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Maidannyk VA, Simonov Y, McCarthy NA, Ho QT. Water Effective Diffusion Coefficient in Dairy Powder Calculated by Digital Image Processing and through Machine Learning Algorithms of CLSM Micrographs. Foods 2023; 13:94. [PMID: 38201123 PMCID: PMC10778944 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Rehydration of dairy powders is a complex and essential process. A relatively new quantitative mechanism for monitoring powders' rehydration process uses the effective diffusion coefficient. This research focused on modifying a previously used labor-intensive method that will be able to automatically measure the real-time water diffusion coefficient in dairy powders based on confocal microscopy techniques. Furthermore, morphological characteristics and local hydration of individual particles were identified using an imaging analysis procedure written in Matlab©-R2023b and image analysis through machine learning algorithms written in Python™-3.11. The first model includes segmentation into binary images and labeling particles during water diffusion. The second model includes the expansion of data set selection, neural network training and particle markup. For both models, the effective diffusion follows Fick's second law for spherical geometry. The effective diffusion coefficient on each particle was computed from the dye intensity during the rehydration process. The results showed that effective diffusion coefficients for water increased linearly with increasing powder particle size and are in agreement with previously used methods. In summary, the models provide two independent machine measurements of effective diffusion coefficient based on the same set of micrographs and may be useful in a wide variety of high-protein powders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentyn A. Maidannyk
- Food Chemistry & Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 County Cork, Ireland; (N.A.M.); (Q.T.H.)
| | - Yuriy Simonov
- Independent Researcher, 6511 Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Noel A. McCarthy
- Food Chemistry & Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 County Cork, Ireland; (N.A.M.); (Q.T.H.)
| | - Quang Tri Ho
- Food Chemistry & Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 County Cork, Ireland; (N.A.M.); (Q.T.H.)
- Institute of Marine Research, 5003–5268 Bergen, Norway
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2
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Yemelyanov VV, Puzanskiy RK, Shishova MF. Plant Life with and without Oxygen: A Metabolomics Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16222. [PMID: 38003412 PMCID: PMC10671363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen deficiency is an environmental challenge which affects plant growth, the development and distribution in land and aquatic ecosystems, as well as crop yield losses worldwide. The capacity to exist in the conditions of deficiency or the complete lack of oxygen depends on a number of anatomic, developmental and molecular adaptations. The lack of molecular oxygen leads to an inhibition of aerobic respiration, which causes energy starvation and the acceleration of glycolysis passing into fermentations. We focus on systemic metabolic alterations revealed with the different approaches of metabolomics. Oxygen deprivation stimulates the accumulation of glucose, pyruvate and lactate, indicating the acceleration of the sugar metabolism, glycolysis and lactic fermentation, respectively. Among the Krebs-cycle metabolites, only the succinate level increases. Amino acids related to glycolysis, including the phosphoglycerate family (Ser and Gly), shikimate family (Phe, Tyr and Trp) and pyruvate family (Ala, Leu and Val), are greatly elevated. Members of the Asp family (Asn, Lys, Met, Thr and Ile), as well as the Glu family (Glu, Pro, Arg and GABA), accumulate as well. These metabolites are important members of the metabolic signature of oxygen deficiency in plants, linking glycolysis with an altered Krebs cycle and allowing alternative pathways of NAD(P)H reoxidation to avoid the excessive accumulation of toxic fermentation products (lactate, acetaldehyde, ethanol). Reoxygenation induces the downregulation of the levels of major anaerobically induced metabolites, including lactate, succinate and amino acids, especially members of the pyruvate family (Ala, Leu and Val), Tyr and Glu family (GABA and Glu) and Asp family (Asn, Met, Thr and Ile). The metabolic profiles during native and environmental hypoxia are rather similar, consisting in the accumulation of fermentation products, succinate, fumarate and amino acids, particularly Ala, Gly and GABA. The most intriguing fact is that metabolic alterations during oxidative stress are very much similar, with plant response to oxygen deprivation but not to reoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav V. Yemelyanov
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Roman K. Puzanskiy
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (R.K.P.); (M.F.S.)
- Laboratory of Analytical Phytochemistry, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria F. Shishova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (R.K.P.); (M.F.S.)
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3
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Nicolaï BM, Xiao H, Han Q, Tran DT, Crouch E, Hertog MLATM, Verboven P. Spatio-temporal dynamics of the metabolome of climacteric fruit during ripening and post-harvest storage. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6321-6330. [PMID: 37317945 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fruit quality traits are determined to a large extent by their metabolome. The metabolite content of climacteric fruit changes drastically during ripening and post-harvest storage, and has been investigated extensively. However, the spatial distribution of metabolites and how it changes in time has received much less attention as fruit are usually considered as homogenous plant organs. Yet, spatio-temporal changes of starch, which is hydrolyzed during ripening, has been used for a long time as a ripening index. As vascular transport of water, and hence convective transport of metabolites, slows down in mature fruit and even stalls after detachment, spatio-temporal changes in their concentration are probably affected by diffusive transport of gaseous molecules that act as substrate (O2), inhibitor (CO2), or regulator (ethylene and NO) of the metabolic pathways that are active during climacteric ripening. In this review, we discuss such spatio-temporal changes of the metabolome and how they are affected by transport of metabolic gases and gaseous hormones. As there are currently no techniques available to measure the metabolite distribution repeatedly by non-destructive means, we introduce reaction-diffusion models as an in silico tool to compute it. We show how the different components of such a model can be integrated and used to better understand the role of spatio-temporal changes of the metabolome in ripening and post-harvest storage of climacteric fruit that is detached from the plant, and discuss future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart M Nicolaï
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hui Xiao
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qianyun Han
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dinh Thi Tran
- Department of Food Processing Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Vietnam
| | - Elke Crouch
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Lombardi Building, c/o Victoria and Neethling Street, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Pieter Verboven
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Xiao Z, Tyerman SD, Stait-Gardner T, Price WS, Pagay V, Schmidtke LM, Rogiers SY. Characterisation of internal oxygen concentration of strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa) and blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 50:256-265. [PMID: 36521497 DOI: 10.1071/fp21259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Gas exchange mechanisms play crucial roles in maintaining fruit post-harvest quality in perishable fruit such as strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). The internal oxygen concentration ([O2 ]) of strawberry and blueberry were measured using Clark-type oxygen sensing electrodes. The volume of intercellular voids in strawberry was obtained by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). In both berries, internal [O2 ] was consistent and relatively high across measured tissues. The overall [O2 ] was well above the Michaelis constant (K m ) for cytochrome c oxidase in both fruit and different from previously examined grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berry mesocarp with near zero minimum [O2 ]. In strawberry and blueberry, cell vitality was also maintained at full maturity in the mesocarp. Higher storage temperature (i.e. 20 vs 4°C) reduced internal [O2 ] of strawberry. Pedicel detachment in blueberry was associated with greater fruit dehydration and lower internal [O2 ] after short-term storage of 12h. The results suggest that the intercellular voids of the fruit's mesocarp provide an efficient gas exchange route for maintaining high fruit internal [O2 ] post-harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Xiao
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; and Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Stephen D Tyerman
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; and Department of Wine Science and Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Timothy Stait-Gardner
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - William S Price
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Vinay Pagay
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and Department of Wine Science and Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Leigh M Schmidtke
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Suzy Y Rogiers
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; and Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; and New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, NSW 2477, Australia
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5
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Xiao H, Piovesan A, Pols S, Verboven P, Nicolaï B. Microstructural changes enhance oxygen transport in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit during maturation and ripening. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2043-2056. [PMID: 34480758 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climacteric ripening of tomato fruit is initiated by a characteristic surge of the production rate of ethylene, accompanied by an increase in respiration rate. As both activities consume O2 and produce CO2 , gas concentration gradients develop in the fruit that cause diffusive transport. This may, in turn, affect respiration and ethylene biosynthesis. Gas diffusion in fruit depends on the amount and connectivity of cells and intercellular spaces in 3D. We investigated micromorphological changes in different tomato tissues during development and ripening by visualizing cells and pores based on high-resolution micro-computed tomography, and computed effective O2 diffusivity coefficients based on microstructural features of the tissues. We demonstrated that mesocarp and septa tissues have larger cells but small and more disconnected pores than the placenta and columella, resulting in relatively lower effective O2 diffusivity coefficients. Cell disintegration occurred in the mesocarp and septa during ripening, indicating lysigenous air pore formation and resulting in a gradual increase of the effective O2 diffusivity. The results suggest that hypoxic conditions caused by the increasing size and, hence, diffusion resistance of the growing fruit may induce an increase of tissue porosity that results in a greatly enhanced O2 diffusivity and, thus, helps to alleviate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiao
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Agnese Piovesan
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Suzane Pols
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Pieter Verboven
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Bart Nicolaï
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
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6
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Cantre D, Mata CI, Verboven P, Hertog ML, Nicolaï BM. 3-D microstructural changes in relation to the evolution of quality during ripening of mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Carabao). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:5207-5221. [PMID: 32520412 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ripening of mango involves changes in texture, flavor, and color, affecting the quality of the fruit. Previous studies have investigated the physiology on the evolution of quality during ripening but only a few have looked at microstructural changes during ripening. None of them has provided an insight into the relationhip between 3-D microstructure and the evolution of quality during ripening. As the 3-D microstructure of fruit tissue determines its mechanical and gas-transport properties, it is likely to affect fruit texture, respiratory metabolism, and other ripening processes. RESULTS The present study focuses on the role of 3-D microstructural changes in relation to quality changes during mango ripening. Microstructural imaging using X-ray micro-computed tomography suggested the incidence of cell leakage, which was confirmed by the measurement of electrolyte leakage from the fruit peel. Due to cell leakage, porosity, pore connectivity, and pore local diameter were decreased whereas the tissue local diameter and pore specific area were increased. The decline in respiration and respiratory quotient during ripening followed the microstructural changes observed. Meanwhile, changes in aroma were observed such as a decrease in monoterpenes and an increase in esters and other fermentative metabolites. CONCLUSION Overall, the results provide a complete, integrated picture of microstructural changes during ripening accompanying the evolution of fruit quality, suggesting functional relationships between the two. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Cantre
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Clara I Mata
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Verboven
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Bart M Nicolaï
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan, Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan, Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Ajani CK, Zhu Z, Sun DW. Recent advances in multiscale CFD modelling of cooling processes and systems for the agrifood industry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2455-2470. [PMID: 32880478 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1809992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Spoilage of agrifood produce is a major issue in the industry. Cooling is an effective technique for extending the shelf life of fresh agrifood produce to minimize spoilage. Due to the practical inability of directly solving the wide spatial and temporal scales in large industrial agrifood cooling systems, the porous medium approach is mostly used. However, improvements of current porous medium models and modeling across much wider scales are needed to better understand the multiscale cooling process and system problems. Recently, as a result of increased computational capacity, multiscale computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling approaches have been developed to tackle some of these challenges. The associated problems and applications of CFD in the design and process optimization of cooling processes and systems at different scales are considered. CFD solution and scale bridging techniques relevant for handling multiscale cooling processes and systems problems are discussed. Innovative applications of various CFD modeling techniques at different scales in cooling processes and systems are reviewed. CFD modeling techniques can be used to handle multiscale cooling process and system problems. Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is a potentially viable discrete modeling technique for complimentary usages alongside current continuum techniques in future multiscale CFD modeling. The multiscale CFD modeling paradigm can overcome the computational resource limitations associated with the direct modeling approach and enhance model extension across wider spatial and temporal scales. Information from multiscale CFD could be used to improve the accuracy of current porous medium models, and thus the design of more efficient cooling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Kehinde Ajani
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China.,Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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8
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Classic and Reaction-Diffusion Models Used in Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) of Fruit and Vegetables. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-020-09214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Engstrom TA, Pogoda K, Cruz K, Janmey PA, Schwarz JM. Compression stiffening in biological tissues: On the possibility of classic elasticity origins. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:052413. [PMID: 31212528 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.052413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Compression stiffening, or an increase in shear modulus with increasing compressive strain, has been observed in recent rheometry experiments on brain, liver, and fat tissues. Here we extend the known types of biomaterials exhibiting this phenomenon to include agarose gel and fruit flesh. The data reveal a linear relationship between shear storage modulus and uniaxial prestress, even up to 40% strain in some cases. We focus on this less-familiar linear relationship to show that two different results from classic elasticity theory can account for the phenomenon of linear compression stiffening. One result is due to Barron and Klein, extended here to the relevant geometry and prestresses; the other is due to Birch. For incompressible materials, there are no adjustable parameters in either theory. Which one applies to a given situation is a matter of reference state, suggesting that the reference state is determined by the tendency of the material to develop, or not develop, axial stress (in excess of the applied prestress) when subjected to torsion at constant axial strain. Our experiments and analysis also strengthen the notion that seemingly distinct animal and plant tissues can have mechanically similar behavior at the quantitative level under certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Engstrom
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - K Pogoda
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences PL-31342, Krakow, Poland
| | - K Cruz
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - P A Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Departments of Physiology and Physics & Astronomy, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - J M Schwarz
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
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10
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Boeckx J, Pols S, Hertog MLATM, Nicolaï BM. Regulation of the Central Carbon Metabolism in Apple Fruit Exposed to Postharvest Low-Oxygen Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1384. [PMID: 31737012 PMCID: PMC6831743 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
After harvest, fruit remain metabolically active and continue to ripen. The main goal of postharvest storage is to slow down the metabolic activity of the detached fruit. In many cases, this is accomplished by storing fruit at low temperature in combination with low oxygen (O2) and high carbon dioxide (CO2) partial pressures. However, altering the normal atmospheric conditions is not without any risk and can induce low-O2 stress. This review focuses on the central carbon metabolism of apple fruit during postharvest storage, both under normal O2 conditions and under low-O2 stress conditions. While the current review is focused on apple fruit, most research on the central carbon metabolism, low-O2 stress, and O2 sensing has been done on a range of different model plants (e.g., Arabidopsis, potato, rice, and maize) using various plant organs (e.g., seedlings, tubers, roots, and leaves). This review pulls together this information from the various sources into a coherent overview to facilitate the research on the central carbon metabolism in apple fruit exposed to postharvest low-O2 stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bart M. Nicolaï
- KU Leuven, BIOSYST-MeBioS, Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Cukrov D. Progress toward Understanding the Molecular Basis of Fruit Response to Hypoxia. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7040078. [PMID: 30248917 PMCID: PMC6314085 DOI: 10.3390/plants7040078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen has shaped life on Earth as we know it today. Molecular oxygen is essential for normal cellular function, i.e., plants need oxygen to maintain cellular respiration and for a wide variety of biochemical reactions. When oxygen levels in the cell are lower than levels needed for respiration, then the cell experiences hypoxia. Plants are known to experience root hypoxia during natural environmental conditions like flooding. Fruit, on the other hand, is known to be hypoxic under normal oxygen conditions. This observation could be explained (at least partially) as a consequence of diffusional barriers, low tissue diffusivity, and high oxygen consumption by respiration. From the physiological point of view, hypoxia is known to have a profound impact on fruit development, since it is well documented that a low oxygen environment can significantly delay ripening and senescence of some fruit. This effect of a low-oxygen environment is readily used for optimizing storage conditions and transport, and for prolonging the shelf life of several fruit commodities. Therefore, further understanding of the complex relationship between oxygen availability within the cell and fruit development could assist postharvest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubravka Cukrov
- Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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12
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Xiao Z, Rogiers SY, Sadras VO, Tyerman SD. Hypoxia in grape berries: the role of seed respiration and lenticels on the berry pedicel and the possible link to cell death. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2071-2083. [PMID: 29415235 PMCID: PMC6018838 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mesocarp cell death (CD) during ripening is common in berries of seeded Vitis vinifera L. wine cultivars. We examined if hypoxia within berries is linked to CD. The internal oxygen concentration ([O2]) across the mesocarp was measured in berries from Chardonnay and Shiraz, both seeded, and Ruby Seedless, using an oxygen micro-sensor. Steep [O2] gradients were observed across the skin and [O2] decreased toward the middle of the mesocarp. As ripening progressed, the minimum [O2] approached zero in the seeded cultivars and correlated to the profile of CD across the mesocarp. Seed respiration declined during ripening, from a large proportion of total berry respiration early to negligible at later stages. [O2] increased towards the central axis corresponding to the presence of air spaces visualized using X-ray micro-computed tomography (CT). These air spaces connect to the pedicel where lenticels are located that are critical for berry O2 uptake as a function of temperature, and when blocked caused hypoxia in Chardonnay berries, ethanol accumulation, and CD. The implications of hypoxia in grape berries are discussed in terms of its role in CD, ripening, and berry water relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Xiao
- The Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Suzy Y Rogiers
- The Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Victor O Sadras
- The Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- South Australian Research & Development Institute, Waite Research Precinct, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Stephen D Tyerman
- The Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
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13
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Wang Z, Herremans E, Janssen S, Cantre D, Verboven P, Nicolaï B. Visualizing 3D Food Microstructure Using Tomographic Methods: Advantages and Disadvantages. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2018; 9:323-343. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030117-012639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi Wang
- Postharvest Group, Division MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Herremans
- Postharvest Group, Division MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Siem Janssen
- Postharvest Group, Division MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dennis Cantre
- Postharvest Group, Division MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Verboven
- Postharvest Group, Division MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Nicolaï
- Postharvest Group, Division MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, VCBT, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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The impact of high pressure and drying processing on internal structure and quality of fruit. Eur Food Res Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-018-3047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Rahman MM, Joardder MUH, Khan MIH, Pham ND, Karim MA. Multi-scale model of food drying: Current status and challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:858-876. [PMID: 27646175 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1227299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
For a long time, food engineers have been trying to describe the physical phenomena that occur during food processing especially drying. Physics-based theoretical modeling is an important tool for the food engineers to reduce the hurdles of experimentation. Drying of food is a multi-physics phenomenon such as coupled heat and mass transfer. Moreover, food structure is multi-scale in nature, and the microstructural features play a great role in the food processing specially in drying. Previously simple macroscopic model was used to describe the drying phenomena which can give a little description about the smaller scale. The multiscale modeling technique can handle all the phenomena that occur during drying. In this special kind of modeling approach, the single scale models from bigger to smaller scales are interconnected. With the help of multiscale modeling framework, the transport process associated with drying can be studied on a smaller scale and the resulting information can be transferred to the bigger scale. This article is devoted to discussing the state of the art multi-scale modeling, its prospect and challenges in the field of drying technology. This article has also given some directions to how to overcome the challenges for successful implementation of multi-scale modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Rahman
- a School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Mohammad U H Joardder
- a School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - M I H Khan
- a School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia.,b Department of Mechanical Engineering , Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology , Gazipur , Bangladesh
| | - Nghia Duc Pham
- a School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia.,c Engineering Faculty , Vietnam National University of Agriculture , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - M A Karim
- a School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
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Deuchande T, Larrigaudière C, Giné-Bordonaba J, Carvalho SMP, Vasconcelos MW. Biochemical Basis of CO2-Related Internal Browning Disorders in Pears (Pyrus communis L. cv. Rocha) during Long-Term Storage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:4336-4345. [PMID: 27118401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at understanding the biochemical basis of internal browning disorders (IBDs) in 'Rocha' pear. For this purpose, the effects of storage under normal controlled atmosphere (CA) (3 kPa of O2 + 0.5 kPa of CO2) and IBD-inducing CA (1 kPa of O2 + 10 kPa of CO2) on the antioxidant and fermentative metabolisms and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and phenolics concentration were studied. The higher IBD incidence in high CO2-stored fruits was positively correlated with fermentative metabolites and negatively with ascorbate and H2O2 concentrations, and it was linked to PPO activation. These results indicate that both the antioxidant and fermentative metabolisms are involved in the occurrence of IBD in 'Rocha' pear. From the integration of the biochemical and enzymatic data, a schematic model illustrating the effects of high CO2 and low O2 in 'Rocha' pears during long-term storage was constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Deuchande
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Quı́mica Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia Universidade Católica Portuguesa , Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Christian Larrigaudière
- IRTA , Postharvest Department, Parc Cientific i Tecnològic Agroalimentari, Parc de Gardeny, Edifici Fruitcentre, 25003 Lleida, Spain
| | - Jordi Giné-Bordonaba
- IRTA , Postharvest Department, Parc Cientific i Tecnològic Agroalimentari, Parc de Gardeny, Edifici Fruitcentre, 25003 Lleida, Spain
| | - Susana M P Carvalho
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Quı́mica Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia Universidade Católica Portuguesa , Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Geociências Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- GreenUP/CITAB-UP & DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto , Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Department of Plant Sciences, Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University , Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marta W Vasconcelos
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Quı́mica Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia Universidade Católica Portuguesa , Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
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Retta M, Ho QT, Yin X, Verboven P, Berghuijs HNC, Struik PC, Nicolaï BM. A two-dimensional microscale model of gas exchange during photosynthesis in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 246:37-51. [PMID: 26993234 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CO2 exchange in leaves of maize (Zea mays L.) was examined using a microscale model of combined gas diffusion and C4 photosynthesis kinetics at the leaf tissue level. Based on a generalized scheme of photosynthesis in NADP-malic enzyme type C4 plants, the model accounted for CO2 diffusion in a leaf tissue, CO2 hydration and assimilation in mesophyll cells, CO2 release from decarboxylation of C4 acids, CO2 fixation in bundle sheath cells and CO2 retro-diffusion from bundle sheath cells. The transport equations were solved over a realistic 2-D geometry of the Kranz anatomy obtained from light microscopy images. The predicted responses of photosynthesis rate to changes in ambient CO2 and irradiance compared well with those obtained from gas exchange measurements. A sensitivity analysis showed that the CO2 permeability of the mesophyll-bundle sheath and airspace-mesophyll interfaces strongly affected the rate of photosynthesis and bundle sheath conductance. Carbonic anhydrase influenced the rate of photosynthesis, especially at low intercellular CO2 levels. In addition, the suberin layer at the exposed surface of the bundle sheath cells was found beneficial in reducing the retro-diffusion. The model may serve as a tool to investigate CO2 diffusion further in relation to the Kranz anatomy in C4 plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moges Retta
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven/Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Quang Tri Ho
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven/Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands; BioSolar Cells, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Verboven
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven/Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Herman N C Berghuijs
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven/Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands; BioSolar Cells, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands; BioSolar Cells, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart M Nicolaï
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven/Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Ho QT, Rogge S, Verboven P, Verlinden BE, Nicolaï BM. Stochastic modelling for virtual engineering of controlled atmosphere storage of fruit. J FOOD ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Herremans E, Verboven P, Verlinden BE, Cantre D, Abera M, Wevers M, Nicolaï BM. Automatic analysis of the 3-D microstructure of fruit parenchyma tissue using X-ray micro-CT explains differences in aeration. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:264. [PMID: 26518365 PMCID: PMC4628266 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0650-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3D high-resolution X-ray imaging methods have emerged over the last years for visualising the anatomy of tissue samples without substantial sample preparation. Quantitative analysis of cells and intercellular spaces in these images has, however, been difficult and was largely based on manual image processing. We present here an automated procedure for processing high-resolution X-ray images of parenchyma tissues of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) and pear (Pyrus communis L.) as a rapid objective method for characterizing 3D plant tissue anatomy at the level of single cells and intercellular spaces. RESULTS We isolated neighboring cells in 3D images of apple and pear cortex tissues, and constructed a virtual sieve to discard incorrectly segmented cell particles or unseparated clumps of cells. Void networks were stripped down until their essential connectivity features remained. Statistical analysis of structural parameters showed significant differences between genotypes in the void and cell networks that relate to differences in aeration properties of the tissues. CONCLUSIONS A new model for effective oxygen diffusivity of parenchyma tissue is proposed that not only accounts for the tortuosity of interconnected voids, but also for significant diffusion across cells where the void network is not connected. This will significantly aid interpretation and analysis of future tissue aeration studies. The automated image analysis methodology will also support pheno- and genotyping studies where the 3D tissue anatomy plays a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Herremans
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Pieter Verboven
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Bert E Verlinden
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Dennis Cantre
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Metadel Abera
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Martine Wevers
- MTM, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Bart M Nicolaï
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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21
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Verboven P, Pedersen O, Ho QT, Nicolai BM, Colmer TD. The mechanism of improved aeration due to gas films on leaves of submerged rice. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2433-52. [PMID: 24548021 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Some terrestrial wetland plants, such as rice, have super-hydrophobic leaf surfaces which retain a gas film when submerged. O2 movement through the diffusive boundary layer (DBL) of floodwater, gas film and stomata into leaf mesophyll was explored by means of a reaction-diffusion model that was solved in a three-dimensional leaf anatomy model. The anatomy and dark respiration of leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were measured and used to compute O2 fluxes and partial pressure of O2 (pO2 ) in the DBL, gas film and leaf when submerged. The effects of floodwater pO2 , DBL thickness, cuticle permeability, presence of gas film and stomatal opening were explored. Under O2 -limiting conditions of the bulk water (pO2 < 10 kPa), the gas film significantly increases the O2 flux into submerged leaves regardless of whether stomata are fully or partly open. With a gas film, tissue pO2 substantially increases, even for the slightest stomatal opening, but not when stomata are completely closed. The effect of gas films increases with decreasing cuticle permeability. O2 flux and tissue pO2 decrease with increasing DBL thickness. The present modelling analysis provides a mechanistic understanding of how leaf gas films facilitate O2 entry into submerged plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Verboven
- Division BIOSYST-MeBioS, University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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22
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Abera MK, Verboven P, Defraeye T, Fanta SW, Hertog MLATM, Carmeliet J, Nicolai BM. A plant cell division algorithm based on cell biomechanics and ellipse-fitting. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:605-17. [PMID: 24863687 PMCID: PMC4156124 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The importance of cell division models in cellular pattern studies has been acknowledged since the 19th century. Most of the available models developed to date are limited to symmetric cell division with isotropic growth. Often, the actual growth of the cell wall is either not considered or is updated intermittently on a separate time scale to the mechanics. This study presents a generic algorithm that accounts for both symmetrically and asymmetrically dividing cells with isotropic and anisotropic growth. Actual growth of the cell wall is simulated simultaneously with the mechanics. METHODS The cell is considered as a closed, thin-walled structure, maintained in tension by turgor pressure. The cell walls are represented as linear elastic elements that obey Hooke's law. Cell expansion is induced by turgor pressure acting on the yielding cell-wall material. A system of differential equations for the positions and velocities of the cell vertices as well as for the actual growth of the cell wall is established. Readiness to divide is determined based on cell size. An ellipse-fitting algorithm is used to determine the position and orientation of the dividing wall. The cell vertices, walls and cell connectivity are then updated and cell expansion resumes. Comparisons are made with experimental data from the literature. KEY RESULTS The generic plant cell division algorithm has been implemented successfully. It can handle both symmetrically and asymmetrically dividing cells coupled with isotropic and anisotropic growth modes. Development of the algorithm highlighted the importance of ellipse-fitting to produce randomness (biological variability) even in symmetrically dividing cells. Unlike previous models, a differential equation is formulated for the resting length of the cell wall to simulate actual biological growth and is solved simultaneously with the position and velocity of the vertices. CONCLUSIONS The algorithm presented can produce different tissues varying in topological and geometrical properties. This flexibility to produce different tissue types gives the model great potential for use in investigations of plant cell division and growth in silico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metadel K. Abera
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBios, University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Verboven
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBios, University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thijs Defraeye
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBios, University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Solomon Workneh Fanta
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBios, University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten L. A. T. M. Hertog
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBios, University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Carmeliet
- Building Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 15, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Building Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (Empa), Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Bart M. Nicolai
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBios, University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Lauridsen T, Glavina K, Colmer TD, Winkel A, Irvine S, Lefmann K, Feidenhans'l R, Pedersen O. Visualisation by high resolution synchrotron X-ray phase contrast micro-tomography of gas films on submerged superhydrophobic leaves. J Struct Biol 2014; 188:61-70. [PMID: 25175398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Floods can completely submerge terrestrial plants but some wetland species can sustain O2 and CO2 exchange with the environment via gas films forming on superhydrophobic leaf surfaces. We used high resolution synchrotron X-ray phase contrast micro-tomography in a novel approach to visualise gas films on submerged leaves of common cordgrass (Spartina anglica). 3D tomograms enabled a hitherto unmatched level of detail regarding the micro-topography of leaf gas films. Gas films formed only on the superhydrophobic adaxial leaf side (water droplet contact angle, Φ=162°) but not on the abaxial side (Φ=135°). The adaxial side of the leaves of common cordgrass is plicate with a longitudinal system of parallel grooves and ridges and the vast majority of the gas film volume was found in large ∼180μm deep elongated triangular volumes in the grooves and these volumes were connected to each neighbouring groove via a fine network of gas tubules (∼1.7μm diameter) across the ridges. In addition to the gas film retained on the leaf exterior, the X-ray phase contrast micro-tomography also successfully distinguished gas spaces internally in the leaf tissues, and the tissue porosity (gas volume per unit tissue volume) ranged from 6.3% to 20.3% in tip and base leaf segments, respectively. We conclude that X-ray phase contrast micro-tomography is a powerful tool to obtain quantitative data of exterior gas features on biological samples because of the significant difference in electron density between air, biological tissues and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Lauridsen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kyriaki Glavina
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Timothy David Colmer
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009 WA, Australia
| | - Anders Winkel
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009 WA, Australia; The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd Floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Irvine
- Laboratory for Macromolecules and Bioimaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland; Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratory for Dynamic Imaging, Monash University, 3800 VIC, Australia
| | - Kim Lefmann
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert Feidenhans'l
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Pedersen
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009 WA, Australia; The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd Floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Advanced Studies, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009 WA, Australia.
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Cantre D, Herremans E, Verboven P, Ampofo-Asiama J, Nicolaï B. Characterization of the 3-D microstructure of mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Carabao) during ripening using X-ray computed microtomography. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Paul V, Pandey R. Role of internal atmosphere on fruit ripening and storability-a review. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 51:1223-50. [PMID: 24966416 PMCID: PMC4062679 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-011-0583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of different gases and volatiles present or produced inside a fruit are determined by the permeability of the fruit tissue to these compounds. Primarily, surface morphology and anatomical features of a given fruit determine the degree of permeance across the fruit. Species and varietal variability in surface characteristics and anatomical features therefore influence not only the diffusibility of gases and volatiles across the fruits but also the activity and response of various metabolic and physiological reactions/processes regulated by these compounds. Besides the well-known role of ethylene, gases and volatiles; O2, CO2, ethanol, acetaldehyde, water vapours, methyl salicylate, methyl jasmonate and nitric oxide (NO) have the potential to regulate the process of ripening individually and also in various interactive ways. Differences in the prevailing internal atmosphere of the fruits may therefore be considered as one of the causes behind the existing varietal variability of fruits in terms of rate of ripening, qualitative changes, firmness, shelf-life, ideal storage requirement, extent of tolerance towards reduced O2 and/or elevated CO2, transpirational loss and susceptibility to various physiological disorders. In this way, internal atmosphere of a fruit (in terms of different gases and volatiles) plays a critical regulatory role in the process of fruit ripening. So, better and holistic understanding of this internal atmosphere along with its exact regulatory role on various aspects of fruit ripening will facilitate the development of more meaningful, refined and effective approaches in postharvest management of fruits. Its applicability, specially for the climacteric fruits, at various stages of the supply chain from growers to consumers would assist in reducing postharvest losses not only in quantity but also in quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Paul
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012 India
| | - Rakesh Pandey
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012 India
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Microscale modeling of coupled water transport and mechanical deformation of fruit tissue during dehydration. J FOOD ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pieczywek PM, Zdunek A. Finite element modelling of the mechanical behaviour of onion epidermis with incorporation of nonlinear properties of cell walls and real tissue geometry. J FOOD ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ho QT, Carmeliet J, Datta AK, Defraeye T, Delele MA, Herremans E, Opara L, Ramon H, Tijskens E, van der Sman R, Van Liedekerke P, Verboven P, Nicolaï BM. Multiscale modeling in food engineering. J FOOD ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ho QT, Verboven P, Yin X, Struik PC, Nicolaï BM. A microscale model for combined CO(2) diffusion and photosynthesis in leaves. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48376. [PMID: 23144870 PMCID: PMC3492360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport of CO(2) in leaves was investigated by combining a 2-D, microscale CO(2) transport model with photosynthesis kinetics in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves. The biophysical microscale model for gas exchange featured an accurate geometric representation of the actual 2-D leaf tissue microstructure and accounted for diffusive mass exchange of CO(2.) The resulting gas transport equations were coupled to the biochemical Farquhar-von Caemmerer-Berry model for photosynthesis. The combined model was evaluated using gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements on wheat leaves. In general a good agreement between model predictions and measurements was obtained, but a discrepancy was observed for the mesophyll conductance at high CO(2) levels and low irradiance levels. This may indicate that some physiological processes related to photosynthesis are not incorporated in the model. The model provided detailed insight into the mechanisms of gas exchange and the effects of changes in ambient CO(2) concentration or photon flux density on stomatal and mesophyll conductance. It represents an important step forward to study CO(2) diffusion coupled to photosynthesis at the leaf tissue level, taking into account the leaf's actual microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Tri Ho
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Verboven
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C. Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart M. Nicolaï
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Fanta SW, Vanderlinden W, Abera MK, Verboven P, Karki R, Ho QT, De Feyter S, Carmeliet J, Nicolaï BM. Water transport properties of artificial cell walls. J FOOD ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abera MK, Fanta SW, Verboven P, Ho QT, Carmeliet J, Nicolai BM. Virtual Fruit Tissue Generation Based on Cell Growth Modelling. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-011-0775-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Verboven P, Pedersen O, Herremans E, Ho QT, Nicolaï BM, Colmer TD, Teakle N. Root aeration via aerenchymatous phellem: three-dimensional micro-imaging and radial O2 profiles in Melilotus siculus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 193:420-31. [PMID: 22029709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
• Internal root aeration enables waterlogging-tolerant species to grow in anoxic soil. Secondary aerenchyma, in the form of aerenchymatous phellem, is of importance to root aeration in some dicotyledonous species. Little is known about this type of aerenchyma in comparison with primary aerenchyma. • Micro-computed tomography was employed to visualize, in three dimensions, the microstructure of the aerenchymatous phellem in roots of Melilotus siculus. Tissue porosity and respiration were also measured for phellem and stelar tissues. A multiscale, three-dimensional, diffusion-respiration model compared the predicted O(2) profiles in roots with those measured using O(2) microelectrodes. • Micro-computed tomography confirmed the measured high porosity of aerenchymatous phellem (44-54%) and the low porosity of stele (2-5%) A network of connected gas spaces existed in the phellem, but not within the stele. O(2) partial pressures were high in the phellem, but fell below the detection limit in the thicker upper part of the stele, consistent with the poorly connected low porosity and high respiratory demand. • The presented model integrates and validates micro-computed tomography with measured radial O(2) profiles for roots with aerenchymatous phellem, confirming the existence of near-anoxic conditions at the centre of the stele in the basal parts of the root, coupled with only hypoxic conditions towards the apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Verboven
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Oxidative/Fermentative Behavior in the Flesh of “Hass” Avocado Fruits Under Natural and Controlled Atmosphere Conditions. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-011-0747-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ho QT, Verboven P, Verlinden BE, Herremans E, Wevers M, Carmeliet J, Nicolaï BM. A three-dimensional multiscale model for gas exchange in fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:1158-68. [PMID: 21224337 PMCID: PMC3046576 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.169391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Respiration of bulky plant organs such as roots, tubers, stems, seeds, and fruit depends very much on oxygen (O2) availability and often follows a Michaelis-Menten-like response. A multiscale model is presented to calculate gas exchange in plants using the microscale geometry of the tissue, or vice versa, local concentrations in the cells from macroscopic gas concentration profiles. This approach provides a computationally feasible and accurate analysis of cell metabolism in any plant organ during hypoxia and anoxia. The predicted O2 and carbon dioxide (CO2) partial pressure profiles compared very well with experimental data, thereby validating the multiscale model. The important microscale geometrical features are the shape, size, and three-dimensional connectivity of cells and air spaces. It was demonstrated that the gas-exchange properties of the cell wall and cell membrane have little effect on the cellular gas exchange of apple (Malus×domestica) parenchyma tissue. The analysis clearly confirmed that cells are an additional route for CO2 transport, while for O2 the intercellular spaces are the main diffusion route. The simulation results also showed that the local gas concentration gradients were steeper in the cells than in the surrounding air spaces. Therefore, to analyze the cellular metabolism under hypoxic and anoxic conditions, the microscale model is required to calculate the correct intracellular concentrations. Understanding the O2 response of plants and plant organs thus not only requires knowledge of external conditions, dimensions, gas-exchange properties of the tissues, and cellular respiration kinetics but also of microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bart M. Nicolaï
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, BIOSYST-MeBioS (Q.T.H., P.V., B.E.V., E.H., B.M.N.), and Research Group of Materials Performance and Nondestructive Evaluation (M.W.), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B–3001 Leuven, Belgium; Building Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland (J.C.); and Laboratory for Building Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (Empa), 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland (J.C.)
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Mendoza F, Verboven P, Ho QT, Kerckhofs G, Wevers M, Nicolaï B. Multifractal properties of pore-size distribution in apple tissue using X-ray imaging. J FOOD ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ho QT, Verboven P, Verlinden BE, Schenk A, Delele MA, Rolletschek H, Vercammen J, Nicolaï BM. Genotype effects on internal gas gradients in apple fruit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:2745-55. [PMID: 20448049 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A permeation-diffusion-reaction model was applied to study gas exchange of apple fruit (Kanzi, Jonagold, and Braeburn) as effected by morphology and respiratory metabolism. The gas exchange properties and respiration parameters of the fruit organ tissues were measured. The actual internal tissue geometry of the fruit was reconstructed from digital fruit images and the model was solved over this geometry using the finite element method. The model was validated based on measurements of internal gas concentrations and the gas flux of the fruit to its environment. Both measurements and an in silico study revealed that gradients of metabolic gases exist in apple fruit, depending on diffusion properties and respiration of the different cultivars. Macroscale simulation confirmed that Jonagold has large potential for controlled atmosphere (CA) storage while low diffusion properties of cortex tissue in Braeburn indicated a risk of storage disorder development. Kanzi had less O(2) anoxia at CA storage compared with Braeburn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Tri Ho
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, Belgium
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Ho QT, Verboven P, Verlinden BE, Nicolaï BM. A model for gas transport in pear fruit at multiple scales. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:2071-81. [PMID: 20194925 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A two-dimensional multiscale gas exchange model was developed to evaluate the effect of ambient conditions, fruit size, and maturity on intracellular O(2) and CO(2) concentrations in pear fruit via computational analysis. The model consists of interconnected submodels that describe the gas exchange at the macroscopic scale of the fruit and the microscopic scale of the cells. The multiscale model resulted in a comprehensive description of gas exchange at different scales. The macroscale model was used to describe the gas exchange of the fruit under controlled atmosphere conditions while corresponding intracellular concentrations of microstructure tissue were computed from the microscale. Ripening of the fruit increased the risk of physiological disorders, since increased respiration resulted in anoxia in the fruit centre even under typical storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Tri Ho
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Cybulska J, Vanstreels E, Ho QT, Courtin CM, Craeyveld VV, Nicolaï B, Zdunek A, Konstankiewicz K. Mechanical characteristics of artificial cell walls. J FOOD ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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