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Nicolaï BM, Xiao H, Han Q, Tran DT, Crouch E, Hertog MLATM, Verboven P. Spatio-temporal dynamics of the metabolome of climacteric fruit during ripening and post-harvest storage. J Exp Bot 2023; 74:6321-6330. [PMID: 37317945 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fruit quality traits are determined to a large extent by their metabolome. The metabolite content of climacteric fruit changes drastically during ripening and post-harvest storage, and has been investigated extensively. However, the spatial distribution of metabolites and how it changes in time has received much less attention as fruit are usually considered as homogenous plant organs. Yet, spatio-temporal changes of starch, which is hydrolyzed during ripening, has been used for a long time as a ripening index. As vascular transport of water, and hence convective transport of metabolites, slows down in mature fruit and even stalls after detachment, spatio-temporal changes in their concentration are probably affected by diffusive transport of gaseous molecules that act as substrate (O2), inhibitor (CO2), or regulator (ethylene and NO) of the metabolic pathways that are active during climacteric ripening. In this review, we discuss such spatio-temporal changes of the metabolome and how they are affected by transport of metabolic gases and gaseous hormones. As there are currently no techniques available to measure the metabolite distribution repeatedly by non-destructive means, we introduce reaction-diffusion models as an in silico tool to compute it. We show how the different components of such a model can be integrated and used to better understand the role of spatio-temporal changes of the metabolome in ripening and post-harvest storage of climacteric fruit that is detached from the plant, and discuss future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart M Nicolaï
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hui Xiao
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qianyun Han
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dinh Thi Tran
- Department of Food Processing Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Vietnam
| | - Elke Crouch
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Lombardi Building, c/o Victoria and Neethling Street, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Pieter Verboven
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Retta MA, Yin X, Ho QT, Watté R, Berghuijs HNC, Verboven P, Saeys W, Cano FJ, Ghannoum O, Struik PC, Nicolaï BM. The role of chloroplast movement in C4 photosynthesis: A theoretical analysis using a 3-D reaction-diffusion model for maize. J Exp Bot 2023:7135625. [PMID: 37083863 PMCID: PMC10400148 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts movement within mesophyll (M) cells in C4 plants is hypothesized to enhance the CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM), but this is difficult to verify experimentally. A three-dimensional (3-D) leaf model can help analyze how chloroplast movement influences the operation of CCM. The first volumetric reaction-diffusion model of C4 photosynthesis that incorporates: detailed 3-D leaf anatomy, light propagation, ATP and NADPH production and CO2, O2 and bicarbonate concentration driven by diffusional and assimilation/emission processes, was developed and implemented for maize leaves to simulate various chloroplast movement scenarios within M cells : the movement of all M chloroplasts towards bundle-sheath (BS) cells (aggregative movement) and movement of only those of interveinal M cells towards BS cells (avoidance movement). Light absorbed by bundle-sheath (BS) chloroplasts relative to M chloroplasts increased in both cases. Avoidance movement decreased light absorption by M chloroplasts considerably. Consequently, total ATP and NADPH production and net photosynthesis rate increased for aggregative movement and decreased for avoidance movement case compared to the default case of no chloroplast movement at high light intensities. Leakiness increased in both chloroplast movement scenarios due to the imbalance in energy production and demand in M and BS cells. These results suggest the need to design strategies for coordinated increases in electron transport and Rubisco activities for an efficient CCM at very high light intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Retta
- KU Leuven, MeBioS division, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - X Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Q T Ho
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, NO-5005 Bergen, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, Norway
| | - R Watté
- KU Leuven, MeBioS division, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H N C Berghuijs
- Plant Production Systems group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Verboven
- KU Leuven, MeBioS division, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - W Saeys
- KU Leuven, MeBioS division, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - F J Cano
- Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Carretera de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith 2751, NSW, Australia
| | - O Ghannoum
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith 2751, NSW, Australia
| | - P C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - B M Nicolaï
- KU Leuven, MeBioS division, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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Strouwen A, Nicolaï BM, Goos P. Adaptive and robust experimental design for linear dynamical models using Kalman filter. Stat Pap (Berl) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00362-023-01438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Janssens M, Verlinden BE, Hertog MLATM, Nicolaï BM. Quality Evolution and Aroma Profile of Pointed Cabbage in Different Storage Regimes. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:852817. [PMID: 35498690 PMCID: PMC9051525 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.852817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With its increasing popularity, the need for optimal storage conditions of pointed cabbages becomes more important to meet the year-round demand. Storage of the pointed varieties, however, is more difficult compared to the traditional, round varieties and is limited to a few weeks in normal air. Pointed cabbages are more susceptible to quality loss (shriveling, yellowing of leaves, weight loss, fungal, and bacterial infections) and tend to spoil much faster. In order to provide a year-round availability of the fresh product, storage under controlled atmosphere (CA) could offer a solution. In this study, pointed, white cabbage heads (Brassica oleracea var. capitata for. alba L. subv. Conica cv. 'Caraflex') were stored at 1°C from November 2018 to May 2019 under four different CA conditions (1 kPa O2 + 1.5 kPa CO2, 1 kPa O2 + 5 kPa CO2, 3 kPa O2 + 1.5 kPa CO2, and 3 kPa O2 + 5 kPa CO2), and compared to storage under normal air. Results showed that CA storage resulted in a prolonged storage life with a good quality retention for both texture and aroma. CA-stored cabbages showed less weight loss, shriveling, and yellowing. Internal quality parameters [color, soluble solids content (SSC)] were stable over the whole storage period for all objects. The aroma profiles of both the storage atmosphere and cabbage samples were impacted by storage duration. The aroma of cabbage juice was also affected by the storage regime. A clear separation was found for cabbage stored under CA compared to the reference group. From the CA-treatments studied, a combination of low oxygen (1 kPa O2) and elevated carbon dioxide levels (5 kPa CO2) showed the best results maintaining quality. Storage under CA resulted in a better resemblance to the aroma of freshly, harvested produce compared to cabbages stored in normal air.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bart M. Nicolaï
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Leuven, Belgium
- BIOSYST-MeBioS Postharvest Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Strouwen A, Nicolaï BM, Goos P. Robust dynamic experiments for the precise estimation of respiration and fermentation parameters of fruit and vegetables. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009610. [PMID: 35020716 PMCID: PMC8789162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic models based on non-linear differential equations are increasingly being used in many biological applications. Highly informative dynamic experiments are valuable for the identification of these dynamic models. The storage of fresh fruit and vegetables is one such application where dynamic experimentation is gaining momentum. In this paper, we construct optimal O2 and CO2 gas input profiles to estimate the respiration and fermentation kinetics of pear fruit. The optimal input profiles, however, depend on the true values of the respiration and fermentation parameters. Locally optimal design of input profiles, which uses a single initial guess for the parameters, is the traditional method to deal with this issue. This method, however, is very sensitive to the initial values selected for the model parameters. Therefore, we present a robust experimental design approach that can handle uncertainty on the model parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Strouwen
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Peter Goos
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Engineering Management, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Nugraha B, Verboven P, Janssen S, Hertog ML, Boone M, Josipovic I, Nicolaï BM. Oxygen diffusivity mapping of fruit and vegetables based on X-ray CT. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Cantre D, Mata CI, Verboven P, Hertog ML, Nicolaï BM. 3-D microstructural changes in relation to the evolution of quality during ripening of mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Carabao). J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:5207-5221. [PMID: 32520412 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ripening of mango involves changes in texture, flavor, and color, affecting the quality of the fruit. Previous studies have investigated the physiology on the evolution of quality during ripening but only a few have looked at microstructural changes during ripening. None of them has provided an insight into the relationhip between 3-D microstructure and the evolution of quality during ripening. As the 3-D microstructure of fruit tissue determines its mechanical and gas-transport properties, it is likely to affect fruit texture, respiratory metabolism, and other ripening processes. RESULTS The present study focuses on the role of 3-D microstructural changes in relation to quality changes during mango ripening. Microstructural imaging using X-ray micro-computed tomography suggested the incidence of cell leakage, which was confirmed by the measurement of electrolyte leakage from the fruit peel. Due to cell leakage, porosity, pore connectivity, and pore local diameter were decreased whereas the tissue local diameter and pore specific area were increased. The decline in respiration and respiratory quotient during ripening followed the microstructural changes observed. Meanwhile, changes in aroma were observed such as a decrease in monoterpenes and an increase in esters and other fermentative metabolites. CONCLUSION Overall, the results provide a complete, integrated picture of microstructural changes during ripening accompanying the evolution of fruit quality, suggesting functional relationships between the two. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Cantre
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Clara I Mata
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Verboven
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Bart M Nicolaï
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan, Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan, Leuven, Belgium
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Retta MA, Abera MK, Berghuijs HN, Verboven P, Struik PC, Nicolaï BM. In silico study of the role of cell growth factors in photosynthesis using a virtual leaf tissue generator coupled to a microscale photosynthesis gas exchange model. J Exp Bot 2020. [PMID: 31616944 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.46h5nc0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Computational tools that allow in silico analysis of the role of cell growth and division on photosynthesis are scarce. We present a freely available tool that combines a virtual leaf tissue generator and a two-dimensional microscale model of gas transport during C3 photosynthesis. A total of 270 mesophyll geometries were generated with varying degrees of growth anisotropy, growth extent, and extent of schizogenous airspace formation in the palisade mesophyll. The anatomical properties of the virtual leaf tissue and microscopic cross-sections of actual leaf tissue of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were statistically compared. Model equations for transport of CO2 in the liquid phase of the leaf tissue were discretized over the geometries. The virtual leaf tissue generator produced a leaf anatomy of tomato that was statistically similar to real tomato leaf tissue. The response of photosynthesis to intercellular CO2 predicted by a model that used the virtual leaf tissue geometry compared well with measured values. The results indicate that the light-saturated rate of photosynthesis was influenced by interactive effects of extent and directionality of cell growth and degree of airspace formation through the exposed surface of mesophyll per leaf area. The tool could be used further in investigations of improving photosynthesis and gas exchange in relation to cell growth and leaf anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moges A Retta
- Division BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Metadel K Abera
- Division BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Herman Nc Berghuijs
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- BioSolar Cells, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 16, 75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pieter Verboven
- Division BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- BioSolar Cells, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart M Nicolaï
- Division BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Retta MA, Abera MK, Berghuijs HN, Verboven P, Struik PC, Nicolaï BM. In silico study of the role of cell growth factors in photosynthesis using a virtual leaf tissue generator coupled to a microscale photosynthesis gas exchange model. J Exp Bot 2020; 71:997-1009. [PMID: 31616944 PMCID: PMC6977192 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Computational tools that allow in silico analysis of the role of cell growth and division on photosynthesis are scarce. We present a freely available tool that combines a virtual leaf tissue generator and a two-dimensional microscale model of gas transport during C3 photosynthesis. A total of 270 mesophyll geometries were generated with varying degrees of growth anisotropy, growth extent, and extent of schizogenous airspace formation in the palisade mesophyll. The anatomical properties of the virtual leaf tissue and microscopic cross-sections of actual leaf tissue of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were statistically compared. Model equations for transport of CO2 in the liquid phase of the leaf tissue were discretized over the geometries. The virtual leaf tissue generator produced a leaf anatomy of tomato that was statistically similar to real tomato leaf tissue. The response of photosynthesis to intercellular CO2 predicted by a model that used the virtual leaf tissue geometry compared well with measured values. The results indicate that the light-saturated rate of photosynthesis was influenced by interactive effects of extent and directionality of cell growth and degree of airspace formation through the exposed surface of mesophyll per leaf area. The tool could be used further in investigations of improving photosynthesis and gas exchange in relation to cell growth and leaf anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moges A Retta
- Division BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Metadel K Abera
- Division BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Herman Nc Berghuijs
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- BioSolar Cells, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 16, 75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pieter Verboven
- Division BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- BioSolar Cells, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart M Nicolaï
- Division BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Boeckx J, Pols S, Hertog MLATM, Nicolaï BM. Regulation of the Central Carbon Metabolism in Apple Fruit Exposed to Postharvest Low-Oxygen Stress. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1384. [PMID: 31737012 PMCID: PMC6831743 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
After harvest, fruit remain metabolically active and continue to ripen. The main goal of postharvest storage is to slow down the metabolic activity of the detached fruit. In many cases, this is accomplished by storing fruit at low temperature in combination with low oxygen (O2) and high carbon dioxide (CO2) partial pressures. However, altering the normal atmospheric conditions is not without any risk and can induce low-O2 stress. This review focuses on the central carbon metabolism of apple fruit during postharvest storage, both under normal O2 conditions and under low-O2 stress conditions. While the current review is focused on apple fruit, most research on the central carbon metabolism, low-O2 stress, and O2 sensing has been done on a range of different model plants (e.g., Arabidopsis, potato, rice, and maize) using various plant organs (e.g., seedlings, tubers, roots, and leaves). This review pulls together this information from the various sources into a coherent overview to facilitate the research on the central carbon metabolism in apple fruit exposed to postharvest low-O2 stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bart M. Nicolaï
- KU Leuven, BIOSYST-MeBioS, Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Leuven, Belgium
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Berghuijs HNC, Yin X, Ho QT, Retta MA, Nicolaï BM, Struik PC. Using a reaction-diffusion model to estimate day respiration and reassimilation of (photo)respired CO 2 in leaves. New Phytol 2019; 223:619-631. [PMID: 31002400 PMCID: PMC6618012 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Methods using gas exchange measurements to estimate respiration in the light (day respiration R d ) make implicit assumptions about reassimilation of (photo)respired CO2 ; however, this reassimilation depends on the positions of mitochondria. We used a reaction-diffusion model without making these assumptions to analyse datasets on gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and anatomy for tomato leaves. We investigated how R d values obtained by the Kok and the Yin methods are affected by these assumptions and how those by the Laisk method are affected by the positions of mitochondria. The Kok method always underestimated R d . Estimates of R d by the Yin method and by the reaction-diffusion model agreed only for nonphotorespiratory conditions. Both the Yin and Kok methods ignore reassimilation of (photo)respired CO2 , and thus underestimated R d for photorespiratory conditions, but this was less so in the Yin than in the Kok method. Estimates by the Laisk method were affected by assumed positions of mitochondria. It did not work if mitochondria were in the cytosol between the plasmamembrane and the chloroplast envelope. However, mitochondria were found to be most likely between the tonoplast and chloroplasts. Our reaction-diffusion model effectively estimates R d , enlightens the dependence of R d estimates on reassimilation and clarifies (dis)advantages of existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman N. C. Berghuijs
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST‐MeBioSKatholieke Universiteit LeuvenWillem de Croylaan 42LeuvenB‐3001Belgium
- Department of Crop Production EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUlls väg 16Uppsala75651Sweden
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Q. Tri Ho
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST‐MeBioSKatholieke Universiteit LeuvenWillem de Croylaan 42LeuvenB‐3001Belgium
- Food Chemistry & Technology DepartmentTeagasc Food Research CentreMoorepark, Fermoy, Co.CorkP61 C996Ireland
| | - Moges A. Retta
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST‐MeBioSKatholieke Universiteit LeuvenWillem de Croylaan 42LeuvenB‐3001Belgium
| | - Bart M. Nicolaï
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST‐MeBioSKatholieke Universiteit LeuvenWillem de Croylaan 42LeuvenB‐3001Belgium
| | - Paul C. Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
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Strouwen A, Nicolaï BM, Goos P. Optimizing Oxygen Input Profiles for Efficient Estimation of Michaelis-Menten Respiration Models. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-019-02250-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Beshir WF, Tohge T, Watanabe M, Hertog MLATM, Hoefgen R, Fernie AR, Nicolaï BM. Non-aqueous fractionation revealed changing subcellular metabolite distribution during apple fruit development. Hortic Res 2019; 6:98. [PMID: 31666959 PMCID: PMC6804870 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In developing apple fruit, metabolic compartmentation is poorly understood due to the lack of experimental data. Distinguishing subcellular compartments in fruit using non-aqueous fractionation has been technically difficult due to the excess amount of sugars present in the different subcellular compartments limiting the resolution of the technique. The work described in this study represents the first attempt to apply non-aqueous fractionation to developing apple fruit, covering the major events occurring during fruit development (cell division, cell expansion, and maturation). Here we describe the non-aqueous fractionation method to study the subcellular compartmentation of metabolites during apple fruit development considering three main cellular compartments (cytosol, plastids, and vacuole). Evidence is presented that most of the sugars and organic acids were predominantly located in the vacuole, whereas some of the amino acids were distributed between the cytosol and the vacuole. The results showed a shift in the plastid marker from the lightest fractions in the early growth stage to the dense fractions in the later fruit growth stages. This implies that the accumulation of starch content with progressing fruit development substantially influenced the distribution of plastidial fragments within the non-aqueous density gradient applied. Results from this study provide substantial baseline information on assessing the subcellular compartmentation of metabolites in apple fruit in general and during fruit growth in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasiye F. Beshir
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP), Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mutsumi Watanabe
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP), Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Maarten L. A. T. M. Hertog
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rainer Hoefgen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP), Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP), Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bart M. Nicolaï
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology (VCBT), Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Mata CI, Fabre B, Parsons HT, Hertog MLATM, Van Raemdonck G, Baggerman G, Van de Poel B, Lilley KS, Nicolaï BM. Ethylene Receptors, CTRs and EIN2 Target Protein Identification and Quantification Through Parallel Reaction Monitoring During Tomato Fruit Ripening. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1626. [PMID: 30467512 PMCID: PMC6235968 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene, the plant ripening hormone of climacteric fruit, is perceived by ethylene receptors which is the first step in the complex ethylene signal transduction pathway. Much progress has been made in elucidating the mechanism of this pathway, but there is still a lot to be done in the proteomic quantification of the main proteins involved, particularly during fruit ripening. This work focuses on the mass spectrometry based identification and quantification of the ethylene receptors (ETRs) and the downstream components of the pathway, CTR-like proteins (CTRs) and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2). We used tomato as a model fruit to study changes in protein abundance involved in the ethylene signal transduction during fruit ripening. In order to detect and quantify these low abundant proteins located in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, we developed a workflow comprising sample fractionation and MS analysis using parallel reaction monitoring. This work shows the feasibility of the identification and absolute quantification of all seven ethylene receptors, three out of four CTRs and EIN2 in four ripening stages of tomato. In parallel, gene expression was analyzed through real-time qPCR. Correlation between transcriptomic and proteomic profiles during ripening was only observed for three of the studied proteins, suggesting that the other signaling proteins are likely post-transcriptionally regulated. Based on our quantification results we were able to show that the protein levels of SlETR3 and SlETR4 increased during ripening, probably to control ethylene sensitivity. The other receptors and CTRs showed either stable levels that could sustain, or decreasing levels that could promote fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara I. Mata
- Postharvest Group, Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Fabre
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet T. Parsons
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten L. A. T. M. Hertog
- Postharvest Group, Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Van Raemdonck
- Centre for Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Baggerman
- Centre for Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Bram Van de Poel
- Molecular Plant Hormone Physiology, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathryn S. Lilley
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bart M. Nicolaï
- Postharvest Group, Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Fabre B, Korona D, Mata CI, Parsons HT, Deery MJ, Hertog MLATM, Nicolaï BM, Russell S, Lilley KS. Spectral Libraries for SWATH-MS Assays for Drosophila melanogaster and Solanum lycopersicum. Proteomics 2018; 17. [PMID: 28922568 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative proteomics methods have emerged as powerful tools for measuring protein expression changes at the proteome level. Using MS-based approaches, it is now possible to routinely quantify thousands of proteins. However, prefractionation of the samples at the protein or peptide level is usually necessary to go deep into the proteome, increasing both MS analysis time and technical variability. Recently, a new MS acquisition method named SWATH is introduced with the potential to provide good coverage of the proteome as well as a good measurement precision without prior sample fractionation. In contrast to shotgun-based MS however, a library containing experimental acquired spectra is necessary for the bioinformatics analysis of SWATH data. In this study, spectral libraries for two widely used models are built to study crop ripening or animal embryogenesis, Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and Drosophila melanogaster, respectively. The spectral libraries comprise fragments for 5197 and 6040 proteins for S. lycopersicum and D. melanogaster, respectively, and allow reproducible quantification for thousands of peptides per MS analysis. The spectral libraries and all MS data are available in the MassIVE repository with the dataset identifiers MSV000081074 and MSV000081075 and the PRIDE repository with the dataset identifiers PXD006493 and PXD006495.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Fabre
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Bertrand Fabre, Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dagmara Korona
- Department of Genetics University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Harriet T Parsons
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael J Deery
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Steven Russell
- Department of Genetics University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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16
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Ho QT, Hertog MLATM, Verboven P, Ambaw A, Rogge S, Verlinden BE, Nicolaï BM. Down-regulation of respiration in pear fruit depends on temperature. J Exp Bot 2018; 69:2049-2060. [PMID: 29394374 PMCID: PMC6018969 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The respiration rate of plant tissues decreases when the amount of available O2 is reduced. There is, however, a debate on whether the respiration rate is controlled either by diffusion limitation of oxygen or through regulatory processes at the level of the transcriptome. We used experimental and modelling approaches to demonstrate that both diffusion limitation and metabolic regulation affect the response of respiration of bulky plant organs such as fruit to reduced O2 levels in the surrounding atmosphere. Diffusion limitation greatly affects fruit respiration at high temperature, but at low temperature respiration is reduced through a regulatory process, presumably a response to a signal generated by a plant oxygen sensor. The response of respiration to O2 is time dependent and is highly sensitive, particularly at low O2 levels in the surrounding atmosphere. Down-regulation of the respiration at low temperatures may save internal O2 and relieve hypoxic conditions in the fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Tri Ho
- KU Leuven, BIOSYST-MeBioS, Willem de Croylaan, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Pieter Verboven
- KU Leuven, BIOSYST-MeBioS, Willem de Croylaan, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alemayehu Ambaw
- KU Leuven, BIOSYST-MeBioS, Willem de Croylaan, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seppe Rogge
- KU Leuven, BIOSYST-MeBioS, Willem de Croylaan, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert E Verlinden
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart M Nicolaï
- KU Leuven, BIOSYST-MeBioS, Willem de Croylaan, Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Schoeman L, du Plessis A, Verboven P, Nicolaï BM, Cantre D, Manley M. Effect of oven and forced convection continuous tumble (FCCT) roasting on the microstructure and dry milling properties of white maize. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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18
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Mata CI, Fabre B, Hertog MLATM, Parsons HT, Deery MJ, Lilley KS, Nicolaï BM. In-depth characterization of the tomato fruit pericarp proteome. Proteomics 2017; 17. [PMID: 27957804 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the genome of Solanum lycopersicum L. was published in 2012, some studies have explored its proteome although with a limited depth. In this work, we present an extended characterization of the proteome of the tomato pericarp at its ripe red stage. Fractionation of tryptic peptides generated from pericarp proteins by off-line high-pH reverse-phase phase chromatography in combination with LC-MS/MS analysis on a Fisher Scientific Q Exactive and a Sciex Triple-TOF 6600 resulted in the identification of 8588 proteins with a 1% FDR both at the peptide and protein levels. Proteins were mapped through GO and KEGG databases and a large number of the identified proteins were associated with cytoplasmic organelles and metabolic pathways categories. These results constitute one of the most extensive proteome datasets of tomato so far and provide an experimental confirmation of the existence of a high number of theoretically predicted proteins. All MS data are available in the ProteomeXchange repository with the dataset identifiers PXD004947 and PXD004932.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bertrand Fabre
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Harriet T Parsons
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael J Deery
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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19
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Gapper NE, Hertog MLATM, Lee J, Buchanan DA, Leisso RS, Fei Z, Qu G, Giovannoni JJ, Johnston JW, Schaffer RJ, Nicolaï BM, Mattheis JP, Watkins CB, Rudell DR. Delayed response to cold stress is characterized by successive metabolic shifts culminating in apple fruit peel necrosis. BMC Plant Biol 2017; 17:77. [PMID: 28431510 PMCID: PMC5399402 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Superficial scald is a physiological disorder of apple fruit characterized by sunken, necrotic lesions appearing after prolonged cold storage, although initial injury occurs much earlier in the storage period. To determine the degree to which the transition to cell death is an active process and specific metabolism involved, untargeted metabolic and transcriptomic profiling was used to follow metabolism of peel tissue over 180 d of cold storage. RESULTS The metabolome and transcriptome of peel destined to develop scald began to diverge from peel where scald was controlled using antioxidant (diphenylamine; DPA) or rendered insensitive to ethylene using 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) beginning between 30 and 60 days of storage. Overall metabolic and transcriptomic shifts, representing multiple pathways and processes, occurred alongside α-farnesene oxidation and, later, methanol production alongside symptom development. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate this form of peel necrosis is a product of an active metabolic transition involving multiple pathways triggered by chilling temperatures at cold storage inception rather than physical injury. Among multiple other pathways, enhanced methanol and methyl ester levels alongside upregulated pectin methylesterases are unique to peel that is developing scald symptoms similar to injury resulting from mechanical stress and herbivory in other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel E. Gapper
- School of Plant Science, Horticulture Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
- Present addresses: AgroFresh, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA
| | | | - Jinwook Lee
- Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1104 N. Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA
- Present addresses: Department of Horticultural Sciences, Mokpo National University, Muan, Korea
| | - David A. Buchanan
- Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1104 N. Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA
| | - Rachel S. Leisso
- Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1104 N. Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Guiqin Qu
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - James J. Giovannoni
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant, Soil, and Nutrition Laboratory, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Jason W. Johnston
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Ltd, Havelock North, New Zealand
| | - Robert J. Schaffer
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - James P. Mattheis
- Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1104 N. Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA
| | | | - David R. Rudell
- Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1104 N. Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA
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20
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Tran DT, Hertog MLATM, Tran TLH, Quyen NT, Van de Poel B, Mata CI, Nicolaï BM. Population Modeling Approach to Optimize Crop Harvest Strategy. The Case of Field Tomato. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:608. [PMID: 28473843 PMCID: PMC5397500 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the aim is to develop a population model based approach to optimize fruit harvesting strategies with regard to fruit quality and its derived economic value. This approach was applied to the case of tomato fruit harvesting under Vietnamese conditions. Fruit growth and development of tomato (cv. "Savior") was monitored in terms of fruit size and color during both the Vietnamese winter and summer growing seasons. A kinetic tomato fruit growth model was applied to quantify biological fruit-to-fruit variation in terms of their physiological maturation. This model was successfully calibrated. Finally, the model was extended to translate the fruit-to-fruit variation at harvest into the economic value of the harvested crop. It can be concluded that a model based approach to the optimization of harvest date and harvest frequency with regard to economic value of the crop as such is feasible. This approach allows growers to optimize their harvesting strategy by harvesting the crop at more uniform maturity stages meeting the stringent retail demands for homogeneous high quality product. The total farm profit would still depend on the impact a change in harvesting strategy might have on related expenditures. This model based harvest optimisation approach can be easily transferred to other fruit and vegetable crops improving homogeneity of the postharvest product streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh T. Tran
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Vietnam National University of AgricultureHanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Thi L. H. Tran
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Vietnam National University of AgricultureHanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen T. Quyen
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Vietnam National University of AgricultureHanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Bart M. Nicolaï
- KU Leuven, BIOSYST-MeBioSLeuven, Belgium
- Flanders Center of Postharvest TechnologyLeuven, Belgium
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21
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Beshir WF, Mbong VBM, Hertog MLATM, Geeraerd AH, Van den Ende W, Nicolaï BM. Dynamic Labeling Reveals Temporal Changes in Carbon Re-Allocation within the Central Metabolism of Developing Apple Fruit. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:1785. [PMID: 29093725 PMCID: PMC5651688 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the application of isotopically labeled substrates has received extensive attention in plant physiology. Measuring the propagation of the label through metabolic networks may provide information on carbon allocation in sink fruit during fruit development. In this research, gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry based metabolite profiling was used to characterize the changing metabolic pool sizes in developing apple fruit at five growth stages (30, 58, 93, 121, and 149 days after full bloom) using 13C-isotope feeding experiments on hypanthium tissue discs. Following the feeding of [U-13C]glucose, the 13C-label was incorporated into the various metabolites to different degrees depending on incubation time, metabolic pathway activity, and growth stage. Evidence is presented that early in fruit development the utilization of the imported sugars was faster than in later developmental stages, likely to supply the energy and carbon skeletons required for cell division and fruit growth. The declined 13C-incorporation into various metabolites during growth and maturation can be associated with the reduced metabolic activity, as mirrored by the respiratory rate. Moreover, the concentration of fructose and sucrose increased during fruit development, whereas concentrations of most amino and organic acids and polyphenols declined. In general, this study showed that the imported compounds play a central role not only in carbohydrate metabolism, but also in the biosynthesis of amino acid and related protein synthesis and secondary metabolites at the early stage of fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasiye F. Beshir
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Victor B. M. Mbong
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten L. A. T. M. Hertog
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemie H. Geeraerd
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart M. Nicolaï
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Bart M. Nicolaï
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22
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Retta M, Yin X, van der Putten PEL, Cantre D, Berghuijs HNC, Ho QT, Verboven P, Struik PC, Nicolaï BM. Impact of anatomical traits of maize (Zea mays L.) leaf as affected by nitrogen supply and leaf age on bundle sheath conductance. Plant Sci 2016; 252:205-214. [PMID: 27717455 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of photosynthesis in C4 crops depends on the archetypal Kranz-anatomy. To examine how the leaf anatomy, as altered by nitrogen supply and leaf age, affects the bundle sheath conductance (gbs), maize (Zea mays L.) plants were grown under three contrasting nitrogen levels. Combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were done on fully grown leaves at two leaf ages. The measured data were analysed using a biochemical model of C4 photosynthesis to estimate gbs. The leaf microstructure and ultrastructure were quantified using images obtained from micro-computed tomography and microscopy. There was a strong positive correlation between gbs and leaf nitrogen content (LNC) while old leaves had lower gbs than young leaves. Leaf thickness, bundle sheath cell wall thickness and surface area of bundle sheath cells per unit leaf area (Sb) correlated well with gbs although they were not significantly affected by LNC. As a result, the increase of gbs with LNC was little explained by the alteration of leaf anatomy. In contrast, the combined effect of LNC and leaf age on Sb was responsible for differences in gbs between young leaves and old leaves. Future investigations should consider changes at the level of plasmodesmata and membranes along the CO2 leakage pathway to unravel LNC and age effects further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moges Retta
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven/Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands; BioSolar Cells, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter E L van der Putten
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands; BioSolar Cells, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Denis Cantre
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven/Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Herman N C Berghuijs
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven/Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands; BioSolar Cells, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Quang Tri Ho
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven/Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Verboven
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven/Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands; BioSolar Cells, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart M Nicolaï
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven/Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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23
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Berghuijs HNC, Yin X, Ho QT, Driever SM, Retta MA, Nicolaï BM, Struik PC. Mesophyll conductance and reaction-diffusion models for CO 2 transport in C 3 leaves; needs, opportunities and challenges. Plant Sci 2016; 252:62-75. [PMID: 27717479 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
One way to increase potential crop yield could be increasing mesophyll conductance gm. This variable determines the difference between the CO2 partial pressure in the intercellular air spaces (Ci) and that near Rubisco (Cc). Various methods can determine gm from gas exchange measurements, often combined with measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence or carbon isotope discrimination. gm lumps all biochemical and physical factors that cause the difference between Cc and Ci. gm appears to vary with Ci. This variability indicates that gm does not satisfy the physical definition of a conductance according to Fick's first law and is thus an apparent parameter. Uncertainty about the mechanisms that determine gm can be limited to some extent by using analytical models that partition gm into separate conductances. Such models are still only capable of describing the CO2 diffusion pathway to a limited extent, as they make implicit assumptions about the position of mitochondria in the cells, which affect the re-assimilation of (photo)respired CO2. Alternatively, reaction-diffusion models may be used. Rather than quantifying gm, these models explicitly account for factors that affect the efficiency of CO2 transport in the mesophyll. These models provide a better mechanistic description of the CO2 diffusion pathways than mesophyll conductance models. Therefore, we argue that reaction-diffusion models should be used as an alternative to mesophyll conductance models, in case the aim of such a study is to identify traits that can be improved to increase gm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman N C Berghuijs
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Q Tri Ho
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven M Driever
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Moges A Retta
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart M Nicolaï
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Leisso RS, Gapper NE, Mattheis JP, Sullivan NL, Watkins CB, Giovannoni JJ, Schaffer RJ, Johnston JW, Hanrahan I, Hertog MLATM, Nicolaï BM, Rudell DR. Gene expression and metabolism preceding soft scald, a chilling injury of 'Honeycrisp' apple fruit. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:798. [PMID: 27733113 PMCID: PMC5062943 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 'Honeycrisp' is an apple cultivar that is susceptible to soft scald, a chilling injury expressed as necrotic patches on the peel. Improved understanding of metabolism associated with the disorder would improve our understanding of soft scald and contribute to developing more effective management strategies for apple storage. It was expected that specific gene expression and specific metabolite levels in the peel would be linked with soft scald risk at harvest and/or specific time points during cold storage. RESULTS Fruit from nine 'Honeycrisp' apple orchards that would eventually develop different incidences of soft scald between 4 and 8 weeks of cold air storage were used to contrast and determine differential transcriptomic and metabolomic changes during storage. Untargeted metabolic profiling revealed changes in a number of distinct pathways preceding and concurrent with soft scald symptom development, including elevated γ-aminobutryic acid (GABA), 1-hexanol, acylated steryl glycosides, and free p-coumaryl acyl esters. At harvest, levels of sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid acyl esters were relatively higher in peel of fruit that did not later develop the disorder. RNA-seq driven gene expression profiling highlighted possible involvement of genes and associated metabolic processes with soft scald development. These included elevated expression of genes involved in lipid peroxidation and phenolic metabolism in fruit with soft scald, and isoprenoid/brassinosteroid metabolism in fruit that did not develop soft scald. Expression of other stress-related genes in fruit that developed soft scald included chlorophyll catabolism, cell wall loosening, and lipid transport while superoxide dismutases were up-regulated in fruit that did not develop the disorder. CONCLUSIONS This study delineates the sequential transcriptomic and metabolomic changes preceding soft scald symptom development. Changes were differential depending on susceptibility of fruit to the disorder and could be attributed to key stress related and mediating pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Leisso
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA, USA
| | - Nigel E Gapper
- School of Plant Science, Horticulture Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853, USA
- AgroFresh Solutions Inc. 130 Technology Center Way Wenatchee, Wenatchee, WA 98801, WA, USA
| | - James P Mattheis
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA, USA
| | - Nathanael L Sullivan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA, USA
| | - Christopher B Watkins
- School of Plant Science, Horticulture Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853, USA
| | - James J Giovannoni
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant, Soil, and Nutrition Laboratory, Ithaca, NY14853, USA
| | - Robert J Schaffer
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jason W Johnston
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Ltd, Havelock North, New Zealand
| | - Ines Hanrahan
- Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Wenatchee, WA, USA
| | | | | | - David R Rudell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA, USA.
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Retta M, Ho QT, Yin X, Verboven P, Berghuijs HNC, Struik PC, Nicolaï BM. A two-dimensional microscale model of gas exchange during photosynthesis in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves. Plant Sci 2016; 246:37-51. [PMID: 26993234 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CO2 exchange in leaves of maize (Zea mays L.) was examined using a microscale model of combined gas diffusion and C4 photosynthesis kinetics at the leaf tissue level. Based on a generalized scheme of photosynthesis in NADP-malic enzyme type C4 plants, the model accounted for CO2 diffusion in a leaf tissue, CO2 hydration and assimilation in mesophyll cells, CO2 release from decarboxylation of C4 acids, CO2 fixation in bundle sheath cells and CO2 retro-diffusion from bundle sheath cells. The transport equations were solved over a realistic 2-D geometry of the Kranz anatomy obtained from light microscopy images. The predicted responses of photosynthesis rate to changes in ambient CO2 and irradiance compared well with those obtained from gas exchange measurements. A sensitivity analysis showed that the CO2 permeability of the mesophyll-bundle sheath and airspace-mesophyll interfaces strongly affected the rate of photosynthesis and bundle sheath conductance. Carbonic anhydrase influenced the rate of photosynthesis, especially at low intercellular CO2 levels. In addition, the suberin layer at the exposed surface of the bundle sheath cells was found beneficial in reducing the retro-diffusion. The model may serve as a tool to investigate CO2 diffusion further in relation to the Kranz anatomy in C4 plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moges Retta
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven/Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Quang Tri Ho
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven/Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands; BioSolar Cells, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Verboven
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven/Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Herman N C Berghuijs
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven/Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands; BioSolar Cells, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands; BioSolar Cells, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart M Nicolaï
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven/Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Ho QT, Rogge S, Verboven P, Verlinden BE, Nicolaï BM. Stochastic modelling for virtual engineering of controlled atmosphere storage of fruit. J FOOD ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ho QT, Berghuijs HNC, Watté R, Verboven P, Herremans E, Yin X, Retta MA, Aernouts B, Saeys W, Helfen L, Farquhar GD, Struik PC, Nicolaï BM. Three-dimensional microscale modelling of CO2 transport and light propagation in tomato leaves enlightens photosynthesis. Plant Cell Environ 2016; 39:50-61. [PMID: 26082079 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a combined three-dimensional (3-D) model of light propagation, CO2 diffusion and photosynthesis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) leaves. The model incorporates a geometrical representation of the actual leaf microstructure that we obtained with synchrotron radiation X-ray laminography, and was evaluated using measurements of gas exchange and leaf optical properties. The combination of the 3-D microstructure of leaf tissue and chloroplast movement induced by changes in light intensity affects the simulated CO2 transport within the leaf. The model predicts extensive reassimilation of CO2 produced by respiration and photorespiration. Simulations also suggest that carbonic anhydrase could enhance photosynthesis at low CO2 levels but had little impact on photosynthesis at high CO2 levels. The model confirms that scaling of photosynthetic capacity with absorbed light would improve efficiency of CO2 fixation in the leaf, especially at low light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Tri Ho
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Herman N C Berghuijs
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- BioSolar Cells, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Watté
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Verboven
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Herremans
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- BioSolar Cells, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Moges A Retta
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Aernouts
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wouter Saeys
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lukas Helfen
- Laboratory for Application of Synchrotron Radiation/ANKA, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220, F-38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- BioSolar Cells, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart M Nicolaï
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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Herremans E, Verboven P, Verlinden BE, Cantre D, Abera M, Wevers M, Nicolaï BM. Automatic analysis of the 3-D microstructure of fruit parenchyma tissue using X-ray micro-CT explains differences in aeration. BMC Plant Biol 2015; 15:264. [PMID: 26518365 PMCID: PMC4628266 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0650-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3D high-resolution X-ray imaging methods have emerged over the last years for visualising the anatomy of tissue samples without substantial sample preparation. Quantitative analysis of cells and intercellular spaces in these images has, however, been difficult and was largely based on manual image processing. We present here an automated procedure for processing high-resolution X-ray images of parenchyma tissues of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) and pear (Pyrus communis L.) as a rapid objective method for characterizing 3D plant tissue anatomy at the level of single cells and intercellular spaces. RESULTS We isolated neighboring cells in 3D images of apple and pear cortex tissues, and constructed a virtual sieve to discard incorrectly segmented cell particles or unseparated clumps of cells. Void networks were stripped down until their essential connectivity features remained. Statistical analysis of structural parameters showed significant differences between genotypes in the void and cell networks that relate to differences in aeration properties of the tissues. CONCLUSIONS A new model for effective oxygen diffusivity of parenchyma tissue is proposed that not only accounts for the tortuosity of interconnected voids, but also for significant diffusion across cells where the void network is not connected. This will significantly aid interpretation and analysis of future tissue aeration studies. The automated image analysis methodology will also support pheno- and genotyping studies where the 3D tissue anatomy plays a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Herremans
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Pieter Verboven
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Bert E Verlinden
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Dennis Cantre
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Metadel Abera
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Martine Wevers
- MTM, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Bart M Nicolaï
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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29
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Berghuijs HNC, Yin X, Ho QT, van der Putten PEL, Verboven P, Retta MA, Nicolaï BM, Struik PC. Modelling the relationship between CO2 assimilation and leaf anatomical properties in tomato leaves. Plant Sci 2015; 238:297-311. [PMID: 26259196 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The CO2 concentration near Rubisco and, therefore, the rate of CO2 assimilation, is influenced by both leaf anatomical factors and biochemical processes. Leaf anatomical structures act as physical barriers for CO2 transport. Biochemical processes add or remove CO2 along its diffusion pathway through mesophyll. We combined a model that quantifies the diffusive resistance for CO2 using anatomical properties, a model that partitions this resistance and an extended version of the Farquhar-von Caemmerer-Berry model. We parametrized the model by gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf anatomical measurements from three tomato cultivars. There was generally a good agreement between the predicted and measured light and CO2 response curves. We did a sensitivity analysis to assess how the rate of CO2 assimilation responds to changes in various leaf anatomical properties. Next, we conducted a similar analysis for assumed diffusive properties and curvature factors. Some variables (diffusion pathway length in stroma, diffusion coefficient of the stroma, curvature factors) substantially affected the predicted CO2 assimilation. We recommend more research on the measurements of these variables and on the development of 2-D and 3-D gas diffusion models, since these do not require the diffusion pathway length in the stroma as predefined parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman N C Berghuijs
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis-Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis-Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Q Tri Ho
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter E L van der Putten
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis-Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Verboven
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Moges A Retta
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis-Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart M Nicolaï
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis-Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Rogge S, Defraeye T, Herremans E, Verboven P, Nicolaï BM. A 3D contour based geometrical model generator for complex-shaped horticultural products. J FOOD ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Leisso RS, Buchanan DA, Lee J, Mattheis JP, Sater C, Hanrahan I, Watkins CB, Gapper N, Johnston JW, Schaffer RJ, Hertog MLATM, Nicolaï BM, Rudell DR. Chilling-related cell damage of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) fruit cortical tissue impacts antioxidant, lipid and phenolic metabolism. Physiol Plant 2015; 153:204-20. [PMID: 24944043 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
'Soggy breakdown' (SB) is an internal flesh disorder of 'Honeycrisp' apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) fruit that occurs during low temperature storage. The disorder is a chilling injury (CI) in which visible symptoms typically appear after several weeks of storage, but information about the underlying metabolism associated with its induction and development is lacking. The metabolic profile of flesh tissue from wholly healthy fruit and brown and healthy tissues from fruit with SB was characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and correlation networks revealed correlation among ester volatile compounds by composition and differences in phytosterol, phenolic and putative triacylglycerides (TAGs) metabolism among the tissues. anova-simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) was used to test the significance of metabolic changes linked with tissue health status. ASCA-significant components included antioxidant compounds, TAGs, and phytosterol conjugates. Relative to entirely healthy tissues, elevated metabolite levels in symptomatic tissue included γ-amino butyric acid, glycerol, sitosteryl (6'-O-palmitoyl) β-d-glucoside and sitosteryl (6'-O-stearate) β-d-glucoside, and TAGs containing combinations of 16:0, 18:3, 18:2 and 18:1 fatty acids. Reduced metabolite levels in SB tissue included 5-caffeoyl quinate, β-carotene, catechin, epicatechin, α-tocopherol, violaxanthin and sitosteryl β-d glucoside. Pathway analysis indicated aspects of primary metabolism differed according to tissue condition, although differences in metabolites involved were more subtle than those of some secondary metabolites. The results implicate oxidative stress and membrane disruption processes in SB development and constitute a diagnostic metabolic profile for the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Leisso
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA, USA; Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Verboven P, Herremans E, Helfen L, Ho QT, Abera M, Baumbach T, Wevers M, Nicolaï BM. Synchrotron X-ray computed laminography of the three-dimensional anatomy of tomato leaves. Plant J 2015; 81:169-82. [PMID: 25319143 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation computed laminography (SR-CL) is presented as an imaging method for analyzing the three-dimensional (3D) anatomy of leaves. The SR-CL method was used to provide 3D images of 1-mm² samples of intact leaves at a pixel resolution of 750 nm. The method allowed visualization and quantitative analysis of palisade and spongy mesophyll cells, and showed local venation patterns, aspects of xylem vascular structure and stomata. The method failed to image subcellular organelles such as chloroplasts. We constructed 3D computer models of leaves that can provide a basis for calculating gas exchange, light penetration and water and solute transport. The leaf anatomy of two different tomato genotypes grown in saturating light conditions was compared by 3D analysis. Differences were found in calculated values of tissue porosity, cell number density, cell area to volume ratio and cell volume and cell shape distributions of palisade and spongy cell layers. In contrast, the exposed cell area to leaf area ratio in mesophyll, a descriptor that correlates to the maximum rate of photosynthesis in saturated light conditions, was no different between spongy and palisade cells or between genotypes. The use of 3D image processing avoids many of the limitations of anatomical analysis with two-dimensional sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Verboven
- Division BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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Herremans E, Verboven P, Hertog MLATM, Cantre D, van Dael M, De Schryver T, Van Hoorebeke L, Nicolaï BM. Spatial development of transport structures in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) fruit. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:679. [PMID: 26388883 PMCID: PMC4554951 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The void network and vascular system are important pathways for the transport of gases, water and solutes in apple fruit (Malus × domestica Borkh). Here we used X-ray micro-tomography at various spatial resolutions to investigate the growth of these transport structures in 3D during fruit development of "Jonagold" apple. The size of the void space and porosity in the cortex tissue increased considerably. In the core tissue, the porosity was consistently lower, and seemed to decrease toward the end of the maturation period. The voids in the core were more narrow and fragmented than the voids in the cortex. Both the void network in the core and in the cortex changed significantly in terms of void morphology. An automated segmentation protocol underestimated the total vasculature length by 9-12% in comparison to manually processed images. Vascular networks increased in length from a total of 5 m at 9 weeks after full bloom, to more than 20 m corresponding to 5 cm of vascular tissue per cubic centimeter of apple tissue. A high degree of branching in both the void network and vascular system and a complex three-dimensional pattern was observed across the whole fruit. The 3D visualizations of the transport structures may be useful for numerical modeling of organ growth and transport processes in fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Herremans
- Division of MeBioS, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Verboven
- Division of MeBioS, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | | | - Dennis Cantre
- Division of MeBioS, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Mattias van Dael
- Division of MeBioS, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas De Schryver
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UGCT-Radiation Physics, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Hoorebeke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UGCT-Radiation Physics, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Bart M. Nicolaï
- Division of MeBioS, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, University of LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest TechnologyLeuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Bart M. Nicolaï, Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Magwaza LS, Landahl S, Cronje PJ, Nieuwoudt HH, Mouazen AM, Nicolaï BM, Terry LA, Opara UL. The use of Vis/NIRS and chemometric analysis to predict fruit defects and postharvest behaviour of ‘Nules Clementine’ mandarin fruit. Food Chem 2014; 163:267-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hertog MLATM, Uysal I, McCarthy U, Verlinden BM, Nicolaï BM. Shelf life modelling for first-expired-first-out warehouse management. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2014; 372:20130306. [PMID: 24797134 PMCID: PMC4006170 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In the supply chain of perishable food products, large losses are incurred between farm and fork. Given the limited land resources and an ever-growing population, the food supply chain is faced with the challenge of increasing its handling efficiency and minimizing post-harvest food losses. Huge value can be added by optimizing warehouse management systems, taking into account the estimated remaining shelf life of the product, and matching it to the requirements of the subsequent part of the handling chain. This contribution focuses on how model approaches estimating quality changes and remaining shelf life can be combined in optimizing first-expired-first-out cold chain management strategies for perishable products. To this end, shelf-life-related performance indicators are used to introduce remaining shelf life and product quality in the cost function when optimizing the supply chain. A combinatorial exhaustive-search algorithm is shown to be feasible as the complexity of the optimization problem is sufficiently low for the size and properties of a typical commercial cold chain. The estimated shelf life distances for a particular batch can thus be taken as a guide to optimize logistics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ismail Uysal
- RFID Lab for Applied Research, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620-5399, USA
| | - Ultan McCarthy
- RFID Lab for Applied Research, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620-5399, USA
| | - Bert M. Verlinden
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven (Heverlee), Belgium
| | - Bart M. Nicolaï
- KU Leuven, BIOSYST-MeBioS, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven (Heverlee), Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven (Heverlee), Belgium
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Nicolaï BM, Defraeye T, De Ketelaere B, Herremans E, Hertog MLATM, Saeys W, Torricelli A, Vandendriessche T, Verboven P. Nondestructive measurement of fruit and vegetable quality. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2014; 5:285-312. [PMID: 24387604 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030713-092410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We review nondestructive techniques for measuring internal and external quality attributes of fruit and vegetables, such as color, size and shape, flavor, texture, and absence of defects. The different techniques are organized according to their physical measurement principle. We first describe each technique and then list some examples. As many of these techniques rely on mathematical models and particular data processing methods, we discuss these where needed. We pay particular attention to techniques that can be implemented online in grading lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart M Nicolaï
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; , , , , , , ,
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Verboven P, Herremans E, Borisjuk L, Helfen L, Ho QT, Tschiersch H, Fuchs J, Nicolaï BM, Rolletschek H. Void space inside the developing seed of Brassica napus and the modelling of its function. New Phytol 2013; 199:936-947. [PMID: 23692271 PMCID: PMC3784975 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The developing seed essentially relies on external oxygen to fuel aerobic respiration, but it is currently unknown how oxygen diffuses into and within the seed, which structural pathways are used and what finally limits gas exchange. By applying synchrotron X-ray computed tomography to developing oilseed rape seeds we uncovered void spaces, and analysed their three-dimensional assembly. Both the testa and the hypocotyl are well endowed with void space, but in the cotyledons, spaces were small and poorly inter-connected. In silico modelling revealed a three orders of magnitude range in oxygen diffusivity from tissue to tissue, and identified major barriers to gas exchange. The oxygen pool stored in the voids is consumed about once per minute. The function of the void space was related to the tissue-specific distribution of storage oils, storage protein and starch, as well as oxygen, water, sugars, amino acids and the level of respiratory activity, analysed using a combination of magnetic resonance imaging, specific oxygen sensors, laser micro-dissection, biochemical and histological methods. We conclude that the size and inter-connectivity of void spaces are major determinants of gas exchange potential, and locally affect the respiratory activity of a developing seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Verboven
- BIOSYST- MeBioS, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of LeuvenW. de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Herremans
- BIOSYST- MeBioS, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of LeuvenW. de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Lukas Helfen
- IPS/ANKA, Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyPO Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
- ESRF6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Quang Tri Ho
- BIOSYST- MeBioS, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of LeuvenW. de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Henning Tschiersch
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Johannes Fuchs
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Bart M Nicolaï
- BIOSYST- MeBioS, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of LeuvenW. de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
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Magwaza LS, Opara UL, Terry LA, Landahl S, Cronje PJ, Nieuwoudt HH, Hanssens A, Saeys W, Nicolaï BM. Evaluation of Fourier transform-NIR spectroscopy for integrated external and internal quality assessment of Valencia oranges. J Food Compost Anal 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gondek E, Jakubczyk E, Herremans E, Verlinden B, Hertog M, Vandendriessche T, Verboven P, Antoniuk A, Bongaers E, Estrade P, Nicolaï BM. Acoustic, mechanical and microstructural properties of extruded crisp bread. J Cereal Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ho QT, Carmeliet J, Datta AK, Defraeye T, Delele MA, Herremans E, Opara L, Ramon H, Tijskens E, van der Sman R, Van Liedekerke P, Verboven P, Nicolaï BM. Multiscale modeling in food engineering. J FOOD ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ho QT, Verboven P, Yin X, Struik PC, Nicolaï BM. A microscale model for combined CO(2) diffusion and photosynthesis in leaves. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48376. [PMID: 23144870 PMCID: PMC3492360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport of CO(2) in leaves was investigated by combining a 2-D, microscale CO(2) transport model with photosynthesis kinetics in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves. The biophysical microscale model for gas exchange featured an accurate geometric representation of the actual 2-D leaf tissue microstructure and accounted for diffusive mass exchange of CO(2.) The resulting gas transport equations were coupled to the biochemical Farquhar-von Caemmerer-Berry model for photosynthesis. The combined model was evaluated using gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements on wheat leaves. In general a good agreement between model predictions and measurements was obtained, but a discrepancy was observed for the mesophyll conductance at high CO(2) levels and low irradiance levels. This may indicate that some physiological processes related to photosynthesis are not incorporated in the model. The model provided detailed insight into the mechanisms of gas exchange and the effects of changes in ambient CO(2) concentration or photon flux density on stomatal and mesophyll conductance. It represents an important step forward to study CO(2) diffusion coupled to photosynthesis at the leaf tissue level, taking into account the leaf's actual microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Tri Ho
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Verboven
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C. Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart M. Nicolaï
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Fanta SW, Vanderlinden W, Abera MK, Verboven P, Karki R, Ho QT, De Feyter S, Carmeliet J, Nicolaï BM. Water transport properties of artificial cell walls. J FOOD ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Verboven P, Pedersen O, Herremans E, Ho QT, Nicolaï BM, Colmer TD, Teakle N. Root aeration via aerenchymatous phellem: three-dimensional micro-imaging and radial O2 profiles in Melilotus siculus. New Phytol 2012; 193:420-31. [PMID: 22029709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
• Internal root aeration enables waterlogging-tolerant species to grow in anoxic soil. Secondary aerenchyma, in the form of aerenchymatous phellem, is of importance to root aeration in some dicotyledonous species. Little is known about this type of aerenchyma in comparison with primary aerenchyma. • Micro-computed tomography was employed to visualize, in three dimensions, the microstructure of the aerenchymatous phellem in roots of Melilotus siculus. Tissue porosity and respiration were also measured for phellem and stelar tissues. A multiscale, three-dimensional, diffusion-respiration model compared the predicted O(2) profiles in roots with those measured using O(2) microelectrodes. • Micro-computed tomography confirmed the measured high porosity of aerenchymatous phellem (44-54%) and the low porosity of stele (2-5%) A network of connected gas spaces existed in the phellem, but not within the stele. O(2) partial pressures were high in the phellem, but fell below the detection limit in the thicker upper part of the stele, consistent with the poorly connected low porosity and high respiratory demand. • The presented model integrates and validates micro-computed tomography with measured radial O(2) profiles for roots with aerenchymatous phellem, confirming the existence of near-anoxic conditions at the centre of the stele in the basal parts of the root, coupled with only hypoxic conditions towards the apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Verboven
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Bulens I, Van de Poel B, Hertog MLATM, De Proft MP, Geeraerd AH, Nicolaï BM. Protocol: An updated integrated methodology for analysis of metabolites and enzyme activities of ethylene biosynthesis. Plant Methods 2011; 7:17. [PMID: 21696643 PMCID: PMC3142538 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-7-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The foundations for ethylene research were laid many years ago by researchers such as Lizada, Yang and Hoffman. Nowadays, most of the methods developed by them are still being used. Technological developments since then have led to small but significant improvements, contributing to a more efficient workflow. Despite this, many of these improvements have never been properly documented. RESULTS This article provides an updated, integrated set of protocols suitable for the assembly of a complete picture of ethylene biosynthesis, including the measurement of ethylene itself. The original protocols for the metabolites 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and 1-(malonylamino)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid have been updated and downscaled, while protocols to determine in vitro activities of the key enzymes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase have been optimised for efficiency, repeatability and accuracy. All the protocols described were optimised for apple fruit, but have been proven to be suitable for the analysis of tomato fruit as well. CONCLUSIONS This work collates an integrated set of detailed protocols for the measurement of components of the ethylene biosynthetic pathway, starting from well-established methods. These protocols have been optimised for smaller sample volumes, increased efficiency, repeatability and accuracy. The detailed protocol allows other scientists to rapidly implement these methods in their own laboratories in a consistent and efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Bulens
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, bus 2428, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Van de Poel
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, bus 2428, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten LATM Hertog
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, bus 2428, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maurice P De Proft
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), Katholieke, Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, bus 2427, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemie H Geeraerd
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, bus 2428, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart M Nicolaï
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, bus 2428, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Ho QT, Verboven P, Verlinden BE, Herremans E, Wevers M, Carmeliet J, Nicolaï BM. A three-dimensional multiscale model for gas exchange in fruit. Plant Physiol 2011; 155:1158-68. [PMID: 21224337 PMCID: PMC3046576 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.169391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Respiration of bulky plant organs such as roots, tubers, stems, seeds, and fruit depends very much on oxygen (O2) availability and often follows a Michaelis-Menten-like response. A multiscale model is presented to calculate gas exchange in plants using the microscale geometry of the tissue, or vice versa, local concentrations in the cells from macroscopic gas concentration profiles. This approach provides a computationally feasible and accurate analysis of cell metabolism in any plant organ during hypoxia and anoxia. The predicted O2 and carbon dioxide (CO2) partial pressure profiles compared very well with experimental data, thereby validating the multiscale model. The important microscale geometrical features are the shape, size, and three-dimensional connectivity of cells and air spaces. It was demonstrated that the gas-exchange properties of the cell wall and cell membrane have little effect on the cellular gas exchange of apple (Malus×domestica) parenchyma tissue. The analysis clearly confirmed that cells are an additional route for CO2 transport, while for O2 the intercellular spaces are the main diffusion route. The simulation results also showed that the local gas concentration gradients were steeper in the cells than in the surrounding air spaces. Therefore, to analyze the cellular metabolism under hypoxic and anoxic conditions, the microscale model is required to calculate the correct intracellular concentrations. Understanding the O2 response of plants and plant organs thus not only requires knowledge of external conditions, dimensions, gas-exchange properties of the tissues, and cellular respiration kinetics but also of microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bart M. Nicolaï
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology, BIOSYST-MeBioS (Q.T.H., P.V., B.E.V., E.H., B.M.N.), and Research Group of Materials Performance and Nondestructive Evaluation (M.W.), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B–3001 Leuven, Belgium; Building Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland (J.C.); and Laboratory for Building Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (Empa), 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland (J.C.)
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Ambaw A, Beaudry R, Bulens I, Delele MA, Ho QT, Schenk A, Nicolaï BM, Verboven P. Modeling the diffusion–adsorption kinetics of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) in apple fruit and non-target materials in storage rooms. J FOOD ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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De Baerdemaeker J, Delele MA, Verboven P, Nicolaï BM. Multiscale modelling of postharvest storage of fruit and vegetables in a plant factory context. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3182/20110828-6-it-1002.02886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Buts K, Hertog MLATM, Baggerman G, Nicolaï BM. A systems biology approach to browning in apple: proteomics. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2011; 76:245-248. [PMID: 21539241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Buts
- BIOSTYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Van de Poel B, Bulens I, Lagrain P, Pollet J, Hertog MLATM, Lammertyn J, De Proft MP, Nicolaï BM, Geeraerd AH. Determination of S-adenosyl-l-methionine in fruits by capillary electrophoresis. Phytochem Anal 2010; 21:602-8. [PMID: 20690158 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) plays an important role in many biochemical reactions in plants. It is mainly used as a methyl donor for methylation reactions, but it also participates in, for example, the biosynthesis of polyamines and the plant hormone ethylene. OBJECTIVE To develop a fast capillary electrophoresis technique to separate SAM in fruits and fruit juices without any pre-purification steps. METHODOLOGY Four different extraction solutions and two extraction times were tested, of which 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) for 10 min was found most suited. A glycine : phosphate buffer (200 : 50 mm, pH 2.5) was found optimal to analyse SAM in TCA extracts. Analyses were preformed on different climacteric and non-climacteric fruits and fruit juices. The calibration curve was created in degraded tomato extract. The CE-method was compared with a more conventional HPLC method described in literature. RESULTS The CE technique made it possible to completely separate the S,S- and R,S-diastereoisomeric forms of SAM. The CE method proved to be very fast (20 min total running time instead of 42 min) and more sensitive (limit of detection of 0.5 µm instead of 1 µm) compared with the conventional HPLC method. CONCLUSION Fast measurements of SAM in fruits and juices are favoured by capillary electrophoresis in a 200 : 50 mm glycine : phosphate (pH 2.5) buffer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Van de Poel
- Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, Belgium.
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Ho QT, Verboven P, Verlinden BE, Schenk A, Delele MA, Rolletschek H, Vercammen J, Nicolaï BM. Genotype effects on internal gas gradients in apple fruit. J Exp Bot 2010; 61:2745-55. [PMID: 20448049 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A permeation-diffusion-reaction model was applied to study gas exchange of apple fruit (Kanzi, Jonagold, and Braeburn) as effected by morphology and respiratory metabolism. The gas exchange properties and respiration parameters of the fruit organ tissues were measured. The actual internal tissue geometry of the fruit was reconstructed from digital fruit images and the model was solved over this geometry using the finite element method. The model was validated based on measurements of internal gas concentrations and the gas flux of the fruit to its environment. Both measurements and an in silico study revealed that gradients of metabolic gases exist in apple fruit, depending on diffusion properties and respiration of the different cultivars. Macroscale simulation confirmed that Jonagold has large potential for controlled atmosphere (CA) storage while low diffusion properties of cortex tissue in Braeburn indicated a risk of storage disorder development. Kanzi had less O(2) anoxia at CA storage compared with Braeburn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Tri Ho
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, Belgium
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