviours involving greater bite forces. We discuss multiple exceptions to a bite force-mediated influence on facial proportions across mammals which lead us to argue that ecomorphological specialisation of the cranium is likely to be the primary driver of facial scaling patterns, with some developmental constraints as possible secondary factors. A potential for larger species to have a wider range of cranial functions when less constrained by bite force demands might also explain why selection for larger sizes seems to be prevalent in some mammalian clades. The interplay between adaptation and constraint across size ranges thus presents an interesting consideration for a mechanistically grounded investigation of mammalian cranial allometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Rex Mitchell
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Emma Sherratt
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Vera Weisbecker
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stanchak KE, Faure PA, Santana SE. Ontogeny of cranial musculoskeletal anatomy and its relationship to allometric increase in bite force in an insectivorous bat (Eptesicus fuscus). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2842-2852. [PMID: 37005737 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Bite force is a performance metric commonly used to link cranial morphology with dietary ecology, as the strength of forces produced by the feeding apparatus largely constrains the foods an individual can consume. At a macroevolutionary scale, there is evidence that evolutionary changes in the anatomical elements involved in producing bite force have contributed to dietary diversification in mammals. Much less is known about how these elements change over postnatal ontogeny. Mammalian diets drastically shift over ontogeny-from drinking mother's milk to feeding on adult foods-presumably with equally drastic changes in the morphology of the feeding apparatus and bite performance. Here, we investigate ontogenetic morphological changes in the insectivorous big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), which has an extreme, positive allometric increase in bite force during development. Using contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography scans of a developmental series from birth to adult morphology, we quantified skull shape and measured skeletal and muscular parameters directly related to bite force production. We found pronounced changes in the skull over ontogeny, including a large increase in the volume of the temporalis and masseter muscles, and an expansion of the skull dome and sagittal crest that would serve to increase the temporalis attachment area. These changes indicate that development of the jaw adductors play an important role in the development of biting performance of these bats. Notably, static bite force increases with positive allometry with respect to all anatomical measures examined, suggesting that modifications in biting dynamics and/or improved motor coordination also contribute to increases in biting performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul A Faure
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Mammalogy, Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, Seattle, Western Australia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Grider‐Potter N, Rummel A. Dietary influences on head and neck ranges of motion in neotropical bats. J Zool (1987) 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Grider‐Potter
- Cell Systems and Anatomy University of Texas Health San Antonio San Antonio TX USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center Texas Biomedical Research Institute San Antonio TX USA
| | - A. Rummel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton NJ USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Santana SE, Grossnickle DM, Sadier A, Patterson E, Sears KE. Bat Dentitions: A Model System for Studies at The Interface of Development, Biomechanics, and Evolution. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac042. [PMID: 35575617 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of complex dentitions was a major innovation in mammals that facilitated the expansion into new dietary niches that imposed selection for tight form-function relationships. Teeth allow mammals to ingest and process food items by applying forces produced by a third-class lever system composed by the jaw adductors, the cranium, and the mandible. Physical laws determine changes in jaw adductor (biting) forces at different bite point locations along the mandible (outlever), thus individual teeth are expected to experience different mechanical regimes during feeding. If the mammal dentition exhibits functional adaptations to mandible feeding biomechanics, then teeth are expected to have evolved to develop mechanically-advantageous sizes, shapes, and positions. Here, we present bats as a model system to test this hypothesis and, more generally, for integrative studies of mammal dental diversity. We combine a field-collected dataset of bite forces along the tooth row with data on dental and mandible morphology across 30 bat species. We (1) describe, for the first time, bite force trends along the tooth row of bats, (2) use phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate relationships among bite force patterns, tooth and mandible morphology, and (3) hypothesize how these biting mechanics patterns may relate to the developmental processes controlling tooth formation. We find that bite force variation along the tooth row is consistent with predictions from lever mechanics models, with most species having the greatest bite force at the first lower molar. The cross-sectional shape of the mandible body is strongly associated with the position of maximum bite force along the tooth row, likely reflecting mandibular adaptations to varying stress patterns among species. Further, dental dietary adaptations seem to be related to bite force variation along molariform teeth, with insectivorous species exhibiting greater bite force more anteriorly, narrower teeth and mandibles, and frugivores/omnivores showing greater bite force more posteriorly, wider teeth and mandibles. As these craniodental traits are linked through development, dietary specialization appears to have shaped intrinsic mechanisms controlling traits relevant to feeding performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Miller CV, Pittman M, Wang X, Zheng X, Bright JA. Diet of Mesozoic toothed birds (Longipterygidae) inferred from quantitative analysis of extant avian diet proxies. BMC Biol 2022; 20:101. [PMID: 35550084 PMCID: PMC9097364 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Birds are key indicator species in extant ecosystems, and thus we would expect extinct birds to provide insights into the nature of ancient ecosystems. However, many aspects of extinct bird ecology, particularly their diet, remain obscure. One group of particular interest is the bizarre toothed and long-snouted longipterygid birds. Longipterygidae is the most well-understood family of enantiornithine birds, the dominant birds of the Cretaceous period. However, as with most Mesozoic birds, their diet remains entirely speculative. Results To improve our understanding of longipterygids, we investigated four proxies in extant birds to determine diagnostic traits for birds with a given diet: body mass, claw morphometrics, jaw mechanical advantage, and jaw strength via finite element analysis. Body mass of birds tended to correspond to the size of their main food source, with both carnivores and herbivores splitting into two subsets by mass: invertivores or vertivores for carnivores, and granivores + nectarivores or folivores + frugivores for herbivores. Using claw morphometrics, we successfully distinguished ground birds, non-raptorial perching birds, and raptorial birds from one another. We were unable to replicate past results isolating subtypes of raptorial behaviour. Mechanical advantage was able to distinguish herbivorous diets with particularly high values of functional indices, and so is useful for identifying these specific diets in fossil taxa, but overall did a poor job of reflecting diet. Finite element analysis effectively separated birds with hard and/or tough diets from those eating foods which are neither, though could not distinguish hard and tough diets from one another. We reconstructed each of these proxies in longipterygids as well, and after synthesising the four lines of evidence, we find all members of the family but Shengjingornis (whose diet remains inconclusive) most likely to be invertivores or generalist feeders, with raptorial behaviour likely in Longipteryx and Rapaxavis. Conclusions This study provides a 20% increase in quantitatively supported fossil bird diets, triples the number of diets reconstructed in enantiornithine species, and serves as an important first step in quantitatively investigating the origins of the trophic diversity of living birds. These findings are consistent with past hypotheses that Mesozoic birds occupied low trophic levels. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01294-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Case Vincent Miller
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Michael Pittman
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Linyi University, Linyi City, Shandong, 276005, China.,Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature, Pingyi, Shandong, 273300, China
| | - Xiaoting Zheng
- Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Linyi University, Linyi City, Shandong, 276005, China.,Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature, Pingyi, Shandong, 273300, China
| | - Jen A Bright
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ramírez-Fráncel LA, García-Herrera LV, Losada-Prado S, Reinoso-Flórez G, Lim BK, Sánchez F, Sánchez-Hernández A, Guevara G. Skull Morphology, Bite Force, and Diet in Insectivorous Bats from Tropical Dry Forests in Colombia. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101012. [PMID: 34681111 PMCID: PMC8533215 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Neotropical bats, studies on bite force have focused mainly on differences in trophic ecology, and little is known about whether factors other than body size generate interspecific differences in bite force amongst insectivorous bats and, consequently, in their diets. We tested if bite force is related to skull morphology and also to diet in an assemblage of Neotropical insectivorous bats from tropical dry forests in the inter-Andean central valley in Colombia. It is predicted that the preference of prey types among insectivorous species is based on bite force and cranial characteristics. We also evaluated whether skull morphology varies depending on the species and sex. Cranial measurements and correlations between morphological variation and bite force were examined for 10 insectivorous bat species. We calculated the size-independent mechanical advantage for the mandibular (jaw) lever system. In all species, bite force increased with length of the skull and the jaw more than other cranial measurements. Obligate insectivorous species were morphologically different from the omnivorous Noctilio albiventris, which feeds primarily on insects, but also consumes fish and fruits. Our results show that bite force and skull morphology are closely linked to diets in Neotropical insectivorous bats and, consequently, these traits are key to the interactions within the assemblage and with their prey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leidy Azucena Ramírez-Fráncel
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas & Grupo de Investigación en Zoología (GIZ), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Altos de Santa Elena, Ibagué 730006, Colombia;
- Programa para la Conservación de los Murciélagos de Colombia PCMCo, Bogotá 110911, Colombia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-321-409-2272
| | - Leidy Viviana García-Herrera
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas & Grupo de Investigación en Zoología (GIZ), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Altos de Santa Elena, Ibagué 730006, Colombia;
- Programa para la Conservación de los Murciélagos de Colombia PCMCo, Bogotá 110911, Colombia
| | - Sergio Losada-Prado
- Departamento de Biología & Grupo de Investigación en Zoología (GIZ), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Altos de Santa Elena, Ibagué 730006, Colombia; (S.L.-P.); (G.R.-F.); (G.G.)
| | - Gladys Reinoso-Flórez
- Departamento de Biología & Grupo de Investigación en Zoología (GIZ), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Altos de Santa Elena, Ibagué 730006, Colombia; (S.L.-P.); (G.R.-F.); (G.G.)
| | - Burton K. Lim
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada;
| | - Francisco Sánchez
- Grupo de Investigación ECOTONOS, Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio 500002, Colombia;
| | - Alfonso Sánchez-Hernández
- Departamento de Matemáticas y Estadística, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Altos de Santa Elena, Ibagué 730006, Colombia;
| | - Giovany Guevara
- Departamento de Biología & Grupo de Investigación en Zoología (GIZ), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Altos de Santa Elena, Ibagué 730006, Colombia; (S.L.-P.); (G.R.-F.); (G.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sadier A, Urban DJ, Anthwal N, Howenstine AO, Sinha I, Sears KE. Making a bat: The developmental basis of bat evolution. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 43:e20190146. [PMID: 33576369 PMCID: PMC7879332 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are incredibly diverse, both morphologically and taxonomically. Bats are the only mammalian group to have achieved powered flight, an adaptation that is hypothesized to have allowed them to colonize various and diverse ecological niches. However, the lack of fossils capturing the transition from terrestrial mammal to volant chiropteran has obscured much of our understanding of bat evolution. Over the last 20 years, the emergence of evo-devo in non-model species has started to fill this gap by uncovering some developmental mechanisms at the origin of bat diversification. In this review, we highlight key aspects of studies that have used bats as a model for morphological adaptations, diversification during adaptive radiations, and morphological novelty. To do so, we review current and ongoing studies on bat evolution. We first investigate morphological specialization by reviewing current knowledge about wing and face evolution. Then, we explore the mechanisms behind adaptive diversification in various ecological contexts using vision and dentition. Finally, we highlight the emerging work into morphological novelties using bat wing membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Sadier
- University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Daniel J Urban
- University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Los Angeles, USA.,American Museum of Natural History, Department of Mammalogy, New York, USA
| | - Neal Anthwal
- University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Aidan O Howenstine
- University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ishani Sinha
- University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Karen E Sears
- University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Los Angeles, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zogbaum L, Friend PG, Albertson RC. Plasticity and genetic basis of cichlid gill arch anatomy reveal novel roles for Hedgehog signaling. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:761-774. [PMID: 33278044 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Teleost gill arches are exquisitely evolved to maximize foraging efficiency, and include structures for the capture, filtering, and processing of prey. While both plasticity and a genetic basis for gill arch traits have been noted, the relative contributions of genetics and the environment in shaping these structures remains poorly understood. East African cichlids are particularly useful in this line of study due to their highly diverse and plastic feeding apparatus. Here we explore the gene-by-environmental effects on cichlid GRs by rearing pure bred species and their F3 hybrids in different foraging environments. We find that anatomical differences between species are dependent on the environment. The genetic architecture of these traits is also largely distinct between foraging environments. We did, however, note a few genomic "hotspots" where multiple traits map to a common region. One of these, for GR number across multiple arches, maps to the ptch1 locus, a key component of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway that has previously been implicated in cichlid oral jaw shape and plasticity. Since Hh signalling has not previously been implicated in GR development, we explored functional roles for this pathway. Using a small molecule inhibitor in cichlids, as well as zebrafish transgenic systems, we demonstrate that Hh levels negatively regulate GR number, and are both necessary and sufficient to maintain plasticity in this trait. In all these data underscore the critical importance of the environment in determining the relationship between genotype and phenotype, and provide a molecular inroad to better understand the origins of variation in this important foraging-related trait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R Craig Albertson
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bite Force in Four Pinniped Species from the West Coast of Baja California, Mexico, in Relation to Diet, Feeding Strategy, and Niche Differentiation. J MAMM EVOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-020-09524-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
10
|
Shipley JR, Twining CW. Seasonal dietary niche contraction in coexisting Neotropical frugivorous bats (Stenodermatinae). Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Ryan Shipley
- Department of Migration and Ecoimmunology Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior Radolfzell am Bodensee Germany
| | - Cornelia W. Twining
- Department of Migration and Ecoimmunology Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior Radolfzell am Bodensee Germany
- Limnological Institute University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Animals use a diverse array of motion to feed, escape predators, and reproduce. Linking morphology, performance, and fitness is a foundational paradigm in organismal biology and evolution. Yet, the influence of mechanical relationships on evolutionary diversity remains unresolved. Here, I focus on the many-to-one mapping of form to function, a widespread, emergent property of many mechanical systems in nature, and discuss how mechanical redundancy influences the tempo and mode of phenotypic evolution. By supplying many possible morphological pathways for functional adaptation, many-to-one mapping can release morphology from selection on performance. Consequently, many-to-one mapping decouples morphological and functional diversification. In fish, for example, parallel morphological evolution is weaker for traits that contribute to mechanically redundant motions, like suction feeding performance, than for systems with one-to-one form-function relationships, like lower jaw lever ratios. As mechanical complexity increases, historical factors play a stronger role in shaping evolutionary trajectories. Many-to-one mapping, however, does not always result in equal freedom of morphological evolution. The kinematics of complex systems can often be reduced to variation in a few traits of high mechanical effect. In various different four-bar linkage systems, for example, mechanical output (kinematic transmission) is highly sensitive to size variation in one or two links, and insensitive to variation in the others. In four-bar linkage systems, faster rates of evolution are biased to traits of high mechanical effect. Mechanical sensitivity also results in stronger parallel evolution-evolutionary transitions in mechanical output are coupled with transition in linkages of high mechanical effect. In other words, the evolutionary dynamics of complex systems can actually approximate that of simpler, one-to-one systems when mechanical sensitivity is strong. When examined in a macroevolutionary framework, the same mechanical system may experience distinct selective pressures in different groups of organisms. For example, performance tradeoffs are stronger for organisms that use the same mechanical structure for more functions. In general, stronger performance tradeoffs result in less phenotypic diversity in the system and, sometimes, a slower rate of evolution. These macroevolutionary trends can contribute to unevenness in functional and lineage diversity across the tree of life. Finally, I discuss how the evolution of mechanical systems informs our understanding of the relative roles of determinism and contingency in evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha M Muñoz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yue X, Hughes AC, Tomlinson KW, Xia S, Li S, Chen J. Body size and diet–related morphological variation of bats over the past 65 years in China. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We examined both historical (1960s) and recent (2017) specimens of an insectivorous bat species (Hipposideros armiger) and a phytophagous bat (Rousettus leschenaultii) from the same latitudinal range to explore phenotypic responses to environmental change in China over the past 65 years. Hipposideros armiger exhibited significant increases in forearm length and three diet-related cranial traits, as well as carbon and nitrogen stable isotope composition, suggesting that modern H. armiger must travel farther for food and may now use different food resources. In contrast, R. leschenaultii showed no change in forearm length but displayed significant increases in diet-related cranial traits. This study provides evidence for differential responses to recent environmental changes in bat species with different diets. The changes in diet-related traits of the two species and the forearm length change on the insectivorous bats suggest that recent phenotypic changes may be adaptions to land-use changes rather than to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinke Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Alice C Hughes
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| | - Kyle W Tomlinson
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| | - Shangwen Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| | - Song Li
- Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Muñoz‐Lazo FJJ, Franco‐Trecu V, Naya DE, Martinelli LA, Cruz‐Neto AP. Trophic niche changes associated with habitat fragmentation in a Neotropical bat species. Biotropica 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J. J. Muñoz‐Lazo
- Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro SP Brasil
| | - Valentina Franco‐Trecu
- Departamento de Ecología y Evolución Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de la República Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Daniel E. Naya
- Departamento de Ecología y Evolución Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de la República Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Luiz A. Martinelli
- Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica Centro de Energia Nuclear para a Agricultura (CENA) Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Piracicaba SP Brasil
| | - Ariovaldo P. Cruz‐Neto
- Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro SP Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Usui K, Tokita M. Normal embryonic development of the greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, with special reference to nose leaf formation. J Morphol 2019; 280:1309-1322. [PMID: 31260578 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The order Chiroptera (bats) is the second largest group of mammals, composed of more than 1,300 species. Although powered flight and echolocation in bats have attracted many biologists, diversity in bat facial morphology has been almost neglected. Some bat species have a "nose leaf," a leaf-like epithelial appendage around their nostrils. The nose leaf appears to have been acquired at least three times independently in bat evolution, and its morphology is highly diverse among bats species. Internal tissue morphology of nose-leaves has been investigated through histological analyses of late-stage fetuses of some bat species possessing the nose leaf. However, the proximate factors that bring about chiropteran nose-leaves have not been identified. As an initial step to address the question above, we describe the normal embryonic development of the greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, and examine development of the tissues associated with their nose leaf during embryogenesis through histological analyses. We found that the nose leaf of R. ferrumequinum is formed through two phases. First, the primordium of the nose leaf appears as two tissue bulges aligned top and bottom on the face at embryonic stages 15-16. Second, the sub-regions of the nose leaf are differentiated through ingrowth as well as outgrowth of the epithelium at stage 17. In embryogenesis of Carollia perspicillata, a phyllostomid species with a nose leaf, the nose leaf primordium is formed as a small tissue bulge on the nostril at stage 17. This tissue bulge grows into a dorsally projected thin epithelial structure. Such differences in the nose leaf developmental process between chiropteran lineages may suggest that distinct developmental mechanisms have been employed in each lineage's nose leaf evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Usui
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tokita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Saldaña‐Vázquez RA, Castaño JH, Baldwin J, Pérez‐Torres J. Does seed ingestion by bats enhance germination? A new meta‐analysis 15 years later. Mamm Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romeo A. Saldaña‐Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Artropodología y Salud, Maestría en Ciencias BiológicasFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Blvd, Valsequillo y Av, San Claudio, Edificio BIO 1, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel C.P. 72570 Puebla México
| | - John Harold Castaño
- Grupo de investigación en Biología de la Conservación y BiotecnologíaFacultad de Ciencias BásicasCorporación Universitaria Santa Rosa de CabalCampus El Jazmín Km 4Santa Rosa de Cabal Risaralda CP 661020 Colombia
- Laboratorio de Ecología FuncionalUnidad de Ecología y Sistemática (UNESIS)Departamento de BiologíaFacultad de CienciasPontificia Universidad Javeriana Cra. 7 No. 43‐82. Ed. 53. Of. 406 B Bogotá D.C., CP 110231 Colombia
| | - Justin Baldwin
- Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad ICESI Calle 18 Carrera 122‐135 Cali Colombia
| | - Jairo Pérez‐Torres
- Laboratorio de Ecología FuncionalUnidad de Ecología y Sistemática (UNESIS)Departamento de BiologíaFacultad de CienciasPontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Montuelle SJ, Kane EA. Food Capture in Vertebrates: A Complex Integrative Performance of the Cranial and Postcranial Systems. FEEDING IN VERTEBRATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13739-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
17
|
Hedrick BP, Dumont ER. Putting the leaf-nosed bats in context: a geometric morphometric analysis of three of the largest families of bats. J Mammal 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyy101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon P Hedrick
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Dumont
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California–Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Usui K, Tokita M. Creating diversity in mammalian facial morphology: a review of potential developmental mechanisms. EvoDevo 2018; 9:15. [PMID: 29946416 PMCID: PMC6003202 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-018-0103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals (class Mammalia) have evolved diverse craniofacial morphology to adapt to a wide range of ecological niches. However, the genetic and developmental mechanisms underlying the diversification of mammalian craniofacial morphology remain largely unknown. In this paper, we focus on the facial length and orofacial clefts of mammals and deduce potential mechanisms that produced diversity in mammalian facial morphology. Small-scale changes in facial morphology from the common ancestor, such as slight changes in facial length and the evolution of the midline cleft in some lineages of bats, could be attributed to heterochrony in facial bone ossification. In contrast, large-scale changes of facial morphology from the common ancestor, such as a truncated, widened face as well as the evolution of the bilateral cleft possessed by some bat species, could be brought about by changes in growth and patterning of the facial primordium (the facial processes) at the early stages of embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Usui
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tokita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ferraz T, Rossoni DM, Althoff SL, Pissinatti A, Paixão-Cortês VR, Bortolini MC, González-José R, Marroig G, Salzano FM, Gonçalves GL, Hünemeier T. Contrasting patterns of RUNX2 repeat variations are associated with palate shape in phyllostomid bats and New World primates. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7867. [PMID: 29777172 PMCID: PMC5959863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26225-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing the genetic basis that underlies craniofacial variability in natural populations is one of the main topics of evolutionary and developmental studies. One of the genes associated with mammal craniofacial variability is RUNX2, and in the present study we investigated the association between craniofacial length and width and RUNX2 across New World bats (Phyllostomidae) and primates (Catarrhini and Platyrrhini). Our results showed contrasting patterns of association between the glutamate/alanine ratios (Q/A ratio) and palate shape in these highly diverse groups. In phyllostomid bats, we found an association between shorter/broader faces and increase of the Q/A ratio. In New World monkeys (NWM) there was a positive correlation of increasing Q/A ratios to more elongated faces. Our findings reinforced the role of the Q/A ratio as a flexible genetic mechanism that would rapidly change the time of skull ossification throughout development. However, we propose a scenario in which the influence of this genetic adjustment system is indirect. The Q/A ratio would not lead to a specific phenotype, but throughout the history of a lineage, would act along with evolutionary constraints, as well as other genes, as a facilitator for adaptive morphological changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Ferraz
- Department of Genetics, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela M Rossoni
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Department of Genetics, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rolando González-José
- Patagonian Institute of Social and Human Sciences, National Council for Scientific and Technological Research-CONICET, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Marroig
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco M Salzano
- Department of Genetics, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gislene L Gonçalves
- Department of Genetics, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Environmental Resources, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, University of Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Tábita Hünemeier
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mahandran V, Murugan CM, Marimuthu G, Nathan PT. Seed dispersal of a tropical deciduous Mahua tree, Madhuca latifolia (Sapotaceae) exhibiting bat-fruit syndrome by pteropodid bats. Glob Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
|
21
|
Santana SE. Comparative Anatomy of Bat Jaw Musculature via Diffusible Iodine‐Based Contrast‐Enhanced Computed Tomography. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:267-278. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and CultureUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington, 98125
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Curtis AA, Santana SE. Jaw‐Dropping: Functional Variation in the Digastric Muscle in Bats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:279-290. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A. Curtis
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and CultureUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington
| | - Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and CultureUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Percher AM, Merceron G, Nsi Akoue G, Galbany J, Romero A, Charpentier MJE. Dental microwear textural analysis as an analytical tool to depict individual traits and reconstruct the diet of a primate. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 165:123-138. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice M. Percher
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier (ISE-M) UMR5554, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE; Montpellier France
| | - Gildas Merceron
- Institut de Paléoprimatologie, Paléontologie Humaine: Évolution & Paléoenvironnements (IPHEP) UMR 7262 CNRS, University of Poitiers; Poitiers France
| | | | - Jordi Galbany
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology; The George Washington University; Washington DC, USA
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Departamento de Biotecnología; Universidad de Alicante; Alicante Spain
| | - Marie JE Charpentier
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier (ISE-M) UMR5554, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE; Montpellier France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Villalobos-Chaves D, Spínola-Parallada M, Heer K, Kalko EKV, Rodríguez-Herrera B. Implications of a specialized diet for the foraging behavior of the Honduran white bat, Ectophylla alba (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). J Mammal 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyx044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
25
|
Voss RS, Fleck DW, Strauss RE, Velazco PM, Simmons NB. Roosting Ecology of Amazonian Bats: Evidence for Guild Structure in Hyperdiverse Mammalian Communities. AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES 2016. [DOI: 10.1206/3870.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
26
|
Santana SE, Miller KE. Extreme Postnatal Scaling in Bat Feeding Performance: A View of Ecomorphology from Ontogenetic and Macroevolutionary Perspectives. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:459-68. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
27
|
deVries MS, Stock BC, Christy JH, Goldsmith GR, Dawson TE. Specialized morphology corresponds to a generalist diet: linking form and function in smashing mantis shrimp crustaceans. Oecologia 2016; 182:429-42. [PMID: 27312263 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3667-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Many animals are considered to be specialists because they have feeding structures that are fine-tuned for consuming specific prey. For example, "smasher" mantis shrimp have highly specialized predatory appendages that generate forceful strikes to break apart hard-shelled prey. Anecdotal observations suggest, however, that the diet of smashers may include soft-bodied prey as well. Our goal was to examine the diet breadth of the smasher mantis shrimp, Neogonodactylus bredini, to determine whether it has a narrow diet of hard-shelled prey. We combined studies of prey abundance, feeding behavior, and stable isotope analyses of diet in both seagrass and coral rubble to determine if N. bredini's diet was consistent across different habitat types. The abundances of hard-shelled and soft-bodied prey varied between habitats. In feeding experiments, N. bredini consumed both prey types. N. bredini consumed a range of different prey in the field as well and, unexpectedly, the stable isotope analysis demonstrated that soft-bodied prey comprised a large proportion (29-53 %) of the diet in both habitats. Using a Bayesian mixing model framework (MixSIAR), we found that this result held even when we used uninformative, or generalist, priors and informative priors reflecting a specialist diet on hard-shelled prey and prey abundances in the field. Thus, contrary to expectation, the specialized feeding morphology of N. bredini corresponds to a broad diet of both hard-shelled and soft-bodied prey. Using multiple lines of study to describe the natural diets of other presumed specialists may demonstrate that specialized morphology often broadens rather than narrows diet breadth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya S deVries
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive # 0202, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0202, USA.
| | - Brian C Stock
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive # 0202, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0202, USA
| | - John H Christy
- Naos Marine Laboratories, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Ecosystem Fluxes Group, Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Santana SE, Cheung E. Go big or go fish: morphological specializations in carnivorous bats. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20160615. [PMID: 27170718 PMCID: PMC4874722 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialized carnivory is relatively uncommon across mammals, and bats constitute one of the few groups in which this diet has evolved multiple times. While size and morphological adaptations for carnivory have been identified in other taxa, it is unclear what phenotypic traits characterize the relatively recent evolution of carnivory in bats. To address this gap, we apply geometric morphometric and phylogenetic comparative analyses to elucidate which characters are associated with ecological divergence of carnivorous bats from insectivorous ancestors, and if there is morphological convergence among independent origins of carnivory within bats, and with other carnivorous mammals. We find that carnivorous bats are larger and converged to occupy a subset of the insectivorous morphospace, characterized by skull shapes that enhance bite force at relatively wide gapes. Piscivorous bats are morphologically distinct, with cranial shapes that enable high bite force at narrow gapes, which is necessary for processing fish prey. All animal-eating species exhibit positive allometry in rostrum elongation with respect to skull size, which could allow larger bats to take relatively larger prey. The skull shapes of carnivorous bats share similarities with generalized carnivorans, but tend to be more suited for increased bite force production at the expense of gape, when compared with specialized carnivorans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98125, USA
| | - Elena Cheung
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Villalobos-Chaves D, Padilla-Alvárez S, Rodríguez-Herrera B. Seed predation by the wrinkle-faced batCenturio senex: a new case of this unusual feeding strategy in Chiroptera. J Mammal 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyv222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
30
|
Santana SE. Quantifying the effect of gape and morphology on bite force: biomechanical modelling and
in vivo
measurements in bats. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene E. Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture University of Washington Box 315800 Seattle WA 98195‐1800USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
López-Aguirre C, Pérez-Torres J, Wilson LAB. Cranial and mandibular shape variation in the genus Carollia (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Colombia: biogeographic patterns and morphological modularity. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1197. [PMID: 26413433 PMCID: PMC4581772 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neotropical bats of the genus Carollia are widely studied due to their abundance, distribution and relevance for ecosystems. However, the ecomorphological boundaries of these species are poorly differentiated, and consequently correspondence between their geographic distribution, ecological plasticity and morphological variation remains unclear. In this study, patterns of cranial and mandibular morphological variation were assessed for Carollia brevicauda, C. castanea and C. perspicillata from Colombia. Using geometric morphometrics, morphological variation was examined with respect to: differences in intraspecific variation, morphological modularity and integration, and biogeographic patterns. Patterns of intraspecific variation were different for each species in both cranial and mandibular morphology, with functional differences apparent according to diet. Cranial modularity varied between species whereas mandibular modularity did not. High cranial and mandibular correlation reflects Cranium-Mandible integration as a functional unit. Similarity between the biogeographic patterns in C. brevicauda and C. perspicillata indicates that the Andes do not act as a barrier but rather as an independent region, isolating the morphology of Andean populations of larger-bodied species. The biogeographic pattern for C. castanea was not associated with the physiography of the Andes, suggesting that large body size does not benefit C. brevicauda and C. perspicillata in maintaining homogeneous morphologies among populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilo López-Aguirre
- School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia ; Unidad de Ecología y Sistemática (UNESIS), Departamento de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Jairo Pérez-Torres
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Unidad de Ecología y Sistemática (UNESIS), Departamento de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Laura A B Wilson
- School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Saldaña-Vázquez RA, Ruiz-Sanchez E, Herrera-Alsina L, Schondube JE. Digestive capacity predicts diet diversity in Neotropical frugivorous bats. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1396-404. [PMID: 25919065 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Predicting the diet diversity of animals is important to basic and applied ecology. Knowledge of diet diversity in animals helps us understand niche partitioning, functional diversity and ecosystem services such as pollination, pest control and seed dispersal. 2. There is a negative relationship between the length of the digestive tract and diet diversity in animals; however, the role of digestive physiology in determining diet diversity has been ignored. This is especially important in vertebrates with powered flight because, unlike non-flying vertebrates, they have limitations that may constrain gut size. 3. Here, we evaluate the relationship between digestive capacity and diet diversity in Carollinae and Stenodermatinae frugivorous bats. These bats disperse the seeds of plants that are key to Neotropical forest regeneration. 4. Our results show that digestive capacity is a good predictor of diet diversity in Carollinae and Stenodermatinae frugivorous bats (R(2) = 0·77). 5. Surprisingly, the most phylogenetically closely related species were not similar in their digestive capacity or diet diversity. The lack of a phylogenetic signal for the traits evaluated implies differences in digestive physiology and diet in closely related species. 6. Our results highlight the predictive usefulness of digestive physiology for understanding the feeding ecology of animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romeo A Saldaña-Vázquez
- Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Apdo. Postal 63, Xalapa, Ver., CP 91000, México.,Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 27-3 (Santa María de Guido), Morelia, Michoacán, 58089, México
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Sanchez
- Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología, A. C., Centro Regional de Bajío, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas 253, 61600, Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México
| | - Leonel Herrera-Alsina
- Laboratorio de Macroecología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 27-3 (Santa María de Guido), Morelia, Michoacán, 58089, México
| | - Jorge E Schondube
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 27-3 (Santa María de Guido), Morelia, Michoacán, 58089, México
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Senawi J, Schmieder D, Siemers B, Kingston T. Beyond size – morphological predictors of bite force in a diverse insectivorous bat assemblage from
M
alaysia. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Senawi
- Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences Texas Tech University Lubbock TX 79409 USA
| | - Daniela Schmieder
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Eberhard‐Gwinner‐Str 82319 Seewiesen Germany
| | - Bjorn Siemers
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Eberhard‐Gwinner‐Str 82319 Seewiesen Germany
| | - Tigga Kingston
- Department of Biological Sciences Texas Tech University Lubbock TX 79409 USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Palate Variation and Evolution in New World Leaf-Nosed and Old World Fruit Bats (Order Chiroptera). Evol Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-014-9291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
35
|
Thompson CL, Valença-Montenegro MM, Melo LCDO, Valle YBM, Oliveira MABD, Lucas PW, Vinyard CJ. Accessing foods can exert multiple distinct, and potentially competing, selective pressures on feeding in common marmoset monkeys. J Zool (1987) 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. L. Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Grand Valley State University; Allendale MI USA
| | - M. M. Valença-Montenegro
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Primatas Brasileiros; Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; João Pessoa Brazil
| | | | - Y. B. M. Valle
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Comportamento Animal; Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal; Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco; Recife Brazil
| | - M. A. B. d. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Comportamento Animal; Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal; Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco; Recife Brazil
| | - P. W. Lucas
- Bioclinical Sciences; Kuwait University; Kuwait City Kuwait
| | - C. J. Vinyard
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Northeast Ohio Medical University; Rootstown OH USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Dumont ER, Samadevam K, Grosse I, Warsi OM, Baird B, Davalos LM. SELECTION FOR MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE UNDERLIES MULTIPLE CRANIAL OPTIMA IN NEW WORLD LEAF-NOSED BATS. Evolution 2014; 68:1436-49. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Dumont
- Department of Biology; University of Massachusetts Amherst; 221 Morrill Science Center; Amherst Massachusetts 01003
| | - Krishna Samadevam
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Massachusetts Amherst; 160 Governor's Drive Amherst Massachusetts 01003
| | - Ian Grosse
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Massachusetts Amherst; 160 Governor's Drive Amherst Massachusetts 01003
| | - Omar M. Warsi
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Stony Brook University; 650 Life Sciences Building Stony Brook New York 11794
| | - Brandon Baird
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Stony Brook University; 650 Life Sciences Building Stony Brook New York 11794
| | - Liliana M. Davalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Stony Brook University; 650 Life Sciences Building Stony Brook New York 11794
- Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research; School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences; Stony Brook University; 129 Dana Hall Stony Brook New York 11794
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Clare EL, Goerlitz HR, Drapeau VA, Holderied MW, Adams AM, Nagel J, Dumont ER, Hebert PDN, Brock Fenton M. Trophic niche flexibility inGlossophaga soricina: how a nectar seeker sneaks an insect snack. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L. Clare
- School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol Woodland RoadBristol BS8 IUG UK
| | - Holger R. Goerlitz
- School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol Woodland RoadBristol BS8 IUG UK
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Sensory Ecology Group Eberhard‐Gwinner‐Straße Seewiesen 82319 Germany
| | - Violaine A. Drapeau
- School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol Woodland RoadBristol BS8 IUG UK
| | - Marc W. Holderied
- School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol Woodland RoadBristol BS8 IUG UK
| | - Amanda M. Adams
- Department of Biology Western University 1151 Richmond StreetLondon ON Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Juliet Nagel
- Center For Environmental Science Appalachian Laboratory University of Maryland 301 Braddock RoadFrostburg MD21532 USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Dumont
- Department of Biology University of Massachusetts 221 Morrill Science Center, 611 N Pleasant St Amherst MA01002 USA
| | - Paul D. N. Hebert
- Department of Integrative Biology Biodiversity Institute of Ontario University of Guelph Guelph ONCanada N1G 2W1
| | - M. Brock Fenton
- Department of Biology Western University 1151 Richmond StreetLondon ON Canada N6A 5B7
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Krüger F, Clare EL, Greif S, Siemers BM, Symondson WOC, Sommer RS. An integrative approach to detect subtle trophic niche differentiation in the sympatric trawling bat speciesMyotis dasycnemeandMyotis daubentonii. Mol Ecol 2013; 23:3657-71. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Krüger
- Ecology Centre, Landscape Ecology; University of Kiel; Olshausenstr. 75 24418 Kiel Germany
- Echolot Gbr; Eulerstr. 12 48155 Münster Germany
| | - E. L. Clare
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences; Queen Mary University of London; Mile End Rd E1 4NS London UK
| | - S. Greif
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Sensory Ecology; Eberhard-Gwinner-Straβe 4 82319 Seewiesen Germany
| | - B. M. Siemers
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Sensory Ecology; Eberhard-Gwinner-Straβe 4 82319 Seewiesen Germany
| | - W. O. C. Symondson
- Cardiff School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX UK
| | - R. S. Sommer
- Ecology Centre, Landscape Ecology; University of Kiel; Olshausenstr. 75 24418 Kiel Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sears KE. Differences in Growth Generate the Diverse Palate Shapes of New World Leaf-Nosed Bats (Order Chiroptera, Family Phyllostomidae). Evol Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-013-9241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
40
|
Saldaña-Vázquez RA, Sosa VJ, Iñiguez-Dávalos LI, Schondube JE. The role of extrinsic and intrinsic factors in Neotropical fruit bat–plant interactions. J Mammal 2013. [DOI: 10.1644/11-mamm-a-370.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
41
|
Stevens RD, Johnson ME, McCulloch ES. Absolute and Relative Secondary-Sexual Dimorphism in Wing Morphology: A Multivariate Test of the ‘Big Mother’ Hypothesis. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2013. [DOI: 10.3161/150811013x667966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
42
|
Saldaña-Vázquez RA, Schondube JE. Food Intake Changes in Relation to Food Quality in the Neotropical Frugivorous BatSturnira ludovici. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2013. [DOI: 10.3161/150811013x667867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
43
|
Andrianaivoarivelo RA, Jenkins RKB, Petit EJ, Ramilijaona O, Razafindrakoto N, Racey PA. Rousettus madagascariensis (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) shows a preference for native and commercially unimportant fruits. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
44
|
Pedersen SC, Popowics TE, Kwiecinski GG, Knudsen DEB. Sublethal pathology in bats associated with stress and volcanic activity on Montserrat, West Indies. J Mammal 2012. [DOI: 10.1644/12-mamm-a-033.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
45
|
Marshall CD, Guzman A, Narazaki T, Sato K, Kane EA, Sterba-Boatwright BD. The ontogenetic scaling of bite force and head size in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta): implications for durophagy in neritic, benthic habitats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 215:4166-74. [PMID: 22899532 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.074385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ontogenetic studies of vertebrate feeding performance can help address questions relevant to foraging ecology. Feeding morphology and performance can either limit access to food resources or open up new trophic niches in both aquatic and terrestrial systems. Loggerhead sea turtles are long-lived vertebrates with complex life histories that are marked by an ontogenetic shift from an oceanic habitat to a coastal neritic habitat, and a transition from soft oceanic prey to hard, benthic prey. Although considered durophagous and strong biters, bite performance has not been measured in loggerheads, nor has the ontogeny of bite performance been characterized. In the present study, we collected measurements of bite force in loggerhead turtles from hatchlings to adults. When subadults reach the body size at which the ontogenetic shift occurs, their crushing capability is great enough for them to consume numerous species of hard benthic prey of small sizes. As loggerheads mature and bite performance increases, larger and harder benthic prey become accessible. Loggerhead bite performance eventually surpasses the crushing capability of other durophagous carnivores, thereby potentially reducing competition for hard benthic prey. The increasing bite performance and accompanying changes in morphology of the head and jaws are likely an effective mechanism for resource partitioning and decreasing trophic competition. Simultaneous measurements of body and head size and the use of non-linear reduced major axis regression show that bite force increases with significant positive allometry relative to body size (straight carapace length, straight carapace width and mass) and head size (head width, height and length). Simple correlation showed that all recorded morphometrics were good predictors of measured bite performance, but an AICc-based weighted regression showed that body size (straight carapace width followed by straight carapace length and mass, respectively) were more likely predictors of bite force than head size morphometrics (head width and head length).
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Santana SE, Grosse IR, Dumont ER. DIETARY HARDNESS, LOADING BEHAVIOR, AND THE EVOLUTION OF SKULL FORM IN BATS. Evolution 2012; 66:2587-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
48
|
Montuelle SJ, Herrel A, Libourel PA, Daillie S, Bels VL. Flexibility in locomotor-feeding integration during prey capture in varanid lizards: effects of prey size and velocity. J Exp Biol 2012; 215:3823-35. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.072074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Feeding movements are adjusted in response to food properties, and this flexibility is essential for omnivorous predators as food properties vary routinely. In most lizards, prey capture is no longer considered to solely rely on the movements of the feeding structures (jaws, hyolingual apparatus), but instead is understood to require the integration of the feeding system with the locomotor system (i.e., coordination of movements). Here, we investigate flexibility in the coordination pattern between jaw, neck and forelimb movements in omnivorous varanid lizards feeding on four prey types varying in length and mobility: grasshoppers, live newborn mice, adult mice and dead adult mice. We test for bivariate correlations between 3D locomotor and feeding kinematics, and compare the jaw-neck-forelimb coordination patterns across prey types. Our results reveal that locomotor-feeding integration is essential for the capture of evasive prey, and that different jaw-neck-forelimb coordination patterns are used to capture different prey types. Jaw-neck-forelimb coordination is indeed significantly altered by the length and speed of the prey, indicating that a similar coordination pattern can be finely tuned in response to prey stimuli. These results suggest feed-forward as well as feedback modulation of the control of locomotor-feeding integration. As varanids are considered to be specialized in the capture of evasive prey (although they retain their ability to feed on a wide variety of prey items), flexibility in locomotor-feeding integration in response to prey mobility is proposed to be a key component in their dietary specialization.
Collapse
|
49
|
MARCHÁN-RIVADENEIRA MARÍAR, LARSEN PETERA, PHILLIPS CARLETONJ, STRAUSS RICHARDE, BAKER ROBERTJ. On the association between environmental gradients and skull size variation in the great fruit-eating bat, Artibeus lituratus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
50
|
Santana SE, Geipel I, Dumont ER, Kalka MB, Kalko EKV. All you can eat: high performance capacity and plasticity in the common big-eared bat, Micronycteris microtis (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). PLoS One 2011; 6:e28584. [PMID: 22164308 PMCID: PMC3229604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological specialization and resource partitioning are expected to be particularly high in the species-rich communities of tropical vertebrates, yet many species have broader ecological niches than expected. In Neotropical ecosystems, Neotropical leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) are one of the most ecologically and functionally diverse vertebrate clades. Resource partitioning in phyllostomids might be achieved through differences in the ability to find and process food. We selected Micronycteris microtis, a very small (5–7 g) animalivorous phyllostomid, to explore whether broad resource use is associated with specific morphological, behavioral and performance traits within the phyllostomid radiation. We documented processing of natural prey and measured bite force in free-ranging M. microtis and other sympatric phyllostomids. We found that M. microtis had a remarkably broad diet for prey size and hardness. For the first time, we also report the consumption of vertebrates (lizards), which makes M. microtis the smallest carnivorous bat reported to date. Compared to other phyllostomids, M. microtis had the highest bite force for its size and cranial shape and high performance plasticity. Bite force and cranial shape appear to have evolved rapidly in the M. microtis lineage. High performance capacity and high efficiency in finding motionless prey might be key traits that allow M. microtis, and perhaps other species, to successfully co-exist with other gleaning bats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene E Santana
- Center for Society and Genetics and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|