1
|
Versluys M, Porras-Domínguez JR, De Coninck T, Van Damme EJM, Van den Ende W. A novel chicory fructanase can degrade common microbial fructan product profiles and displays positive cooperativity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1602-1622. [PMID: 34750605 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fructan metabolism in bacteria and plants relies on fructosyltransferases and fructanases. Plant fructanases (fructan exohydrolase, FEH) only hydrolyse terminal fructose residues. Levan (β-2,6 linkages) is the most abundant fructan type in bacteria. Dicot fructan accumulators, such as chicory (Cichorium intybus), accumulate inulin (β-2,1 linkages), harbouring several 1-FEH isoforms for their degradation. Here, a novel chicory fructanase with high affinity for levan was characterized, providing evidence that such enzymes widely occur in higher plants. It is adapted to common microbial fructan profiles, but has low affinity towards chicory inulin, in line with a function in trimming of microbial fructans in the extracellular environment. Docking experiments indicate the importance of an N-glycosylation site close to the active site for substrate specificity. Optimal pH and temperature for levan hydrolysis are 5.0 and 43.7 °C, respectively. Docking experiments suggested multiple substrate binding sites and levan-mediated enzyme dimerization, explaining the observed positive cooperativity. Alignments show a single amino acid shift in the position of a conserved DXX(R/K) couple, typical for sucrose binding in cell wall invertases. A possible involvement of plant fructanases in levan trimming is discussed, in line with the emerging 'fructan detour' concepts, suggesting that levan oligosaccharides act as signalling entities during plant-microbial interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Versluys
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Tibo De Coninck
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Water- and ethanol-soluble carbohydrates of temperate grass pastures: a review of factors affecting concentration and composition. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 110:103866. [PMID: 35017041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Temperate grasses contain both water- and ethanol-soluble carbohydrates. Water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) of temperate grasses include glucose, fructose, sucrose, and fructans (fructose polymers) of varying lengths. Ethanol-soluble carbohydrates (ESCs) consist of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and shorter fructans. WSCs and ESCs have been implicated in equine pasture-associated laminitis and other metabolic disorders. In this paper, the peer-reviewed literature of the past decade was summarized for selected factors influencing concentrations and composition of WSCs and ESCs in temperate grasses. WSC concentrations tended to increase under cool temperatures and during cooler seasons. WSC and ESC concentrations generally increased from morning to evening with a range of -20 to 74 g/kg DM for WSCs. Cultivar choice had variable effects on WSC concentrations. Frequent defoliation usually lowered WSC and fructan concentrations. Nitrogen application increased or decreased WSC concentrations, depending on the amount applied and the grass cultivars. Water stress had variable effects on WSC concentration and composition. Multiple factors should be considered before assuming how certain management or environmental conditions will affect WSCs, ESCs, or individual carbohydrates.
Collapse
|
3
|
Karaköse H, Müller A, Kuhnert N. Profiling and Quantification of Phenolics in Stevia rebaudiana Leaves. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9188-98. [PMID: 26333998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) is a plant from the Asteraceae family with significant economic value because of the steviol glycoside sweeteners in its leaves. Chlorogenic acids and flavonoid glycosides of S. rebaudiana from seven different botanical varieties cultivated over two years and harvested three times a year in eight European locations were profiled and quantified in a total of 166 samples. Compounds quantified include chlorogenic acids as well as flavonoid glycosides and aglycons. All phenolic concentration profiles show a perfect Gaussian distribution. Principal component analyses allow distinction between varieties of different geographical origin and distinction between different plant varieties. Although concentrations of all chlorogenic acids showed a positive correlation, no correlation was observed for flavonoid glycosides. Conclusions from these findings with respect to the biosynthesis and functional role of phenolics in S. rebaudiana are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hande Karaköse
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen , 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Anja Müller
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen , 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Nikolai Kuhnert
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen , 28759 Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Isolation and identification of Di-D-fructose dianhydrides resulting from heat-induced degradation of inulin. Eur Food Res Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-011-1507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
5
|
|
6
|
Ranwala AP, Miller WB. Analysis of nonstructural carbohydrates in storage organs of 30 ornamental geophytes by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 180:421-433. [PMID: 18673304 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive analysis of nonstructural carbohydrates in storage organs (bulbs and corms) of 30 ornamental geophytes was conducted by employing a variety of extraction techniques followed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAE-PAD). Among species, starch, fructan, glucomannan and soluble sugars accounted for 50-80% of storage organ dry weight (DW). Starch ranged from 24 to 760 mg g(-1) DW, fructan (commonly occurring with starch) from 25 to 500 mg g(-1) DW, and glucomannan from 15 to 145 mg g(-1) DW. An acid hydrolysis protocol for concurrent determination of fructan and glucomannan was developed. The average degree of polymerization (DP) of ethanol and water-soluble fructan and the man : glu ratio of glucomannan also varied between species. The 80% ethanol fraction contained soluble sugars and short-chain fructans (< 25 DP), whereas water extracts contained soluble sugars, fructans (both short- and long-chain, <or= 100 DP), and glucomannan. A substantial portion of the starch became 'soluble' in water during extraction, and depended on the species and extraction temperature. Our results indicate that extraction and analysis techniques of nonstructural carbohydrates for physiological and biochemical research on geophytic storage organs should be validated to accurately understand the identity of diverse carbohydrate pools, their physiological relevance and functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil P Ranwala
- Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - William B Miller
- Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Le Roy K, Vergauwen R, Cammaer V, Yoshida M, Kawakami A, Van Laere A, Van den Ende W. Fructan 1-exohydrolase is associated with flower opening in Campanula rapunculoides. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2007; 34:972-983. [PMID: 32689425 DOI: 10.1071/fp07125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fructans, typically reserve carbohydrates, may also fulfil other more specific roles in plants. It has been convincingly demonstrated that fructan hydrolysis contributes to osmoregulation during flower opening in the monocot species Hemerocallis. We report that a massive breakdown of inulin-type fructans in the petals of Campanula rapunculoides L. (Campanulaceae), associated with flower opening, is accompanied by a strong increase in fructan 1-exohydrolase (1-FEH; EC 3.2.1.153) activity and a decrease in sucrose : sucrose 1-fructosyl transferase (1-SST; EC 2.4.1.99) activity. The data strongly suggest that the drastic change in the 1-FEH/1-SST activity ratio causes the degradation of inulin, contributing to the osmotic driving force involved in flower opening. All characterised plant FEHs are believed to be derived from tissues that store fructans as a reserve carbohydrate either temporarily (grasses and cereals) or over a longer term (dicot roots and tubers). Here, we focussed on a physiologically distinct tissue and used a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction based strategy to clone the 1-FEH cDNA from the Campanula petals. The translated cDNA sequence groups along with other dicot FEHs and heterologous expression revealed that the cDNA encodes a 1-FEH without invertase activity. 1-FEH expression analysis in petals correlates well with 1-FEH activity and inulin degradation patterns in vivo, suggesting that this enzyme fulfils an important role during flower opening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Le Roy
- Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Plantenfysiologie, Faculteit Wetenschappen, Departement Biologie, K.U.Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Rudy Vergauwen
- Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Plantenfysiologie, Faculteit Wetenschappen, Departement Biologie, K.U.Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Veerle Cammaer
- Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Plantenfysiologie, Faculteit Wetenschappen, Departement Biologie, K.U.Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Midori Yoshida
- National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Hitsujigaoka, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Kawakami
- National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Hitsujigaoka, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan
| | - André Van Laere
- Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Plantenfysiologie, Faculteit Wetenschappen, Departement Biologie, K.U.Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Plantenfysiologie, Faculteit Wetenschappen, Departement Biologie, K.U.Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schütz K, Carle R, Schieber A. Taraxacum--a review on its phytochemical and pharmacological profile. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 107:313-23. [PMID: 16950583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The genus Taraxacum is a member of the family Asteraceae, subfamily Cichorioideae, tribe Lactuceae and widely distributed in the warmer temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere. The perennial weed has been known since ancient times for its curative properties and has been utilized for the treatment of various ailments such as dyspepsia, heartburn, spleen and liver complaints, hepatitis and anorexia. However, its use has mainly been based on empirical findings. This contribution provides a comprehensive review of the pharmacologically relevant compounds of Taraxacum characterized so far and of the studies supporting its use as a medicinal plant. Particular attention has been given to diuretic, choleretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-carcinogenic, analgesic, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-coagulatory and prebiotic effects. Finally, research needs such as quantification of individual Taraxacum constituents and assessment of their pharmacological activities in humans have briefly been outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schütz
- Institute of Food Technology, Section Plant Foodstuff Technology, Hohenheim University, August-von-Hartmann-Strasse 3, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wack M, Blaschek W. Determination of the structure and degree of polymerisation of fructans from Echinacea purpurea roots. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:1147-53. [PMID: 16631147 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Highly water soluble fructans have been isolated from Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. roots by hot water extraction and precipitation at three different ethanol concentrations (80% v/v, 60% v/v and 40% v/v). The structure of the fructans has been characterised by three analytical methods: GC of silylated oxime derivatives and partially methylated alditol acetates, respectively, as well as 13C NMR analysis. The mean degree of polymerisation (mean DP) of each fructan has been determined by the glucose/fructose ratio. E. purpurea fructans represent linear inulin-type fructans with almost exclusively beta-(2-->1)-linked fructosyl units, terminal glucose and terminal fructose. Small proportions of beta-(2-->1,2-->6)-linked branch point residues were detected. The mean DP of the fructan fractions depends on the ethanol concentration used for precipitation: the lower the ethanol concentration the higher the mean DP. Corresponding results were found with all of the three analytical methods: 80% ethanol-insoluble fructan from E. purpurea shows an average mean DP of 35, 60% ethanol-insoluble fructan of 44 and 40% ethanol-insoluble fructan of 55. The applied methods provide sufficient sensitivity to determine not only the composition and structure but also the mean degree of polymerisation of fructans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maren Wack
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schütz K, Muks E, Carle R, Schieber A. Separation and quantification of inulin in selected artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) cultivars and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale WEB. ex WIGG.) roots by high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:1295-303. [PMID: 16977588 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The profile of fructooligosaccharides and fructopolysaccharides in artichoke heads and dandelion roots was investigated. For this purpose, a suitable method for high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometic detection was developed. The separation of monomers, oligomers and polymers up to a chain length of 79 sugar residues was achieved in one single run. Glucose, fructose, sucrose and individual fructooligosaccharides (kestose, nystose, fructofuranosylnystose) were quantified in six different artichoke cultivars and in dandelion roots. The contents ranged from 12.9 g/kg DM to 71.7 g/kg DM for glucose, from 15.8 g/kg DM to 67.2 g/kg DM for fructose, and from 16.8 g/kg DM to 55.2 g/kg DM for sucrose in the artichoke heads. Kestose was the predominant fructooligosaccharide, followed by nystose and fructofuranosylnystose. In four cultivars fructofuranosylnystose was only detectable in traces and reached its maximum value of 3.6 g/kg DM in the cultivar Le Castel. Furthermore, an average degree of polymerization of 5.3 to 16.7 was calculated for the individual artichoke cultivars, which is noticeably lower than hitherto reported. In contrast, the contents of kestose, nystose and fructofuranosylnystose in dandelion root exceeded that of artichoke, reflecting the short chain characteristic of the inulin, which was confirmed by chromatographic analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schütz
- Institute of Food Technology, Section Plant Foodstuff Technology, Hohenheim University, August-von-Hartmann-Strasse 3, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Timmermans* JW, Slaghek TM, Iizuka M, Van den Ende W, De Roover J, van Laere A. ISOLATION AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF NEW FRUCTANS PRODUCED BY CHICORY. J Carbohydr Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/car-100105711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
12
|
Cairns AJ, Pollock CJ, Gallagher JA, Harrison J. Fructans: Synthesis and Regulation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-48137-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
13
|
Gupta AK, Kaur N. Fructan metabolism in jerusalem artichoke and chicory. DEVELOPMENTS IN CROP SCIENCE 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-519x(00)80012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- I Vijn
- Department of Botanical Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|