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Wang B, Wang Z, Wang C, Wang X, Jia Z, Liu L. Elevated aerosol enhances plant water-use efficiency by increasing carbon uptake while reducing water loss. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:567-579. [PMID: 38812270 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Aerosols could significantly influence ecosystem carbon and water fluxes, potentially altering their interconnected dynamics, typically characterized by water-use efficiency (WUE). However, our understanding of the underlying ecophysiological mechanisms remains limited due to insufficient field observations. We conducted 4-yr measurements of leaf photosynthesis and transpiration, as well as 3-yr measurements of stem growth (SG) and sap flow of poplar trees exposed to natural aerosol fluctuation, to elucidate aerosol's impact on plant WUE. We found that aerosol improved sun leaf WUE mainly because a sharp decline in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) inhibited its transpiration, while photosynthesis was less affected, as the negative effect induced by declined PAR was offset by the positive effect induced by low leaf vapor pressure deficit (VPDleaf). Conversely, diffuse radiation fertilization (DRF) effect stimulated shade leaf photosynthesis with minimal impact on transpiration, leading to an improved WUE. The responses were further verified by a strong DRF on SG and a decrease in sap flow due to the suppresses in total radiation and VPD. Our field observations indicate that, contrary to the commonly assumed coupling response, carbon uptake and water use exhibited dissimilar reactions to aerosol pollution, ultimately enhancing WUE at the leaf and canopy level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
- The Engineering Technology Research Center of Characteristic Medicinal Plants of Fujian, School of Life Sciences, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, 352101, China
| | - Chengzhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhou Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lingli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
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Jamal R, Narayan S, Dubey R, Kannaujia R, Rai R, Behera SK, Behera SK, Shirke PA, Pandey V, Barik SK. Response of tropical trees to elevated Ozone: a Free Air Ozone Enrichment study. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:238. [PMID: 36574061 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) has become one of the main urban air pollutants. In the present study, we assessed impact of ambient and future ground-level O3 on nine commonly growing urban tree species under Free Air Ozone Enrichment (FAOE) condition. During the study period, mean ambient and elevated ozone (EO3) concentrations were 48.59 and 69.62 ppb, respectively. Under EO3 treatment, stomatal density (SD) significantly decreased and guard cell length (GCL) increased in Azadirachta indica, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Plumeria rubra, Saraca asoca and Tabernaemontana divaricata, while SD increased and GCL decreased in Ficus benghalensis and Terminalia arjuna. Proline levels increased in all the nine plant species under EO3 condition. EO3 significantly reduced photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration rates (E). Only A. indica and N. indicum showed higher gs and E under EO3 treatment. Water use efficiency (WUE) significantly increased in F. benghalensis and decreased in A. indica and T. divaricata. Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) significantly increased in Ficus religiosa and S. asoca whereas it decreased in B. spectabilis and A. indica. Of all the plant species B. spectabilis and A. indica were the most sensitive to EO3 (high gs and less ascorbic acid content) while S. asoca and F. religiosa were the most tolerant (lowgs and more ascorbic acid content). The sensitivity of urban tree species to EO3 is a cause of concern and should be considered for future urban forestry programmes. Our study should guide more such studies to identify tolerant trees for urban air pollution abatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushna Jamal
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Sciences Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Uttar Pradesh, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Uttar Pradesh, Ghaziabad, India, 201 002
| | - Shiv Narayan
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Sciences Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Uttar Pradesh, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Uttar Pradesh, Ghaziabad, India, 201 002
| | - Raghvendra Dubey
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Sciences Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Uttar Pradesh, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Rekha Kannaujia
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Sciences Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Uttar Pradesh, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Richa Rai
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Sciences Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Uttar Pradesh, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | | | - Soumit K Behera
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Sciences Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Uttar Pradesh, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Uttar Pradesh, Ghaziabad, India, 201 002
| | - Pramod A Shirke
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Sciences Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Uttar Pradesh, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Uttar Pradesh, Ghaziabad, India, 201 002
| | - Vivek Pandey
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Sciences Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Uttar Pradesh, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Uttar Pradesh, Ghaziabad, India, 201 002.
| | - Saroj K Barik
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Sciences Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Uttar Pradesh, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India.
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Li F, Guo D, Gao X, Zhao X. Water Deficit Modulates the CO 2 Fertilization Effect on Plant Gas Exchange and Leaf-Level Water Use Efficiency: A Meta-Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:775477. [PMID: 34912360 PMCID: PMC8667667 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.775477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([eCO2]) and soil water deficits significantly influence gas exchange in plant leaves, affecting the carbon-water cycle in terrestrial ecosystems. However, it remains unclear how the soil water deficit modulates the plant CO2 fertilization effect, especially for gas exchange and leaf-level water use efficiency (WUE). Here, we synthesized a comprehensive dataset including 554 observations from 54 individual studies and quantified the responses for leaf gas exchange induced by e[CO2] under water deficit. Moreover, we investigated the contribution of plant net photosynthesis rate (P n ) and transpiration rates (T r) toward WUE in water deficit conditions and e[CO2] using graphical vector analysis (GVA). In summary, e[CO2] significantly increased P n and WUE by 11.9 and 29.3% under well-watered conditions, respectively, whereas the interaction of water deficit and e[CO2] slightly decreased P n by 8.3%. Plants grown under light in an open environment were stimulated to a greater degree compared with plants grown under a lamp in a closed environment. Meanwhile, water deficit reduced P n by 40.5 and 37.8%, while increasing WUE by 24.5 and 21.5% under ambient CO2 concentration (a[CO2]) and e[CO2], respectively. The e[CO2]-induced stimulation of WUE was attributed to the common effect of P n and T r, whereas a water deficit induced increase in WUE was linked to the decrease in T r. These results suggested that water deficit lowered the stimulation of e[CO2] induced in plants. Therefore, fumigation conditions that closely mimic field conditions and multi-factorial experiments such as water availability are needed to predict the response of plants to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Dagang Guo
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Gao
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Water Saving and Irrigation Technology, Yangling, China
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xining Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Water Saving and Irrigation Technology, Yangling, China
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Zhang J, Deng L, Jiang H, Peng C, Huang C, Zhang M, Zhang X. The effects of elevated CO 2, elevated O 3, elevated temperature, and drought on plant leaf gas exchanges: a global meta-analysis of experimental studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:15274-15289. [PMID: 33236300 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Global change significantly influences plant leaf gas exchange, which affects the carbon-water cycle of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the magnitudes of the effects of multiple global change factors on leaf gas exchanges are currently lacking. Therefore, a global meta-analysis of 337 published articles was conducted to determine the effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2), elevated O3 (eO3), elevated temperature (eT), and drought on plant leaf gas exchanges. The results indicated that (1) the overall responses of photosynthesis rate (Pn) and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi) to eCO2 increased by 28.6% and 58.6%. But transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (gs) responded negatively to eCO2 (- 17.5% and - 17.2%, respectively). Furthermore, all Pn, gs, and WUEi responded negatively to eO3 (- 32.7%, - 24.6%, and - 27.1%), eT (- 23.2%, - 10.8%, and - 28.9%), and drought (- 53.6%, - 59.3%, and - 4.6%, respectively), regardless of functional groups and various complex experimental conditions. (2) Elevated CO2 increased WUEi combined with eO3, eT, and drought (26.6%, 36.0%, and 58.6%, respectively, for eCO2 + eO3, eCO2 + eT, and eCO2 + drought) and mitigated their negative impacts on Pn to some extent. (3) Plant form and foliage type play an important role in the responses of leaf gas exchanges. Trees responded mostly to eCO2, but responded least to eT in Pn, Tr, gs, and WUEi compared with shrubs and herbs. Evergreen broad-leaved species were more responsive to eCO2 and drought. (4) The stress level of each factor can also significantly influence the responses of leaf gas exchanges to environment change. Hopefully, the quantitative results are helpful for the further assessments of the terrestrial carbon-water cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmeng Zhang
- School of Urban and Environment Science, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing, 211200, China
- International Institutes for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Center of CEF/ESCER, Department of Biological Science, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- International Institutes for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Changhui Peng
- Center of CEF/ESCER, Department of Biological Science, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Chunbo Huang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Minxia Zhang
- International Institutes for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- International Institutes for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Xu Y, Shang B, Peng J, Feng Z, Tarvainen L. Stomatal response drives between-species difference in predicted leaf water-use efficiency under elevated ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116137. [PMID: 33272800 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ozone-induced changes in the relationship between photosynthesis (An) and stomatal conductance (gs) vary among species, leading to inconsistent water use efficiency (WUE) responses to elevated ozone (O3). Thus, few vegetation models can accurately simulate the effects of O3 on WUE. Here, we conducted an experiment exposing two differently O3-sensitive species (Cotinus coggygria and Magnolia denudata) to five O3 concentrations and investigated the impact of O3 exposure on predicted WUE using a coupled An-gs model. We found that increases in stomatal O3 uptake caused linear reductions in the maximum rates of Rubisco carboxylation (Vcmax) and electron transport (Jmax) in both species. In addition, a negative linear correlation between O3-induced changes in the minimal gs of the stomatal model (g0) derived from the theory of optimal stomatal behavior and light-saturated photosynthesis was found in the O3-sensitive M. denudata. When the O3 dose-based responses of Vcmax and Jmax were included in a coupled An-gs model, simulated An under elevated O3 were in good agreement with observations in both species. For M. denudata, incorporating the O3 response of g0 into the coupled model further improved the accuracy of the simulated gs and WUE. In conclusion, the modified Vcmax, Jmax and g0 method presented here provides a foundation for improving the prediction for O3-induced changes in An, gs and WUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bo Shang
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jinlong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Lasse Tarvainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Wang Z, Wang C, Wang B, Wang X, Li J, Wu J, Liu L. Interactive effects of air pollutants and atmospheric moisture stress on aspen growth and photosynthesis along an urban-rural gradient. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114076. [PMID: 32041012 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollution could significantly alter tree growth independently and synergistically with meteorological conditions. North China offers a natural experiment for studying how plant growth responds to air pollution under different meteorological conditions, where rapid economic growth has led to severe air pollution and climate changes increase drought stress. Using a single aspen clone (Populus euramericana Neva.) as a 'phytometer', we conducted three experiments to monitor aspen leaf photosynthesis and stem growth during in situ exposure to atmospheric pollutants along the urban-rural gradient around Beijing. We used stepwise model selection to select the best multiple linear model, and we used binned regression to estimate the effects of air pollutants, atmospheric moisture stress and their interactions on aspen leaf photosynthesis and growth. Our results indicated that ozone (O3) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) inhibited leaf photosynthesis and stem growth. The interactive effect of O3 and VPD resulted in a synergistic response: as the concentration of O3 increased, the negative impact of VPD on leaf photosynthesis and stem growth became more severe. We also found that nitrogen (N) deposition had a positive effect on stem growth, which may have been caused by an increase in canopy N uptake, although this hypothesis needs to be confirmed by further studies. The positive impact of aerosol loading may be due to diffuse radiation fertilization effects. Given the decline in aerosols and N deposition amidst increases in O3 concentration and drought risk, the negative effects of atmospheric pollution on tree growth may be aggravated in North China. In addition, the interaction between O3 and VPD may lead to a further reduction in ecosystem productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chengzhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Lingli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Soltani N, Best T, Grace D, Nelms C, Shumaker K, Romero-Severson J, Moses D, Schuster S, Staton M, Carlson J, Gwinn K. Transcriptome profiles of Quercus rubra responding to increased O 3 stress. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:160. [PMID: 32059640 PMCID: PMC7023784 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate plays an essential role in forest health, and climate change may increase forest productivity losses due to abiotic and biotic stress. Increased temperature leads to the increased formation of ozone (O3). Ozone is formed by the interaction of sunlight, molecular oxygen and by the reactions of chemicals commonly found in industrial and automobile emissions such as nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. Although it is well known that productivity of Northern red oak (Quercus rubra) (NRO), an ecologically and economically important species in the forests of eastern North America, is reduced by exposure to O3, limited information is available on its responses to exogenous stimuli at the level of gene expression. RESULTS RNA sequencing yielded more than 323 million high-quality raw sequence reads. De novo assembly generated 52,662 unigenes, of which more than 42,000 sequences could be annotated through homology-based searches. A total of 4140 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in response to O3 stress, as compared to their respective controls. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of the O3-response DEGs revealed perturbation of several biological pathways including energy, lipid, amino acid, carbohydrate and terpenoid metabolism as well as plant-pathogen interaction. CONCLUSION This study provides the first reference transcriptome for NRO and initial insights into the genomic responses of NRO to O3. Gene expression profiling reveals altered primary and secondary metabolism of NRO seedlings, including known defense responses such as terpenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourolah Soltani
- The Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Teo Best
- The Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Dantria Grace
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of West Alabama, Livingston, AL, 35470, USA
| | - Christen Nelms
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of West Alabama, Livingston, AL, 35470, USA
| | - Ketia Shumaker
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of West Alabama, Livingston, AL, 35470, USA
| | | | - Daniela Moses
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE) Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, 637551, Singapore
| | - Stephan Schuster
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE) Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, 637551, Singapore
| | - Margaret Staton
- The Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - John Carlson
- The Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Kimberly Gwinn
- The Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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Grulke NE, Heath RL. Ozone effects on plants in natural ecosystems. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22 Suppl 1:12-37. [PMID: 30730096 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3 ) is an important stressor in natural ecosystems, with well-documented impacts on soils, biota and ecological processes. The effects of O3 on individual plants and processes scale up through the ecosystem through effects on carbon, nutrient and hydrologic dynamics. Ozone effects on individual species and their associated microflora and fauna cascade through the ecosystem to the landscape level. Systematic injury surveys demonstrate that foliar injury occurs on sensitive species throughout the globe. However, deleterious impacts on plant carbon, water and nutrient balance can also occur without visible injury. Because sensitivity to O3 may follow coarse physiognomic plant classes (in general, herbaceous crops are more sensitive than deciduous woody plants, grasses and conifers), the task still remains to use stomatal O3 uptake to assess class and species' sensitivity. Investigations of the radial growth of mature trees, in combination with data from many controlled studies with seedlings, suggest that ambient O3 reduces growth of mature trees in some locations. Models based on tree physiology and forest stand dynamics suggest that modest effects of O3 on growth may accumulate over time, other stresses (prolonged drought, excess nitrogen deposition) may exacerbate the direct effects of O3 on tree growth, and competitive interactions among species may be altered. Ozone exposure over decades may be altering the species composition of forests currently, and as fossil fuel combustion products generate more O3 than deteriorates in the atmosphere, into the future as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Grulke
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, Western Wildlands Environmental Threats Assessment Center, US Forest Service, Bend, OR, USA
| | - R L Heath
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Peng J, Shang B, Xu Y, Feng Z, Calatayud V. Effects of ozone on maize (Zea mays L.) photosynthetic physiology, biomass and yield components based on exposure- and flux-response relationships. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113466. [PMID: 31679879 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Since the Industrial Revolution, the global ambient O3 concentration has more than doubled. Negative impact of O3 on some common crops such as wheat and soybeans has been widely recognized, but there is relatively little information about maize, the typical C4 plant and third most important crop worldwide. To partly compensate this knowledge gap, the maize cultivar (Zhengdan 958, ZD958) with maximum planting area in China was exposed to a range of chronic ozone (O3) exposures in open top chambers (OTCs). The O3 effects on this highly important crop were estimated in relation to two O3 metrics, AOT40 (accumulated hourly O3 concentration over a threshold of 40 ppb during daylight hours) and POD6 (Phytotoxic O3 Dose above a threshold flux of 6 nmol O3 m-2 s-1 during a specified period). We found that (1) the reduced light-saturated net photosynthetic rate (Asat) mainly caused by non-stomatal limitations across heading and grain filling stages, but the stomatal limitations at the former stage were stronger than those at the latter stage; (2) impact of O3 on water use efficiency (WUE) of maize was significantly dependent on developmental stage; (3) yield loss induced by O3 was mainly due to a reduction in kernels weight rather than in the number of kernels; (4) the performance of AOT40 and POD6 was similar, according to their determination coefficients (R2); (5) the order of O3 sensitivity among different parameters was photosynthetic parameters > biomass parameters > yield-related parameters; (6) Responses of Asat to O3 between heading and gran filling stages were significantly different based on AOT40 metric, but not POD6. The proposed O3 metrics-response relationships will be valuable for O3 risk assessment in Asia and also for crop productivity models including the influence of O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bo Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yansen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, c/ Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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10
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Ozone Amplifies Water Loss from Mature Trees in the Short Term But Decreases It in the Long Term. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f11010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We measured whole-tree transpiration of mature Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies trees exposed to ambient and twice-ambient O3 regimes (1xO3 and 2xO3 free-air fumigation). After eight years, mean daily total transpiration did not vary with the O3 regime over the 31 days of our study, even though individual daily values increased with increasing daily O3 peaks in both species. Although the environmental parameters were similar at 1xO3 and 2xO3, the main factors affecting daily transpiration were vapour pressure deficit in 2xO3 spruce and O3 peaks in beech. For a mechanistic explanation, we measured O3-induced sluggish stomatal responses to variable light (sunflecks) by means of leaf-level gas exchange measurements only in the species where O3 was a significant factor for transpiration, i.e., beech. Stomata were always slower in closing than in opening. The 2xO3 stomata were slower in opening and mostly in closing than 1xO3 stomata, so that O3 uptake and water loss were amplified before a steady state was reached. Such delay in the stomatal reaction suggests caution when assessing stomatal conductance under O3 pollution, because recording gas exchange at the time photosynthesis reached an equilibrium resulted in a significant overestimation of stomatal conductance when stomata were closing (ab. 90% at 1xO3 and 250% at 2xO3). Sun and shade leaves showed similar sluggish responses, thus suggesting that sluggishness may occur within the entire crown. The fact that total transpiration was similar at 1xO3 and 2xO3, however, suggests that the higher water loss due to stomatal sluggishness was offset by lower steady-state stomatal conductance at 2xO3. In conclusion, O3 exposure amplified short-term water loss from mature beech trees by slowing stomatal dynamics, while decreased long-term water loss because of lower steady-state stomatal conductance. Over the short term of this experiment, the two responses offset each other and no effect on total transpiration was observed.
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11
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Paoletti E, Alivernini A, Anav A, Badea O, Carrari E, Chivulescu S, Conte A, Ciriani ML, Dalstein-Richier L, De Marco A, Fares S, Fasano G, Giovannelli A, Lazzara M, Leca S, Materassi A, Moretti V, Pitar D, Popa I, Sabatini F, Salvati L, Sicard P, Sorgi T, Hoshika Y. Toward stomatal-flux based forest protection against ozone: The MOTTLES approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:516-527. [PMID: 31325852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
European standards for the protection of forests from ozone (O3) are based on atmospheric exposure (AOT40) that is not always representative of O3 effects since it is not a proxy of gas uptake through stomata (stomatal flux). MOTTLES "MOnitoring ozone injury for seTTing new critical LEvelS" is a LIFE project aimed at establishing a permanent network of forest sites based on active O3 monitoring at remote areas at high and medium risk of O3 injury, in order to define new standards based on stomatal flux, i.e. PODY (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold Y of uptake). Based on the first year of data collected at MOTTLES sites, we describe the MOTTLES monitoring station, together with protocols and metric calculation methods. AOT40 and PODY, computed with different methods, are then compared and correlated with forest-health indicators (radial growth, crown defoliation, visible foliar O3 injury). For the year 2017, the average AOT40 calculated according to the European Directive was even 5 times (on average 1.7 times) the European legislative standard for the protection of forests. When the metrics were calculated according to the European protocols (EU Directive 2008/50/EC or Modelling and Mapping Manual LTRAP Convention), the values were well correlated to those obtained on the basis of the real duration of the growing season (i.e. MOTTLES method) and were thus representative of the actual exposure/flux. AOT40 showed opposite direction relative to PODY. Visible foliar O3 injury appeared as the best forest-health indicator for O3 under field conditions and was more frequently detected at forest edge than inside the forest. The present work may help the set-up of further long-term forest monitoring sites dedicated to O3 assessment in forests, especially because flux-based assessments are recommended as part of monitoring air pollution impacts on ecosystems in the revised EU National Emissions Ceilings Directive.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Paoletti
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - A Alivernini
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - A Anav
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; ENEA, SSPT-PVS, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Santa Maria di Galeria (Rome), Italy
| | - O Badea
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., 077030 Voluntari, Romania
| | - E Carrari
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - S Chivulescu
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., 077030 Voluntari, Romania
| | - A Conte
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - M L Ciriani
- GIEFS, 69 avenue des Hespérides, 06300 Nice, France
| | | | - A De Marco
- ENEA, SSPT-PVS, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Santa Maria di Galeria (Rome), Italy
| | - S Fares
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - G Fasano
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - A Giovannelli
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - M Lazzara
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - S Leca
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., 077030 Voluntari, Romania
| | - A Materassi
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - V Moretti
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - D Pitar
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., 077030 Voluntari, Romania
| | - I Popa
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., 077030 Voluntari, Romania
| | - F Sabatini
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - L Salvati
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - P Sicard
- ARGANS, 260 route du Pin Montard, 06410 Biot, France
| | - T Sorgi
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - Y Hoshika
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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12
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Effect of Long-Term vs. Short-Term Ambient Ozone Exposure on Radial Stem Growth, Sap Flux and Xylem Morphology of O3-Sensitive Poplar Trees. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10050396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High ozone (O3) pollution impairs the carbon and water balance of trees, which is of special interest in planted forests. However, the effect of long-term O3 exposure on tree growth and water use, little remains known. In this study, we analysed the relationships of intra-annual stem growth pattern, seasonal sap flow dynamics and xylem morphology to assess the effect of long term O3 exposure of mature O3-sensitive hybrid poplars (‘Oxford’ clone). Rooted cuttings were planted in autumn 2007 and drip irrigated with 2 liters of water as ambient O3 treatment, or 450 ppm ethylenediurea (N-[2-(2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl)ethyl]-N0-phenylurea, abbreviated as EDU) solution as O3 protection treatment over all growing seasons. During 2013, point dendrometers and heat pulses were installed to monitor radial growth, stem water relations and sap flow. Ambient O3 did not affect growth rates, even if the seasonal culmination point was 20 days earlier on average than that recorded in the O3 protected trees. Under ambient O3, trees showed reduced seasonal sap flow, however, the lower water use was due to a decrease of Huber value (decrease of leaf area for sapwood unit) rather than to a change in xylem morphology or due to a direct effect of sluggish stomatal responses on transpiration. Under high evaporative demand and ambient O3 concentrations, trees showed a high use of internal stem water resources modulated by stomatal sluggishness, thus predisposing them to be more sensitive water deficit during summer. The results of this study help untangle the compensatory mechanisms involved in the acclimation processes of forest species to long-term O3 exposure in a context of global change.
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13
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Masutomi Y, Kinose Y, Takimoto T, Yonekura T, Oue H, Kobayashi K. Ozone changes the linear relationship between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance and decreases water use efficiency in rice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:1009-1016. [PMID: 30577095 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is an important air pollutant that affects growth, transpiration, and water use efficiency (WUE) in plants. Integrated models of photosynthesis (An) and stomatal conductance (Gs) (An-Gs) are useful tools to consistently assess the impacts of ozone on plant growth, transpiration, and WUE. However, there is no information on how to incorporate the influence of ozone into An-Gs integrated models for crops. We focused on the Ball-Woodrow-Berry (BWB) relationship, which is a key equation in An-Gs integrated models, and aimed to address the following questions: (i) how does ozone change the BWB relationship for crops?; (ii) are there any difference in the changes in the BWB relationship among cultivars?, and (iii) how do the changes in the BWB relationship increase or decrease WUE for crops? We grew four rice cultivars in a field under ambient or Free-Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) of ozone in China and measured An and Gs using a portable photosynthesis analyzer. We simulated WUE in individual leaves during the ripening period under different BWB relationships. The results showed that ozone significantly changed the BWB relationship only for the most sensitive cultivar, which showed an increase in the intercept of the BWB relationship under FACE conditions. These results imply that changes in the BWB relationship are related to the ozone sensitivity of the cultivar. Simulations of an An-Gs integrated model showed that increases in the intercept of the BWB relationship from 0.01 to 0.1 mol(H2O) m-2 s-1 indicated decreases in WUE by 22%. Since a reduction in WUE indicates increases in water demand per unit of crop growth, air pollution from ozone could be a critical issue in regions where agricultural water is limited, such as in rainfed paddy fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshiyuki Kinose
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroki Oue
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Japan
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14
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Paoletti E, De Marco A, Anav A, Gasparini P, Pompei E. Five-year volume growth of European beech does not respond to ozone pollution in Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:8233-8239. [PMID: 28540544 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A unique database of stand volume growth, estimated as periodic annual volume increment (in m3 ha-1 per year over the period 2001-2005) from 728 European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) sites distributed across Italy, was used to assess the effects of ambient ozone (O3), expressed as annual average (M24), accumulated exposure above a 40 ppb hourly threshold (AOT40), and total stomatal ozone flux (POD0). Growth data were from the National forest inventory of Italy, while climate data and ozone concentrations were computed by the WRF and CHIMERE models, respectively. Results show that the growth increased with increasing solar radiation and air temperature and decreased with increasing number of cold days, while effects of soil water content and O3 were not significant. In contrast, the literature results suggest that European beech is sensitive to both drought and O3. Ozone levels resulted to be very high (48 ppb M24, 51,200 ppb h AOT40, 21.08 mmol m-2 POD0, on average) and thus able to potentially affect European beech growth. We hypothesize that the high-frequency signals of soil water and O3 got lost when averaged over 5 years and recommended finer time-resolution investigations and inclusion of other factors of variability, e.g., thinning, tree age, and size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Enrico Pompei
- Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forest Policies, Via XX Settembre 20, Rome, Italy
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15
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Lefohn AS, Malley CS, Smith L, Wells B, Hazucha M, Simon H, Naik V, Mills G, Schultz MG, Paoletti E, De Marco A, Xu X, Zhang L, Wang T, Neufeld HS, Musselman RC, Tarasick D, Brauer M, Feng Z, Tang H, Kobayashi K, Sicard P, Solberg S, Gerosa G. Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Global ozone metrics for climate change, human health, and crop/ecosystem research. ELEMENTA (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2018; 1:1. [PMID: 30345319 PMCID: PMC6192432 DOI: 10.1525/elementa.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of spatial and temporal variation in the impacts of ozone on human health, vegetation, and climate requires appropriate metrics. A key component of the Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR) is the consistent calculation of these metrics at thousands of monitoring sites globally. Investigating temporal trends in these metrics required that the same statistical methods be applied across these ozone monitoring sites. The nonparametric Mann-Kendall test (for significant trends) and the Theil-Sen estimator (for estimating the magnitude of trend) were selected to provide robust methods across all sites. This paper provides the scientific underpinnings necessary to better understand the implications of and rationale for selecting a specific TOAR metric for assessing spatial and temporal variation in ozone for a particular impact. The rationale and underlying research evidence that influence the derivation of specific metrics are given. The form of 25 metrics (4 for model-measurement comparison, 5 for characterization of ozone in the free troposphere, 11 for human health impacts, and 5 for vegetation impacts) are described. Finally, this study categorizes health and vegetation exposure metrics based on the extent to which they are determined only by the highest hourly ozone levels, or by a wider range of values. The magnitude of the metrics is influenced by both the distribution of hourly average ozone concentrations at a site location, and the extent to which a particular metric is determined by relatively low, moderate, and high hourly ozone levels. Hence, for the same ozone time series, changes in the distribution of ozone concentrations can result in different changes in the magnitude and direction of trends for different metrics. Thus, dissimilar conclusions about the effect of changes in the drivers of ozone variability (e.g., precursor emissions) on health and vegetation exposure can result from the selection of different metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher S. Malley
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Environment
Department, University of York, York, UK
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik,
UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh, UK
| | - Luther Smith
- Alion Science and Technology, Inc., Research
Triangle Park, NC, US
| | - Benjamin Wells
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, US
| | - Milan Hazucha
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung
Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, US
| | - Heather Simon
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, US
| | - Vaishali Naik
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory,
Princeton, NJ, US
| | - Gina Mills
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology,
Environment Centre Wales, Bangor, UK
| | | | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection,
National Research Council, Florence, IT
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New
Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, IT
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of
Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing,
CN
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, CN
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, CN
| | | | | | - David Tarasick
- Air Quality Research Division,
Environment and Climate Change Canada, Downsview, ON, CA
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public
Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, CA
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, CN
| | - Haoye Tang
- Institute of Soil Sciences,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, CN
| | - Kazuhiko Kobayashi
- Graduate School of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JP
| | - Pierre Sicard
- ACRI-HE, 260 route du Pin
Montard BP234, Sophia Antipolis, FR
| | - Sverre Solberg
- Norwegian Institute for Air
Research (NILU), Kjeller, NO
| | - Giacomo Gerosa
- Dipartimento di Matematica
e Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia, IT
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16
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Braun S, Achermann B, De Marco A, Pleijel H, Karlsson PE, Rihm B, Schindler C, Paoletti E. Epidemiological analysis of ozone and nitrogen impacts on vegetation - Critical evaluation and recommendations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 603-604:785-792. [PMID: 28460840 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For human health studies, epidemiology has been established as important tool to examine factors that affect the frequency and distribution of disease, injury, and other health-related events in a defined population, serving the purpose of establishing prevention and control programs. On the other hand, gradient studies have a long tradition in the research of air pollution effects on plants. While there is no principal difference between gradient and epidemiological studies, the former address more one-dimensional transects while the latter focus more on populations and include more experience in making quantitative predictions, in dealing with confounding factors and in taking into account the complex interplay of different factors acting at different levels. Epidemiological analyses may disentangle and quantify the contributions of different predictor variables to an overall effect, e.g. plant growth, and may generate hypotheses deserving further study in experiments. Therefore, their use in ecosystem research is encouraged. This article provides a number of recommendations on: (1) spatial and temporal aspects in preparing predictor maps of nitrogen deposition, ozone exposure and meteorological covariates; (2) extent of a dataset required for an analysis; (3) choice of the appropriate regression model and conditions to be satisfied by the data; (4) selection of the relevant explanatory variables; (5) treatment of interactions and confounding factors; and (6) assessment of model validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Braun
- Institute for Applied Plant Biology, Sandgrubenstrasse 25, 4124 Schönenbuch, Switzerland.
| | - Beat Achermann
- Federal Office for the Environment, 3003 Berne, Switzerland.
| | | | - Håkan Pleijel
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 461, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Per Erik Karlsson
- Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 53021, SE-40014 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Beat Rihm
- Meteotest, Fabrikstrasse 14, 3012 Berne, Switzerland.
| | | | - Elena Paoletti
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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17
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Gao F, Catalayud V, Paoletti E, Hoshika Y, Feng Z. Water stress mitigates the negative effects of ozone on photosynthesis and biomass in poplar plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:268-279. [PMID: 28666133 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution frequently overlaps with drought episodes but the combined effects are not yet understood. We investigated the physiological and biomass responses of an O3 sensitive hybrid poplar clone ('546') under three O3 levels (charcoal-filtered ambient air, non-filtered ambient air (NF), and NF plus 40 ppb) and two watering regimes (well-watered (WW) and reduced watering (RW), i.e. 40% irrigation) for one growing season. Water stress increased chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, protecting leaves from pigment degradation by O3. Impairment of photosynthesis by O3 was also reduced by stomatal closure due to water stress, which preserved light-saturated CO2 assimilation rate, and the maximum carboxylation efficiency. Water stress increased water use efficiency of the leaves while O3 decreased it, showing significant interactions. Effects were more evident in older leaves than in younger leaves. Water stress reduced biomass production, but the negative effects of O3 were less in RW than in WW for total biomass per plant. A stomatal O3 flux-based dose-response relationship was parameterized considering water stress effects, which explained biomass losses much better than a concentration-based approach. The O3 critical level of Phytotoxic Ozone Dose over a threshold of 7 nmol O3.m-2.s-1 (POD7) for a 4% biomass loss in this poplar clone under different water regimes was 4.1 mmol m-2. Our results suggest that current O3 levels in most parts of China threaten poplar growth and that interaction with water availability is a key factor for O3 risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Vicent Catalayud
- Fundación CEAM, c/Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, Paterna 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Paoletti
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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19
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Elvira S, González-Fernández I, Alonso R, Sanz J, Bermejo-Bermejo V. Ozone levels in the Spanish Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range are above the thresholds for plant protection: analysis at 2262, 1850, and 995 m a.s.l. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:593. [PMID: 27679512 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range, located at 60 km from Madrid City (Spain), includes high valuable ecosystems following an altitude gradient, some of them protected under the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park. The characteristic Mediterranean climatic conditions and the precursors emitted from Madrid favor a high photochemical production of ozone (O3) in the region. However, very little information is available about the patterns and levels of O3 and other air pollutants in the high elevation areas and their potential effects on vegetation. Ozone levels were monitored at three altitudes (2262, 1850, and 995 m a.s.l.) for at least 3 years within the 2005-2011 period. NO x and SO2 were also recorded at the highest and lowest altitude sites. Despite the inter-annual and seasonal variations detected in the O3 concentrations, the study revealed that SG is exposed to a chronic O3 pollution. The two high elevation sites showed high O3 levels even in winter and at nighttime, having low correlation with local meteorological variables. At the lower elevation site, O3 levels were more related with local meteorological and pollution conditions. Ozone concentrations at the three sites exceeded the thresholds for the protection of human health and vegetation according to the European Air Quality Directive (EU/50/2008) and the thresholds for vegetation protection of the CLRTAP. Ozone should be considered as a stress factor for the health of the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain ecosystems. Furthermore, since O3 levels at foothills differ from concentration in high elevation, monitoring stations in mountain ranges should be incorporated in regional air quality monitoring networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elvira
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - I González-Fernández
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Alonso
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Sanz
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - V Bermejo-Bermejo
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Niu J, Zhao P, Sun Z, Zhu L, Ni G, Zeng X, Zhang Z, Zhao X, Zhao P, Gao J, Hu Y, Zeng X, Ouyang L. Stomatal uptake of O3 in a Schima superba plantation in subtropical China derived from sap flow measurements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 545-546:465-475. [PMID: 26760267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Canopy stomatal ozone (O3) flux (Fst,O3) in a plantation of Schima superba, an ecologically and economically important evergreen pioneer tree species in subtropical China, was quantified based on sap flow measurements during a 2-year period. Mean Fst,O3 and accumulated Fst,O3 (AFst0) were significantly higher in wet seasons from April to September (4.62 nmol m(-2) s(-1) and 35.37 mmol m(-2), respectively) than in dry seasons from October to March (3.90 nmol m(-2) s(-1) and 24.15 mmol m(-1), respectively), yet comparable between the 2 years of the experiment, being 4.23 nmol m(-2) s(-1) and 58.23 mmol m(-2) in April 2013-March 2014 and 4.29 nmol m(-2) s(-1) and 60.80 mmol m(-2) in April 2014-March 2015, respectively. At the diurnal scale, Fst,O3 generally peaked in the early to middle afternoon hours (13:00-15:00), while the maximum stomatal conductance (Gst,O3) typically occurred in the middle to late morning hours (09:00-11:00). Monthly integrated AFst0 reached the maximum in July, although accumulated O3 exposure (SUM0) was highest in October. Seasonally or yearly, the accumulated O3 doses, either exposure-based or flux-based, notably exceeded the currently adopted critical thresholds for the protection of forest trees. These results, on the one hand, demonstrated the decoupling between the stomatal uptake of O3 and its environmental exposure level; on the other hand, indicated the potential O3 risk for S. superba in the experimental site. Therefore, the present study endorses the use of sap flow measurements as a feasible tool for estimating Fst,O3, and the transition from the exposure-based toward flux-based metrics for assessing O3 risk for forest trees. Further studies are urgently needed to relate stomatal O3 uptake doses with tree growth reductions for an improved understanding of O3 effects on trees under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Niu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Zhenwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Liwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Guangyan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiaoping Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiuhua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Peiqiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jianguo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yanting Hu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiaomin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Lei Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Wang B, Shugart HH, Shuman JK, Lerdau MT. Forests and ozone: productivity, carbon storage, and feedbacks. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22133. [PMID: 26899381 PMCID: PMC4762018 DOI: 10.1038/srep22133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone is a serious air-pollutant, with large impacts on plant function. This study demonstrates that tropospheric ozone, although it damages plant metabolism, does not necessarily reduce ecosystem processes such as productivity or carbon sequestration because of diversity change and compensatory processes at the community scale ameliorate negative impacts at the individual level. This study assesses the impact of ozone on forest composition and ecosystem dynamics with an individual-based gap model that includes basic physiology as well as species-specific metabolic properties. Elevated tropospheric ozone leads to no reduction of forest productivity and carbon stock and to increased isoprene emissions, which result from enhanced dominance by isoprene-emitting species (which tolerate ozone stress better than non-emitters). This study suggests that tropospheric ozone may not diminish forest carbon sequestration capacity. This study also suggests that, because of the often positive relationship between isoprene emission and ozone formation, there is a positive feedback loop between forest communities and ozone, which further aggravates ozone pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, PO Box 400123, Clark Hall, 291 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4123, USA
| | - Herman H. Shugart
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, PO Box 400123, Clark Hall, 291 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4123, USA
| | - Jacquelyn K. Shuman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, PO Box 400123, Clark Hall, 291 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4123, USA
| | - Manuel T. Lerdau
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, PO Box 400123, Clark Hall, 291 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4123, USA
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Mills G, Harmens H, Wagg S, Sharps K, Hayes F, Fowler D, Sutton M, Davies B. Ozone impacts on vegetation in a nitrogen enriched and changing climate. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 208:898-908. [PMID: 26412200 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a process-oriented perspective on the combined effects of ozone (O3), climate change and/or nitrogen (N) on vegetation. Whereas increasing CO2 in controlled environments or open-top chambers often ameliorates effects of O3 on leaf physiology, growth and C allocation, this is less likely in the field. Combined responses to elevated temperature and O3 have rarely been studied even though some critical growth stages such as seed initiation are sensitive to both. Under O3 exposure, many species have smaller roots, thereby enhancing drought sensitivity. Of the 68 species assessed for stomatal responses to ozone, 22.5% were unaffected, 33.5% had sluggish or increased opening and 44% stomatal closure. The beneficial effect of N on root development was lost at higher O3 treatments whilst the effects of increasing O3 on root biomass became more pronounced as N increased. Both responses to gradual changes in pollutants and climate and those under extreme weather events require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Mills
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - Harry Harmens
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Serena Wagg
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Katrina Sharps
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Felicity Hayes
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - David Fowler
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Mark Sutton
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Bill Davies
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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Huntingford C, Smith DM, Davies WJ, Falk R, Sitch S, Mercado LM. Combining the [ABA] and net photosynthesis-based model equations of stomatal conductance. Ecol Modell 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gerosa G, Marzuoli R, Finco A, Monga R, Fusaro I, Faoro F. Contrasting effects of water salinity and ozone concentration on two cultivars of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) in Mediterranean conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 193:13-21. [PMID: 24988093 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the results of an Open-Top Chambers experiment on the responses of two durum wheat cultivars (Neodur and Virgilio) exposed to two different levels of ozone (charcoal-filtered air and ozone-enriched air) and irrigation water salinity (tap water as control and a 75 mM NaCl solution once a week). The stomatal conductance of the flag leaves was measured on four dates during May. Flag leaf samples were collected to detect ozone visible leaf injuries. At the end of the growing season, the yield/biomass and grain quality parameters were assessed. Saline irrigation caused significant reductions in gs, yield and grain quality in Neodur, while Virgilio was more tolerant. The yield response to ozone was almost negligible, with Virgilio, despite the higher susceptibility to visible leaf injuries, being more productive than Neodur. The responses to the combined stress were not consistent, with the main tendencies undoubtedly driven by the saline irrigation factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Gerosa
- Università Cattolica di Brescia, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Via dei Musei 41, Brescia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Marzuoli
- Università Cattolica di Brescia, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Via dei Musei 41, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Angelo Finco
- Università Cattolica di Brescia, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Via dei Musei 41, Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert Monga
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Via Celoria 2, Milano, Italy
| | - Isa Fusaro
- Università degli Studi di Teramo, Dipartimento di Scienze Alimentari, Viale Crispi 212, Teramo, Italy
| | - Franco Faoro
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Via Celoria 2, Milano, Italy
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25
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Holmes CD. Air pollution and forest water use. Nature 2014; 507:E1-2. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Fares S, Vargas R, Detto M, Goldstein AH, Karlik J, Paoletti E, Vitale M. Tropospheric ozone reduces carbon assimilation in trees: estimates from analysis of continuous flux measurements. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:2427-43. [PMID: 23589473 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
High ground-level ozone concentrations are typical of Mediterranean climates. Plant exposure to this oxidant is known to reduce carbon assimilation. Ozone damage has been traditionally measured through manipulative experiments that do not consider long-term exposure and propagate large uncertainty by up-scaling leaf-level observations to ecosystem-level interpretations. We analyzed long-term continuous measurements (>9 site-years at 30 min resolution) of environmental and eco-physiological parameters at three Mediterranean ecosystems: (i) forest site dominated by Pinus ponderosa in the Sierra Mountains in California, USA; (ii) forest site composed of a mixture of Quercus spp. and P. pinea in the Tyrrhenian sea coast near Rome, Italy; and (iii) orchard site of Citrus sinensis cultivated in the California Central Valley, USA. We hypothesized that higher levels of ozone concentration in the atmosphere result in a decrease in carbon assimilation by trees under field conditions. This hypothesis was tested using time series analysis such as wavelet coherence and spectral Granger causality, and complemented with multivariate linear and nonlinear statistical analyses. We found that reduction in carbon assimilation was more related to stomatal ozone deposition than to ozone concentration. The negative effects of ozone occurred within a day of exposure/uptake. Decoupling between carbon assimilation and stomatal aperture increased with the amount of ozone pollution. Up to 12-19% of the carbon assimilation reduction in P. ponderosa and in the Citrus plantation was explained by higher stomatal ozone deposition. In contrast, the Italian site did not show reductions in gross primary productivity either by ozone concentration or stomatal ozone deposition, mainly due to the lower ozone concentrations in the periurban site over the shorter period of investigation. These results highlight the importance of plant adaptation/sensitivity under field conditions, and the importance of continuous long-term measurements to explain ozone damage to real-world forests and calculate metrics for ozone-risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvano Fares
- Research Centre for the Soil-Plant System, Via della Navicella 2-4, Rome, Italy.
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27
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Dghim AA, Dumont J, Hasenfratz-Sauder MP, Dizengremel P, Le Thiec D, Jolivet Y. Capacity for NADPH regeneration in the leaves of two poplar genotypes differing in ozone sensitivity. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 148:36-50. [PMID: 22978704 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell capacity for cytosolic NADPH regeneration by NADP-dehydrogenases was investigated in the leaves of two hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × Populus nigra) genotypes in response to ozone (O3 ) treatment (120 ppb for 17 days). Two genotypes with differential O3 sensitivity were selected, based on visual symptoms and fallen leaves: Robusta (sensitive) and Carpaccio (tolerant). The estimated O3 flux (POD0 ), that entered the leaves, was similar for the two genotypes throughout the treatment. In response to that foliar O3 flux, CO2 assimilation was inhibited to the same extent for the two genotypes, which could be explained by a decrease in Rubisco (EC 4.1.1.39) activity. Conversely, an increase in PEPC (EC 4.1.1.31) activity was observed, together with the activation of certain cytosolic NADP-dehydrogenases above their constitutive level, i.e. NADP-G6PDH (EC 1.1.1.49), NADP-ME (malic enzyme) (EC 1.1.1.40) and NADP-ICDH (NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase) (EC1.1.1.42). However, the activity of non-phosphorylating NADP-GAPDH (EC 1.2.1.9) remained unchanged. From the 11th fumigation day, NADP-G6PDH and NADP-ME profiles made it possible to differentiate between the two genotypes, with a higher activity in Carpaccio than in Robusta. At the same time, Carpaccio was able to maintain high levels of NADPH in the cells, while NADPH levels decreased in Robusta O3 -treated leaves. All these results support the hypothesis that the capacity for cells to regenerate the reducing power, especially the cytosolic NADPH pool, contributes to improve tolerance to high ozone exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Allah Dghim
- UMR1137 EEF, Université de Lorraine, F-54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Cedex, France
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Wagg S, Mills G, Hayes F, Wilkinson S, Davies WJ. Stomata are less responsive to environmental stimuli in high background ozone in Dactylis glomerata and Ranunculus acris. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 175:82-91. [PMID: 23354156 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two mesotrophic grassland species, Ranunculus acris and Dactylis glomerata were exposed to a range of ozone treatments (16.2-89.5 ppb 24 h mean) and two watering regimes under naturally fluctuating photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and temperature. Stomatal conductance was measured throughout the experiments, and the combined data set (>1000 measurements) was analysed for effects of low and high ozone on responses to environmental stimuli. We show that when D. glomerata and R. acris were grown in 72.6-89.5 ppb ozone the stomata consistently lose the ability to respond, or have reduced response, to naturally fluctuating environmental conditions in comparison to their response in low ozone. The maximum stomatal conductance (g(max)) was also significantly higher in the high ozone treatment for D. glomerata. We discuss the hypotheses for the reduced sensitivity of stomatal closure to a changing environment and the associated implications for ozone flux modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Wagg
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK.
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29
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Integrative Leaf-Level Phytotoxic Ozone Dose Assessment for Forest Risk Modelling. DEVELOPMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-098349-3.00013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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30
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Smith G. Ambient ozone injury to forest plants in Northeast and North Central USA: 16 years of biomonitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:4049-4065. [PMID: 21863266 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The US Forest Service administers a long-term, nationwide ozone biomonitoring program in partnership with other state and federal agencies to address national concerns about ozone impacts on forest health. Biomonitoring surveys begun in 1994 in the East and 1998 in the West provide important regional information on ozone air quality and a field-based record of ozone injury unavailable from any other data source. Surveys in the Northeast and North Central subregions cover 450 field sites in 24 states where ozone-sensitive plants are evaluated for ozone-induced foliar injury every year. Sites are typically large, undisturbed openings (>3 acres in size) close to forested areas where >3 bioindicator species are available for evaluation. Over the 16-year sampling period, injury indices have fluctuated annually in response to seasonal ozone concentrations and site moisture conditions. Sites with and without injury occur at all ozone exposures but when ambient concentrations are relatively low, the percentage of uninjured sites is much greater than the percentage of injured sites; and regardless of ozone exposure, when drought conditions prevail, the percentage of uninjured sites is much greater than the percentage of injured sites. Results indicate a declining trend in foliar injury especially after 2002 when peak ozone concentrations declined across the entire region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Smith
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, 160 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Hoshika Y, Watanabe M, Inada N, Koike T. Ozone-induced stomatal sluggishness develops progressively in Siebold's beech (Fagus crenata). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 166:152-156. [PMID: 22504428 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of ozone and leaf senescence on steady-state stomatal conductance and stomatal response to light variation. Measurements were carried out in a free-air ozone exposure experiment on a representative deciduous broadleaved tree species in Japan (Fagus crenata). Both steady-state and dynamic stomatal response to light variation varied intrinsically with season due to leaf senescence. Ozone induced the decrease in steady-state leaf gas exchange and the sluggish stomatal closure progressively. These findings suggest that ozone reduces the ability of plants to adapt to a fluctuating light environment under natural conditions, and therefore impairs plant growth and ability to control water loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomo Hoshika
- Silvicluture and Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8689, Japan
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32
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Hoshika Y, Omasa K, Paoletti E. Whole-tree water use efficiency is decreased by ambient ozone and not affected by O3-induced stomatal sluggishness. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39270. [PMID: 22723982 PMCID: PMC3377656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Steady-state and dynamic gas exchange responses to ozone visible injury were investigated in an ozone-sensitive poplar clone under field conditions. The results were translated into whole tree water loss and carbon assimilation by comparing trees exposed to ambient ozone and trees treated with the ozone-protectant ethylenediurea (EDU). Steady-state stomatal conductance and photosynthesis linearly decreased with increasing ozone visible injury. Dynamic responses simulated by severing of a leaf revealed that stomatal sluggishness increased until a threshold of 5% injury and was then fairly constant. Sluggishness resulted from longer time to respond to the closing signal and slower rate of closing. Changes in photosynthesis were driven by the dynamics of stomata. Whole-tree carbon assimilation and water loss were lower in trees exposed to ambient O(3) than in trees protected by EDU, both under steady-state and dynamic conditions. Although stomatal sluggishness is expected to increase water loss, lower stomatal conductance and premature leaf shedding of injured leaves aggravated O(3) effects on whole tree carbon gain, while compensating for water loss. On average, WUE of trees exposed to ambient ozone was 2-4% lower than that of EDU-protected control trees in September and 6-8% lower in October.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomo Hoshika
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Omasa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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Tian H, Chen G, Zhang C, Liu M, Sun G, Chappelka A, Ren W, Xu X, Lu C, Pan S, Chen H, Hui D, McNulty S, Lockaby G, Vance E. Century-Scale Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Storage and Flux to Multiple Environmental Changes in the Southern United States. Ecosystems 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-012-9539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang W, Feng Z, Wang X, Niu J. Responses of native broadleaved woody species to elevated ozone in subtropical China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 163:149-57. [PMID: 22325443 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To assess ozone sensitivity of subtropical broadleaved tree species and explore possible underlying mechanisms, six evergreen and two deciduous native species were exposed to either charcoal-filtered air or elevated O(3) (E-O(3), ∼150ppb) for one growing season. Initial visible symptoms in deciduous species appeared much earlier than those in evergreen species. The species which first showed visible symptoms also had the largest reductions in biomass. E-O(3) induced significant decreases in photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll content and antioxidant capacity but a significant increase in malondialdehyde content in two deciduous species and two evergreen species (Cinnamomum camphora and Cyclobalanopsis glauca). Except C. glauca, however, E-O(3) had no significant effects on stomatal conductance (g(s)), total phenols and ascorbate contents. Difference in O(3) sensitivity among all species was strongly attributed to specific leaf mass rather than g(s). It suggests that some subtropical tree species will be threatened by rising O(3) concentrations in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2871 Mailbox, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
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Neufeld HS, Peoples SJ, Davison AW, Chappelka AH, Somers GL, Thomley JE, Booker FL. Ambient ozone effects on gas exchange and total non-structural carbohydrate levels in cutleaf coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata L.) growing in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 160:74-81. [PMID: 22035928 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ozone-sensitive and -tolerant individuals of cutleaf coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata L.) were compared for their gas exchange characteristics and total non-structural carbohydrates at Purchase Knob, a high elevation site in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance decreased with increased foliar stipple. Sensitive plants had lower photosynthetic rates for all leaves, except the very youngest and oldest when compared to tolerant plants. Stomatal conductance decreased with increasing leaf age, but no ozone-sensitivity differences were found. Lower leaves had less starch than upper ones, while leaves on sensitive plants had less than those on tolerant plants. These results show that ambient levels of ozone in Great Smoky Mountains National Park can adversely affect gas exchange, water use efficiency and leaf starch content in sensitive coneflower plants. Persistence of sensitive genotypes in the Park may be due to physiological recovery in low ozone years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard S Neufeld
- Department of Biology, 572 Rivers St., Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
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Wang H, Wang X, Zhao P, Zheng H, Ren Y, Gao F, Ouyang Z. Transpiration rates of urban trees, Aesculus chinensis. J Environ Sci (China) 2012; 24:1278-1287. [PMID: 23513449 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(11)60937-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Transpiration patterns of Aesculus chinensis in relation to explanatory variables in the microclimatic, air quality, and biological phenomena categories were measured in Beijing, China using the thermal dissipation method. The highest transpiration rate measured as the sap flux density of the trees took place from 10:00 am to 13:00 pm in the summer and the lowest was found during nighttime in the winter. To sort out co-linearity, principal component analysis and variation and hierarchical partitioning methods were employed in data analyses. The evaporative demand index (EDI) consisting of air temperature, soil temperature, total radiation, vapor pressure deficit, and atmospheric ozone (O3), explained 68% and 80% of the hourly and daily variations of the tree transpiration, respectively. The independent and joint effects of EDI variables together with a three-variable joint effect exerted the greatest influences on the variance of transpiration rates. The independent effects of leaf area index and atmospheric O3 and their combined effect exhibited minor yet significant influences on tree transpiration rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Ainsworth EA, Yendrek CR, Sitch S, Collins WJ, Emberson LD. The effects of tropospheric ozone on net primary productivity and implications for climate change. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 63:637-61. [PMID: 22404461 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O(3)) is a global air pollutant that causes billions of dollars in lost plant productivity annually. It is an important anthropogenic greenhouse gas, and as a secondary air pollutant, it is present at high concentrations in rural areas far from industrial sources. It also reduces plant productivity by entering leaves through the stomata, generating other reactive oxygen species and causing oxidative stress, which in turn decreases photosynthesis, plant growth, and biomass accumulation. The deposition of O(3) into vegetation through stomata is an important sink for tropospheric O(3), but this sink is modified by other aspects of environmental change, including rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, rising temperature, altered precipitation, and nitrogen availability. We review the atmospheric chemistry governing tropospheric O(3) mass balance, the effects of O(3) on stomatal conductance and net primary productivity, and implications for agriculture, carbon sequestration, and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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38
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Biswas DK, Jiang GM. Differential drought-induced modulation of ozone tolerance in winter wheat species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:4153-62. [PMID: 21527624 PMCID: PMC3153674 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports challenge the widely accepted idea that drought may offer protection against ozone (O(3)) damage in plants. However, little is known about the impact of drought on the magnitude of O(3) tolerance in winter wheat species. Two winter wheat species with contrasting sensitivity to O(3) (O(3) tolerant, primitive wheat, T. turgidum ssp. durum; O(3) sensitive, modern wheat, T. aestivum L. cv. Xiaoyan 22) were exposed to O(3) (83ppb O(3), 7h d(-1)) and/or drought (42% soil water capacity) from flowering to grain maturity to assess drought-induced modulation of O(3) tolerance. Plant responses to stress treatments were assessed by determining in vivo biochemical parameters, gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and grain yield. The primitive wheat demonstrated higher O(3) tolerance than the modern species, with the latter exhibiting higher drought tolerance than the former. This suggested that there was no cross-tolerance of the two stresses when applied separately in these species/cultivars of winter wheat. The primitive wheat lost O(3) tolerance, while the modern species showed improved tolerance to O(3) under combined drought and O(3) exposure. This indicated the existence of differential behaviour of the two wheat species between a single stress and the combination of the two stresses. The observed O(3) tolerance in the two wheat species was related to their magnitude of drought tolerance under a combination of drought and O(3) exposure. The results clearly demonstrate that O(3) tolerance of a drought-sensitive winter wheat species can be completely lost under combined drought and O(3) exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. K. Biswas
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, 100093, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Zoology, Ecology and Plant Science, University College Cork, Butler Building, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
| | - G. M. Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, 100093, Beijing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University No. 61, Daizong Avenue, 271018, Tai'an, PR China
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Zhang J, Schaub M, Ferdinand JA, Skelly JM, Steiner KC, Savage JE. Leaf age affects the responses of foliar injury and gas exchange to tropospheric ozone in Prunus serotina seedlings. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:2627-2634. [PMID: 20537450 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of leaf age on the response of net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (g(wv)), foliar injury, and leaf nitrogen concentration (N(L)) to tropospheric ozone (O(3)) on Prunus serotina seedlings grown in open-plots (AA) and open-top chambers, supplied with either carbon-filtered or non-filtered air. We found significant variation in A, g(wv), foliar injury, and N(L) (P < 0.05) among O(3) treatments. Seedlings in AA showed the highest A and g(wv) due to relatively low vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Older leaves showed significantly lower A, g(wv), N(L), and higher foliar injury (P < 0.001) than younger leaves. Leaf age affected the response of A, g(wv), and foliar injury to O(3). Both VPD and N(L) had a strong influence on leaf gas exchange. Foliar O(3)-induced injury appeared when cumulative O(3) uptake reached 8-12 mmol m(-2), depending on soil water availability. The mechanistic assessment of O(3)-induced injury is a valuable approach for a biologically relevant O(3) risk assessment for forest trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhang
- Environmental Resources Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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40
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Rhea L, King J, Kubiske M, Saliendra N, Teclaw R. Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric O3 on tree branch growth and implications for hydrologic budgeting. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:1079-1087. [PMID: 19783339 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 07/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The forest hydrologic budget may be impacted by increasing CO(2) and tropospheric O(3). Efficient means to quantify such effects are beneficial. We hypothesized that changes in the balance of canopy interception, stem flow, and through-fall in the presence of elevated CO(2) and O(3) could be discerned using image analysis of leafless branches. We compared annual stem flow to the results of a computerized analysis of all branches from the 2002, 2004, and 2006 annual growth whorls of 97 ten-year-old trees from the Aspen Free-Air CO(2) and O(3) Enrichment (Aspen FACE) experiment in Rhinelander, WI. We found significant effects of elevated CO(2) and O(3) on some branch metrics, and that the branch metrics were useful for predicting stem flow from birch, but not aspen. The results of this study should contribute to development of techniques for efficient characterization of effects on the forest hydrologic budget of increasing CO(2) and tropospheric O(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rhea
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA.
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41
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Olbrich M, Gerstner E, Bahnweg G, Häberle KH, Matyssek R, Welzl G, Heller W, Ernst D. Transcriptional signatures in leaves of adult European beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) in an experimentally enhanced free air ozone setting. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:977-982. [PMID: 19744757 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone causes severe oxidative stress in plants. To investigate the transcriptional responsiveness of adult trees to ozone, fully-expanded sun and shade leaves of mature beech trees were harvested at four time points over the entire vegetation period in 2005 and 2006. Microarray analyses were conducted on leaves from trees grown in the field under ambient and twice-ambient ozone concentrations at Kranzberger Forst (Bavaria). Beech trees changed their transcript levels in response to ozone. In the years 2005 and 2006 different transcription patterns were observed; this may have been a result of different weather conditions and ozone uptake. Furthermore, we obtained differences in mRNA expression patterns between shade and sun leaves. In the ozone-treated sun leaves of 2005, slightly up- and down-regulated transcript levels were detected, particularly in the spring and autumn, whereas shade leaves clearly exhibited reduced mRNA levels, particularly at the end of the vegetation period. In 2006, this pattern could not be confirmed, and in the autumn, four other transcripts were slightly up-regulated in ozone-treated shade leaves. In addition, two other transcripts were found to be influenced in sun leaves in the spring/summer. While we detected changes in the levels of only a few transcripts, the observed effects were not identical in both years. In conclusion, elevated ozone exhibited very small influence on the transcription levels of genes of mature beech trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Olbrich
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
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42
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Wilkinson S, Davies WJ. Ozone suppresses soil drying- and abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure via an ethylene-dependent mechanism. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:949-59. [PMID: 19302171 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric ozone concentrations (70 ppb) reduced the sensitivity of stomatal closure to abscisic acid (ABA) in Leontodon hispidus after at least 24 h exposure (1) when detached leaves were fed ABA, and (2) when intact plants were sprayed or injected with ABA. They also reduced the sensitivity of stomatal closure to soil drying around the roots. Such effects could already be occurring under current northern hemisphere peak ambient ozone concentrations. Leaves detached from plants which had been exposed to elevated ozone concentrations generated higher concentrations of ethylene, although leaf tissue ABA concentrations were unaffected. When intact plants were pretreated with the ethylene receptor binding antagonist 1-methylcyclopropene, the stomatal response to both applied ABA and soil drying was fully restored in the presence of elevated ozone. Implications of ethylene's antagonism of the stomatal response to ABA under oxidative stress are discussed. We suggest that this may be one mechanism whereby elevated ozone induces visible injury in sensitive species. We emphasize that drought linked to climate change and tropospheric ozone pollution, are both escalating problems. Ozone will exacerbate the deleterious effects of drought on the many plant species including valuable crops that respond to this pollutant by emitting more ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Wilkinson
- The Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
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43
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Manninen S, Huttunen S, Vanhatalo M, Pakonen T, Hämäläinen A. Inter- and intra-specific responses to elevated ozone and chamber climate in northern birches. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:1679-1688. [PMID: 19147261 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We studied the responses of micropropagated, northern provenances of downy, mountain and silver birches to elevated ozone (O(3)) and changing climate using open-top chambers (OTCs). Contrary to our hypothesis, northern birches were sensitive to O(3), i.e. O(3) levels of 31-36 ppb reduced the leaf and root biomasses by -10%, whereas wood biomass was affected to a lesser extent. The warmer and drier OTC climate enhanced growth in general, though there were differences among the species and clones, e.g. in bud burst and biomass production. Inter- and intra-specific responses to O(3) and changing climate relate to traits such as allocation patterns between the above- and belowground parts (i.e. root/shoot ratio), which further relate to nutrient and water economy. Our experiments may have mimicked future conditions quite well, but only long-term field studies can yield the information needed to forecast responses at both tree and ecosystem levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Manninen
- Botany Division, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014, University of Oulu, Finland.
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44
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Felzer BS, Cronin TW, Melillo JM, Kicklighter DW, Schlosser CA. Importance of carbon-nitrogen interactions and ozone on ecosystem hydrology during the 21st century. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jg000826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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Tkacz B, Moody B, Castillo JV, Fenn ME. Forest health conditions in North America. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 155:409-425. [PMID: 18479794 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Some of the greatest forest health impacts in North America are caused by invasive forest insects and pathogens (e.g., emerald ash borer and sudden oak death in the US), by severe outbreaks of native pests (e.g., mountain pine beetle in Canada), and fires exacerbated by changing climate. Ozone and N and S pollutants continue to impact the health of forests in several regions of North America. Long-term monitoring of forest health indicators has facilitated the assessment of forest health and sustainability in North America. By linking a nationwide network of forest health plots with the more extensive forest inventory, forest health experts in the US have evaluated current trends for major forest health indicators and developed assessments of future risks. Canada and Mexico currently lack nationwide networks of forest health plots. Development and expansion of these networks is critical to effective assessment of future forest health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borys Tkacz
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, RPC7-FHP, Arlington, VA 22209, USA.
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46
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Woodward FI. Plant waterworld. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 180:557-559. [PMID: 19138224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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47
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Grulke NE, Minnich RA, Paine TD, Seybold SJ, Chavez DJ, Fenn ME, Riggan PJ, Dunn A. Chapter 17 Air Pollution Increases Forest Susceptibility to Wildfires: A Case Study in the San Bernardino Mountains in Southern California. WILDLAND FIRES AND AIR POLLUTION 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-8177(08)00017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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48
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Yu G, Song X, Wang Q, Liu Y, Guan D, Yan J, Sun X, Zhang L, Wen X. Water-use efficiency of forest ecosystems in eastern China and its relations to climatic variables. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 177:927-937. [PMID: 18069958 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Carbon (C) and water cycles of terrestrial ecosystems are two coupled ecological processes controlled partly by stomatal behavior. Water-use efficiency (WUE) reflects the coupling relationship to some extent. At stand and ecosystem levels, the variability of WUE results from the trade-off between water loss and C gain in the process of plant photosynthetic C assimilation. Continuous observations of C, water, and energy fluxes were made at three selected forest sites of ChinaFLUX with eddy covariance systems from 2003 to 2005. WUE at different temporal scales were defined and calculated with different C and water flux components. Variations in WUE were found among three sites. Average annual WUE was 9.43 mg CO(2) g(-1) H(2)O at Changbaishan temperate broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest, 9.27 mg CO(2) g(-1) H(2)O at Qianyanzhou subtropical coniferous plantation, and 6.90 mg CO(2) g(-1) H(2)O at Dinghushan subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. It was also found that temperate and subtropical forest ecosystems had different relationships between gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET). Variations in WUE indicated the difference in the coupling between C and water cycles. The asynchronous response of GPP and ET to climatic variables determined the coupling and decoupling between C and water cycles for the two regional forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guirui Yu
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xia Song
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiufeng Wang
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yunfen Liu
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dexin Guan
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Junhua Yan
- South China Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuefa Wen
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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49
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Percy KE, Karnosky DF. Air quality in natural areas: interface between the public, science and regulation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 149:256-67. [PMID: 17628236 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural areas are important interfaces between air quality, the public, science and regulation. In the United States and Canada, national parks received over 315million visits during 2004. Many natural areas have been experiencing decreased visibility, increased ozone (O(3)) levels and elevated nitrogen deposition. Ozone is the most pervasive air pollutant in North American natural areas. There is an extensive scientific literature on O(3) exposure-tree response in chambered environments and, lately, free-air exposure systems. Yet, less is known about O(3) impacts on natural terrestrial ecosystems. To advance scientifically defensible O(3) risk assessment for natural forest areas, species-level measurement endpoints must be socially, economically and ecologically relevant. Exposure-based indices, based on appropriate final endpoints, present an underused opportunity to meet this need. Exposure-plant indices should have a high degree of statistical significance, have high goodness of fit, be biologically plausible and include confidence intervals to define uncertainty. They must be supported by exposure-response functions and be easy to use within an air quality regulation context. Ozone exposure-response indices developed within an ambient air context have great potential for improving risk assessment in natural forest areas and enhancing scientific literacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Percy
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service - Atlantic Forestry Centre, 1350 Regent Street, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5P7, Canada.
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50
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Ren W, Tian H, Chen G, Liu M, Zhang C, Chappelka AH, Pan S. Influence of ozone pollution and climate variability on net primary productivity and carbon storage in China's grassland ecosystems from 1961 to 2000. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 149:327-35. [PMID: 17618716 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Our simulations with the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) indicate that the combined effect of ozone, climate, carbon dioxide and land use have caused China's grasslands to act as a weak carbon sink during 1961-2000. This combined effect on national grassland net primary productivity (NPP) and carbon storage was small, but changes in annual NPP and total carbon storage across China's grasslands showed substantial spatial variation, with the maximum total carbon uptake reduction of more than 400gm(-2) in some places of northeastern China. The grasslands in the central northeastern China were more sensitive and vulnerable to elevated ozone pollution than other regions. The combined effect excluding ozone could potentially lead to an increase of 14Tg C in annual NPP and 0.11Pg C in total carbon storage for the same time period. This implies that improvement in air quality could significantly increase productivity and carbon storage in China's grassland ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ren
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Drive, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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