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Heyduk K, Ray JN, Ayyampalayam S, Leebens-Mack J. Shifts in gene expression profiles are associated with weak and strong Crassulacean acid metabolism. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:587-601. [PMID: 29746718 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The relative ease of high throughput sequencing is facilitating comprehensive phylogenomic and gene expression studies, even for nonmodel groups. To date, however, these two approaches have not been merged; while phylogenomic methods might use transcriptome sequences to resolve relationships, assessment of gene expression patterns in a phylogenetic context is less common. Here we analyzed both carbon assimilation and gene expression patterns of closely related species within the Agavoideae (Asparagaceae) to elucidate changes in gene expression across weak and strong phenotypes for Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). METHODS Gene expression patterns were compared across four genera: Agave (CAM), which is paraphyletic with Polianthes (weak CAM) and Manfreda (CAM), and Beschorneria (weak CAM). RNA-sequencing was paired with measures of gas exchange and titratable acidity. Climate niche space was compared across the four lineages to examine abiotic factors and their correlation to CAM. KEY RESULTS Expression of homologous genes showed both shared and variable patterns in weak and strong CAM species. Network analysis highlights that despite shared expression patterns, highly connected genes differ between weak and strong CAM, implicating shifts in regulatory gene function as key for the evolution of CAM. Variation in carbohydrate metabolism between weak and strong CAM supports the importance of sugar turnovers for CAM physiology. CONCLUSIONS Integration of phylogenetics and RNA-sequencing provides a powerful tool to study the evolution of CAM photosynthesis across closely related but photosynthetically variable species. Our findings regarding shared or shifted gene expression and regulation of CAM via carbohydrate metabolism have important implications for efforts to engineer the CAM pathway into C3 food and biofuel crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Heyduk
- Miller Plant Sciences, University of Georgia, 120 Carlton Street, 2502, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Jeremy N Ray
- Miller Plant Sciences, University of Georgia, 120 Carlton Street, 2502, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | | | - James Leebens-Mack
- Miller Plant Sciences, University of Georgia, 120 Carlton Street, 2502, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
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Jin Y, Fei M, Rosenquist S, Jin L, Gohil S, Sandström C, Olsson H, Persson C, Höglund AS, Fransson G, Ruan Y, Åman P, Jansson C, Liu C, Andersson R, Sun C. A Dual-Promoter Gene Orchestrates the Sucrose-Coordinated Synthesis of Starch and Fructan in Barley. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:1556-1570. [PMID: 29126994 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sequential carbohydrate synthesis is important for plant survival because it guarantees energy supplies for growth and development during plant ontogeny and reproduction. Starch and fructan are two important carbohydrates in many flowering plants and in human diets. Understanding this coordinated starch and fructan synthesis and unraveling how plants allocate photosynthates and prioritize different carbohydrate synthesis for survival could lead to improvements to cereals in agriculture for the purposes of greater food security and production quality. Here, we report a system from a single gene in barley employing two alternative promoters, one intronic/exonic, to generate two sequence-overlapping but functionally opposing transcription factors, in sensing sucrose, potentially via sucrose/glucose/fructose/trehalose 6-phosphate signaling. The system employs an autoregulatory mechanism in perceiving a sucrose-controlled trans activity on one promoter and orchestrating the coordinated starch and fructan synthesis by competitive transcription factor binding on the other promoter. As a case in point for the physiological roles of the system, we have demonstrated that this multitasking system can be exploited in breeding barley with tailored amounts of fructan to produce healthy food ingredients. The identification of an intron/exon-spanning promoter in a hosting gene, resulting in proteins with distinct functions, adds to the complexity of plant genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunkai Jin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7080, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mingliang Fei
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7080, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; Key Laboratory of Education, Department of Hunan Province on Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Sara Rosenquist
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7080, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lu Jin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7080, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Suresh Gohil
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Corine Sandström
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Olsson
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7080, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Persson
- The Swedish NMR Centre at University of Gothenburg, Box 465, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna-Stina Höglund
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7080, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Fransson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7051, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ying Ruan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory of Education, Department of Hunan Province on Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Per Åman
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7051, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Jansson
- The Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, K8-93, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Chunlin Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Roger Andersson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7051, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chuanxin Sun
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7080, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Strauch S, Wichert B, Greef JM, Hillegeist D, Zeyner A, Liesegang A. Evaluation of anin vitrosystem to simulate equine foregut digestion and the influence of acidity on protein and fructan degradation in the horse′s stomach. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Strauch
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Vetsuisse-Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - B. Wichert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Vetsuisse-Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - J. M. Greef
- Institute for Crop and Soil Science; Julius Kuehn Institute; Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants; Braunschweig Germany
| | - D. Hillegeist
- Institute for Crop and Soil Science; Julius Kuehn Institute; Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants; Braunschweig Germany
| | - A. Zeyner
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences; Group Animal Nutrition; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - A. Liesegang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Vetsuisse-Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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4
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Longland AC, Dhanoa MS, Harris PA. Comparison of a colorimetric and a high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of fructan in pasture grasses for horses. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:1878-1885. [PMID: 22297902 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pasture (fresh or conserved as hay/haylage) forms the basis of most equid diets and contains varying amounts (0 to ≥ 200 g kg⁻¹ dry matter (DM) or more) of fructans. Over-consumption of fructan is associated with the onset of laminitis in equids, an agonizing condition that may necessitate euthanasia. To enable appropriate dietary management of animals susceptible to laminitis, it is essential that fructans can be properly quantified in fresh and conserved pasture. For research purposes, fructans are frequently quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), but these methods are costly for routine screening. However, an inexpensive colorimetric method for measuring fructans in human foods is commercially available. The aim here was to determine the suitability of the commercially available colorimetric method for determining the fructan content of pasture grasses for horses. RESULTS Pasture grasses (Phleum pretense, Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne) managed for grazing (sampled from April to November) and a further set managed for conservation (sampled in July) were analysed for fructan content by HPLC and the colorimetric technique. HPLC values ranged from 83 to 299 g fructan kg⁻¹ DM (mean 154); corresponding colorimetric values were 5-238 g fructan kg⁻¹ DM (mean 82). Discrepancies in values between the two methods varied with time of sampling and plant species. Comparison of selected samples before and after incubation with the fructan hydrolases used in the colorimetric method revealed incomplete fructan hydrolysis from the pasture grasses, resulting in underestimates of their fructan content. CONCLUSION The colorimetric technique was not a reliable substitute for HPLC to quantify the fructan content of pasture grasses.
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Lattanzi FA, Ostler U, Wild M, Morvan-Bertrand A, Decau ML, Lehmeier CA, Meuriot F, Prud'homme MP, Schäufele R, Schnyder H. Fluxes in central carbohydrate metabolism of source leaves in a fructan-storing C3 grass: rapid turnover and futile cycling of sucrose in continuous light under contrasted nitrogen nutrition status. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:2363-75. [PMID: 22371080 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This work assessed the central carbohydrate metabolism of actively photosynthesizing leaf blades of a C3 grass (Lolium perenne L.). The study used dynamic (13)C labelling of plants growing in continuous light with contrasting supplies of nitrogen ('low N' and 'high N') and mathematical analysis of the tracer data with a four-pool compartmental model to estimate rates of: (i) sucrose synthesis from current assimilation; (ii) sucrose export/use; (iii) sucrose hydrolysis (to glucose and fructose) and resynthesis; and (iv) fructan synthesis and sucrose resynthesis from fructan metabolism. The contents of sucrose, fructan, glucose, and fructose were almost constant in both treatments. Labelling demonstrated that all carbohydrate pools were turned over. This indicated a system in metabolic steady state with equal rates of synthesis and degradation/consumption of the individual pools. Fructan content was enhanced by nitrogen deficiency (55 and 26% of dry mass at low and high N, respectively). Sucrose content was lower in nitrogen-deficient leaves (2.7 versus 6.7%). Glucose and fructose contents were always low (<1.5%). Interconversions between sucrose, glucose, and fructose were rapid (with half-lives of individual pools ranging between 0.3 and 0.8 h). Futile cycling of sucrose through sucrose hydrolysis (67 and 56% of sucrose at low and high N, respectively) and fructan metabolism (19 and 20%, respectively) was substantial but seemed to have no detrimental effect on the relative growth rate and carbon-use efficiency of these plants. The main effect of nitrogen deficiency on carbohydrate metabolism was to increase the half-life of the fructan pool from 27 to 62 h and to effectively double its size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Lattanzi
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Tamura KI, Sanada Y, Tase K, Komatsu T, Yoshida M. Pp6-FEH1 encodes an enzyme for degradation of highly polymerized levan and is transcriptionally induced by defoliation in timothy (Phleum pratense L.). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:3421-31. [PMID: 21317211 PMCID: PMC3130170 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of grasses to regrow after defoliation by cutting or grazing is a vital factor in their survival and an important trait when they are used as forage crops. In temperate grass species accumulating fructans, defoliation induces the activity of a fructan exohydrolase (FEH) that degrades fructans to serve as a carbon source for regrowth. Here, a cDNA from timothy was cloned, named Pp6-FEH1, that showed similarity to wheat fructan 6-exohydrolase (6-FEH). The recombinant enzyme expressed in Pichia pastoris completely degraded fructans that were composed mainly of β(2,6)-linked and linear fructans (levan) with a high degree of polymerization (DP) in the crown tissues of timothy. The substrate specificity of Pp6-FEH1 differed from previously characterized enzymes with 6-FEH activity in fructan-accumulating plants: (i) Pp6-FEH1 showed 6-FEH activity against levan (mean DP 20) that was 4-fold higher than against 6-kestotriose (DP 3), indicating that Pp6-FEH1 has a preference for β(2,6)-linked fructans with high DP; (ii) Pp6-FEH1 had significant activity against β(2,1)-linked fructans, but considerably less than against β(2,6)-linked fructans; (iii) Pp6-FEH1 had weak invertase activity, and its 6-FEH activity was inhibited slightly by sucrose. In the stubble of seedlings and in young haplocorms from adult timothy plants, transcripts of Pp6-FEH1 were significantly increased within 3 h of defoliation, followed by an increase in 6-FEH activity and in the degradation of fructans. These results suggest that Pp6-FEH1 plays a role in the degradation of fructans and the mobilization of carbon sources for regrowth after defoliation in timothy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ihi Tamura
- National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Hitsujigaoka 1, Toyohira, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan.
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Sustainable bioethanol production combining biorefinery principles using combined raw materials from wheat undersown with clover-grass. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:303-311. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Müller M, Steller J. Comparative studies of the degradation of grass fructan and inulin by strains ofLactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracaseiandLactobacillus plantarum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1995.tb05021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Lasseur B, Lothier J, Morvan-Bertrand A, Escobar-Guttiérez A, Humphreys MO, Prud'homme MP. Impact of defoliation frequency on regrowth and carbohydrate metabolism in contrasting varieties of Lolium perenne. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2007; 34:418-430. [PMID: 32689369 DOI: 10.1071/fp06286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the study were to gain a better understanding of fructan metabolism regulation during regrowth of Lolium perenne, and to evaluate the role of fructans of remaining tissues as well as carbon assimilation of new leaf tissues in refoliation. Two varieties that contrast for carbohydrate metabolism, Aurora and Perma, were subject to severe and frequent or infrequent defoliations before regrowth. Aurora, which had a greater content of fructans in leaf sheaths than Perma before defoliation, produced more leaf biomass within the 4 days following the first cut. At the end of the regrowth period, Aurora produced more leaf biomass than Perma. Photosynthetic parameters, which were barely affected by defoliation frequency, could not explain these differences. Fructan synthesising activities [sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (1-SST) and fructan:fructan 6G-fructosyltransferase (6G-FFT)], declined after defoliation. In elongating leaf bases, corresponding transcript levels did not decline concomitantly, suggesting a post-transcriptional regulation of expression, while in leaf sheaths the gene expression pattern mostly followed the time-course of the enzyme activities. Regulation of Lp1-SST and Lp6G-FFT gene expression depends, therefore, on the sink-source status of the tissue after defoliation. During the phase of reserve accumulation, fructosyltransferase activities together with corresponding transcripts increased more in frequently defoliated plants than in infrequently defoliated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Lasseur
- UMR INRA-UCN 950 EVA Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie & Nutritions NCS, Université de Caen, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032 Caen cedex, France
| | - Jérémy Lothier
- UMR INRA-UCN 950 EVA Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie & Nutritions NCS, Université de Caen, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032 Caen cedex, France
| | - Annette Morvan-Bertrand
- UMR INRA-UCN 950 EVA Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie & Nutritions NCS, Université de Caen, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032 Caen cedex, France
| | | | - Mervyn O Humphreys
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK
| | - Marie-Pascale Prud'homme
- UMR INRA-UCN 950 EVA Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie & Nutritions NCS, Université de Caen, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032 Caen cedex, France
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10
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Abstract
Monocarpic plants require the initiation of whole-plant senescence to remobilize and transfer assimilates pre-stored in vegetative tissues to grains. Delayed whole-plant senescence caused by either heavy use of nitrogen fertilizer or adoption of lodging-resistant cultivars/hybrids that remain green when the grains are due to ripen results in a low harvest index with much nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) left in the straw. Usually, water stress during the grain-filling period induces early senescence, reduces photosynthesis, and shortens the grain-filling period; however, it increases the remobilization of NSC from the vegetative tissues to the grain. If mild soil drying is properly controlled during the later grain-filling period in rice (Oryza sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum), it can enhance whole-plant senescence, lead to faster and better remobilization of carbon from vegetative tissues to grains, and accelerate the grain-filling rate. In cases where plant senescence is unfavorably delayed, such as by heavy use of nitrogen and the introduction of hybrids with strong heterosis, the gain from the enhanced remobilization and accelerated grain-filling rate can outweigh the loss of reduced photosynthesis and the shortened grain-filling period, leading to an increased grain yield, better harvest index and higher water-use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Shiomi N, Benkeblia N, Onodera S. The Metabolism of the Fructooligosaccharides in Onion Bulbs: A Comprehensive Review. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2005. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.52.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Yang J, Zhang J, Wang Z, Zhu Q, Liu L. Activities of fructan- and sucrose-metabolizing enzymes in wheat stems subjected to water stress during grain filling. PLANTA 2004; 220:331-43. [PMID: 15290295 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated if a controlled water deficit during grain filling of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) could accelerate grain filling by facilitating the remobilization of carbon reserves in the stem through regulating the enzymes involved in fructan and sucrose metabolism. Two high lodging-resistant wheat cultivars were grown in pots and treated with either a normal (NN) or high amount of nitrogen (HN) at heading time. Plants were either well-watered (WW) or water-stressed (WS) from 9 days post anthesis until maturity. Leaf water potentials markedly decreased at midday as a result of water stress but completely recovered by early morning. Photosynthetic rate and zeatin + zeatin riboside concentrations in the flag leaves declined faster in WS plants than in WW plants, and they decreased more slowly with HN than with NN when soil water potential was the same, indicating that the water deficit enhanced, whereas HN delayed, senescence. Water stress, both at NN and HN, facilitated the reduction in concentration of total nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) and fructans in the stems but increased the sucrose level there, promoted the re-allocation of pre-fixed (14)C from the stems to grains, shortened the grain-filling period, and accelerated the grain-filling rate. Grain weight and grain yield were increased under the controlled water deficit when HN was applied. Fructan exohydrolase (FEH; EC 3.2.1.80) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS; EC 2.4.1.14) activities were substantially enhanced by water stress and positively correlated with the total NSC and fructan remobilization from the stems. Acid invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) activity was also enhanced by the water stress and associated with the change in fructan concentration, but not correlated with the total NSC remobilization and (14)C increase in the grains. Sucrose:sucrose fructosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.99) activity was inhibited by the water stress and negatively correlated with the remobilization of carbon reserves. Sucrose synthase (EC 2.4.1.13) activity in the stems decreased sharply during grain filling and showed no significant difference between WW and WS treatments. Abscisic acid (ABA) concentration in the stem was remarkably enhanced by water stress and significantly correlated with SPS and FEH activities. Application of ABA to WW plants yielded similar results to those for WS plants. The results suggest that the increased remobilization of carbon reserves by water stress is attributable to the enhanced FEH and SPS activities in wheat stems, and that ABA plays a vital role in the regulation of the key enzymes involved in fructan and sucrose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchang Yang
- College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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13
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Gebbing T. The enclosed and exposed part of the peduncle of wheat (Triticum aestivum) - spatial separation of fructan storage. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2003; 159:245-252. [PMID: 33873665 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• Although fructan accumulation is reported in photosynthetically active organs, the long-term storage of fructan mainly occurs in more heterotrophic tissues. Significant amounts of fructan are stored in the internodes during grain filling of wheat (Triticum aestivum). The uppermost internode (peduncle) of wheat consists of a lower unexposed (i.e. enclosed by the flag leaf sheath and thus heterotrophic part, Pl ) and an upper exposed autotrophic part (Pu ). • Diurnal and long-term changes of fructan and sucrose (the precursor of fructan synthesis) contents were studied in Pl and Pu of potted wheat plants. • At mid grain-filling the sucrose concentration in Pu increased almost threefold during the light period and decreased in the following night. Diurnal changes in sucrose concentration were much less expressed in Pl . Fructan concentration was significantly higher in Pl than in Pu and did not change during the light period. • In another experiment, field grown wheat plants were sampled at regular intervals between 5 d before anthesis and grain maturity. At the time of maximum fructan content, 88% of the fructans in the total peduncle were stored in the heterotrophic Pl . Within Pl , fructan accumulation started in the older segments. The reason for the sharp separation of fructan storage between Pl and Pu remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gebbing
- Grassland Science, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising, Germany; Present address: Institute for Plant Production, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Van Den Ende W, Clerens S, Vergauwen R, Van Riet L, Van Laere A, Yoshida M, Kawakami A. Fructan 1-exohydrolases. beta-(2,1)-trimmers during graminan biosynthesis in stems of wheat? Purification, characterization, mass mapping, and cloning of two fructan 1-exohydrolase isoforms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 131:621-31. [PMID: 12586886 PMCID: PMC166838 DOI: 10.1104/pp.015305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2002] [Revised: 10/23/2002] [Accepted: 10/31/2002] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Graminan-type fructans are temporarily stored in wheat (Triticum aestivum) stems. Two phases can be distinguished: a phase of fructan biosynthesis (green stems) followed by a breakdown phase (stems turning yellow). So far, no plant fructan exohydrolase enzymes have been cloned from a monocotyledonous species. Here, we report on the cloning, purification, and characterization of two fructan 1-exohydrolase cDNAs (1-FEH w1 and w2) from winter wheat stems. Similar to dicot plant 1-FEHs, they are derived from a special group within the cell wall-type invertases characterized by their low isoelectric points. The corresponding isoenzymes were purified to electrophoretic homogeneity, and their mass spectra were determined by quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Characterization of the purified enzymes revealed that inulin-type fructans [beta-(2,1)] are much better substrates than levan-type fructans [beta-(2,6)]. Although both enzymes are highly identical (98% identity), they showed different substrate specificity toward branched wheat stem fructans. Although 1-FEH activities were found to be considerably higher during the fructan breakdown phase, it was possible to purify substantial amounts of 1-FEH w2 from young, fructan biosynthesizing wheat stems, suggesting that this isoenzyme might play a role as a beta-(2,1)-trimmer throughout the period of active graminan biosynthesis. In this way, the species and developmental stage-specific complex fructan patterns found in monocots might be determined by the relative proportions and specificities of both fructan biosynthetic and breakdown enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Van Den Ende
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Neuro-endocrinology and Immunological Biotechnology, Zoological Institute, KULeuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Cairns AJ, Pollock CJ, Gallagher JA, Harrison J. Fructans: Synthesis and Regulation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-48137-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Role of fructans redistributed from vegetative tissues in grain filling of wheat and barley. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-519x(00)80011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
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17
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Enzymology of fructan polymerization and depolymerization in grasses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-519x(00)80014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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18
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Koroleva, Farrar, Deri Tomos A, Pollock. Carbohydrates in individual cells of epidermis, mesophyll, and bundle sheath in barley leaves with changed export or photosynthetic rate. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 118:1525-32. [PMID: 9847129 PMCID: PMC34771 DOI: 10.1104/pp.118.4.1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/1998] [Accepted: 09/08/1998] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate metabolism of barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaves induced to accumulate sucrose (Suc) and fructans was investigated at the single-cell level using single-cell sampling and analysis. Cooling of the root and shoot apical meristem of barley plants led to the accumulation of Suc and fructan in leaf tissue. Suc and fructan accumulated in both mesophyll and parenchymatous bundle-sheath (PBS) cells because of the reduced export of sugars from leaves under cooling and to increased photosynthesis under high photon fluence rates. The general trends of Suc and fructan accumulation were similar for mesophyll and PBS cells. The fructan-to-Suc ratio was higher for PBS cells than for mesophyll cells, suggesting that the threshold Suc concentration needed for the initiation of fructan synthesis was lower for PBS cells. Epidermal cells contained very low concentrations of sugar throughout the cooling experiment. The difference in Suc concentration between control and treated plants was much less if compared at the single-cell level rather than the whole-tissue level, suggesting that the vascular tissue contains a significant proportion of total leaf Suc. We discuss the importance of analyzing complex tissues at the resolution of individual cells to assign molecular mechanisms to phenomena observed at the whole-plant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koroleva
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, United Kingdom (O.A.K., J.F.F., A.D.T.)
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Biggs DR, Hancock KR. In vitro digestion of bacterial and plant fructans and effects on ammonia accumulation in cow and sheep rumen fluids. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 1998; 44:166-171. [PMID: 12501285 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.44.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David R. Biggs
- Plant Molecular Genetics Laboratory, AgResearch Grasslands Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Ernst M, Chatterton J, Harrison PA. Purification and characterization of a new fructan series from species of Asteraceae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1996; 132:63-66. [PMID: 33863059 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb04509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new fructan series, in addition to inulin, was identified in tissue extracts of Cichorium intybus L., Helianthus tuberosus L. and Taraxarum officinale Weber. The second fructan series was separated from the inulin series up to degree of polymerization (DP) 18 by ion chromatography. The DP 4 of this new fructan scries was purified and structurally analysed. Hydrolysis and methylation analysis of the DP 4 oligomer shows that this is a fructan series that contains only β-2,1-linked fructose molecules. We conclude that this new fructan series in species of Asteraceae comprises the inulo-n-ose series and probably consists of products of inulin hydrolysis that are formed during inulin mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ernst
- University of Hohenheim (370), D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jerry Chatterton
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-6300, USA
| | - Philip A Harrison
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-6300, USA
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Bonnett GD, Sims IM, St John JA, Simpson RJ. Purification and characterization of fructans with β-2, 1- and β-2, 6-glycosidic linkages suitable for enzyme studies. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1994; 127:261-269. [PMID: 33874514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb04277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fructan pentasaccharides were purified, in quantities suitable for use as substrates for enzyme assays, from Neosugar-p-(Meijj Seika Kaisha Ltd. Japan), tubers of Helianthus tuberosus L., L., and stems and leaf sheaths of Triticum aestivum L by a combination of gel-filtration and RP-HPLC. Fructan of higher molecular mass (mean DP = 30) was purified from Leaves of Lolium rigidum Gaud, that had been induced to accumulate fructan and characterized along; with the commercially available fructan from Cichorium intybus L. (Sigma, St Louis, USA) (mean DP = 33). The fructan pentasaccharide purified from H. tuberosus was found to contain exclusively 2, 1-linked fructose and terminal fructose and terminal glucose, and was identified as (1, 1, 1)-kestopentatise. The fructan pentasaccharide purified from Neosugar-P also contained (1,1,1)-kestopentaose. although the presence of fructan Klinked glucose and 1 % 2, 6-linked fructose indicated that a small proportion of other kestopentaoses were present, The fructan pentasaccharide purified from T aestivum consisted of almost exclusively 2,6-linked fructose and terminal glucose and terminal fructose and was considered to contain predominantly (6,6,6)-kestopentaose. The presence of 1 % 2,1,6)-linked fructose indicated the sample also contained a small proportion of branched kestopentanse. The high molecular mass fructan from C. intybus was found to comprise linear molecules containing only 2,1-linked fructose, terminal glucose and terminal fructose- High molecular mass fructan from L. rigidum contained predominantly 2. h-linked fructose, had predominantly internal glucose, indicated by 2 %, 1.6-linked glucose, low levels of branching, indicated 2 % 2,1,6-linked fructose residues; and 1% of the residues were 2,1 -linked fructose.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Bonnett
- School of Agriculture and Forestry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - I M Sims
- School of Botany, Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, The University of Melbourne Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - J A St John
- School of Agriculture and Forestry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - R J Simpson
- CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Bonnett GD, Simpson RJ. Fructan-hydrolyzing activities from Lolium rigidum Gaudin. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1993; 123:443-451. [PMID: 33874120 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb03756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fructan- and sucrose-hydrolyzing activity was extracted from plants of Lolium rigidum Gaudin. Sucrose-hydrolyzing activity varied 30-fold between different plant parts and parts of different ages. In contrast, fructan-hydrolyzing activity only varied two-fold. At least four β-fructofuranosidase activities were partially purified from mature vegetative tissues of Lolium rigidum. The β-fructofuranosidases were characterized by their different elution patterns on various chromatographic media and their relative rates of hydrolysis of sucrose and fructan extracted from different sources. Fructan-hydrolyzing activities were partially purified that hydrolyzed fructan containing predominantly 2-1 glycosidic linkages relatively more rapidly than fructan containing predominantly 2-6 glycosidic linkages. β-fructofuranosidases that were relatively more active against fructan than sucrose when compared with activity present in the crude extract, were inhibited by sucrose. It is concluded that it is necessary to use appropriate fructan substrates and to consider the possible involvement of all β-fructofuranosidase activities in hydrolysis of fructans in grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Bonnett
- School of Agriculture and Forestry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - R J Simpson
- School of Agriculture and Forestry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
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