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Yu YZ, Liu HT, Yang F, Li L, Schäufele R, Tcherkez G, Schnyder H, Gong XY. δ13C of bulk organic matter and cellulose reveal post-photosynthetic fractionation during ontogeny in C4 grass leaves. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1451-1464. [PMID: 37943576 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The 13C isotope composition (δ13C) of leaf dry matter is a useful tool for physiological and ecological studies. However, how post-photosynthetic fractionation associated with respiration and carbon export influences δ13C remains uncertain. We investigated the effects of post-photosynthetic fractionation on δ13C of mature leaves of Cleistogenes squarrosa, a perennial C4 grass, in controlled experiments with different levels of vapour pressure deficit and nitrogen supply. With increasing leaf age class, the 12C/13C fractionation of leaf organic matter relative to the δ13C of atmosphere CO2 (ΔDM) increased while that of cellulose (Δcel) was almost constant. The divergence between ΔDM and Δcel increased with leaf age class, with a maximum value of 1.6‰, indicating the accumulation of post-photosynthetic fractionation. Applying a new mass balance model that accounts for respiration and export of photosynthates, we found an apparent 12C/13C fractionation associated with carbon export of -0.5‰ to -1.0‰. Different ΔDM among leaves, pseudostems, daughter tillers, and roots indicate that post-photosynthetic fractionation happens at the whole-plant level. Compared with ΔDM of old leaves, ΔDM of young leaves and Δcel are more reliable proxies for predicting physiological parameters due to the lower sensitivity to post-photosynthetic fractionation and the similar sensitivity in responses to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhi Yu
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Hai Tao Liu
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- College of Resources and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Lei Li
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Rudi Schäufele
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, ANU Joint College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRAe, Université d'Angers, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49070 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Hans Schnyder
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Xiao Ying Gong
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fuzhou, China
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Renou S, Grand M, Daux V, Tcherkez G, Akoka S, Remaud G. NMR-Based Method for Intramolecular 13C Distribution at Natural Abundance Adapted to Small Amounts of Glucose. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37413690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for isotopic measurements, known as irm-NMR (isotope ratio measured by NMR), is well suited for the quantitation of 13C-isotopomers in position-specific isotope analysis and thus for measuring the carbon isotope composition (δ13C, mUr) in C-atom positions. Irm-NMR has already been used with glucose after derivatization to study sugar metabolism in plants. However, up to now, irm-NMR has exploited a "single-pulse" sequence and requires a relatively large amount of material and long experimental time, precluding many applications with biological tissues or extracts. To reduce the required amount of sample, we investigated the use of 2D-NMR analysis. We adapted and optimized the NMR sequence so as to be able to analyze a small amount (10 mg) of a glucose derivative (diacetonide glucofuranose, DAGF) with a precision better than 1 mUr at each C-atom position. We also set up a method to correct raw data and express 13C abundance on the usual δ13C scale (δ-scale). In fact, due to the distortion associated with polarization transfer and spin manipulation during 2D-NMR analyses, raw 13C abundance is found to be on an unusual scale. This was compensated for by a correction factor obtained via comparative analysis of a reference material (commercial DAGF) using both previous (single-pulse) and new (2D) sequences. Glucose from different biological origins (CO2 assimilation metabolisms of plants, namely, C3, C4, and CAM) was analyzed with the two sequences and compared. Validation criteria such as selectivity, limit of quantification, precision, trueness, and robustness are discussed, including in the framework of green analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Renou
- CEISAM, CNRS, Nantes Université, F-44322 Nantes, France
| | | | - Valérie Daux
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA - CNRS - UVSQ - Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, 2601 Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Université d'Angers, INRAe, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49070 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Serge Akoka
- CEISAM, CNRS, Nantes Université, F-44322 Nantes, France
| | - Gérald Remaud
- CEISAM, CNRS, Nantes Université, F-44322 Nantes, France
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Neubauer C, Kantnerová K, Lamothe A, Savarino J, Hilkert A, Juchelka D, Hinrichs KU, Elvert M, Heuer V, Elsner M, Bakkour R, Julien M, Öztoprak M, Schouten S, Hattori S, Dittmar T. Discovering Nature's Fingerprints: Isotope Ratio Analysis on Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:525-537. [PMID: 36971362 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For a generation or more, the mass spectrometry that developed at the frontier of molecular biology was worlds apart from isotope ratio mass spectrometry, a label-free approach done on optimized gas-source magnetic sector instruments. Recent studies show that electrospray-ionization Orbitraps and other mass spectrometers widely used in the life sciences can be fine-tuned for high-precision isotope ratio analysis. Since isotope patterns form everywhere in nature based on well-understood principles, intramolecular isotope measurements allow unique insights into a fascinating range of research topics. This Perspective introduces a wider readership to current topics in stable isotope research with the aim of discussing how soft-ionization mass spectrometry coupled with ultrahigh mass resolution can enable long-envisioned progress. We highlight novel prospects of observing isotopes in intact polar compounds and speculate on future directions of this adventure into the overlapping realms of biology, chemistry, and geology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cajetan Neubauer
- University of Colorado Boulder & Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Kristýna Kantnerová
- University of Colorado Boulder & Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Alexis Lamothe
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Grenoble-INP, IGE, Grenoble 38400, France
| | - Joel Savarino
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Grenoble-INP, IGE, Grenoble 38400, France
| | | | | | - Kai-Uwe Hinrichs
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Marcus Elvert
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Verena Heuer
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Martin Elsner
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Rani Bakkour
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Maxime Julien
- GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Merve Öztoprak
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel 1797 SZ, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Schouten
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel 1797 SZ, Netherlands
| | - Shohei Hattori
- International Center for Isotope Effects Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Thorsten Dittmar
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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Ma WT, Yu YZ, Wang X, Gong XY. Estimation of intrinsic water-use efficiency from δ 13C signature of C 3 leaves: Assumptions and uncertainty. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1037972. [PMID: 36714771 PMCID: PMC9877432 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1037972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon isotope composition (δ13C) has been widely used to estimate the intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) of plants in ecosystems around the world, providing an ultimate record of the functional response of plants to climate change. This approach relies on established relationships between leaf gas exchange and isotopic discrimination, which are reflected in different formulations of 13C-based iWUE models. In the current literature, most studies have utilized the simple, linear equation of photosynthetic discrimination to estimate iWUE. However, recent studies demonstrated that using this linear model for quantitative studies of iWUE could be problematic. Despite these advances, there is a scarcity of review papers that have comprehensively reviewed the theoretical basis, assumptions, and uncertainty of 13C-based iWUE models. Here, we 1) present the theoretical basis of 13C-based iWUE models: the classical model (iWUEsim), the comprehensive model (iWUEcom), and the model incorporating mesophyll conductance (iWUEmes); 2) discuss the limitations of the widely used iWUEsim model; 3) and make suggestions on the application of the iWUEmes model. Finally, we suggest that a mechanistic understanding of mesophyll conductance associated effects and post-photosynthetic fractionation are the bottlenecks for improving the 13C-based estimation of iWUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ting Ma
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhi Yu
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuming Wang
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao Ying Gong
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fuzhou, China
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Zhang L, Wang L, Zhang J, Song C, Li Y, Li J, Lu M. Expression and localization of SWEETs in Populus and the effect of SWEET7 overexpression in secondary growth. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:882-899. [PMID: 33147625 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In trees, wood formation needs carbon import from the photosynthetic source tissues. Sugar transporters play important roles in carbohydrate transport into wood-forming cells. Sugars will eventually be exported transporters (SWEETs) play essential roles in many physiological processes. However, the roles of this family in the growth and development of woody plants have not been systematically investigated. In this study, 27 SWEET genes were identified in the Populus trichocarpa genome. These SWEET genes were classified into four clades based on their phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, conserved motifs and chromosomal locations. Representative SWEET members from each clade were selected for further studies. The PagSWEETs of Populus alba × Populus glandulosa were localized to plasma membrane, vacuolar, endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that PagSWEETs have distinct expression patterns in various tissues, and PagSWEET5, 7, 10b, 10c, 15b, 17a and 17c exhibited high expression levels in stems. PagSWEET7 is localized to the cytoplasmic membrane and specifically expressed in the phloem as detected by histochemical GUS ($\beta $ - glucuronidase) assays. Xylem production and xylem sugar content were greater in developing wood of PagSWEET7 overexpression than wild-type lines. Collectively, these results provide valuable information for further investigating functions of PagSWEET genes, and identify PagSWEET7 as a candidate gene for using biotechnology to modify the wood formation in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- College of Agricultural and Biological engineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong 274015, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Forestry, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-wood Forest Product of State Forestry Administration, School of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jianbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Forestry, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
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Rasmussen C, Hoffman DW. Intramolecular distribution of 13C/ 12C isotopes in amino acids of diverse origins. Amino Acids 2020; 52:955-964. [PMID: 32594254 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02863-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Carbon stable isotope analysis can provide information about the origin and synthetic pathways that produce organic molecules, with applications in chemical, medical and (bio)geochemical sciences. The 13C/12C isotope ratios of organics such as amino acids are most commonly obtained as whole molecule averages. In this study, we apply proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to conduct position-specific carbon isotope analyses of L-/D-alanine, L-threonine and L-histidine from different sources, in addition to molecule average stable isotope analyses obtained via mass spectrometry. Our results demonstrate that carbon isotope ratios can vary significantly between the individual carbon positions within an amino acid. For example, the β- and γ- carbons of L-threonine can differ in 13C/12C ratio by > 20 ‰. Comparisons of the position-specific and whole molecule average stable isotope abundances show that whole molecule analyses can mask the intramolecular isotope variation. These results provide the first experimentally measured position-specific isotope ratios for alpha and side chain carbons of alanine, threonine and histidine. Comparison with previous ab initio calculations of intramolecular equilibrium fractionation shows that the carbon isotope distributions are not at equilibrium, thus kinetic isotope effects play a significant role in amino acid synthesis. We hypothesize that position-specific 13C/12C isotope ratios provide an "isotopic fingerprint" that can give insight into the origin or synthesis pathway that formed an amino acid, and that this emerging analytical field will be a valuable addition to traditional stable isotope analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Rasmussen
- Institute for Geophysics and Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- University of Texas Center for Planetary Systems Habitability, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - David W Hoffman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- University of Texas Center for Planetary Systems Habitability, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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7
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Julien M, Gori D, Höhener P, Robins RJ, Remaud GS. Intramolecular isotope effects during permanganate oxidation and acid hydrolysis of methyl tert-butyl ether. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:125975. [PMID: 32007772 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotopes have been widely used to monitor remediation of environmental contaminants over the last decades. This approach gives a good mechanistic description of natural or assisted degradation of organic pollutants, such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). Since abiotic degradation seems to be the most promising assisted attenuation method, the isotopic fractionation associated with oxidation and hydrolysis processes need to be further investigated in order to understand better these processes and make their monitoring more efficient. In this study, position-specific isotope effects (PSIEs) associated with permanganate oxidation and acid hydrolysis of MTBE were determined using isotope ratio monitoring by 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry (irm-13C NMR) combined with isotope ratio monitoring by Mass Spectrometry (irm-MS). The use of this Position-Specific Isotopic Analysis (PSIA) method makes it possible to observe a specific normal isotope effect (IE) associated with each of these two abiotic degradation mechanisms. The present work demonstrates that the 13C isotope pattern of the main degradation product, tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), depends on the chemical reaction by which it is produced. Furthermore, this study also demonstrates that PSIA at natural abundance can give new insights into reaction mechanisms and that this methodology is very promising for the future of modeling the remediation of organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Julien
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan; EBSI Team, CEISAM, University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 Rue de la Houssinière BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes, France.
| | - Didier Gori
- University of Aix-Marseille-CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, UMR 7376, Place Victor Hugo 3, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Höhener
- University of Aix-Marseille-CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, UMR 7376, Place Victor Hugo 3, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Richard J Robins
- EBSI Team, CEISAM, University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 Rue de la Houssinière BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes, France
| | - Gérald S Remaud
- EBSI Team, CEISAM, University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 Rue de la Houssinière BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes, France
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Bögelein R, Lehmann MM, Thomas FM. Differences in carbon isotope leaf-to-phloem fractionation and mixing patterns along a vertical gradient in mature European beech and Douglas fir. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1803-1815. [PMID: 30740705 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
While photosynthetic isotope discrimination is well understood, the postphotosynthetic and transport-related fractionation mechanisms that influence phloem and subsequently tree ring δ13 C are less investigated and may vary among species. We studied the seasonal and diel courses of leaf-to-phloem δ13 C differences of water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) in vertical crown gradients and followed the assimilate transport via the branches to the trunk phloem at breast height in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). δ13 C of individual sugars and cyclitols from a subsample was determined by compound-specific isotope analysis. In beech, leaf-to-phloem δ13 C differences in WSOM increased with height and were partly caused by biochemical isotope fractionation between leaf compounds. 13 C-Enrichment of phloem sugars relative to leaf sucrose implies an additional isotope fractionation mechanism related to leaf assimilate export. In Douglas fir, leaf-to-phloem δ13 C differences were much smaller and isotopically invariant pinitol strongly influenced leaf and phloem WSOM. Trunk phloem WSOM at breast height reflected canopy-integrated δ13 C in beech but not in Douglas fir. Our results demonstrate that leaf-to-phloem isotope fractionation and δ13 C mixing patterns along vertical gradients can differ between tree species. These effects have to be considered for functional interpretations of trunk phloem and tree ring δ13 C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Bögelein
- Faculty of Regional and Environmental Sciences - Geobotany, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, Trier, 54296, Germany
| | - Marco M Lehmann
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute WSL Birmensdorf, Zuercherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Frank M Thomas
- Faculty of Regional and Environmental Sciences - Geobotany, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, Trier, 54296, Germany
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Stevens GG, Pérez-Fernández MA, Morcillo RJL, Kleinert A, Hills P, Brand DJ, Steenkamp ET, Valentine AJ. Roots and Nodules Response Differently to P Starvation in the Mediterranean-Type Legume Virgilia divaricata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:73. [PMID: 30804964 PMCID: PMC6370976 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Virgilia divaricata is a tree legume that grows in the Cape Floristic Region (CFA) in poor nutrient soils. A comparison between high and low phosphate growth conditions between roots and nodules was conducted and evaluated for the plants ability to cope under low phosphate stress conditions in V. divaricata. We proved that the plant copes with low phosphate stress through an increased allocation of resources, reliance on BNF and enhanced enzyme activity, especially PEPC. Nodules had a lower percentage decline in P compared to roots to uphold its metabolic functions. These strategies partly explain how V. divaricata can sustain growth despite LP conditions. Although the number of nodules declined with LP, their biomass remained unchanged in spite of a plant decline in dry weight. This is achieved via the high efficiency of BNF under P stress. During LP, nodules had a lower % decline at 34% compared to the roots at 88%. We attribute this behavior to P conservation strategies in LP nodules that imply an increase in a metabolic bypass that operates at the PEP branch point in glycolysis. The enhanced activities of nodule PEPC, MDH, and ME, whilst PK declines, suggests that under LP conditions an adenylate bypass was in operation either to synthesize more organic acids or to mediate pyruvate via a non-adenylate requiring metabolic route. Both possibilities represent a P-stress adaptation route and this is the first report of its kind for legume trees that are indigenous to low P, acid soils. Although BNF declined by a small percentage during LP, this P conservation was evident in the unchanged BNF efficiency per weight, and the increase in BNF efficiency per mol of P. It appears that legumes that are indigenous to acid soils, may be able to continue their reliance on BNF via increased allocation to nodules and also due to increase their efficiency for BNF on a P basis, owing to P-saving mechanisms such as the organic acid routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary G. Stevens
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | | | - Rafael J. L. Morcillo
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Aleysia Kleinert
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Paul Hills
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - D. Jacobus Brand
- NMR Unit, Central Analytical Facility, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Emma T. Steenkamp
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Alex J. Valentine
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
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11
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Intramolecular 13C analysis of tree rings provides multiple plant ecophysiology signals covering decades. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5048. [PMID: 29567963 PMCID: PMC5864875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurements of carbon isotope contents of plant organic matter provide important information in diverse fields such as plant breeding, ecophysiology, biogeochemistry and paleoclimatology. They are currently based on 13C/12C ratios of specific, whole metabolites, but we show here that intramolecular ratios provide higher resolution information. In the glucose units of tree-ring cellulose of 12 tree species, we detected large differences in 13C/12C ratios (>10‰) among carbon atoms, which provide isotopically distinct inputs to major global C pools, including wood and soil organic matter. Thus, considering position-specific differences can improve characterisation of soil-to-atmosphere carbon fluxes and soil metabolism. In a Pinus nigra tree-ring archive formed from 1961 to 1995, we found novel 13C signals, and show that intramolecular analysis enables more comprehensive and precise signal extraction from tree rings, and thus higher resolution reconstruction of plants’ responses to climate change. Moreover, we propose an ecophysiological mechanism for the introduction of a 13C signal, which links an environmental shift to the triggered metabolic shift and its intramolecular 13C signature. In conclusion, intramolecular 13C analyses can provide valuable new information about long-term metabolic dynamics for numerous applications.
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12
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Zhong S, Chai H, Xu Y, Li Y, Ma JY, Sun W. Drought Sensitivity of the Carbon Isotope Composition of Leaf Dark-Respired CO 2 in C 3 ( Leymus chinensis) and C 4 ( Chloris virgata and Hemarthria altissima) Grasses in Northeast China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1996. [PMID: 29375587 PMCID: PMC5770615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Whether photosynthetic pathway differences exist in the amplitude of nighttime variations in the carbon isotope composition of leaf dark-respired CO2 (δ13Cl) and respiratory apparent isotope fractionation relative to biomass (ΔR,biomass) in response to drought stress is unclear. These differences, if present, would be important for the partitioning of C3-C4 mixed ecosystem C fluxes. We measured δ13Cl, the δ13C of biomass and of potential respiratory substrates and leaf gas exchange in one C3 (Leymus chinensis) and two C4 (Chloris virgata and Hemarthria altissima) grasses during a manipulated drought period. For all studied grasses, δ13Cl decreased from 21:00 to 03:00 h. The magnitude of the nighttime shift in δ13Cl decreased with increasing drought stress. The δ13Cl values were correlated with the δ13C of respiratory substrates, whereas the magnitude of the nighttime shift in δ13Cl strongly depended on the daytime carbon assimilation rate and the range of nighttime variations in the respiratory substrate content. The ΔR,biomass in the C3 and C4 grasses varied in opposite directions with the intensification of the drought stress. The contribution of C4 plant-associated carbon flux is likely to be overestimated if carbon isotope signatures are used for the partitioning of ecosystem carbon exchange and the δ13C of biomass is used as a substitute for leaf dark-respired CO2. The detected drought sensitivities in δ13Cl and differences in respiratory apparent isotope fractionation between C3 and C4 grasses have marked implications for isotope partitioning studies at the ecosystem level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangzhi Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Hua Chai
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yueqiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Jian-Ying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Pironti C, Cucciniello R, Camin F, Tonon A, Motta O, Proto A. Determination of the 13C/12C Carbon Isotope Ratio in Carbonates and Bicarbonates by 13C NMR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11413-11418. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Pironti
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Raffaele Cucciniello
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Federica Camin
- Department
of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’ Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Agostino Tonon
- Department
of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’ Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Oriana Motta
- Department
of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, via S. Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Antonio Proto
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
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Jézéquel T, Joubert V, Giraudeau P, Remaud GS, Akoka S. The new face of isotopic NMR at natural abundance. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2017; 55:77-90. [PMID: 27921330 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The most widely used method for isotope analysis at natural abundance is isotope ratio monitoring by Mass Spectrometry (irm-MS) which provides bulk isotopic composition in 2 H, 13 C, 15 N, 18 O or 34 S. However, in the 1980s, the direct access to Site-specific Natural Isotope Fractionation by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SNIF-NMRTM ) was immediately recognized as a powerful technique to authenticate the origin of natural or synthetic products. The initial - and still most popular - application consisted in detecting the chaptalization of wines by irm-2 H NMR. The approach has been extended to a wide range of methodologies over the last decade, paving the way to a wide range of applications, not only in the field of authentication but also to study metabolism. In particular, the emerging irm-13 C NMR approach delivers direct access to position-specific 13 C isotope content at natural abundance. After highlighting the application scope of irm-NMR (2 H and 13 C), this article describes the major improvements which made possible to reach the required accuracy of 1‰ (0.1%) in irm-13 C NMR. The last part of the manuscript summarizes the different steps to perform isotope analysis as a function of the sample properties (concentration, peak overlap) and the kind of targeted isotopic information (authentication, affiliation). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangi Jézéquel
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes, France
| | | | - Patrick Giraudeau
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | | | - Serge Akoka
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes, France
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15
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Isotope Ratio Monitoring 13 C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry for the Analysis of Position-Specific Isotope Ratios. Methods Enzymol 2017; 596:369-401. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
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16
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Gonzalez JT, Fuchs CJ, Betts JA, van Loon LJC. Liver glycogen metabolism during and after prolonged endurance-type exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E543-53. [PMID: 27436612 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00232.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate and fat are the main substrates utilized during prolonged endurance-type exercise. The relative contribution of each is determined primarily by the intensity and duration of exercise, along with individual training and nutritional status. During moderate- to high-intensity exercise, carbohydrate represents the main substrate source. Because endogenous carbohydrate stores (primarily in liver and muscle) are relatively small, endurance-type exercise performance/capacity is often limited by endogenous carbohydrate availability. Much exercise metabolism research to date has focused on muscle glycogen utilization, with little attention paid to the contribution of liver glycogen. (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy permits direct, noninvasive measurements of liver glycogen content and has increased understanding of the relevance of liver glycogen during exercise. In contrast to muscle, endurance-trained athletes do not exhibit elevated basal liver glycogen concentrations. However, there is evidence that liver glycogenolysis may be lower in endurance-trained athletes compared with untrained controls during moderate- to high-intensity exercise. Therefore, liver glycogen sparing in an endurance-trained state may account partly for training-induced performance/capacity adaptations during prolonged (>90 min) exercise. Ingestion of carbohydrate at a relatively high rate (>1.5 g/min) can prevent liver glycogen depletion during moderate-intensity exercise independent of the type of carbohydrate (e.g., glucose vs. sucrose) ingested. To minimize gastrointestinal discomfort, it is recommended to ingest specific combinations or types of carbohydrates (glucose plus fructose and/or sucrose). By coingesting glucose with either galactose or fructose, postexercise liver glycogen repletion rates can be doubled. There are currently no guidelines for carbohydrate ingestion to maximize liver glycogen repletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier T Gonzalez
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; and
| | - Cas J Fuchs
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - James A Betts
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; and
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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17
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Monakhova YB, Diehl BW. Authentication of the origin of sucrose-based sugar products using quantitative natural abundance (13) C NMR. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:2861-2866. [PMID: 26362834 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to possible falsification of sugar cane products with cheaper alternative (sugar beet) on the market, a simple analytical methodology needs to be developed to control the authenticity of sugar products. RESULTS A direct (13) C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method has been validated to differentiate between sucrose-based sugar products produced from sugar beet (C3 plant) and sugar cane (C4 plant). The method is based on calculating relative (13) C content of the C1, C2, C5, and the C1, C4, C5, C6 positions of the glycosyl and fructosyl moieties of the sucrose molecule, respectively. NMR acquisition parameters and data processing have been optimized to reach a high level of intraday and interday precision (<0.2%). Good linearity (R(2) = 0.93) was obtained for the beet sugar-cane sugar blends containing from 0 to 100 wt% of beet sugar. The method was applied to ten commercial sucrose-based sugar products of different botanical origin. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the relative peak areas for replicate measurements to visualize the difference between studied products. CONCLUSION The (13) C NMR method is a good alternative to complex isotope ratio mass spectrometry measurements for routine detection and semi-quantification of adulteration of commercial cane sugar (C4 plant) with less expensive beet sugar (C3 plant). © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia B Monakhova
- Spectral Service AG, 50996, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, 410012, Saratov, Russia
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18
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Lamade E, Tcherkez G, Darlan NH, Rodrigues RL, Fresneau C, Mauve C, Lamothe-Sibold M, Sketriené D, Ghashghaie J. Natural (13) C distribution in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) and consequences for allocation pattern. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:199-212. [PMID: 26228944 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oil palm has now become one of the most important crops, palm oil representing nearly 25% of global plant oil consumption. Many studies have thus addressed oil palm ecophysiology and photosynthesis-based models of carbon allocation have been used. However, there is a lack of experimental data on carbon fixation and redistribution within palm trees, and important C-sinks have not been fully characterized yet. Here, we carried out extensive measurement of natural (13) C-abundance (δ(13) C) in oil palm tissues, including fruits at different maturation stages. We find a (13) C-enrichment in heterotrophic organs compared to mature leaves, with roots being the most (13) C-enriched. The δ(13) C in fruits decreased during maturation, reflecting the accumulation in (13) C-depleted lipids. We further used observed δ(13) C values to compute plausible carbon fluxes using a steady-state model of (13) C-distribution including metabolic isotope effects ((12) v/(13) v). The results suggest that fruits represent a major respiratory loss (≈39% of total tree respiration) and that sink organs such as fruits are fed by sucrose from leaves. That is, glucose appears to be a quantitatively important compound in palm tissues, but computations indicate that it is involved in dynamic starch metabolism rather that C-exchange between organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Lamade
- UPR34 Performance of Perennial Cropping Systems, CIRAD-PERSYST, Montpellier, 34398, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - Nuzul Hijri Darlan
- Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute, IOPRI, Jl. Brigjen Katamso 51, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia
| | | | - Chantal Fresneau
- ESE, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8079, Orsay cedex, 91405, France
| | - Caroline Mauve
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Université Paris-Sud, IPS2, Orsay cedex, 91405, France
| | - Marlène Lamothe-Sibold
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Université Paris-Sud, IPS2, Orsay cedex, 91405, France
| | - Diana Sketriené
- ESE, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8079, Orsay cedex, 91405, France
| | - Jaleh Ghashghaie
- ESE, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8079, Orsay cedex, 91405, France
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19
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Rinne KT, Saurer M, Kirdyanov AV, Loader NJ, Bryukhanova MV, Werner RA, Siegwolf RTW. The relationship between needle sugar carbon isotope ratios and tree rings of larch in Siberia. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:1192-1205. [PMID: 26433019 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Significant gaps still exist in our knowledge about post-photosynthetic leaf level and downstream metabolic processes and isotopic fractionations. This includes their impact on the isotopic climate signal stored in the carbon isotope composition (δ(13)C) of leaf assimilates and tree rings. For the first time, we compared the seasonal δ(13)C variability of leaf sucrose with intra-annual, high-resolution δ(13)C signature of tree rings from larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.). The trees were growing at two sites in the continuous permafrost zone of Siberia with different growth conditions. Our results indicate very similar low-frequency intra-seasonal trends of the sucrose and tree ring δ(13)C records with little or no indication for the use of 'old' photosynthates formed during the previous year(s). The comparison of leaf sucrose δ(13)C values with that in other leaf sugars and in tree rings elucidates the cause for the reported (13)C-enrichment of sink organs compared with leaves. We observed that while the average δ(13)C of all needle sugars was 1.2‰ more negative than δ(13)C value of wood, the δ(13)C value of the transport sugar sucrose was on an average 1.0‰ more positive than that of wood. Our study shows a high potential of the combined use of compound-specific isotope analysis of sugars (leaf and phloem) with intra-annual tree ring δ(13)C measurements for deepening our understanding about the mechanisms controlling the isotope variability in tree rings under different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Rinne
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland Present address: Natural Resources Institute Finland, PO Box 18, FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland
| | - M Saurer
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - A V Kirdyanov
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - N J Loader
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - M V Bryukhanova
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - R A Werner
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R T W Siegwolf
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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20
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Rinne KT, Saurer M, Kirdyanov AV, Bryukhanova MV, Prokushkin AS, Churakova Sidorova OV, Siegwolf RTW. Examining the response of needle carbohydrates from Siberian larch trees to climate using compound-specific δ(13) C and concentration analyses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2340-2352. [PMID: 25916312 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the dynamics of concentrations and carbon isotope ratios of individual carbohydrates in leaves in response to climatic and physiological factors. Improved knowledge of the isotopic ratio in sugars will enhance our understanding of the tree ring isotope ratio and will help to decipher environmental conditions in retrospect more reliably. Carbohydrate samples from larch (Larix gmelinii) needles of two sites in the continuous permafrost zone of Siberia with differing growth conditions were analysed with the Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA). We compared concentrations and carbon isotope values (δ(13) C) of sucrose, fructose, glucose and pinitol combined with phenological data. The results for the variability of the needle carbohydrates show high dynamics with distinct seasonal characteristics between and within the studied years with a clear link to the climatic conditions, particularly vapour pressure deficit. Compound-specific differences in δ(13) C values as a response to climate were detected. The δ(13) C of pinitol, which contributes up to 50% of total soluble carbohydrates, was almost invariant during the whole growing season. Our study provides the first in-depth characterization of compound-specific needle carbohydrate isotope variability, identifies involved mechanisms and shows the potential of such results for linking tree physiological responses to different climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Rinne
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - M Saurer
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - A V Kirdyanov
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - M V Bryukhanova
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - A S Prokushkin
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | | | - R T W Siegwolf
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
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21
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Bayle K, Grand M, Chaintreau A, Robins RJ, Fieber W, Sommer H, Akoka S, Remaud GS. Internal Referencing for ¹³C Position-Specific Isotope Analysis Measured by NMR Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7550-4. [PMID: 26158226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The intramolecular (13)C composition of a molecule retains evidence relevant to its (bio)synthetic history and can provide valuable information in numerous fields ranging from biochemistry to environmental sciences. Isotope ratio monitoring by (13)C NMR spectrometry (irm-(13)C NMR) is a generic method that offers the potential to conduct (13)C position-specific isotope analysis with a precision better than 1‰. Until now, determining absolute values also required measurement of the global (or bulk) (13)C composition (δ(13)Cg) by mass spectrometry. In a radical new approach, it is shown that an internal isotopic chemical reference for irm-(13)C NMR can be used instead. The strategy uses (1)H NMR to quantify both the number of moles of the reference and of the studied compound present in the NMR tube. Thus, the sample preparation protocol is greatly simplified, bypassing the previous requirement for precise purity and mass determination. The key to accurate results is suppressing the effect of radiation damping in (1)H NMR which produces signal distortion and alters quantification. The methodology, applied to vanillin with dimethylsulfone as an internal standard, has an equivalent accuracy (<1‰) to that of the conventional approach. Hence, it was possible to clearly identify vanillin from different origins based on the (13)C isotopic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bayle
- †EBSI Team, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling (CEISAM), University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Mathilde Grand
- †EBSI Team, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling (CEISAM), University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | | | - Richard J Robins
- †EBSI Team, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling (CEISAM), University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | | | | | - Serge Akoka
- †EBSI Team, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling (CEISAM), University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Gérald S Remaud
- †EBSI Team, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling (CEISAM), University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
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22
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Chalk PM, Inácio CT, Urquiaga S, Chen D. 13C isotopic fractionation during biodegradation of agricultural wastes. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2015; 51:201-213. [PMID: 25768051 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2015.1019488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Significant differences in δ(13)C signatures occur within and between plant tissues and their constituent biochemical entities, and also within and between heterotrophic bacteria and fungi and their metabolic products. Furthermore, (13)C isotopic fractionation occurs during the biodegradation of organic molecules as seen in the substrate, respired CO(2) and the microbial biomass, which could be related to substrate composition and/or microbial metabolism. The (13)C isotopic fractionation observed during the decomposition of a single defined C substrate appears to be due to the intra-molecular heterogeneity in (13)C in the substrate and to (13)C isotopic fractionation during microbial metabolism. Very limited data suggest that the latter may be quantitatively more important than the former. Studies with defined fungi in culture media have highlighted the complexities associated with the interpretation of the observed patterns of (13)C isotopic fractionation when a single defined C source is added to the culture medium which itself contains one or more C sources. Techniques involving (13)C enrichment or paired treatments involving an equivalent C(3)- and C(4)-derived substrate have been devised to overcome the problem of background C in the culture medium and (13)C isotopic fractionation during metabolism. Studies with complex substrates have shown an initial (13)C depletion phase in respired CO(2) followed by a (13)C enrichment phase which may or may not be followed by another (13)C depletion phase. Basic studies involving an integrated approach are required to gain a new insight into (13)C isotopic fractionation during organic residue decomposition, by simultaneous measurements of δ(13)C in all C moieties. New analytical tools to measure real-time changes in δ(13)CO(2) and the intra-molecular δ(13)C distribution within plant biochemical entities offer new opportunities for unravelling the complex interactions between substrate and microbial metabolism with respect to (13)C isotopic fractionation during biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M Chalk
- a Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences , University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
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23
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Ghashghaie J, Badeck FW. Opposite carbon isotope discrimination during dark respiration in leaves versus roots - a review. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:751-769. [PMID: 24251924 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In general, leaves are (13) C-depleted compared with all other organs (e.g. roots, stem/trunk and fruits). Different hypotheses are formulated in the literature to explain this difference. One of these states that CO2 respired by leaves in the dark is (13) C-enriched compared with leaf organic matter, while it is (13) C-depleted in the case of root respiration. The opposite respiratory fractionation between leaves and roots was invoked as an explanation for the widespread between-organ isotopic differences. After summarizing the basics of photosynthetic and post-photosynthetic discrimination, we mainly review the recent findings on the isotopic composition of CO2 respired by leaves (autotrophic organs) and roots (heterotrophic organs) compared with respective plant material (i.e. apparent respiratory fractionation) as well as its metabolic origin. The potential impact of such fractionation on the isotopic signal of organic matter (OM) is discussed. Some perspectives for future studies are also proposed .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Ghashghaie
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution (ESE), CNRS UMR8079, Bâtiment 362, Université de Paris-Sud (XI), F-91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Franz W Badeck
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Genomics research centre (CRA - GPG), Via San Protaso, 302, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Italy
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), PF 60 12 03, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
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24
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Gilbert A, Robins RJ, Remaud GS, Tcherkez GGB. Intramolecular 13C pattern in hexoses from autotrophic and heterotrophic C3 plant tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:18204-9. [PMID: 23074255 PMCID: PMC3497804 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1211149109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The stable carbon isotope (13)C is used as a universal tracer in plant eco-physiology and studies of carbon exchange between vegetation and atmosphere. Photosynthesis fractionates against (13)CO(2) so that source sugars (photosynthates) are on average (13)C depleted by 20‰ compared with atmospheric CO(2). The carbon isotope distribution within sugars has been shown to be heterogeneous, with relatively (13)C-enriched and (13)C-depleted C-atom positions. The (13)C pattern within sugars is the cornerstone of (13)C distribution in plants, because all metabolites inherit the (13)C abundance in their specific precursor C-atom positions. However, the intramolecular isotope pattern in source leaf glucose and the isotope fractionation associated with key enzymes involved in sugar interconversions are currently unknown. To gain insight into these, we have analyzed the intramolecular isotope composition in source leaf transient starch, grain storage starch, and root storage sucrose and measured the site-specific isotope fractionation associated with the invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) and glucose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.5) reactions. When these data are integrated into a simple steady-state model of plant isotopic fluxes, the enzyme-dependent fractionations satisfactorily predict the observed intramolecular patterns. These results demonstrate that glucose and sucrose metabolism is the primary determinant of the (13)C abundance in source and sink tissue and is, therefore, of fundamental importance to the interpretation of plant isotopic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Gilbert
- L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique- University of Nantes Unité Mixte de Recherche 6230, F-44322 Nantes, France.
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Dubbert M, Rascher KG, Werner C. Species-specific differences in temporal and spatial variation in δ(13)C of plant carbon pools and dark-respired CO (2) under changing environmental conditions. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2012; 113:297-309. [PMID: 22618996 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-012-9748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Stable carbon isotope signatures are often used as tracers for environmentally driven changes in photosynthetic δ(13)C discrimination. However, carbon isotope signatures downstream from carboxylation by Rubisco are altered within metabolic pathways, transport and respiratory processes, leading to differences in δ(13)C between carbon pools along the plant axis and in respired CO(2). Little is known about the within-plant variation in δ(13)C under different environmental conditions or between species. We analyzed spatial, diurnal, and environmental variations in δ(13)C of water soluble organic matter (δ(13)C(WSOM)) of leaves, phloem and roots, as well as dark-respired δ(13)CO(2) (δ(13)C(res)) in leaves and roots. We selected distinct light environments (forest understory and an open area), seasons (Mediterranean spring and summer drought) and three functionally distinct understory species (two native shrubs-Halimium halimifolium and Rosmarinus officinalis-and a woody invader-Acacia longifolia). Spatial patterns in δ(13)C(WSOM) along the plant vertical axis and between respired δ(13)CO(2) and its putative substrate were clearly species specific and the most δ(13)C-enriched and depleted values were found in δ(13)C of leaf dark-respired CO(2) and phloem sugars, ~-15 and ~-33 ‰, respectively. Comparisons between study sites and seasons revealed that spatial and diurnal patterns were influenced by environmental conditions. Within a species, phloem δ(13)C(WSOM) and δ(13)C(res) varied by up to 4 ‰ between seasons and sites. Thus, careful characterization of the magnitude and environmental dependence of apparent post-carboxylation fractionation is needed when using δ(13)C signatures to trace changes in photosynthetic discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Dubbert
- Experimental and System Ecology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Höhener P, Silvestre V, Lefrançois A, Loquet D, Botosoa EP, Robins RJ, Remaud GS. Analytical model for site-specific isotope fractionation in 13C during sorption: determination by isotopic 13C NMR spectrometry with vanillin as model compound. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 87:445-452. [PMID: 22230728 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conceive a reactive transport model capable of providing quantitative site-specific enrichment factors for fractionation in (13)C isotopic content during sorption. As test compound the model treats vanillin, for which the (13)C isotopic content at natural abundance at each of the 8 carbon positions can be measured by quantitative (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. This technique determines the isotope ratios with a resolution better than ±1‰ (0.1%) at each carbon position. Site-specific isotope fractionations were recorded in chromatography column experiments with silica RP-18 as stationary phase. The one dimensional reactive transport model accounted for the sorption/desorption behavior of 8 individual (13)C-isotopomers and one (12)C-isotopomer of vanillin and reproduced satisfactorily the bulk (average over the whole compound) fractionation observed during elution. After model calibration, the enrichment factors were fitted for each carbon site where a significant fractionation was recorded. To show the interest of such a transport model for environmental studies, the model, extended to three dimensions, was exploited to simulate reactive transport in an aquifer. These results show that significant (13)C isotope fractionation is expected for 4 out of 8 (13)C-isotopomers in vanillin, and illustrate that bulk isotope ratios measured by conventional compound specific isotope analysis and mass spectrometry would hardly document significant isotope fractionations in vanillin. It is concluded that modeling of site-specific isotope ratios in molecules is a priori feasible and may help to quantify unknown processes in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Höhener
- Aix-Marseille Université - CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Provence, UMR 6264, Case 29, 3, Place Victor Hugo, F-13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France.
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Probing substrate–product relationships by natural abundance deuterium 2D NMR spectroscopy in liquid-crystalline solvents: epoxidation of linoleate to vernoleate by two different plant enzymes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:2985-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5748-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gilbert A, Silvestre V, Robins RJ, Remaud GS, Tcherkez G. Biochemical and physiological determinants of intramolecular isotope patterns in sucrose from C3, C4 and CAM plants accessed by isotopic 13C NMR spectrometry: a viewpoint. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:476-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np00089j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dungait JAJ, Docherty G, Straker V, Evershed RP. Variation in bulk tissue, fatty acid and monosaccharide δ13C values between autotrophic and heterotrophic plant organs. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:2130-2138. [PMID: 21872892 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The flowers of 23 species of grass and herb plants were collected from a mesotrophic grassland to assess natural variability in bulk, monosaccharide and fatty acid δ(13)C values from one plant community and were compared with previous analyses of leaves from the same species. The total mean bulk δ(13)C value of flower tissues was -28.1‰, and there was no significant difference between the mean δ(13)C(flower) values for grass (-27.8‰) and herb (-28.2‰) species. On average bulk δ(13)C(flower) values were 1.1‰ higher than bulk δ(13)C(leaf) values, however, the δ(13)C(flower) and δ(13)C(leaf) values of grasses did not differ between organs suggesting that carbon isotope discrimination is different in grass and herb species. The abundance of different monosaccharides abundance varied between plant types, i.e. xylose concentrations in the grass flowers were as high as 40%, compared with up to 15% in the herb species, but the general relationship δ(13)C(arabinose)>δ(13)C(xylose)>δ(13)C(glucose)>δ(13)C(galactose) which had been observed in leaves was similar in flowers (total mean δ(13)C values=-25.9‰, -27.2‰, -28.8‰ and -28.1‰, respectively). However, the average 5.4‰ depletion in the δ(13)C values of the C(16:0), C(18:2) and C(18:3) fatty acids in flowers compared to bulk tissue was significantly greater than observed for leaves. The trend C(16:0)<C(18:2)<C(18:3) previously observed in leaves was also observed in grass flowers (δ(13)C(C16:0)=-33.8‰; δ(13)C(C18:2)=-33.1‰; δ(13)C(C18:3)=-34.2‰) but not herb flowers (δ(13)C(C16:0)=-34.1‰; δ(13)C(C18:2)=-32.4‰; δ(13)C(C18:3)=-34.5‰). We conclude: (i) that the biological processes influencing carbon isotope discrimination in grass flowers are different from herbs flowers; and, (ii) that a range of post-photosynthetic fractionation effects caused the observed differences between flower and leaf δ(13)C values, especially the significant (13)C-depletion in flower fatty acid δ(13)C values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A J Dungait
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, Bristol Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Bristol, School of Chemistry, Cantocks Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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