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Strawsine M, van Galen LG, Lord JM, Larcombe MJ. Trophic facilitation in forest restoration: Can Nothofagus trees use ectomycorrhizal fungi of the pioneer shrub Leptospermum? Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11442. [PMID: 38803610 PMCID: PMC11128459 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The benefits of plant-to-plant facilitation in ecological restoration are well recognized, yet the potential for indirect trophic facilitation remains understudied. Nothofagus (southern beech; Nothofagaceae) is an iconic southern hemisphere tree genus that is frequently the focus of ecological restoration efforts. One aspect of Nothofagus ecology that may limit restoration success is the availability of appropriate ectomycorrhizal fungi. It has been suggested that pioneer dual-mycorrhizal hosts such as Leptospermum species (Myrtaceae) could facilitate Nothofagus establishment by providing fungal inoculum, but the capacity for Nothofagus to use Leptospermum ectomycorrhizal fungi is unknown. To investigate potential indirect facilitation, we conducted a common garden pot trial to determine if Nothofagus cliffortioides (mountain beech) can use symbionts from Leptospermum scoparium (mānuka) ectomycorrhizal communities. Nothofagus and Leptospermum seedlings were grown in monoculture and mixed pairs with reciprocal "home" and "away" soil fungal inoculum. ITS2 metabarcoding of eDNA from hyphal ingrowth bags revealed that Nothofagus and Leptospermum inoculum contained different ectomycorrhizal fungal communities, but that half of the common ectomycorrhizal taxa identified were found in both soil types, suggesting generalist fungi exist. Nothofagus was able to form associations with some fungal species originating from Leptospermum inoculum, however, probable spore contamination meant that the proportion of root colonization associated with those species was ambiguous. Root ectomycorrhizal colonization rates were positively associated with seedling biomass, and there was some evidence of a home soil inoculum advantage in Nothofagus, but these effects were minor. Additionally, we found evidence that home inoculum provides a protective advantage against drought stress for Leptospermum seedlings. Our results indicate the potential for using Leptospermum to promote Nothofagus establishment in restoration plantings and highlight the possible benefits of considering fungal mutualists in ecological restoration projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merissa Strawsine
- Department of BotanyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Present address:
Shasta‐Trinity National ForestReddingCaliforniaUSA
| | - Laura G. van Galen
- Department of BotanyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Society for the Protection of Underground Networks (SPUN)DoverDelawareUSA
| | - Janice M. Lord
- Department of BotanyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
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Lombao A, Barreiro A, Fontúrbel MT, Martín A, Carballas T, Díaz-Raviña M. Key factors controlling microbial community responses after a fire: Importance of severity and recurrence. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140363. [PMID: 32615429 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires are a major problem in Mediterranean forest ecosystems, affecting the same area year after year. Their severity is increasing, partly due to climate change and hence, every now and then, virulent fires of high severity spread ravage this region. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of fire regime (recurrence, severity) in soil microbial community structure analyzing the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and the microbial functional diversity assessing the level physiological profiling technique (CLPP). Samples of a soil affected by a high severities wildfire and a soil affected by a low severity experimental fire were heated under laboratory conditions at different temperatures to simulate different fire severity. To simulate fire recurrence, the heating treatment was repeated after one month of incubation. The fire severity was estimated as the amount of heat supplied to samples by degree-hour methodology. A marked impact of fire regime on soil microorganisms was detected; the microbial community response varied depending on previous history of fire and the magnitude of changes in PLFA pattern and CLPP, was related to the amount of heat supplied to the samples. Wildfires had a greater impact on microbial community structure than subsequent soil heating in the laboratory. The total biomass and the biomass of specific groups of microorganisms decreased notably as a consequence of wildfire and minor changes were detected due to the experimental fire and soil heating under laboratory conditions. The results clearly showed the usefulness of PLFA pattern to study the effect of fire regimes and associated direct and indirect changes in soil microorganisms and in soil quality. The data also indicated that the degree-hour methodology rather than maximum temperature is adequate to simulate fire severity and evaluate the impact of thermal shock on soil ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lombao
- Departamento de Bioquímica del Suelo, Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG-CSIC), P.O. Box 122, Avda. Vigo s/n, 15780 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - A Barreiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica del Suelo, Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG-CSIC), P.O. Box 122, Avda. Vigo s/n, 15780 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M T Fontúrbel
- Centro de Investigación Forestal-Lourizán, Consellería do Medio Rural, Xunta de Galicia, P.O. Box 127, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - A Martín
- Departamento de Bioquímica del Suelo, Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG-CSIC), P.O. Box 122, Avda. Vigo s/n, 15780 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - T Carballas
- Departamento de Bioquímica del Suelo, Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG-CSIC), P.O. Box 122, Avda. Vigo s/n, 15780 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Díaz-Raviña
- Departamento de Bioquímica del Suelo, Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG-CSIC), P.O. Box 122, Avda. Vigo s/n, 15780 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Sun Q, Liu X, Wang S, Lian B. Effects of mineral substrate on ectomycorrhizal fungal colonization and bacterial community structure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137663. [PMID: 32172104 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi can promote the nutrient uptake of plants from soil minerals by bioweathering. However, effects of different minerals on ECM fungal colonization and bacterial community structures in the soil remains poorly documented. Here, we investigated ECM fungal composition and bacterial communities in different mineral-filled mesh bags buried in forest soil. Control (filled with quartz, which has little nutrients for plants) and mineral (apatite, potash feldspar and serpentine) -filled mesh bags were buried in E-horizon soil for six months. After incubation, the contents of available elements in bags were determined, bacterial population sizes were quantified by quantitative PCR, and bacterial and ECM fungal community structures in mesh bags were assessed using high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that dozens of ECM fungal species colonized in different mesh bags, of which 17, 54 and 47 ECM species were observed in apatite-, potash feldspar- and serpentine-filled bags, respectively. Ectomycorrhizal fungal composition and bacterial community structure are affected significantly by mineral types. Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Bacillus and Paenibacillus, known for high weathering potential, were the preponderant bacteria in mineral-filled bags compared to the control. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are able to selectively colonize mesh bags based on mineral types, and may have a certain influence on the formation of bacterial community structure, implying a possible cooperation of ECM fungi and bacteria in soil mineral weathering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibiao Sun
- College of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China; College of Marine Science and Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiuming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China; Puding Karst Ecosystem Research Station, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Puding 562100, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China; Puding Karst Ecosystem Research Station, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Puding 562100, China.
| | - Bin Lian
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Nilsen AR, Teasdale SE, Guy PL, Summerfield TC, Orlovich DA. Fungal diversity in canopy soil of silver beech, Nothofagus menziesii (Nothofagaceae). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227860. [PMID: 31978185 PMCID: PMC6980614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Adventitious roots in canopy soils associated with silver beech (Nothofagus menziesii Hook.f. (Nothofagaceae)) form ectomycorrhizal associations. We investigated the extent to which canopy ectomycorrhizal communities contribute to overall diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with silver beech. Hyphal ingrowth bags were buried for 12 months in canopy and terrestrial soils of five trees at one site. We used amplicon sequencing of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 region (ITS2) to assess diversity of both ectomycorrhizal and non-ectomycorrhizal OTUs in hyphal ingrowth bags. There was a significant difference in ectomycorrhizal fungal community diversity between the terrestrial and canopy hyphal ingrowth bag communities. Ectomycorrhizal community composition of the terrestrial and canopy environments was also significantly different. Some ectomycorrhizal taxa were significantly differentially represented in either the terrestrial or canopy environment. The hyphal ingrowth bags also accumulated non-ectomycorrhizal species. The non-ectomycorrhizal fungi also had significantly different diversity and community composition between the canopy and terrestrial environments. Like the ectomycorrhizal community, some non-ectomycorrhizal taxa were significantly differentially represented in either the terrestrial or canopy environment. The canopy soil microhabitat provides a novel environment for growth of ectomycorrhizal adventitious roots and enables the spatial partitioning of ectomycorrhizal and non-ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity in the forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy R. Nilsen
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Paul L. Guy
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Xu H, Yang Y, Tian Y, Xu R, Zhong Y, Liao H. Rhizobium Inoculation Drives the Shifting of Rhizosphere Fungal Community in a Host Genotype Dependent Manner. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3135. [PMID: 32038569 PMCID: PMC6985466 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizosphere microorganisms play important roles in plant health and nutrition, and interactions among plants and microorganisms are important for establishment of root microbiomes. As yet, plant-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere remain largely mysterious. In this study, rhizosphere fungal community structure was first studied in a field experiment with two soybean cultivars contrasting in nodulation grown in two rhizobium inoculation treatments. Following this, recombinant inbred lines (RILs) contrasting in markers across three QTLs for biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) were evaluated for effects of genotype and rhizobium inoculation to the rhizosphere fungal community as assessed using ITS1 amplicon sequencing. The soybean plants tested herein not only hosted rhizosphere fungal communities that were distinct from bulk soils, but also specifically recruited and enriched Cladosporium from bulk soils. The resulting rhizosphere fungal communities varied among soybean genotypes, as well as, between rhizobium inoculation treatments. Besides, Cladosporium were mostly enriched in the rhizospheres of soybean genotypes carrying two or three favorable BNF QTLs, suggesting a close association between soybean traits associated with nodulation and those affecting the rhizosphere fungal community. This inference was bolstered by the observation that introduction of exogenous rhizobia significantly altered rhizosphere fungal communities to the point that these communities could be distinguished based on the combination of soybean genotype and whether exogenous rhizobia was applied. Interestingly, grouping of host plants by BNF QTLs also distinguished fungal community responses to rhizobium inoculation. Taken together, these results reveal that complex cross-kingdom interactions exist among host plants, symbiotic N2 fixing bacteria and fungal communities in the soybean rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yongjia Zhong
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Wang J, Buyck B, Wang XH, Bau T. Visiting Russula (Russulaceae, Russulales) with samples from southwestern China finds one new subsection of R. subg. Heterophyllidia with two new species. Mycol Prog 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-019-01487-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Muqaddas B, Lewis T, Esfandbod M, Chen C. Responses of labile soil organic carbon and nitrogen pools to long-term prescribed burning regimes in a wet sclerophyll forest of southeast Queensland, Australia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:110-120. [PMID: 30077840 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil labile organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools play a central role in nutrient cycling, while fire is a key driver of biogeochemical cycle, shaping ecosystem structure and functioning. However, how soil labile organic C and N responds to the long-term repeated prescribed fire is largely unknown. In this study, a prescribed fire field experiment in a wet sclerophyll forest established in 1972 in southeast Queensland was used to evaluate the long-term impacts of different fire frequency regimes on labile organic C and N measured by different extraction methods. The fire frequency regimes included long unburnt (NB), burnt every two years (2yrB) and burnt every four years (4yrB). Results revealed that the 2yrB treatment had significantly lower C and N concentrations in hot water and K2SO4 extracts and in density fractions (LFD<2.3 and HFD>1.6) compared with the NB treatment. Concentrations of carbohydrate-C in hot water extracts and acid soluble and insoluble organic matter-C in cold-water extracts followed a similar trend. The maximum reduction was observed for carbohydrate‑C (72%) and the hot water extractable N (54%) in the 2yrB treatment compared with the NB treatment, showing these parameters are most sensitive indicators. However, there was no significant difference in most of the above parameters between the 4yrB and the NB treatments, indicating that less frequent fire (4yrB) allows the ecosystem to have sufficient time to recover from fire disturbance and may be a sustainable practice for fire management in this wet sclerophyll forest ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Muqaddas
- School of Environment and Science and Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Australia
| | - Tom Lewis
- Department of Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry, Horticulture and Forestry Science, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs 4556, Australia
| | - Maryam Esfandbod
- School of Environment and Science and Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Australia
| | - Chengrong Chen
- School of Environment and Science and Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Australia.
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Fire regime, not time-since-fire, affects soil fungal community diversity and composition in temperate grasslands. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw196. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Lu D, Jin H, Yang X, Zhang D, Yan Z, Li X, Zhao Y, Han R, Qin B. Characterization of rhizosphere and endophytic fungal communities from roots of Stipa purpurea in alpine steppe around Qinghai Lake. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62:643-56. [PMID: 27348421 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Stipa purpurea is among constructive endemic species in the alpine steppe on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. To reveal the fungal community structure and diversity in the rhizosphere and roots of this important grass and to analyze the potential influence of different habitats on the structure of fungal communities, we explored the root endophyte and the directly associated rhizosphere communities of S. purpurea by using internal transcribed spacer rRNA cloning and sequencing methods. We found that the roots of S. purpurea are associated with a diverse consortium of Basidiomycota (59.8%) and Ascomycota (38.5%). Most fungi obtained from rhizosphere soil in S. purpurea have been identified as Ascomycetes, while the high proportion detected in roots were basidiomycetous endophytes. The species richness, diversity, and evenness of fungal assemblages were higher in roots than in the rhizosphere soil. Fungi inhabiting the rhizosphere and roots of S. purpurea are significantly different, and the rhizosphere and endophyte communities are largely independent with little overlap in the dominant phyla or operational taxonomic units. Taken together, these results suggested that a wide variety of fungal communities are associated with the roots and rhizosphere soil of S. purpurea and that the fungal assemblages are strongly influenced by different habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengxue Lu
- a Institute of Biology, Gansu Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Jin
- b Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- b Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Denghong Zhang
- c College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazing land Ecosystem Sustainability, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- b Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuzhuang Li
- b Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Zhao
- a Institute of Biology, Gansu Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongbing Han
- a Institute of Biology, Gansu Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Qin
- b Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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Franco AR, Sousa NR, Ramos MA, Oliveira RS, Castro PML. Diversity and persistence of ectomycorrhizal fungi and their effect on nursery-inoculated Pinus pinaster in a post-fire plantation in Northern Portugal. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2014; 68:761-72. [PMID: 25004993 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) play an important role in forest ecosystems, often mitigating stress factors and increasing seedling performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a nursery inoculation on Pinus pinaster growth and on the fungal communities established when reforesting burned areas. Inoculated P. pinaster saplings showed 1.5-fold higher stem height than the non-inoculated controls after a 5 year growth period, suggesting that fungal inoculation could potentiate tree growth in the field. Ordination analysis revealed the presence of different ECMF communities on both plots. Among the nursery-inoculated fungi, Laccaria sp., Rhizopogon sp., Suillus bovinus and Pisolithus sp. were detected on inoculated Pinus saplings on both sampling periods, indicating that they persisted after field establishment. Other fungi were also detected in the inoculated plants. Phialocephala sp. was found on the first assessment, while Terfezia sp. was detected on both sampling periods. Laccaria sp. and Rhizopogon sp. were identified in the control saplings, belonging however to different species than those found in the inoculated plot. Inocybe sp., Thelephora sp. and Paxillus involutus were present on both sampling periods in the non-inoculated plots. The results suggest that ECMF inoculation at nursery stage can benefit plant growth after transplantation to a post-fire site and that the inoculated fungi can persist in the field. This approach has great potential as a biotechnological tool to aid in the reforestation of burned areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albina R Franco
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto. Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal,
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Buscardo E, Rodríguez-Echeverría S, Freitas H, De Angelis P, Pereira JS, Muller LAH. Contrasting soil fungal communities in Mediterranean pine forests subjected to different wildfire frequencies. FUNGAL DIVERS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-014-0294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Vacchiano G, Stanchi S, Marinari G, Ascoli D, Zanini E, Motta R. Fire severity, residuals and soil legacies affect regeneration of Scots pine in the Southern Alps. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 472:778-788. [PMID: 24334000 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of non fire-adapted conifers following crown fires on the European Alps is often delayed or unsuccessful. Fire may limit establishment by eliminating seed trees, altering soil properties, or modifying microsite and soil conditions via disturbance legacies. However, the effect of soil legacies on post-fire establishment has rarely been discussed. We analyzed the abundance of Scots pine regeneration in a 257 ha wildfire in an inner-alpine forest. Our aims were (1) to model fire intensity at the soil surface and topsoil heating along a gradient of increasing fire severities; (2) to assess the differences in soil properties along the fire severity gradient; (3) to model the effect of disturbance and soil legacies on the density of pine seedlings. We reconstructed fire behavior and soil heating with the First Order Fire Effects Model (FOFEM), tested the effect of fire severity on soils by nonparametric distributional tests, and modeled seedling density as a function of site, disturbance and soil legacies by fitting a GLM following a variable selection procedure. Topsoil heating differed markedly between the moderate and high severity fires, reaching temperatures high enough to strongly and permanently alter soil properties only in the latter. High fire severity resulted in decreased soil consistency and wet aggregate stability. Burned soils had lower organic matter and cations than those unburned. Pine seedlings favored low-fertility, eroded, and chemically poor sites. Establishment was facilitated by the presence of coarse woody debris, but hampered by increasing distance from the seed source. These results suggest that in dry, inner-alpine valleys, fire residuals and soil legacies interact in determining the success of Scots pine re-establishment. High severity fire can promote favorable soil conditions, but distance from the seed source and high evaporation rates of bare soils must be mitigated in order to ensure a successful restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Vacchiano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Silvia Stanchi
- Università degli Studi di Torino:NatRISK - Research Centre on Natural Risks in Mountain and Hilly Environments, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Giulia Marinari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Davide Ascoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Ermanno Zanini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Renzo Motta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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Long XE, Chen C, Xu Z, He JZ. Shifts in the abundance and community structure of soil ammonia oxidizers in a wet sclerophyll forest under long-term prescribed burning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:578-586. [PMID: 24176706 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fire shapes global biome distribution and promotes the terrestrial biogeochemical cycles. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) play a vital role in the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen (N). However, behaviors of AOB and AOA under long-term prescribed burning remain unclear. This study was to examine how fire affected the abundances and communities of soil AOB and AOA. A long-term repeated forest fire experiment with three burning treatments (never burnt, B0; biennially burnt, B2; and quadrennially burnt, B4) was used in this study. The abundances and community structure of soil AOB and AOA were determined using quantitative PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism and clone library. More frequent fires (B2) increased the abundance of bacterium amoA gene, but tended to decrease archaeal amoA genes. Fire also modified the composition of AOA and AOB communities. Canonical correspondence analysis showed soil pH and dissolved organic C (DOC) strongly affected AOB genotypes, while nitrate-N and DOC shaped the AOA distribution. The increased abundance of bacterium amoA gene by fires may imply an important role of AOB in nitrification in fire-affected soils. The fire-induced shift in the community composition of AOB and AOA demonstrates that fire can disturb nutrient cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-En Long
- Environmental Futures Centre and Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Chengrong Chen
- Environmental Futures Centre and Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Environmental Futures Centre and School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Ji-Zheng He
- Environmental Futures Centre and School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Rincón A, Santamaría BP, Ocaña L, Verdú M. Structure and phylogenetic diversity of post-fire ectomycorrhizal communities of maritime pine. MYCORRHIZA 2014; 24:131-141. [PMID: 23955264 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Environmental disturbances define the diversity and assemblage of species, affecting the functioning of ecosystems. Fire is a major disturbance of Mediterranean pine forests. Pines are highly dependent on the ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal symbiosis, which is critical for tree recruitment under primary succession. To determine the effects of time since fire on the structure and recovery of EM fungal communities, we surveyed the young Pinus pinaster regenerate in three sites differing in the elapsed time after the last fire event. Pine roots were collected, and EM fungi characterized by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the large subunit (LSU) regions of the nuclear ribosomal (nr)-DNA. The effects of the elapsed time after fire on the EM community structure (richness, presence/absence of fungi, phylogenetic diversity) and on soil properties were analysed.Fungal richness decreased with the elapsed time since the fire; although, the phylogenetic diversity of the EM community increased. Soil properties were different depending on the elapsed time after fire and particularly, the organic matter, carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio, nitrogen and iron significantly correlated with the assemblage of fungal species. Ascomycetes, particularly Tuberaceae and Pezizales, were significantly over-represented on saplings in the burned site. On seedlings, a significant over-representation of Rhizopogonaceae and Atheliaceae was observed in the most recently burned site, while other fungi (i.e. Cortinariaceae) were significantly under-represented. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that fire can act as a selective agent by printing a phylogenetic signal on the EM fungal communities associated with naturally regenerated pines, pointing out to some groups as potential fire-adapted fungi.
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MESH Headings
- Biota
- Carbon/analysis
- Cluster Analysis
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics
- Fires
- Genes, rRNA
- Iron/analysis
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mycorrhizae/classification
- Mycorrhizae/genetics
- Mycorrhizae/isolation & purification
- Nitrogen/analysis
- Organic Chemicals/analysis
- Phylogeny
- Pinus/microbiology
- Plant Roots/microbiology
- RNA, Fungal/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Soil/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rincón
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA-CSIC), Serrano 115bis, 28006, Madrid, Spain,
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15
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Brown SP, Callaham MA, Oliver AK, Jumpponen A. Deep Ion Torrent sequencing identifies soil fungal community shifts after frequent prescribed fires in a southeastern US forest ecosystem. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 86:557-66. [PMID: 23869991 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prescribed burning is a common management tool to control fuel loads, ground vegetation, and facilitate desirable game species. We evaluated soil fungal community responses to long-term prescribed fire treatments in a loblolly pine forest on the Piedmont of Georgia and utilized deep Internal Transcribed Spacer Region 1 (ITS1) amplicon sequencing afforded by the recent Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM). These deep sequence data (19,000 + reads per sample after subsampling) indicate that frequent fires (3-year fire interval) shift soil fungus communities, whereas infrequent fires (6-year fire interval) permit system resetting to a state similar to that without prescribed fire. Furthermore, in nonmetric multidimensional scaling analyses, primarily ectomycorrhizal taxa were correlated with axes associated with long fire intervals, whereas soil saprobes tended to be correlated with the frequent fire recurrence. We conclude that (1) multiplexed Ion Torrent PGM analyses allow deep cost effective sequencing of fungal communities but may suffer from short read lengths and inconsistent sequence quality adjacent to the sequencing adaptor; (2) frequent prescribed fires elicit a shift in soil fungal communities; and (3) such shifts do not occur when fire intervals are longer. Our results emphasize the general responsiveness of these forests to management, and the importance of fire return intervals in meeting management objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Brown
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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16
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17
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Anderson IC, Drigo B, Keniry K, Ghannoum O, Chambers SM, Tissue DT, Cairney JW. Interactive effects of preindustrial, current and future atmospheric CO2concentrations and temperature on soil fungi associated with twoEucalyptusspecies. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2012; 83:425-37. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney; Penrith; NSW; Australia
| | - Barbara Drigo
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney; Penrith; NSW; Australia
| | - Kerry Keniry
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney; Penrith; NSW; Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney; Penrith; NSW; Australia
| | - Susan M. Chambers
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney; Penrith; NSW; Australia
| | - David T. Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney; Penrith; NSW; Australia
| | - John W.G. Cairney
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney; Penrith; NSW; Australia
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18
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Ian Woodward F. Sketches of fire. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 190:811-812. [PMID: 21561455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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19
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Veselkin DV, Sannikov SN, Sannikova NS. Specific features of root system morphology and mycorrhiza formation in scots pine seedlings from burned-out areas. RUSS J ECOL+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413610020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Hynes MM, Smith ME, Zasoski RJ, Bledsoe CS. A molecular survey of ectomycorrhizal hyphae in a California Quercus-Pinus woodland. MYCORRHIZA 2010; 20:265-274. [PMID: 19826841 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-009-0281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) hyphal communities have not been well characterized. Furthermore, there have been few studies where the ECM hyphal community is compared to fungi detected as sporocarps or ECM-colonized root tips. We investigated fungi present as hyphae in a well-studied California Quercus-Pinus woodland. Hyphal species present were compared to those found as sporocarps and ECM root tips at the same site. Hyphae were extracted from root-restrictive nylon mesh in-growth bags buried in the soil near mature Quercus douglasii, Quercus wislizeni, and Pinus sabiniana. Taxa were identified using PCR, cloning, and DNA sequencing of internal transcribed spacer and 28s rDNA. Among the 33 species detected, rhizomorph-forming ECM fungi dominated the hyphal community, especially species of Thelephoraceae and Boletales. Most fungi in soils near Quercus spp. and P. sabiniana were ECM basidiomycetes, but we detected two ECM ascomycetes and three non-mycorrhizal fungi. Many ECM species present as hyphae were also previously detected at this site as sporocarps (18%) or on ECM root tips (58%). However, the hyphal community was mostly dominated by different taxa than either the sporocarp or ECM root communities.
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MESH Headings
- Biodiversity
- California
- Cluster Analysis
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics
- Fungi/classification
- Fungi/genetics
- Fungi/isolation & purification
- Genes, rRNA
- Hyphae/classification
- Hyphae/genetics
- Hyphae/isolation & purification
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mycorrhizae/growth & development
- Phylogeny
- Pinus/microbiology
- Quercus/microbiology
- RNA, Fungal/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 28S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan M Hynes
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89512, USA.
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21
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Curlevski NJA, Xu ZH, Anderson IC, Cairney JWG. Diversity of soil and rhizosphere fungi under Araucaria bidwillii (Bunya pine) at an Australian tropical montane rainforest site. FUNGAL DIVERS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-009-0001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Curlevski NJ, Chambers SM, Anderson IC, Cairney JW. Identical genotypes of an ericoid mycorrhiza-forming fungus occur in roots of Epacris pulchella (Ericaceae) and Leptospermum polygalifolium (Myrtaceae) in an Australian sclerophyll forest. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2009; 67:411-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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23
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Artz RRE, Reid E, Anderson IC, Campbell CD, Cairney JWG. Long term repeated prescribed burning increases evenness in the basidiomycete laccase gene pool in forest soils. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2009; 67:397-410. [PMID: 19187216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated prescribed burning alters the biologically labile fraction of nutrients and carbon of soil organic matter (SOM). Using a long-term (30 years) repeated burning experiment where burning has been carried out at a 2- or 4-year frequency, we analysed the effect of prescribed burning on gross potential C turnover rates and phenol oxidase activity in relation to shifts in SOM composition as observed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. In tandem, we assessed the genetic diversity of basidiomycete laccases. While the overall effect of burning was a decline in phenol oxidase activity, Shannon diversity and evenness of laccases was significantly higher in burned sites. Co-correspondence analysis of SOM composition and laccase operational taxonomic unit frequency data also suggested a strong correlation. While this correlation could indicate that the observed increase in laccase genetic diversity due to burning is due to increased resource diversity, a temporal replacement of the most abundant members of the assembly by an otherwise dormant pool of fungi cannot be excluded. As such, our results fit the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Effects were stronger in plots burned in 2-year rotations, suggesting that the 4-year burn frequency may be a more sustainable practice to ensure the long-term stability of C cycling in such ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka R E Artz
- The Macaulay Institute, Soils Group, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
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24
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Ryberg M, Kristiansson E, Sjökvist E, Nilsson RH. An outlook on the fungal internal transcribed spacer sequences in GenBank and the introduction of a web-based tool for the exploration of fungal diversity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 181:471-477. [PMID: 19121041 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The environmental and distributional data associated with fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences in GenBank are investigated and a new web-based tool with which these sequences can be explored is introduced. All fungal ITS sequences in GenBank were classified as either identified to species level or insufficiently identified and compared using BLAST. The results are made available as a biweekly updated web service that can be queried to retrieve all insufficiently identified sequences (IIS) associated with any fungal genus. The most commonly available annotation items in GenBank are isolation source (55%); country of origin (50%); and specific host (38%). The molecular sampling of fungi shows a bias towards North America, Europe, China, and Japan whereas vast geographical areas remain effectively unexplored. Mycorrhizal and parasitic genera are on average associated with more IIS than are saprophytic taxa. Glomus, Alternaria, and Tomentella are the genera represented by the highest number of insufficiently identified ITS sequences in GenBank. The web service presented (http://andromeda.botany.gu.se/emerencia.html#genus_search) offers new means, particularly for mycorrhizal and plant pathogenic fungi, to examine the IIS in GenBank in a taxon-oriented framework and to explore their metadata in an easily accessible and time-efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ryberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden;Department of Zoology, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Erik Kristiansson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden;Department of Zoology, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Sjökvist
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden;Department of Zoology, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - R Henrik Nilsson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden;Department of Zoology, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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25
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Hedh J, Wallander H, Erland S. Ectomycorrhizal mycelial species composition in apatite amended and non-amended mesh bags buried in a phosphorus-poor spruce forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 112:681-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Tedersoo L, Jairus T, Horton BM, Abarenkov K, Suvi T, Saar I, Kõljalg U. Strong host preference of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Tasmanian wet sclerophyll forest as revealed by DNA barcoding and taxon-specific primers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 180:479-490. [PMID: 18631297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis is a widespread plant nutrition strategy in Australia, especially in semiarid regions. This study aims to determine the diversity, community structure and host preference of ECM fungi in a Tasmanian wet sclerophyll forest. Ectomycorrhizal fungi were identified based on anatomotyping and rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-large subunit (LSU) sequence analysis using taxon-specific primers. Host tree roots were identified based on root morphology and length differences of the chloroplast trnL region. A total of 123 species of ECM fungi were recovered from root tips of Eucalyptus regnans (Myrtaceae), Pomaderris apetala (Rhamnaceae) and Nothofagus cunninghamii (Nothofagaceae). The frequency of two thirds of the most common ECM fungi from several lineages was significantly influenced by host species. The lineages of Cortinarius, Tomentella-Thelephora, Russula-Lactarius, Clavulina, Descolea and Laccaria prevailed in the total community and their species richness and relative abundance did not differ by host species. This study demonstrates that strongly host-preferring, though not directly specific, ECM fungi may dominate the below-ground community. Apart from the richness of Descolea, Tulasnella and Helotiales and the lack of Suillus-Rhizopogon and Amphinema-Tylospora, the ECM fungal diversity and phylogenetic community structure is similar to that in the Holarctic realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leho Tedersoo
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, EST-51005 Tartu, Estonia
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, 46 Vanemuise Street, EST-51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Teele Jairus
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, EST-51005 Tartu, Estonia
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, 46 Vanemuise Street, EST-51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Bryony M Horton
- Schools of Agricultural Science and Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Kessy Abarenkov
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, EST-51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Triin Suvi
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, EST-51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Irja Saar
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, EST-51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Urmas Kõljalg
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, EST-51005 Tartu, Estonia
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27
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Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form mutualistic symbioses with many tree species and are regarded as key organisms in nutrient and carbon cycles in forest ecosystems. Our appreciation of their roles in these processes is hampered by a lack of understanding of their soil-borne mycelial systems. These mycelia represent the vegetative thalli of ECM fungi that link carbon-yielding tree roots with soil nutrients, yet we remain largely ignorant of their distribution, dynamics and activities in forest soils. In this review we consider information derived from investigations of fruiting bodies, ECM root tips and laboratory-based microcosm studies, and conclude that these provide only limited insights into soil-borne ECM mycelial communities. Recent advances in understanding soil-borne mycelia of ECM fungi have arisen from the combined use of molecular technologies and novel field experimentation. These approaches have the potential to provide unprecedented insights into the functioning of ECM mycelia at the ecosystem level, particularly in the context of land-use changes and global climate change.
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28
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Anderson IC, Bastias BA, Genney DR, Parkin PI, Cairney JWG. Basidiomycete fungal communities in Australian sclerophyll forest soil are altered by repeated prescribed burning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 111:482-6. [PMID: 17512711 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Soil basidiomycetes play key roles in forest nutrient and carbon cycling processes, yet the diversity and structure of below ground basidiomycete communities remain poorly understood. Prescribed burning is a commonly used forest management practice and there is evidence that single fire events can have an impact on soil fungal communities but little is known about the effects of repeated prescribed burning. We have used internal transcribed spacer (ITS) terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis to investigate the impacts of repeated prescribed burning every two or four years over a period of 30 years on soil basidiomycete communities in an Australian wet sclerophyll forest. Detrended correspondence analysis of ITS T-RFLP profiles separated basidiomycete communities in unburned control plots from those in burned plots, with those burned every two years being the most different from controls. Burning had no effect on basidiomycete species richness, thus these differences appear to be due to changes in community structure. Basidiomycete communities in the unburned control plots were vertically stratified in the upper 20 cm of soil, but no evidence was found for stratification in the burned plots, suggesting that repeated prescribed burning results in more uniform basidiomycete communities. Overall, the results demonstrate that repeated prescribed burning alters soil basidiomycete communities, with the effect being greater with more frequent burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Anderson
- The Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK.
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29
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Korkama T, Fritze H, Pakkanen A, Pennanen T. Interactions between extraradical ectomycorrhizal mycelia, microbes associated with the mycelia and growth rate of Norway spruce (Picea abies) clones. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 173:798-807. [PMID: 17286828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite their ecological relevance, field studies of the extraradical mycelia of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are rare. Here we examined in situ interactions between ECM mycelia and host vigour. Ectomycorrhizal mycelia were harvested with in-growth mesh bags buried under Norway spruce (Picea abies) clones planted in 1994 in a randomized block design. Mycelial biomass was determined and fungal species were identified by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region. Microbial community structure in the mycelium was investigated by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiling. Compared to slow-growing spruce clones, fast-growing clones tended to support denser mycelia where the relative proportions of Atheliaceae fungi and PLFAs indicative of Gram-positive bacteria were higher. Ascomycetes and PLFAs representative of Gram-negative bacteria were more common with slow-growing clones. In general, the ECM mycelial community was similar to the ECM root-tip community. Growth rate of the hosts, the ECM mycelial community and the microbes associated with the mycelium were related, suggesting multitrophic interactions between trees, fungi and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Korkama
- Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla) Vantaa Research Unit, PO Box 18, FI-01301, Vantaa, Finland
| | - H Fritze
- Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla) Vantaa Research Unit, PO Box 18, FI-01301, Vantaa, Finland
| | - A Pakkanen
- Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla) Vantaa Research Unit, PO Box 18, FI-01301, Vantaa, Finland
| | - T Pennanen
- Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla) Vantaa Research Unit, PO Box 18, FI-01301, Vantaa, Finland
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30
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Tedersoo L, Suvi T, Beaver K, Kõljalg U. Ectomycorrhizal fungi of the Seychelles: diversity patterns and host shifts from the native Vateriopsis seychellarum (Dipterocarpaceae) and Intsia bijuga (Caesalpiniaceae) to the introduced Eucalyptus robusta (Myrtaceae), but not Pinus caribea (Pinaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 175:321-333. [PMID: 17587380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form highly diverse communities in temperate forests, but little is known about their community ecology in tropical ecosystems. Using anatomotyping and rDNA sequencing, ECM fungi were identified on root tips of the introduced Eucalyptus robusta and Pinus caribea as well as the endemic Vateriopsis seychellarum and indigenous Intsia bijuga in the Seychelles. Sequencing revealed 30 species of ECM fungi on root tips of V. seychellarum and I. bijuga, with three species overlapping. Eucalyptus robusta shared five of these taxa, whereas P. caribea hosted three unique species of ECM fungi that were likely cointroduced with containerized seedlings. The thelephoroid (including the anamorphic genus Riessiella), euagaric, boletoid and hymenochaetoid clades of basidiomycetes dominated the ECM fungal community of native trees. Two species of Annulatascaceae (Sordariales, Ascomycota) were identified and described as ECM symbionts of V. seychellarum. The low diversity of native ECM fungi is attributed to deforestation and long-term isolation of the Seychelles. Native ECM fungi associate with exotic eucalypts, whereas cointroduced ECM fungi persist in pine plantations for decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leho Tedersoo
- Institute of Botany and Ecology, University of Tartu. 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Triin Suvi
- Institute of Botany and Ecology, University of Tartu. 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Katy Beaver
- Plant Conservation Action Group. PO Box 392, Victoria, Mahé, the Seychelles
| | - Urmas Kõljalg
- Institute of Botany and Ecology, University of Tartu. 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
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