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Noctor G, Cohen M, Trémulot L, Châtel-Innocenti G, Van Breusegem F, Mhamdi A. Glutathione: a key modulator of plant defence and metabolism through multiple mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4549-4572. [PMID: 38676714 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Redox reactions are fundamental to energy conversion in living cells, and also determine and tune responses to the environment. Within this context, the tripeptide glutathione plays numerous roles. As an important antioxidant, glutathione confers redox stability on the cell and also acts as an interface between signalling pathways and metabolic reactions that fuel growth and development. It also contributes to the assembly of cell components, biosynthesis of sulfur-containing metabolites, inactivation of potentially deleterious compounds, and control of hormonal signalling intensity. The multiplicity of these roles probably explains why glutathione status has been implicated in influencing plant responses to many different conditions. In particular, there is now a considerable body of evidence showing that glutathione is a crucial player in governing the outcome of biotic stresses. This review provides an overview of glutathione synthesis, transport, degradation, and redox turnover in plants. It examines the expression of genes associated with these processes during pathogen challenge and related conditions, and considers the diversity of mechanisms by which glutathione can influence protein function and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | - Mathias Cohen
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lug Trémulot
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Gilles Châtel-Innocenti
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Ivanova KA, Chernova EN, Kulaeva OA, Tsyganova AV, Kusakin PG, Russkikh IV, Tikhonovich IA, Tsyganov VE. The Regulation of Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) Symbiotic Nodule Infection and Defense Responses by Glutathione, Homoglutathione, and Their Ratio. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:843565. [PMID: 35432395 PMCID: PMC9006610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.843565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the roles of glutathione (GSH), homoglutathione (hGSH), and their ratio in symbiotic nodule development and functioning, as well as in defense responses accompanying ineffective nodulation in pea (Pisum sativum) were investigated. The expression of genes involved in (h)GSH biosynthesis, thiol content, and localization of the reduced form of GSH were analyzed in nodules of wild-type pea plants and mutants sym33-3 (weak allele, "locked" infection threads, occasional bacterial release, and defense reactions) and sym33-2 (strong allele, "locked" infection threads, defense reactions), and sym40-1 (abnormal bacteroids, oxidative stress, early senescence, and defense reactions). The effects of (h)GSH depletion and GSH treatment on nodule number and development were also examined. The GSH:hGSH ratio was found to be higher in nodules than in uninoculated roots in all genotypes analyzed, with the highest value being detected in wild-type nodules. Moreover, it was demonstrated, that a hGSHS-to-GSHS switch in gene expression in nodule tissue occurs only after bacterial release and leads to an increase in the GSH:hGSH ratio. Ineffective nodules showed variable GSH:hGSH ratios that correlated with the stage of nodule development. Changes in the levels of both thiols led to the activation of defense responses in nodules. The application of a (h)GSH biosynthesis inhibitor disrupted the nitrogen fixation zone in wild-type nodules, affected symbiosome formation in sym40-1 mutant nodules, and meristem functioning and infection thread growth in sym33-3 mutant nodules. An increase in the levels of both thiols following GSH treatment promoted both infection and extension of defense responses in sym33-3 nodules, whereas a similar increase in sym40-1 nodules led to the formation of infected cells resembling wild-type nitrogen-fixing cells and the disappearance of an early senescence zone in the base of the nodule. Meanwhile, an increase in hGSH levels in sym40-1 nodules resulting from GSH treatment manifested as a restriction of infection similar to that seen in untreated sym33-3 nodules. These findings indicated that a certain level of thiols is required for proper symbiotic nitrogen fixation and that changes in thiol content or the GSH:hGSH ratio are associated with different abnormalities and defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira A. Ivanova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N. Chernova
- Saint Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Scientific Research Centre for Ecological Safety of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga A. Kulaeva
- Laboratory of Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna V. Tsyganova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pyotr G. Kusakin
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Iana V. Russkikh
- Saint Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Scientific Research Centre for Ecological Safety of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor A. Tikhonovich
- Laboratory of Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Viktor E. Tsyganov
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Raul B, Bhattacharjee O, Ghosh A, Upadhyay P, Tembhare K, Singh A, Shaheen T, Ghosh AK, Torres-Jerez I, Krom N, Clevenger J, Udvardi M, Scheffler BE, Ozias-Akins P, Sharma RD, Bandyopadhyay K, Gaur V, Kumar S, Sinharoy S. Microscopic and Transcriptomic Analyses of Dalbergoid Legume Peanut Reveal a Divergent Evolution Leading to Nod-Factor-Dependent Epidermal Crack-Entry and Terminal Bacteroid Differentiation. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:131-145. [PMID: 34689599 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-21-0122-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Root nodule symbiosis (RNS) is the pillar behind sustainable agriculture and plays a pivotal role in the environmental nitrogen cycle. Most of the genetic, molecular, and cell-biological knowledge on RNS comes from model legumes that exhibit a root-hair mode of bacterial infection, in contrast to the Dalbergoid legumes exhibiting crack-entry of rhizobia. As a step toward understanding this important group of legumes, we have combined microscopic analysis and temporal transcriptome to obtain a dynamic view of plant gene expression during Arachis hypogaea (peanut) nodule development. We generated comprehensive transcriptome data by mapping the reads to A. hypogaea, and two diploid progenitor genomes. Additionally, we performed BLAST searches to identify nodule-induced yet-to-be annotated peanut genes. Comparison between peanut, Medicago truncatula, Lotus japonicus, and Glycine max showed upregulation of 61 peanut orthologs among 111 tested known RNS-related genes, indicating conservation in mechanisms of nodule development among members of the Papilionoid family. Unlike model legumes, recruitment of class 1 phytoglobin-derived symbiotic hemoglobin (SymH) in peanut indicates diversification of oxygen-scavenging mechanisms in the Papilionoid family. Finally, the absence of cysteine-rich motif-1-containing nodule-specific cysteine-rich peptide (NCR) genes but the recruitment of defensin-like NCRs suggest a diverse molecular mechanism of terminal bacteroid differentiation. In summary, our work describes genetic conservation and diversification in legume-rhizobia symbiosis in the Papilionoid family, as well as among members of the Dalbergoid legumes.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Raul
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Oindrila Bhattacharjee
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Manesar, Panchgaon, Haryana 122412, India
| | - Amit Ghosh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Priya Upadhyay
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Kunal Tembhare
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ajeet Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Tarannum Shaheen
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Asim Kumar Ghosh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - Nick Krom
- Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Pkwy, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - Josh Clevenger
- University of Georgia, Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics and Department of Horticulture, Tifton, GA 31793, U.S.A
| | - Michael Udvardi
- Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Pkwy, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - Brian E Scheffler
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Jamie Whitten Delta States Research Center (JWDSRC) Stoneville, JWDSRC, Bldg.1, Room 229, Experiment Station Road, PO Box 36, Stoneville, MS 38776-0036, U.S.A
| | - Peggy Ozias-Akins
- University of Georgia, Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics and Department of Horticulture, Tifton, GA 31793, U.S.A
| | - Ravi Datta Sharma
- Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Manesar, Panchgaon, Haryana 122412, India
| | - Kaustav Bandyopadhyay
- Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Manesar, Panchgaon, Haryana 122412, India
| | - Vineet Gaur
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Senjuti Sinharoy
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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Rodríguez-Esperón MC, Eastman G, Sandes L, Garabato F, Eastman I, Iriarte A, Fabiano E, Sotelo-Silveira JR, Platero R. Genomics and transcriptomics insights into luteolin effects on the beta-rhizobial strain Cupriavidus necator UYPR2.512. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:240-264. [PMID: 34811861 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cupriavidus necator UYPR2.512 is a rhizobial strain that belongs to the Beta-subclass of proteobacteria, able to establish successful symbiosis with Mimosoid legumes. The initial steps of rhizobium-legumes symbioses involve the reciprocal recognition by chemical signals, being luteolin one of the molecules involved. However, there is a lack of information on the effect of luteolin in beta-rhizobia. In this work, we used long-read sequencing to complete the genome of UYPR2.512 providing evidence for the existence of four closed circular replicons. We used an RNA-Seq approach to analyse the response of UYPR2.512 to luteolin. One hundred and forty-five genes were differentially expressed, with similar numbers of downregulated and upregulated genes. Most repressed genes were mapped to the main chromosome, while the upregulated genes were overrepresented among pCne512e, containing the symbiotic genes. Induced genes included the nod operon and genes implicated in exopolysaccharides and flagellar biosynthesis. We identified many genes involved in iron, copper and other heavy metals metabolism. Among repressed genes, we identified genes involved in basal carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Our results suggest that in response to luteolin, C. necator strain UYPR2.512 reshapes its metabolism in order to be prepared for the forthcoming symbiotic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rodríguez-Esperón
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental, Departamento de Bioquímica y Genómica Microbianas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - G Eastman
- Departamento de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - L Sandes
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental, Departamento de Bioquímica y Genómica Microbianas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - F Garabato
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental, Departamento de Bioquímica y Genómica Microbianas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - I Eastman
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental, Departamento de Bioquímica y Genómica Microbianas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A Iriarte
- Laboratorio de Biología Computacional, Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Higiene, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - E Fabiano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Genómica Microbianas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - J R Sotelo-Silveira
- Departamento de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - R Platero
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental, Departamento de Bioquímica y Genómica Microbianas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Cobos-Porras L, Rubia MI, Huertas R, Kum D, Dalton DA, Udvardi MK, Arrese-Igor C, Larrainzar E. Increased Ascorbate Biosynthesis Does Not Improve Nitrogen Fixation Nor Alleviate the Effect of Drought Stress in Nodulated Medicago truncatula Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:686075. [PMID: 34262586 PMCID: PMC8273863 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.686075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Legume plants are able to establish nitrogen-fixing symbiotic relations with Rhizobium bacteria. This symbiosis is, however, affected by a number of abiotic constraints, particularly drought. One of the consequences of drought stress is the overproduction of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), leading to cellular damage and, ultimately, cell death. Ascorbic acid (AsA), also known as vitamin C, is one of the antioxidant compounds that plants synthesize to counteract this oxidative damage. One promising strategy for the improvement of plant growth and symbiotic performance under drought stress is the overproduction of AsA via the overexpression of enzymes in the Smirnoff-Wheeler biosynthesis pathway. In the current work, we generated Medicago truncatula plants with increased AsA biosynthesis by overexpressing MtVTC2, a gene coding for GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase. We characterized the growth and physiological responses of symbiotic plants both under well-watered conditions and during a progressive water deficit. Results show that increased AsA availability did not provide an advantage in terms of plant growth or symbiotic performance either under well-watered conditions or in response to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libertad Cobos-Porras
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Isabel Rubia
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Raúl Huertas
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - David Kum
- Biology Department, Reed College, Portland, OR, United States
| | - David A. Dalton
- Biology Department, Reed College, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Michael K. Udvardi
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Cesar Arrese-Igor
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Estíbaliz Larrainzar
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
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Mandon K, Nazaret F, Farajzadeh D, Alloing G, Frendo P. Redox Regulation in Diazotrophic Bacteria in Interaction with Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060880. [PMID: 34070926 PMCID: PMC8226930 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants interact with a large number of microorganisms that greatly influence their growth and health. Among the beneficial microorganisms, rhizosphere bacteria known as Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria increase plant fitness by producing compounds such as phytohormones or by carrying out symbioses that enhance nutrient acquisition. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, either as endophytes or as endosymbionts, specifically improve the growth and development of plants by supplying them with nitrogen, a key macro-element. Survival and proliferation of these bacteria require their adaptation to the rhizosphere and host plant, which are particular ecological environments. This adaptation highly depends on bacteria response to the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), associated to abiotic stresses or produced by host plants, which determine the outcome of the plant-bacteria interaction. This paper reviews the different antioxidant defense mechanisms identified in diazotrophic bacteria, focusing on their involvement in coping with the changing conditions encountered during interaction with plant partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Mandon
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (K.M.); (F.N.); (G.A.)
| | - Fanny Nazaret
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (K.M.); (F.N.); (G.A.)
| | - Davoud Farajzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz 5375171379, Iran;
- Center for International Scientific Studies and Collaboration (CISSC), Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, Tehran 158757788, Iran
| | - Geneviève Alloing
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (K.M.); (F.N.); (G.A.)
| | - Pierre Frendo
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (K.M.); (F.N.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Contribution of Rhizobium–Legume Symbiosis in Salt Stress Tolerance in Medicago truncatula Evaluated through Photosynthesis, Antioxidant Enzymes, and Compatible Solutes Accumulation. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13063369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of salt stress on the growth, nodulation, and nitrogen (N) fixation of legumes are well known, but the relationship between symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) driven by rhizobium–legume symbiosis and salt tolerance in Medicago truncatula is not well studied. The effects of the active nodulation process on salt stress tolerance of Medicago truncatula were evaluated by quantifying the compatible solutes, soluble sugars, and antioxidants enzymes, as well as growth and survival rate of plants. Eight weeks old plants, divided in three groups: (i) no nodules (NN), (ii) inactive nodules (IN), and (iii) active nodules (AN), were exposed to 150 mM of NaCl salt stress for 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, and 48 h in hydroponic system. AN plants showed a higher survival rate (30.83% and 38.35%), chlorophyll contents (37.18% and 44.51%), and photosynthesis compared to IN and NN plants, respectively. Improved salt tolerance in AN plants was linked with higher activities of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants and higher K+ (20.45% and 39.21%) and lower Na+ accumulations (17.54% and 24.51%) when compared with IN and NN plants, respectively. Additionally, higher generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was indicative of salt stress, causing membrane damage as revealed by higher electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation. All such effects were significantly ameliorated in AN plants, showing higher compatible solutes (proline, free amino acids, glycine betaine, soluble sugars, and proteins) and maintaining higher relative water contents (61.34%). This study advocates positive role of Rhizobium meliloti inoculation against salt stress through upregulation of antioxidant system and a higher concentration of compatible solutes.
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Cao Y, Jiang G, Li M, Fang X, Zhu D, Qiu W, Zhu J, Yu D, Xu Y, Zhong Z, Zhu J. Glutaredoxins Play an Important Role in the Redox Homeostasis and Symbiotic Capacity of Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:1381-1393. [PMID: 32970520 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-20-0098-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxin (GRX) plays an essential role in the control of the cellular redox state and related pathways in many organisms. There is limited information on GRXs from the model nitrogen (N2)-fixing bacterium Azorhizobium caulinodans. In the present work, we identified and performed functional analyses of monothiol and dithiol GRXs in A. caulinodans in the free-living state and during symbiosis with Sesbania rostrata. Our data show that monothiol GRXs may be very important for bacterial growth under normal conditions and in response to oxidative stress due to imbalance of the redox state in grx mutants of A. caulinodans. Functional redundancies were also observed within monothiol and dithiol GRXs in terms of different physiological functions. The changes in catalase activity and iron content in grx mutants were assumed to favor the maintenance of bacterial resistance against oxidants, nodulation, and N2 fixation efficiency in this bacterium. Furthermore, the monothiol GRX12 and dithiol GRX34 play a collective role in symbiotic associations between A. caulinodans and Sesbania rostrata. Our study provided systematic evidence that further investigations are required to understand the importance of glutaredoxins in A. caulinodans and other rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Cao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Gaofei Jiang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Postdoctoral Station of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Mingxu Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xingxing Fang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Daogeng Yu
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, 571737 Danzhou, Hainan, PR China
| | - Yangchun Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Postdoctoral Station of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zengtao Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, PR China
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Sinorhizobium meliloti YrbA binds divalent metal cations using two conserved histidines. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:226508. [PMID: 32970113 PMCID: PMC7538681 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20202956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinorhizobium meliloti is a nitrogen-fixing bacterium forming symbiotic nodules with the legume Medicago truncatula. S. meliloti possesses two BolA-like proteins (BolA and YrbA), the function of which is unknown. In organisms where BolA proteins and monothiol glutaredoxins (Grxs) are present, they contribute to the regulation of iron homeostasis by bridging a [2Fe–2S] cluster into heterodimers. A role in the maturation of iron–sulfur (Fe–S) proteins is also attributed to both proteins. In the present study, we have performed a structure–function analysis of SmYrbA showing that it coordinates diverse divalent metal ions (Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+) using His32 and His67 residues, that are also used for Fe–S cluster binding in BolA–Grx heterodimers. It also possesses the capacity to form heterodimers with the sole monothiol glutaredoxin (SmGrx2) present in this species. Using cellular approaches analyzing the metal tolerance of S. meliloti mutant strains inactivated in the yrbA and/or bolA genes, we provide evidence for a connection of YrbA with the regulation of iron homeostasis. The mild defects in M. truncatula nodulation reported for the yrbA bolA mutant as compared with the stronger defects in nodule development previously observed for a grx2 mutant suggest functions independent of SmGrx2. These results help in clarifying the physiological role of BolA-type proteins in bacteria.
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Pandharikar G, Gatti JL, Simon JC, Frendo P, Poirié M. Aphid infestation differently affects the defences of nitrate-fed and nitrogen-fixing Medicago truncatula and alters symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201493. [PMID: 32873201 PMCID: PMC7542793 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes can meet their nitrogen requirements through root nodule symbiosis, which could also trigger plant systemic resistance against pests. The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, a legume pest, can harbour different facultative symbionts (FS) influencing various traits of their hosts. It is therefore worth determining if and how the symbionts of the plant and the aphid modulate their interaction. We used different pea aphid lines without FS or with a single one (Hamiltonella defensa, Regiella insecticola, Serratia symbiotica) to infest Medicago truncatula plants inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti (symbiotic nitrogen fixation, SNF) or supplemented with nitrate (non-inoculated, NI). The growth of SNF and NI plants was reduced by aphid infestation, while aphid weight (but not survival) was lowered on SNF compared to NI plants. Aphids strongly affected the plant nitrogen fixation depending on their symbiotic status, suggesting indirect relationships between aphid- and plant-associated microbes. Finally, all aphid lines triggered expression of Pathogenesis-Related Protein 1 (PR1) and Proteinase Inhibitor (PI), respective markers for salicylic and jasmonic pathways, in SNF plants, compared to only PR1 in NI plants. We demonstrate that the plant symbiotic status influences plant-aphid interactions while that of the aphid can modulate the amplitude of the plant's defence response.
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Yang L, El Msehli S, Benyamina S, Lambert A, Hopkins J, Cazareth J, Pierre O, Hérouart D, Achi-Smiti S, Boncompagni E, Frendo P. Glutathione Deficiency in Sinorhizobium meliloti Does Not Impair Bacteroid Differentiation But Induces Early Senescence in the Interaction With Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:137. [PMID: 32194584 PMCID: PMC7063052 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, legumes are able to interact symbiotically with bacteria of the Rhizobiaceae family. This interaction gives rise to a new organ, named a root nodule. Root nodules are characterized by an increased glutathione (GSH) and homoglutathione (hGSH) content compared to roots. These low molecular thiols are very important in the biological nitrogen fixation. In order to characterize the modification of nodule activity induced by the microsymbiont glutathione deficiency, physiological, biochemical, and gene expression modifications were analyzed in nodules after the inoculation of Medicago truncatula with the SmgshB mutant of Sinorhizobium meliloti which is deficient in GSH production. The decline in nitrogen fixation efficiency was correlated to the reduction in plant shoot biomass. Flow cytometry analysis showed that SmgshB bacteroids present a higher DNA content than free living bacteria. Live/dead microscopic analysis showed an early bacteroid degradation in SmgshB nodules compared to control nodules which is correlated to a lower bacteroid content at 20 dpi. Finally, the expression of two marker genes involved in nitrogen fixation metabolism, Leghemoglobin and Nodule Cysteine Rich Peptide 001, decreased significantly in mutant nodules at 20 dpi. In contrast, the expression of two marker genes involved in the nodule senescence, Cysteine Protease 6 and Purple Acid Protease, increased significantly in mutant nodules at 10 dpi strengthening the idea that an early senescence process occurs in SmgshB nodules. In conclusion, our results showed that bacterial GSH deficiency does not impair bacterial differentiation but induces an early nodule senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Sarra El Msehli
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire El Manar II, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Annie Lambert
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Julie Hopkins
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Julie Cazareth
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Olivier Pierre
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Didier Hérouart
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Samira Achi-Smiti
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire El Manar II, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Eric Boncompagni
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Frendo
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
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12
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Metabolic Analyses of Nitrogen Fixation in the Soybean Microsymbiont Sinorhizobium fredii Using Constraint-Based Modeling. mSystems 2020; 5:5/1/e00516-19. [PMID: 32071157 PMCID: PMC7029217 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00516-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen is the most limiting macronutrient for plant growth, and rhizobia are important bacteria for agriculture because they can fix atmospheric nitrogen and make it available to legumes through the establishment of a symbiotic relationship with their host plants. In this work, we studied the nitrogen fixation process in the microsymbiont Sinorhizobium fredii at the genome level. A metabolic model was built using genome annotation and literature to reconstruct the symbiotic form of S. fredii. Genes controlling the nitrogen fixation process were identified by simulating gene knockouts. Additionally, the nitrogen-fixing capacities of S. fredii CCBAU45436 in symbiosis with cultivated and wild soybeans were evaluated. The predictions suggested an outperformance of S. fredii with cultivated soybean, consistent with published experimental evidence. The reconstruction presented here will help to understand and improve nitrogen fixation capabilities of S. fredii and will be beneficial for agriculture by reducing the reliance on fertilizer applications. Rhizobia are soil bacteria able to establish symbiosis with diverse host plants. Specifically, Sinorhizobium fredii is a soil bacterium that forms nitrogen-fixing root nodules in diverse legumes, including soybean. The strain S. fredii CCBAU45436 is a dominant sublineage of S. fredii that nodulates soybeans in alkaline-saline soils in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain region of China. Here, we present a manually curated metabolic model of the symbiotic form of Sinorhizobium fredii CCBAU45436. A symbiosis reaction was defined to describe the specific soybean-microsymbiont association. The performance and quality of the reconstruction had a 70% score when assessed using a standardized genome-scale metabolic model test suite. The model was used to evaluate in silico single-gene knockouts to determine the genes controlling the nitrogen fixation process. One hundred forty-one of 541 genes (26%) were found to influence the symbiotic process, wherein 121 genes were predicted as essential and 20 others as having a partial effect. Transcriptomic profiles of CCBAU45436 were used to evaluate the nitrogen fixation capacity in cultivated versus in wild soybean inoculated with the microsymbiont. The model quantified the nitrogen fixation activities of the strain in these two hosts and predicted a higher nitrogen fixation capacity in cultivated soybean. Our results are consistent with published data demonstrating larger amounts of ureides and total nitrogen in cultivated soybean than in wild soybean. This work presents the first metabolic network reconstruction of S. fredii as an example of a useful tool for exploring the potential benefits of microsymbionts to sustainable agriculture and the ecosystem. IMPORTANCE Nitrogen is the most limiting macronutrient for plant growth, and rhizobia are important bacteria for agriculture because they can fix atmospheric nitrogen and make it available to legumes through the establishment of a symbiotic relationship with their host plants. In this work, we studied the nitrogen fixation process in the microsymbiont Sinorhizobium fredii at the genome level. A metabolic model was built using genome annotation and literature to reconstruct the symbiotic form of S. fredii. Genes controlling the nitrogen fixation process were identified by simulating gene knockouts. Additionally, the nitrogen-fixing capacities of S. fredii CCBAU45436 in symbiosis with cultivated and wild soybeans were evaluated. The predictions suggested an outperformance of S. fredii with cultivated soybean, consistent with published experimental evidence. The reconstruction presented here will help to understand and improve nitrogen fixation capabilities of S. fredii and will be beneficial for agriculture by reducing the reliance on fertilizer applications.
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Effect of Biochar and Irrigation on the Interrelationships among Soybean Growth, Root Nodulation, Plant P Uptake, and Soil Nutrients in a Sandy Field. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11236542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the interrelationships among biochar, soil nutrients, and soybean plant growth in more detail, the root nodulation response of soybean (Glycine max L.) to biochar application was analyzed in a field study. We further examined the biochar effect on soil phosphatase activity to elucidate the relationships among biochar, phosphatase activity, and plant phosphorus uptake. Soybean was planted in a sandy field wherein the biochar and irrigation conditions were considered the two treatment factors. In our result, irrigation increased the pod number and plant height by 20.7% and 11.1%, respectively. Irrigation reduced the shoot and root dry matter content by 67.9% and 75.1%, respectively. The nodule number increased by 37% due to biochar addition under irrigated conditions. The soil carbon concentration was elevated by 13.4% with biochar application under rainfed conditions. Acid phosphomonoesterase (APM) was increased by 21.8% in the biochar-incorporated plots under the irrigated condition. Principal component analysis and redundancy analysis suggested that biochar application enhanced the relationships between the nodule number and soil potassium and magnesium concentrations. The correlation between soil sulfur content and nodule number was eliminated by biochar application. APM activity was associated with higher shoot and root phosphorus content and shoot dry weight after biochar application.
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14
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Schneider S, Schintlmeister A, Becana M, Wagner M, Woebken D, Wienkoop S. Sulfate is transported at significant rates through the symbiosome membrane and is crucial for nitrogenase biosynthesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1180-1189. [PMID: 30443991 PMCID: PMC6446814 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Legume-rhizobia symbioses play a major role in food production for an ever growing human population. In this symbiosis, dinitrogen is reduced ("fixed") to ammonia by the rhizobial nitrogenase enzyme complex and is secreted to the plant host cells, whereas dicarboxylic acids derived from photosynthetically produced sucrose are transported into the symbiosomes and serve as respiratory substrates for the bacteroids. The symbiosome membrane contains high levels of SST1 protein, a sulfate transporter. Sulfate is an essential nutrient for all living organisms, but its importance for symbiotic nitrogen fixation and nodule metabolism has long been underestimated. Using chemical imaging, we demonstrate that the bacteroids take up 20-fold more sulfate than the nodule host cells. Furthermore, we show that nitrogenase biosynthesis relies on high levels of imported sulfate, making sulfur as essential as carbon for the regulation and functioning of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Our findings thus establish the importance of sulfate and its active transport for the plant-microbe interaction that is most relevant for agriculture and soil fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schneider
- Division of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Arno Schintlmeister
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry Meets Microbiology”University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Large‐Instrument Facility for Advanced Isotope ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Michael Wagner
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry Meets Microbiology”University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Large‐Instrument Facility for Advanced Isotope ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Dagmar Woebken
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry Meets Microbiology”University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- Division of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
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15
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Ghori NH, Ghori T, Hayat MQ, Imadi SR, Gul A, Altay V, Ozturk M. Heavy metal stress and responses in plants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 16:1807-1828. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-019-02215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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16
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Alloing G, Mandon K, Boncompagni E, Montrichard F, Frendo P. Involvement of Glutaredoxin and Thioredoxin Systems in the Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiosis between Legumes and Rhizobia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E182. [PMID: 30563061 PMCID: PMC6315971 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7120182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leguminous plants can form a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria, during which plants provide bacteria with carbohydrates and an environment appropriate to their metabolism, in return for fixed atmospheric nitrogen. The symbiotic interaction leads to the formation of a new organ, the root nodule, where a coordinated differentiation of plant cells and bacteria occurs. The establishment and functioning of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis involves a redox control important for both the plant-bacteria crosstalk and the regulation of nodule metabolism. In this review, we discuss the involvement of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems in the two symbiotic partners during symbiosis. The crucial role of glutathione in redox balance and S-metabolism is presented. We also highlight the specific role of some thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems in bacterial differentiation. Transcriptomics data concerning genes encoding components and targets of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems in connection with the developmental step of the nodule are also considered in the model system Medicago truncatula⁻Sinorhizobium meliloti.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Françoise Montrichard
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé CEDEX, France.
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17
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Becana M, Wienkoop S, Matamoros MA. Sulfur Transport and Metabolism in Legume Root Nodules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1434. [PMID: 30364181 PMCID: PMC6192434 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is an essential nutrient in plants as a constituent element of some amino acids, metal cofactors, coenzymes, and secondary metabolites. Not surprisingly, sulfur deficiency decreases plant growth, photosynthesis, and seed yield in both legumes and non-legumes. In nodulated legumes, sulfur supply is positively linked to symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) and sulfur starvation causes three additional major effects: decrease of nodulation, inhibition of SNF, and slowing down of nodule metabolism. These effects are due, at least in part, to the impairment of nitrogenase biosynthesis and activity, the accumulation of nitrogen-rich amino acids, and the decline in leghemoglobin, ferredoxin, ATP, and glucose in nodules. During the last decade, some major advances have been made about the uptake and metabolism of sulfur in nodules. These include the identification of the sulfate transporter SST1 in the symbiosomal membrane, the finding that glutathione produced in the bacteroids and host cells is essential for nodule activity, and the demonstration that sulfur assimilation in the whole plant is reprogrammed during symbiosis. However, many crucial questions still remain and some examples follow. In the first place, it is of paramount importance to elucidate the mechanism by which sulfur deficiency limits SNF. It is unknown why homoglutahione replaces glutathione as a major water-soluble antioxidant, redox buffer, and sulfur reservoir, among other relevant functions, only in certain legumes and also in different tissues of the same legume species. Much more work is required to identify oxidative post-translational modifications entailing cysteine and methionine residues and to determine how these modifications affect protein function and metabolism in nodules. Likewise, most interactions of antioxidant metabolites and enzymes bearing redox-active sulfur with transcription factors need to be defined. Solving these questions will pave the way to decipher sulfur-dependent mechanisms that regulate SNF, thereby gaining a deep insight into how nodulated legumes adapt to the fluctuating availability of nutrients in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Becana
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel A. Matamoros
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Zaragoza, Spain
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18
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Becana M, Wienkoop S, Matamoros MA. Sulfur Transport and Metabolism in Legume Root Nodules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018. [PMID: 30364181 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018:01434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is an essential nutrient in plants as a constituent element of some amino acids, metal cofactors, coenzymes, and secondary metabolites. Not surprisingly, sulfur deficiency decreases plant growth, photosynthesis, and seed yield in both legumes and non-legumes. In nodulated legumes, sulfur supply is positively linked to symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) and sulfur starvation causes three additional major effects: decrease of nodulation, inhibition of SNF, and slowing down of nodule metabolism. These effects are due, at least in part, to the impairment of nitrogenase biosynthesis and activity, the accumulation of nitrogen-rich amino acids, and the decline in leghemoglobin, ferredoxin, ATP, and glucose in nodules. During the last decade, some major advances have been made about the uptake and metabolism of sulfur in nodules. These include the identification of the sulfate transporter SST1 in the symbiosomal membrane, the finding that glutathione produced in the bacteroids and host cells is essential for nodule activity, and the demonstration that sulfur assimilation in the whole plant is reprogrammed during symbiosis. However, many crucial questions still remain and some examples follow. In the first place, it is of paramount importance to elucidate the mechanism by which sulfur deficiency limits SNF. It is unknown why homoglutahione replaces glutathione as a major water-soluble antioxidant, redox buffer, and sulfur reservoir, among other relevant functions, only in certain legumes and also in different tissues of the same legume species. Much more work is required to identify oxidative post-translational modifications entailing cysteine and methionine residues and to determine how these modifications affect protein function and metabolism in nodules. Likewise, most interactions of antioxidant metabolites and enzymes bearing redox-active sulfur with transcription factors need to be defined. Solving these questions will pave the way to decipher sulfur-dependent mechanisms that regulate SNF, thereby gaining a deep insight into how nodulated legumes adapt to the fluctuating availability of nutrients in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Becana
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel A Matamoros
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Zaragoza, Spain
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19
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Abstract
Many researchers have sought along the last two decades a legume species that could serve as a model system for genetic studies to resolve specific developmental or metabolic processes that cannot be studied in other model plants. Nitrogen fixation, nodulation, compound leaf, inflorescence and plant architecture, floral development, pod formation, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and other developmental and metabolic aspects are legume-specific or show important differences with those described in Arabidopsis thaliana, the most studied model plant. Mainly Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus were proposed in the 1990s as model systems due to their key attributes, diploid genome, autogamous nature, short generation times, small genome sizes, and both species can be readily transformed. After more than decade-long, the genome sequences of both species are essentially complete, and a series of functional genomics tools have been successfully developed and applied. Mutagens that cause insertions or deletions are being used in these model systems because these kinds of DNA rearrangements are expected to assist in the isolation of the corresponding genes by Target-Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) approaches. Different M. truncatula mutants have been obtained following γ-irradiation or fast neutron bombardment (FNB), ethyl-nitrosourea (ENU) or ethyl-methanesulfonate (EMS) treatments, T-DNA and activation tagging, use of the tobacco retrotransposon Tnt1 to produce insertional mutants, gene silencing by RNAi, and transient post-transcriptional gene silencing by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Emerging technologies of targeted mutagenesis and gene editing, such as the CRISPR-Cas9 system, could open a new era in this field. Functional genomics tools and phenotypic analyses of several mutants generated in M. truncatula have been essential to better understand differential aspects of legumes development and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Cañas
- CSIC-UPV, Institute for Plant Cell and Molecular Biology (IBMCP), Valencia, Spain.
| | - José Pío Beltrán
- CSIC-UPV, Institute for Plant Cell and Molecular Biology (IBMCP), Valencia, Spain
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20
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Park SI, Kim YS, Kim JJ, Mok JE, Kim YH, Park HM, Kim IS, Yoon HS. Improved stress tolerance and productivity in transgenic rice plants constitutively expressing the Oryza sativa glutathione synthetase OsGS under paddy field conditions. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 215:39-47. [PMID: 28527337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species, which increase under various environmental stresses, have deleterious effects on plants. An important antioxidant, glutathione, is used to detoxify reactive oxygen species in plant cells and is mainly produced by two enzymes: gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-ECS) and glutathione synthetase (GS). To evaluate the functional roles of the glutathione synthetase gene (OsGS) in rice, we generated four independent transgenic rice plants (TG1-TG4) that overexpressed OsGS under the control of the constitutively expressed OsCc1 promoter. When grown under natural paddy field conditions, the TG rice plants exhibited greater growth development, higher chlorophyll content, and higher GSH/GSSH ratios than control wild-type (WT) rice plants. Subsequently, the TG rice plants enhanced redox homeostasis by preventing hydroperoxide-mediated membrane damage, which improved their adaptation to environmental stresses. As a result, TG rice plants improved rice grain yield and total biomass following increases in panicle number and number of spikelets per panicle, despite differences in climate during the cultivation periods of 2014 and 2015. Overall, our results indicate that OsGS overexpression improved redox homeostasis by enhancing the glutathione pool, which resulted in greater tolerance to environmental stresses in the paddy fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Im Park
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Saeng Kim
- Research Institute of Ulleung-do & Dok-do, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Kim
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Mok
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yul-Ho Kim
- Highland Agriculture Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Pyeongchang 25342, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Mi Park
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 54955, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Sup Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho-Sung Yoon
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Colville L, Sáez CMB, Lewis GP, Kranner I. The distribution of glutathione and homoglutathione in leaf, root and seed tissue of 73 species across the three sub-families of the Leguminosae. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 115:175-83. [PMID: 25666129 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Homoglutathione (γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-β-alanine) is a homologue of glutathione (γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine), which is a ubiquitous and indispensable tripeptide in eukaryotes with multi-facetted functions, many of which relate to cellular redox regulation. Homoglutathione is unique to the Leguminosae family, but studies of its occurrence have been restricted to the Papilionoideae subfamily, and almost exclusively to crop species. To determine whether the distribution of homoglutathione in the Leguminosae has a phylogenetic basis the occurrence of homoglutathione was investigated in the leaves, roots and seeds of 73 wild species of Leguminosae, representing 30 tribes across the Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae subfamilies. Homoglutathione was found only in the Papilionoideae, and was generally restricted to the 'Old World Clade'. It is proposed that homoglutathione may have arisen following a whole genome duplication event after the divergence of the Old World Clade. Homoglutathione is believed to fulfil the same functional roles as glutathione, but this study showed that homoglutathione and glutathione have different tissue-specific distribution patterns. Homoglutathione tended to occur more frequently in root tissue, and higher concentrations were found in leaves and roots, whereas glutathione tended to be present at the highest concentrations in seeds. This may reflect a distinct role for homoglutathione, particularly in roots, or an inability of homoglutathione to functionally replace glutathione in reproductive tissues. However, no relationships with environmental factors or nodulation were observed. Greater understanding of the factors that influence homoglutathione distribution may help to elucidate its unique function in some legume species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Colville
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK.
| | - Clara M Blanco Sáez
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK.
| | - Gwilym P Lewis
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK.
| | - Ilse Kranner
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK.
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22
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Ribeiro CW, Alloing G, Mandon K, Frendo P. Redox regulation of differentiation in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:1469-78. [PMID: 25433163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between Rhizobium bacteria and legumes leads to the formation of a new organ, the root nodule. The development of the nodule requires the differentiation of plant root cells to welcome the endosymbiotic bacterial partner. This development includes the formation of an efficient vascular tissue which allows metabolic exchanges between the root and the nodule, the formation of a barrier to oxygen diffusion necessary for the bacterial nitrogenase activity and the enlargement of cells in the infection zone to support the large bacterial population. Inside the plant cell, the bacteria differentiate into bacteroids which are able to reduce atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia needed for plant growth in exchange for carbon sources. Nodule functioning requires a tight regulation of the development of plant cells and bacteria. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW Nodule functioning requires a tight regulation of the development of plant cells and bacteria. The importance of redox control in nodule development and N-fixation is discussed in this review. The involvement of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and the importance of the antioxidant defense are analyzed. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Plant differentiation and bacterial differentiation are controlled by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, enzymes involved in the antioxidant defense and antioxidant compounds. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The establishment and functioning of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis involve a redox control important for both the plant-bacteria crosstalk and the consideration of environmental parameters. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Werner Ribeiro
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA UMR 1355, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS UMR 7254, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Geneviève Alloing
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA UMR 1355, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS UMR 7254, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Karine Mandon
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA UMR 1355, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS UMR 7254, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Frendo
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA UMR 1355, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS UMR 7254, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
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23
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Pivato M, Fabrega-Prats M, Masi A. Low-molecular-weight thiols in plants: Functional and analytical implications. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 560:83-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Hopkins J, Pierre O, Kazmierczak T, Gruber V, Frugier F, Clement M, Frendo P, Herouart D, Boncompagni E. MtZR1, a PRAF protein, is involved in the development of roots and symbiotic root nodules in Medicago truncatula. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:658-69. [PMID: 23961805 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PRAF proteins are present in all plants, but their functions remain unclear. We investigated the role of one member of the PRAF family, MtZR1, on the development of roots and nitrogen-fixing nodules in Medicago truncatula. We found that MtZR1 was expressed in all M. truncatula organs. Spatiotemporal analysis showed that MtZR1 expression in M. truncatula roots was mostly limited to the root meristem and the vascular bundles of mature nodules. MtZR1 expression in root nodules was down-regulated in response to various abiotic stresses known to affect nitrogen fixation efficiency. The down-regulation of MtZR1 expression by RNA interference in transgenic roots decreased root growth and impaired nodule development and function. MtZR1 overexpression resulted in longer roots and significant changes to nodule development. Our data thus indicate that MtZR1 is involved in the development of roots and nodules. To our knowledge, this work provides the first in vivo experimental evidence of a biological role for a typical PRAF protein in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hopkins
- INRA 1355, UMR 'Institut Sophia Agrobiotech', Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, F-06903, France; CNRS 7254, UMR 'Institut Sophia Agrobiotech', Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, F-06903, France; UMR 'Institut Sophia Agrobiotech' Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis (UNS), Cedex, F-06903, France
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Frendo P, Baldacci-Cresp F, Benyamina SM, Puppo A. Glutathione and plant response to the biotic environment. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:724-730. [PMID: 23912161 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a major antioxidant molecule in plants. It is involved in regulating plant development and responses to the abiotic and biotic environment. In recent years, numerous reports have clarified the molecular processes involving GSH in plant-microbe interactions. In this review, we summarize recent studies, highlighting the roles of GSH in interactions between plants and microbes, whether pathogenic or beneficial to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Frendo
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; INRA UMR 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; CNRS UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
| | - Fabien Baldacci-Cresp
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; INRA UMR 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; CNRS UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Sofiane M Benyamina
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; INRA UMR 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; CNRS UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Alain Puppo
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; INRA UMR 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; CNRS UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
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Marino D, Damiani I, Gucciardo S, Mijangos I, Pauly N, Puppo A. Inhibition of nitrogen fixation in symbiotic Medicago truncatula upon Cd exposure is a local process involving leghaemoglobin. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:5651-60. [PMID: 24151304 PMCID: PMC3871818 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Leguminous biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is very sensitive to environmental fluctuations. It is still contentious how BNF is regulated under stress conditions. The local or systemic control of BNF and the role played by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in such regulation have still not been elucidated completely. Cadmium, which belongs to the so-called heavy metals, is one of the most toxic substances released into the environment. The mechanisms involved in Cd toxicity are still not completely understood but the overproduction of ROS is one of its characteristic symptoms. In this work, we used a split-root system approach to study nodule BNF and the antioxidant machinery's response to the application of a mild Cd treatment on one side of a nodulated Medicago truncatula root system. Cd induced the majority of nodule antioxidants without generating any oxidative damage. Cd treatment also provoked BNF inhibition exclusively in nodules directly exposed to Cd, without provoking any effect on plant shoot biomass or chlorophyll content. The overall data suggest that the decline in BNF was not due to a generalized breakdown of the plant but to control exerted through leghaemoglobin/oxygen availability, affecting nitrogenase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Marino
- Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale UMR INRA 1301 – CNRS 6243 – Université de Nice – Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080, Bilbao, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011, Bilbao, Spain
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Isabelle Damiani
- Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale UMR INRA 1301 – CNRS 6243 – Université de Nice – Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Gucciardo
- Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale UMR INRA 1301 – CNRS 6243 – Université de Nice – Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Iker Mijangos
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Basque Institute of Agricultural Research and Development, E-48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Nicolas Pauly
- Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale UMR INRA 1301 – CNRS 6243 – Université de Nice – Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Alain Puppo
- Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale UMR INRA 1301 – CNRS 6243 – Université de Nice – Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
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Frendo P, Matamoros MA, Alloing G, Becana M. Thiol-based redox signaling in the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:376. [PMID: 24133498 PMCID: PMC3783977 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In nitrogen poor soils legumes establish a symbiotic interaction with rhizobia that results in the formation of root nodules. These are unique plant organs where bacteria differentiate into bacteroids, which express the nitrogenase enzyme complex that reduces atmospheric N 2 to ammonia. Nodule metabolism requires a tight control of the concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) so that they can perform useful signaling roles while avoiding nitro-oxidative damage. In nodules a thiol-dependent regulatory network that senses, transmits and responds to redox changes is starting to be elucidated. A combination of enzymatic, immunological, pharmacological and molecular analyses has allowed us to conclude that glutathione and its legume-specific homolog, homoglutathione, are abundant in meristematic and infected cells, that their spatio-temporally distribution is correlated with the corresponding (homo)glutathione synthetase activities, and that they are crucial for nodule development and function. Glutathione is at high concentrations in the bacteroids and at moderate amounts in the mitochondria, cytosol and nuclei. Less information is available on other components of the network. The expression of multiple isoforms of glutathione peroxidases, peroxiredoxins, thioredoxins, glutaredoxins and NADPH-thioredoxin reductases has been detected in nodule cells using antibodies and proteomics. Peroxiredoxins and thioredoxins are essential to regulate and in some cases to detoxify RONS in nodules. Further research is necessary to clarify the regulation of the expression and activity of thiol redox-active proteins in response to abiotic, biotic and developmental cues, their interactions with downstream targets by disulfide-exchange reactions, and their participation in signaling cascades. The availability of mutants and transgenic lines will be crucial to facilitate systematic investigations into the function of the various proteins in the legume-rhizobial symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Frendo
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia AntipolisNice, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherches 1355Nice, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherches 7254Nice, France
- Pierre Frendo and Manuel A. Matamoros have contributed equally to this review.
| | - Manuel A. Matamoros
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasZaragoza, Spain
- Pierre Frendo and Manuel A. Matamoros have contributed equally to this review.
| | - Geneviève Alloing
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia AntipolisNice, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherches 1355Nice, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherches 7254Nice, France
| | - Manuel Becana
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasZaragoza, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manuel Becana, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain e-mail:
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Alquéres S, Meneses C, Rouws L, Rothballer M, Baldani I, Schmid M, Hartmann A. The bacterial superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase are crucial for endophytic colonization of rice roots by Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAL5. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:937-45. [PMID: 23634840 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-12-0286-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is an aerobic diazotrophic plant-growth-promoting bacterium isolated from different gramineous plants. We showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced at early stages of rice root colonization, a typical plant defense response against pathogens. The transcription of the pathogen-related-10 gene of the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway but not of the PR-1 gene of the salicylic acid pathway was activated by the endophytic colonization of rice roots by G. diazotrophicus strain PAL5. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that, at early stages of colonization, the bacteria upregulated the transcript levels of ROS-detoxifying genes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR). To proof the role of ROS-scavenging enzymes in the colonization and interaction process, transposon insertion mutants of the SOD and GR genes of strain PAL5 were constructed. The SOD and GR mutants were unable to efficiently colonize the roots, indicated by the decrease of tightly root-associated bacterial cell counts and endophytic colonization and by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. Interestingly, the mutants did not induce the PR-10 of the JA-pathway, probably due to the inability of endophytic colonization. Thus, ROS-scavenging enzymes of G. diazotrophicus strain PAL5 play an important role in the endophytic colonization of rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Alquéres
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
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29
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A central role for thiols in plant tolerance to abiotic stress. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:7405-32. [PMID: 23549272 PMCID: PMC3645693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14047405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stress poses major problems to agriculture and increasing efforts are being made to understand plant stress response and tolerance mechanisms and to develop new tools that underpin successful agriculture. However, the molecular mechanisms of plant stress tolerance are not fully understood, and the data available is incomplete and sometimes contradictory. Here, we review the significance of protein and non-protein thiol compounds in relation to plant tolerance of abiotic stress. First, the roles of the amino acids cysteine and methionine, are discussed, followed by an extensive discussion of the low-molecular-weight tripeptide, thiol glutathione, which plays a central part in plant stress response and oxidative signalling and of glutathione-related enzymes, including those involved in the biosynthesis of non-protein thiol compounds. Special attention is given to the glutathione redox state, to phytochelatins and to the role of glutathione in the regulation of the cell cycle. The protein thiol section focuses on glutaredoxins and thioredoxins, proteins with oxidoreductase activity, which are involved in protein glutathionylation. The review concludes with a brief overview of and future perspectives for the involvement of plant thiols in abiotic stress tolerance.
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30
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Silva L, Carvalho H. Possible role of glutamine synthetase in the NO signaling response in root nodules by contributing to the antioxidant defenses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:372. [PMID: 24065976 PMCID: PMC3777134 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is emerging as an important regulatory player in the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. The occurrence of NO during several steps of the symbiotic interaction suggests an important, but yet unknown, signaling role of this molecule for root nodule formation and functioning. The identification of the molecular targets of NO is key for the assembly of the signal transduction cascade that will ultimately help to unravel NO function. We have recently shown that the key nitrogen assimilatory enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) is a molecular target of NO in root nodules of Medicago truncatula, being post-translationally regulated by tyrosine nitration in relation to nitrogen fixation. In functional nodules of M. truncatula NO formation has been located in the bacteroid containing cells of the fixation zone, where the ammonium generated by bacterial nitrogenase is released to the plant cytosol and assimilated into the organic pools by plant GS. We propose that the NO-mediated GS post-translational inactivation is connected to nitrogenase inhibition induced by NO and is related to metabolite channeling to boost the nodule antioxidant defenses. Glutamate, a substrate for GS activity is also the precursor for the synthesis of glutathione (GSH), which is highly abundant in root nodules of several plant species and known to play a major role in the antioxidant defense participating in the ascorbate/GSH cycle. Existing evidence suggests that upon NO-mediated GS inhibition, glutamate could be channeled for the synthesis of GSH. According to this hypothesis, GS would be involved in the NO-signaling responses in root nodules and the NO-signaling events would meet the nodule metabolic pathways to provide an adaptive response to the inhibition of symbiotic nitrogen fixation by reactive nitrogen species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena Carvalho
- *Correspondence: Helena Carvalho, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular da Assimilação do Azoto, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal e-mail:
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31
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Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation by rhizobia in legume root nodules injects approximately 40 million tonnes of nitrogen into agricultural systems each year. In exchange for reduced nitrogen from the bacteria, the plant provides rhizobia with reduced carbon and all the essential nutrients required for bacterial metabolism. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation requires exquisite integration of plant and bacterial metabolism. Central to this integration are transporters of both the plant and the rhizobia, which transfer elements and compounds across various plant membranes and the two bacterial membranes. Here we review current knowledge of legume and rhizobial transport and metabolism as they relate to symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Although all legume-rhizobia symbioses have many metabolic features in common, there are also interesting differences between them, which show that evolution has solved metabolic problems in different ways to achieve effective symbiosis in different systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Udvardi
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA.
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32
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Baldacci-Cresp F, Chang C, Maucourt M, Deborde C, Hopkins J, Lecomte P, Bernillon S, Brouquisse R, Moing A, Abad P, Hérouart D, Puppo A, Favery B, Frendo P. (Homo)glutathione deficiency impairs root-knot nematode development in Medicago truncatula. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002471. [PMID: 22241996 PMCID: PMC3252378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKN) are obligatory plant parasitic worms that establish and maintain an intimate relationship with their host plants. During a compatible interaction, RKN induce the redifferentiation of root cells into multinucleate and hypertrophied giant cells essential for nematode growth and reproduction. These metabolically active feeding cells constitute the exclusive source of nutrients for the nematode. Detailed analysis of glutathione (GSH) and homoglutathione (hGSH) metabolism demonstrated the importance of these compounds for the success of nematode infection in Medicago truncatula. We reported quantification of GSH and hGSH and gene expression analysis showing that (h)GSH metabolism in neoformed gall organs differs from that in uninfected roots. Depletion of (h)GSH content impaired nematode egg mass formation and modified the sex ratio. In addition, gene expression and metabolomic analyses showed a substantial modification of starch and γ-aminobutyrate metabolism and of malate and glucose content in (h)GSH-depleted galls. Interestingly, these modifications did not occur in (h)GSH-depleted roots. These various results suggest that (h)GSH have a key role in the regulation of giant cell metabolism. The discovery of these specific plant regulatory elements could lead to the development of new pest management strategies against nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Baldacci-Cresp
- Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale UMR INRA 1301 -CNRS 6243-Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Christine Chang
- Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale UMR INRA 1301 -CNRS 6243-Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Mickaël Maucourt
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Metabolome-Fluxome Facility of Bordeaux Functional Genomics Center, IBVM, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Catherine Deborde
- Metabolome-Fluxome Facility of Bordeaux Functional Genomics Center, IBVM, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- INRA - UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Julie Hopkins
- Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale UMR INRA 1301 -CNRS 6243-Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Philippe Lecomte
- Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale UMR INRA 1301 -CNRS 6243-Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Stéphane Bernillon
- Metabolome-Fluxome Facility of Bordeaux Functional Genomics Center, IBVM, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- INRA - UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Renaud Brouquisse
- Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale UMR INRA 1301 -CNRS 6243-Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Annick Moing
- Metabolome-Fluxome Facility of Bordeaux Functional Genomics Center, IBVM, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- INRA - UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale UMR INRA 1301 -CNRS 6243-Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Didier Hérouart
- Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale UMR INRA 1301 -CNRS 6243-Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Alain Puppo
- Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale UMR INRA 1301 -CNRS 6243-Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale UMR INRA 1301 -CNRS 6243-Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Frendo
- Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale UMR INRA 1301 -CNRS 6243-Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France
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