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Cortés-Pérez A, Guzmán-Dávalos L, Ramírez-Cruz V, Villalobos-Arámbula AR, Ruiz-Sanchez E, Ramírez-Guillén F. New Species of Bioluminescent Mycena Sect. Calodontes (Agaricales, Mycenaceae) from Mexico. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:902. [PMID: 37755010 PMCID: PMC10532606 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycena section Calodontes is macromorphologically distinguished by the collybioid or mycenoid basidiome, which is pink, purple, or violet, and, rarely, reddish-brown or yellowish. It is further characterized by the presence of oxalate crystals in the basal mycelium. The section comprises approximately 40 taxa, of which only five species and one variety exhibit bioluminescence. As part of an extensive study on Mycena sect. Calodontes in Mexico, specimens belonging to this section were collected and subjected to morphological analysis. Sequences from the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA, RNA polymerase II large subunit Rpb1 (rpb1), and translation elongation factor-1α (Tef-1α) were generated to infer the relationships within Mycena sect. Calodontes using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. The phylogenetic evidence, along with the macro- and micromorphological features, supported the recognition of five new bioluminescent species within Mycena sect. Calodontes. Detailed macro- and micromorphological descriptions, line-drawing illustrations, and light and dark photographs of the new species are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Cortés-Pérez
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan 45200, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.C.-P.); (E.R.-S.)
| | - Laura Guzmán-Dávalos
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan 45200, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.C.-P.); (E.R.-S.)
| | - Virginia Ramírez-Cruz
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan 45200, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.C.-P.); (E.R.-S.)
| | | | - Eduardo Ruiz-Sanchez
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan 45200, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.C.-P.); (E.R.-S.)
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Chitiva LC, Lozano-Puentes HS, Londoño X, Leão TF, Cala MP, Ruiz-Sanchez E, Díaz-Ariza LA, Prieto-Rodríguez JA, Castro-Gamboa I, Costa GM. Untargeted metabolomics approach and molecular networking analysis reveal changes in chemical composition under the influence of altitudinal variation in bamboo species. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1192088. [PMID: 37293555 PMCID: PMC10246775 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1192088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bamboo species have traditionally been used as building material and potential source of bioactive substances, as they produce a wide variety of phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives that are considered biologically active. However, the effects of growth conditions such as location, altitude, climate, and soil on the metabolome of these species still need to be fully understood. This study aimed to evaluate variations in chemical composition induced by altitudinal gradient (0-3000 m) by utilizing an untargeted metabolomics approach and mapping chemical space using molecular networking analysis. We analyzed 111 samples from 12 bamboo species collected from different altitudinal ranges using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). We used multivariate and univariate statistical analyses to identify the metabolites that showed significant differences in the altitude environments. Additionally, we used the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) web platform to perform chemical mapping by comparing the metabolome among the studied species and the reference spectra from its database. The results showed 89 differential metabolites between the altitudinal ranges investigated, wherein high altitude environments significantly increased the profile of flavonoids. While, low altitude environments significantly boosted the profile of cinnamic acid derivatives, particularly caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs). MolNetEnhancer networks confirmed the same differential molecular families already found, revealing metabolic diversity. Overall, this study provides the first report of variations induced by altitude in the chemical profile of bamboo species. The findings may possess fascinating active biological properties, thus offering an alternative use for bamboo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Carlos Chitiva
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Hair Santiago Lozano-Puentes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ximena Londoño
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Palmira, Colombia
| | - Tiago F. Leão
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Mónica P. Cala
- Metabolomics Core Facility-MetCore, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Lucía Ana Díaz-Ariza
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Ian Castro-Gamboa
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Geison M. Costa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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Cuellar-Garrido LF, Ruiz-Sanchez E, Vargas-Ponce O, Whipple CJ. Ontogeny and anatomy of Bouteloua (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) species display a basipetal branch formation and a novel modified leaf structure in grasses. Ann Bot 2022; 130:737-747. [PMID: 35961673 PMCID: PMC9670754 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Shoot ontogenesis in grasses follows a transition from a vegetative phase into a reproductive phase. Current studies provide insight into how branch and spikelet formation occur during the reproductive phase. However, these studies do not explain all the complex diversity of grass inflorescence forms and are mostly focused on model grasses. Moreover, truncated inflorescences of the non-model grass genus Urochloa (Panicoideae) with formation of primary branches have basipetal initiation of branches. Bouteloua species (Chloridoideae) are non-model grasses that form truncated inflorescences of primary branches with apical vestiges of uncertain homology at the tips of branching events and sterile florets above the lowermost fertile floret. Sterile florets are reduced to rudimentary lemmas composed of three large awns diverging from an awn column. Conflict about the awn column identity of this rudimentary lemma is often addressed in species descriptions of this genus. We test if Bouteloua species can display basipetal initiation of branches and explore the identity of vestiges and the awn column of rudimentary lemmas. METHODS We surveyed the inflorescence ontogeny and branch/awn anatomy of Bouteloua species and compared results with recent ontogenetic studies of chloridoids. KEY RESULTS Bouteloua arizonica has florets with basipetal maturation. Branches display basipetal branch initiation and maturation. Branch vestiges are formed laterally by meristems during early branching events. The spikelet meristem forms the awn column of rudimentary lemmas. Vestiges and sterile floret awns have anatomical similarities to C4 leaves. CONCLUSIONS Basipetal initiation of branches is a novel feature for Chloridoideae grasses. Branch vestiges are novel vegetative grass structures. Sterile floret awn columns are likely to be extensions of the rachilla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Cuellar-Garrido
- Doctorado en Ciencias en Biosistemática, Ecología y Manejo de Recursos Naturales y Agrícolas (BEMARENA), Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Zapopan, Jalisco 45200, México
- Laboratorio Nacional de Identificación y Caracterización Vegetal, Instituto de Botánica, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Zapopan, Jalisco 45200, México
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Sanchez
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Zapopan, Jalisco 45200, México
- Laboratorio Nacional de Identificación y Caracterización Vegetal, Instituto de Botánica, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Zapopan, Jalisco 45200, México
| | - Ofelia Vargas-Ponce
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Zapopan, Jalisco 45200, México
- Laboratorio Nacional de Identificación y Caracterización Vegetal, Instituto de Botánica, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Zapopan, Jalisco 45200, México
| | - Clinton J Whipple
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, 4102 LSB, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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Arévalo-Marín E, Casas A, Landrum L, Shock MP, Alvarado-Sizzo H, Ruiz-Sanchez E, Clement CR. The Taming of Psidium guajava: Natural and Cultural History of a Neotropical Fruit. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:714763. [PMID: 34650576 PMCID: PMC8505677 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.714763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Guava (Psidium guajava L., Myrtaceae) is a Neotropical fruit that is widely consumed around the world. However, its evolutionary history and domestication process are unknown. Here we examine available ecological, taxonomic, genetic, archeological, and historical evidence about guava. Guava needs full sunlight, warm temperatures, and well-distributed rainfall throughout the year to grow, but tolerates drought. Zoochory and anthropochory are the main forms of dispersal. Guava's phylogenetic relationships with other species of the genus Psidium are unclear. A group of six species that share several morphological characteristics are tentatively accepted as the Psidium guajava complex. DNA analyses are limited to the characterization of crop genetic diversity within localities and do not account for possible evolutionary and domestication scenarios. A significant amount of archeological information exists, with a greater number and older records in South America than in Mesoamerica, where there are also numerous historical records. From this information, we propose that: (1) the guava ancestor may have originated during the Middle or Late Miocene, and the savannas and semi-deciduous forests of South America formed during the Late Pleistocene would have been the most appropriate ecosystems for its growth, (2) the megafauna were important dispersers for guava, (3) dispersal by humans during the Holocene expanded guava's geographic range, including to the southwestern Amazonian lowlands, (4) where its domestication may have started, and (5) with the European conquest of the Neotropics, accompanied by their domestic animals, new contact routes between previously remote guava populations were established. These proposals could direct future research on the evolutionary and domestication process of guava.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Arévalo-Marín
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Leslie Landrum
- Natural History Collections, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Myrtle P. Shock
- Programa de Antropologia e Arqueologia, Instituto de Ciências da Sociedade, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Brazil
| | - Hernán Alvarado-Sizzo
- Laboratorio de Biogeografía y Sistemática, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Sanchez
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Charles R. Clement
- Coordenação de Tecnologia e Inovação, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
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Anguiano-Constante MA, Zamora-Tavares P, Ruiz-Sanchez E, Dean E, Rodríguez A, Munguía-Lino G. Population differentiation and phylogeography in Lycianthes moziniana (Solanaceae: Capsiceae), a perennial herb endemic to the Mexican Transition Zone. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Lycianthes moziniana (Solanaceae: Capsiceae) is a perennial herb with edible fruits that is endemic to Mexico. Three varieties are recognized, all known in the Mexican Transition Zone. Lycianthes moziniana var. margaretiana grows in the Sierra Madre Oriental, whereas L. moziniana var. moziniana is common along the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and in the Sierra Madre Occidental. Lycianthes moziniana var. oaxacana is found exclusively in the Sierra Madre del Sur. The Mexican Transition Zone is a complex geological, climatic and biogeographical area, the result of tectonic and volcanic activity that has promoted genetic divergence and speciation. We determined the genetic variation and structure of L. moziniana. Using phylogeographical approaches, we described the demographic history and evolutionary processes leading its divergence. The intergenic spacers rpl32-trnL and ycf1 were sequenced for 133 individuals pertaining to 15 populations. The genealogical relationships were analysed using haplotype networks. Finally, based on ecological niche models, we inferred the palaeodistribution of L. moziniana during the Pleistocene. The genetic differences and the haplogroups matched the three described varieties. Geological and climatic events of the Mexican Transition Zone facilitated these results. The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt isolated the populations of the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Sierra Madre del Sur, while allowing the migration to the Sierra Madre Occidental, during the middle Holocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonio Anguiano-Constante
- Maestría en Ciencias en Biosistemática y Manejo de Recursos Naturales y Agrícolas (BIMARENA), Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Nextipac, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Pilar Zamora-Tavares
- Laboratorio Nacional de Identificación y Caracterización Vegetal (LaniVeg), Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Nextipac, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Sanchez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Identificación y Caracterización Vegetal (LaniVeg), Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Nextipac, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Nextipac, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ellen Dean
- UC Davis Center for Plant Diversity, Plant Sciences M.S. 7, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Aarón Rodríguez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Identificación y Caracterización Vegetal (LaniVeg), Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Nextipac, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Nextipac, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Munguía-Lino
- Laboratorio Nacional de Identificación y Caracterización Vegetal (LaniVeg), Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Nextipac, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
- Cátedras CONACYT-Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Nextipac, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
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Torres-Morales L, Guillén A, Ruiz-Sanchez E. Distinct Patterns of Genetic Connectivity Found for Two Frugivorous Bat Species in Mesoamerica. Acta Chiropterologica 2019. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2019.21.1.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Torres-Morales
- División de Posgrado, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91070, Mexico
| | - Antonio Guillén
- Instituto de Ecología A.C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91070, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Sanchez
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Nextipac, Zapopán, Jalisco 45200, Mexico
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Ornelas JF, Ortiz-Rodriguez AE, Ruiz-Sanchez E, Sosa V, Pérez-Farrera MÁ. Ups and downs: Genetic differentiation among populations of the Podocarpus (Podocarpaceae) species in Mesoamerica. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 138:17-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Díaz-Cárdenas B, Ruiz-Sanchez E, Castro-Felix P, Castañeda-Gaytán G, Ruiz-Santana S, Gadsden H. Species delimitation of the blue-spotted spiny lizard within a multilocus, multispecies coalescent framework, results in the recognition of a new Sceloporus species. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 111:185-195. [PMID: 28392486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Species delimitation is a major topic in systematics. Species delimitation methods based on molecular data have become more common since this approach provides insights about species identification via levels of gene flow, the degree of hybridization and phylogenetic relationships. Also, combining multilocus mitochondrial and nuclear DNA leads to more reliable conclusions about species limits. Coalescent-based species delimitation methods explicitly reveal separately evolving lineages using probabilistic approaches and testing the delimitation hypotheses for several species. Within a multispecies, multilocus, coalescent framework, we were able to clarify taxonomic uncertainties within S. cyanostictus, an endangered lizard that inhabits a narrow strip of the Chihuahuan Desert in Mexico. We included, for the first time in a phylogenetic analysis, lizards from the three populations of S. cyanostictus recognized so far (East Coahuila, West Coahuila and Nuevo León). Phylogenetic analysis corroborates the hypothesis of two separately evolving lineages, i.e. the East and West Coahuila populations, as proposed in a previous study. We also found a distant phylogenetic relationship between the lizards from Nuevo León and those of East and West Coahuila. Finally, based on the species delimitation results, we propose and describe a new species of Sceloporus: S. gadsdeni sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Díaz-Cárdenas
- Instituto de Ecología, A. C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, C.P. 91070 Xalapa Enríquez, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Sanchez
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Nextipac, Zapopán, Jalisco 45510, Mexico.
| | - Patricia Castro-Felix
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Nextipac, C.P. 45510 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gamaliel Castañeda-Gaytán
- Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Av. Universidad S/N col. Filadelfia, C.P. 35010 Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico
| | - Sergio Ruiz-Santana
- Instituto de Ecología, A. C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, C.P. 91070 Xalapa Enríquez, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Héctor Gadsden
- Instituto de Ecología, A. C., Centro Regional de Bajío, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas 253, 61600 Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico
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Ornelas JF, Gándara E, Vásquez-Aguilar AA, Ramírez-Barahona S, Ortiz-Rodriguez AE, González C, Mejía Saules MT, Ruiz-Sanchez E. A mistletoe tale: postglacial invasion of Psittacanthus schiedeanus (Loranthaceae) to Mesoamerican cloud forests revealed by molecular data and species distribution modeling. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:78. [PMID: 27071983 PMCID: PMC4830056 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecological adaptation to host taxa is thought to result in mistletoe speciation via race formation. However, historical and ecological factors could also contribute to explain genetic structuring particularly when mistletoe host races are distributed allopatrically. Using sequence data from nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (trnL-F) DNA, we investigate the genetic differentiation of 31 Psittacanthus schiedeanus (Loranthaceae) populations across the Mesoamerican species range. We conducted phylogenetic, population and spatial genetic analyses on 274 individuals of P. schiedeanus to gain insight of the evolutionary history of these populations. Species distribution modeling, isolation with migration and Bayesian inference methods were used to infer the evolutionary transition of mistletoe invasion, in which evolutionary scenarios were compared through posterior probabilities. RESULTS Our analyses revealed shallow levels of population structure with three genetic groups present across the sample area. Nine haplotypes were identified after sequencing the trnL-F intergenic spacer. These haplotypes showed phylogeographic structure, with three groups with restricted gene flow corresponding to the distribution of individuals/populations separated by habitat (cloud forest localities from San Luis Potosí to northwestern Oaxaca and Chiapas, localities with xeric vegetation in central Oaxaca, and localities with tropical deciduous forests in Chiapas), with post-glacial population expansions and potentially corresponding to post-glacial invasion types. Similarly, 44 ITS ribotypes suggest phylogeographic structure, despite the fact that most frequent ribotypes are widespread indicating effective nuclear gene flow via pollen. Gene flow estimates, a significant genetic signal of demographic expansion, and range shifts under past climatic conditions predicted by species distribution modeling suggest post-glacial invasion of P. schiedeanus mistletoes to cloud forests. However, Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) analyses strongly supported a scenario of simultaneous divergence among the three groups isolated recently. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide support for the predominant role of isolation and environmental factors in driving genetic differentiation of Mesoamerican parrot-flower mistletoes. The ABC results are consistent with a scenario of post-glacial mistletoe invasion, independent of host identity, and that habitat types recently isolated P. schiedeanus populations, accumulating slight phenotypic differences among genetic groups due to recent migration across habitats. Under this scenario, climatic fluctuations throughout the Pleistocene would have altered the distribution of suitable habitat for mistletoes throughout Mesoamerica leading to variation in population continuity and isolation. Our findings add to an understanding of the role of recent isolation and colonization in shaping cloud forest communities in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Francisco Ornelas
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, 91070, Mexico.
| | - Etelvina Gándara
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, 91070, Mexico
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & The University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, 431 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94270, USA
| | - Antonio Acini Vásquez-Aguilar
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, 91070, Mexico
| | - Santiago Ramírez-Barahona
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, 91070, Mexico
| | - Andrés Ernesto Ortiz-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, 91070, Mexico
| | - Clementina González
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, 91070, Mexico
- Cátedras CONACYT-Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. San Juanito Itzícuaro s/n, Col. Nueva Esperanza, Morelia, Michoacán, CP 58330, Mexico
| | - María Teresa Mejía Saules
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, 91070, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Sanchez
- Centro Regional del Bajío, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Avenida Lázaro Cárdenas 253, Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, 61600, Mexico
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Ruiz-Sanchez E. Parametric and non-parametric species delimitation methods result in the recognition of two new Neotropical woody bamboo species. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 93:261-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Saldaña-Vázquez RA, Ruiz-Sanchez E, Herrera-Alsina L, Schondube JE. Digestive capacity predicts diet diversity in Neotropical frugivorous bats. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1396-404. [PMID: 25919065 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Predicting the diet diversity of animals is important to basic and applied ecology. Knowledge of diet diversity in animals helps us understand niche partitioning, functional diversity and ecosystem services such as pollination, pest control and seed dispersal. 2. There is a negative relationship between the length of the digestive tract and diet diversity in animals; however, the role of digestive physiology in determining diet diversity has been ignored. This is especially important in vertebrates with powered flight because, unlike non-flying vertebrates, they have limitations that may constrain gut size. 3. Here, we evaluate the relationship between digestive capacity and diet diversity in Carollinae and Stenodermatinae frugivorous bats. These bats disperse the seeds of plants that are key to Neotropical forest regeneration. 4. Our results show that digestive capacity is a good predictor of diet diversity in Carollinae and Stenodermatinae frugivorous bats (R(2) = 0·77). 5. Surprisingly, the most phylogenetically closely related species were not similar in their digestive capacity or diet diversity. The lack of a phylogenetic signal for the traits evaluated implies differences in digestive physiology and diet in closely related species. 6. Our results highlight the predictive usefulness of digestive physiology for understanding the feeding ecology of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo A Saldaña-Vázquez
- Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Apdo. Postal 63, Xalapa, Ver., CP 91000, México.,Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 27-3 (Santa María de Guido), Morelia, Michoacán, 58089, México
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Sanchez
- Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología, A. C., Centro Regional de Bajío, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas 253, 61600, Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México
| | - Leonel Herrera-Alsina
- Laboratorio de Macroecología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 27-3 (Santa María de Guido), Morelia, Michoacán, 58089, México
| | - Jorge E Schondube
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 27-3 (Santa María de Guido), Morelia, Michoacán, 58089, México
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Ruiz-Sanchez E, Sosa V. Origin and evolution of fleshy fruit in woody bamboos. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 91:123-34. [PMID: 26048705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several hypotheses have been suggested to explain the origin of fleshy fruit in monocots. One is that they originated in the understory of tropical regions and another is that fleshy fruit originated in tropical rainforests where high year-round rainfall implies that seasonality is not a limiting factor. Here we identify the time of origin and ecological preferences of woody bamboos to understand the evolution of the fleshy fruit known as the bacoid caryopsis. Bayesian Inference, Maximum Likelihood and molecular dating analyses were run based on eight plastid and two nuclear regions for 68 bamboo species. Climate data and soil parameters were gathered for 464 localities for these species. The ancestral type of caryopsis was reconstructed by parsimony. According to these analyses the bacoid caryopsis may have evolved independently seven times from the Late Miocene to the Early Pliocene and Mid-Pliocene to Mid-Pleistocene via convergent evolution. Our results suggest that in bamboos neither current climatic variables nor soil parameters were significantly correlated with the appearance of this type of fruit, nor do they have a phylogenetic signal. It is remarkable, however, that the first appearance of the bacoid caryopsis in bamboos might be associated with historical preferences for warmer and wetter climate during the Miocene. Further research is needed to identify whether other factors, such as vivipary or dispersal by small animals, rather than climate, could be responsible for the evolution of this trait in woody bamboos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ruiz-Sanchez
- Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Centro Regional del Bajío, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Av. Lázaro Cárdenas 253, Pátzcuaro, Michoacán 61600, Mexico.
| | - Victoria Sosa
- Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91070, Mexico.
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Wysocki WP, Clark LG, Attigala L, Ruiz-Sanchez E, Duvall MR. Evolution of the bamboos (Bambusoideae; Poaceae): a full plastome phylogenomic analysis. BMC Evol Biol 2015. [PMID: 25887467 DOI: 10.1186/s12862‐015‐0321‐5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bambusoideae (Poaceae) comprise three distinct and well-supported lineages: tropical woody bamboos (Bambuseae), temperate woody bamboos (Arundinarieae) and herbaceous bamboos (Olyreae). Phylogenetic studies using chloroplast markers have generally supported a sister relationship between Bambuseae and Olyreae. This suggests either at least two origins of the woody bamboo syndrome in this subfamily or its loss in Olyreae. RESULTS Here a full chloroplast genome (plastome) phylogenomic study is presented using the coding and noncoding regions of 13 complete plastomes from the Bambuseae, eight from Olyreae and 10 from Arundinarieae. Trees generated using full plastome sequences support the previously recovered monophyletic relationship between Bambuseae and Olyreae. In addition to these relationships, several unique plastome features are uncovered including the first mitogenome-to-plastome horizontal gene transfer observed in monocots. CONCLUSIONS Phylogenomic agreement with previous published phylogenies reinforces the validity of these studies. Additionally, this study presents the first published plastomes from Neotropical woody bamboos and the first full plastome phylogenomic study performed within the herbaceous bamboos. Although the phylogenomic tree presented in this study is largely robust, additional studies using nuclear genes support monophyly in woody bamboos as well as hybridization among previous woody bamboo lineages. The evolutionary history of the Bambusoideae could be further clarified using transcriptomic techniques to increase sampling among nuclear orthologues and investigate the molecular genetics underlying the development of woody and floral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Wysocki
- Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, 1425 W Lincoln Hwy, DeKalb, 60115-2861, IL, USA.
| | - Lynn G Clark
- Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, 50011-1020, IA, USA.
| | - Lakshmi Attigala
- Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, 50011-1020, IA, USA.
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Sanchez
- Instituto de Ecología AC, Centro Regional del Bajío, Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas 253, Pátzcuaro, 61600, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Melvin R Duvall
- Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, 1425 W Lincoln Hwy, DeKalb, 60115-2861, IL, USA.
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Wysocki WP, Clark LG, Attigala L, Ruiz-Sanchez E, Duvall MR. Evolution of the bamboos (Bambusoideae; Poaceae): a full plastome phylogenomic analysis. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:50. [PMID: 25887467 PMCID: PMC4389303 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bambusoideae (Poaceae) comprise three distinct and well-supported lineages: tropical woody bamboos (Bambuseae), temperate woody bamboos (Arundinarieae) and herbaceous bamboos (Olyreae). Phylogenetic studies using chloroplast markers have generally supported a sister relationship between Bambuseae and Olyreae. This suggests either at least two origins of the woody bamboo syndrome in this subfamily or its loss in Olyreae. RESULTS Here a full chloroplast genome (plastome) phylogenomic study is presented using the coding and noncoding regions of 13 complete plastomes from the Bambuseae, eight from Olyreae and 10 from Arundinarieae. Trees generated using full plastome sequences support the previously recovered monophyletic relationship between Bambuseae and Olyreae. In addition to these relationships, several unique plastome features are uncovered including the first mitogenome-to-plastome horizontal gene transfer observed in monocots. CONCLUSIONS Phylogenomic agreement with previous published phylogenies reinforces the validity of these studies. Additionally, this study presents the first published plastomes from Neotropical woody bamboos and the first full plastome phylogenomic study performed within the herbaceous bamboos. Although the phylogenomic tree presented in this study is largely robust, additional studies using nuclear genes support monophyly in woody bamboos as well as hybridization among previous woody bamboo lineages. The evolutionary history of the Bambusoideae could be further clarified using transcriptomic techniques to increase sampling among nuclear orthologues and investigate the molecular genetics underlying the development of woody and floral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Wysocki
- Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, 1425 W Lincoln Hwy, DeKalb, 60115-2861, IL, USA.
| | - Lynn G Clark
- Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, 50011-1020, IA, USA.
| | - Lakshmi Attigala
- Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, 50011-1020, IA, USA.
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Sanchez
- Instituto de Ecología AC, Centro Regional del Bajío, Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas 253, Pátzcuaro, 61600, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Melvin R Duvall
- Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, 1425 W Lincoln Hwy, DeKalb, 60115-2861, IL, USA.
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Ruiz-Sanchez E, Specht CD. Ecological speciation in Nolina parviflora (Asparagaceae): lacking spatial connectivity along of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98754. [PMID: 24905911 PMCID: PMC4048214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis of ecological speciation states that as populations diverge in different niches, reproductive isolation evolves as a by-product of adaptation to these different environments. In this context, we used Nolina parviflora as a model to test if this species evolved via ecological speciation and to explore current and historical gene flow among its populations. Nolina parviflora is a montane species endemic to Mexico with its geographical distribution restricted largely to the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. This mountain range is one of the most complex geological regions in Mexico, having undergone volcanism from the mid-Miocene to the present. Ecologically, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt possesses different types of vegetation, including tropical dry forest; oak, pine, pine-oak, and pine-juniper forests; and xerophytic scrub--all of which maintain populations of N. parviflora. Using species distribution models, climatic analyses, spatial connectivity and morphological comparisons, we found significant differences in climatic and morphological variables between populations of N. parviflora in two distinct Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt regions (east vs. west). This could mean that the geographically isolated populations diverged from one another via niche divergence, indicating ecological speciation. Spatial connectivity analysis revealed no connectivity between these regions under the present or last glacial maximum climate models, indicating a lack of gene flow between the populations of the two regions. The results imply that these populations may encompass more than a single species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ruiz-Sanchez
- Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Centro Regional de Bajío, Instituto de Ecología AC, Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico
- * E-mail:
| | - Chelsea D. Specht
- Departments of Plant and Microbial Biology and Integrative Biology and the University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Ruiz-Sanchez E, Ornelas JF. Phylogeography of Liquidambar styraciflua (Altingiaceae) in Mesoamerica: survivors of a Neogene widespread temperate forest (or cloud forest) in North America? Ecol Evol 2014; 4:311-28. [PMID: 24634718 PMCID: PMC3936380 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the genetic variation between populations of the American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), a tree species with a disjunct distribution between northeastern Texas and Mexico, by analyzing sequences of two chloroplast DNA plastid regions in Mesoamerica. Our results revealed phylogeographical structure, with private haplotypes distributed in unique environmental space at either side of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, and a split in the absence of gene flow dating back ca. 4.2–1.4 million years ago (MYA). Species distribution modeling results fit a model of refugia along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts but the present ranges of US and Mesoamerican populations persisted disjunct during glacial/interglacial cycles. Divergence between the US and Mesoamerican (ca. 8.4–2.8 MYA) populations of L. styraciflua and asymmetrical gene flow patterns support the hypothesis of a long-distance dispersal during the Pliocene, with fragmentation since the most recent glacial advance (120,000 years BP) according to coalescent simulations and high effective migration rates from Mesoamerica to the USA and close to zero in the opposite direction. Our findings implicate the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt as a porous barrier driving genetic divergence of L. styraciflua, corresponding with environmental niche differences, during the Pliocene to Quaternary volcanic arc episode 3.6 MYA, and a Mesoamerican origin of populations in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ruiz-Sanchez
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Xalapa, Veracruz, 91070, México ; Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Centro Regional del Bajío, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, 61600, México
| | - Juan Francisco Ornelas
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Xalapa, Veracruz, 91070, México
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Ballina-Gomez H, Ruiz-Sanchez E, Chan-Cupul W, Latournerie-Moreno L, Hernández-Alvarado L, Islas-Flores I, Zuñiga-Aguilar JJ. Response of Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype B to genotypes of pepper Capsicum annuum (Solanales: Solanaceae). Neotrop Entomol 2013; 42:205-210. [PMID: 23949756 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-012-0106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci Genn. biotype B is a widely distributed plant pest that represents one of the major constraints for horticultural crop production. The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the oviposition preference, survivorship, and development of B. tabaci biotype B on semi-cultivated genotypes of Capsicum annuum from southeast Mexico. In free-choice experiments to evaluate the oviposition preference, lower number of eggs laid by B. tabaci biotype B was observed in the genotypes Maax and Xcat´ik relative to that in the commercial genotype Parado. Egg hatchability was significantly lower in Pico Paloma, Bolita, Blanco, Chawa, Payaso, and Xcat´ik than in the rest of the genotypes, including the commercial genotype Jalapeño. Likewise, survivorship of nymphs was significantly lower in Pico Paloma, Bolita, and Blanco than in the remaining genotypes. Nymph developmental time and the period of development from egg to adult were the shortest in Amaxito. Therefore, sources of resistance to B. tabaci biotype B by antibiosis (accumulation of plant defense compounds) might be found in the semi-cultivated genotypes Pico Paloma, Bolita, and Blanco.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ballina-Gomez
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Km 16.3, antigua carretera Mérida-Motul, CP 97345, Conkal, Yucatán, Mexico
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Ornelas JF, Sosa V, Soltis DE, Daza JM, González C, Soltis PS, Gutiérrez-Rodríguez C, de los Monteros AE, Castoe TA, Bell C, Ruiz-Sanchez E. Comparative phylogeographic analyses illustrate the complex evolutionary history of threatened cloud forests of northern Mesoamerica. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56283. [PMID: 23409165 PMCID: PMC3567015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative phylogeography can elucidate the influence of historical events on current patterns of biodiversity and can identify patterns of co-vicariance among unrelated taxa that span the same geographic areas. Here we analyze temporal and spatial divergence patterns of cloud forest plant and animal species and relate them to the evolutionary history of naturally fragmented cloud forests–among the most threatened vegetation types in northern Mesoamerica. We used comparative phylogeographic analyses to identify patterns of co-vicariance in taxa that share geographic ranges across cloud forest habitats and to elucidate the influence of historical events on current patterns of biodiversity. We document temporal and spatial genetic divergence of 15 species (including seed plants, birds and rodents), and relate them to the evolutionary history of the naturally fragmented cloud forests. We used fossil-calibrated genealogies, coalescent-based divergence time inference, and estimates of gene flow to assess the permeability of putative barriers to gene flow. We also used the hierarchical Approximate Bayesian Computation (HABC) method implemented in the program msBayes to test simultaneous versus non-simultaneous divergence of the cloud forest lineages. Our results show shared phylogeographic breaks that correspond to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Los Tuxtlas, and the Chiapas Central Depression, with the Isthmus representing the most frequently shared break among taxa. However, dating analyses suggest that the phylogeographic breaks corresponding to the Isthmus occurred at different times in different taxa. Current divergence patterns are therefore consistent with the hypothesis of broad vicariance across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec derived from different mechanisms operating at different times. This study, coupled with existing data on divergence cloud forest species, indicates that the evolutionary history of contemporary cloud forest lineages is complex and often lineage-specific, and thus difficult to capture in a simple conservation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Francisco Ornelas
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, AC, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
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