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Greenbug (Schizaphis graminum) herbivory significantly impacts protein and phosphorylation abundance in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). Sci Rep 2020; 10:14842. [PMID: 32908168 PMCID: PMC7481182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71828-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is an important crop for biofuel production but it also serves as host for greenbugs (Schizaphis graminum Rondani; GB). Although transcriptomic studies have been done to infer the molecular mechanisms of plant defense against GB, little is known about the effect of GB infestation on the switchgrass protein expression and phosphorylation regulation. The global response of the switchgrass cultivar Summer proteome and phosphoproteome was monitored by label-free proteomics shotgun in GB-infested and uninfested control plants at 10 days post infestation. Peptides matching a total of 3,594 proteins were identified and 429 were differentially expressed proteins in GB-infested plants relative to uninfested control plants. Among these, 291 and 138 were up and downregulated by GB infestation, respectively. Phosphoproteome analysis identified 310 differentially phosphorylated proteins (DP) from 350 phosphopeptides with a total of 399 phosphorylated sites. These phosphopeptides had more serine phosphorylated residues (79%), compared to threonine phosphorylated sites (21%). Overall, KEGG pathway analysis revealed that GB feeding led to the enriched accumulation of proteins important for biosynthesis of plant defense secondary metabolites and repressed the accumulation of proteins involved in photosynthesis. Interestingly, defense modulators such as terpene synthase, papain-like cysteine protease, serine carboxypeptidase, and lipoxygenase2 were upregulated at the proteome level, corroborating previously published transcriptomic data.
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2
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Liang N, Dacko A, Tan AK, Xiang S, Curtis JM, Gänzle MG. Structure-function relationships of antifungal monohydroxy unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) of plant and bacterial origin. Food Res Int 2020; 134:109237. [PMID: 32517955 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationships between the structures of hydroxy unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) and their antifungal activities. Structurally diverse HUFA, including four monohydroxy-18:1 isomers, two monohydroxy 18:2 isomers and two monohydroxy 18:2 isomers were extracted from seeds of plants (Coriaria nepalensis, Thymus vulgaris, Mallotus philippensis and Dimorphotheca sinuata) for which information was available on PlantFAdb database, and from culture supernatants of lactobacilli. They were purified by high-speed counter current chromatography (HSCCC) and identified by LC-MS/MS. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of HUFA were tested against a panel of five yeasts and five mycelial fungi. The membrane phase changes under HUFA treatment and the content of ergosterol were both measured to differentiate HUFA-sensitive and HUFA-resistant fungi. HUFA with a hydroxyl group near the center of the 18-carbon fatty acid chains were found to contribute strongly to HUFA antifungal activity. Antifungal HUFA targeted filamentous fungi but not yeasts. HUFA didn't alter the overall membrane fluidity of sensitive fungi, but the most HUFA-sensitive fungi had a lower average ergosterol content compared to the resistant yeasts. This indicates the possible interaction of HUFA with fungal membrane with low sterol content, which partially support the previous proposed mode of action. Findings here provide insight on further development of HUFA application in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuanyi Liang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Andrea Dacko
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Alexander K Tan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sheng Xiang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Curtis
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Michael G Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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3
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The Role of Triacylglycerol in Plant Stress Response. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040472. [PMID: 32276473 PMCID: PMC7238164 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vegetable oil is mainly composed of triacylglycerol (TAG), a storage lipid that serves as a major commodity for food and industrial purposes, as well as an alternative biofuel source. While TAG is typically not produced at significant levels in vegetative tissues, emerging evidence suggests that its accumulation in such tissues may provide one mechanism by which plants cope with abiotic stress. Different types of abiotic stress induce lipid remodeling through the action of specific lipases, which results in various alterations in membrane lipid composition. This response induces the formation of toxic lipid intermediates that cause membrane damage or cell death. However, increased levels of TAG under stress conditions are believed to function, at least in part, as a means of sequestering these toxic lipid intermediates. Moreover, the lipid droplets (LDs) in which TAG is enclosed also function as a subcellular factory to provide binding sites and substrates for the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds that protect against insects and fungi. Though our knowledge concerning the role of TAG in stress tolerance is expanding, many gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms driving these processes are still evident. In this review, we highlight progress that has been made to decipher the role of TAG in plant stress response, and we discuss possible ways in which this information could be utilized to improve crops in the future.
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4
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Ogawara H. Comparison of Strategies to Overcome Drug Resistance: Learning from Various Kingdoms. Molecules 2018; 23:E1476. [PMID: 29912169 PMCID: PMC6100412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance, especially antibiotic resistance, is a growing threat to human health. To overcome this problem, it is significant to know precisely the mechanisms of drug resistance and/or self-resistance in various kingdoms, from bacteria through plants to animals, once more. This review compares the molecular mechanisms of the resistance against phycotoxins, toxins from marine and terrestrial animals, plants and fungi, and antibiotics. The results reveal that each kingdom possesses the characteristic features. The main mechanisms in each kingdom are transporters/efflux pumps in phycotoxins, mutation and modification of targets and sequestration in marine and terrestrial animal toxins, ABC transporters and sequestration in plant toxins, transporters in fungal toxins, and various or mixed mechanisms in antibiotics. Antibiotic producers in particular make tremendous efforts for avoiding suicide, and are more flexible and adaptable to the changes of environments. With these features in mind, potential alternative strategies to overcome these resistance problems are discussed. This paper will provide clues for solving the issues of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ogawara
- HO Bio Institute, Yushima-2, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Noshio-2, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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5
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Schuman MC, Meldau S, Gaquerel E, Diezel C, McGale E, Greenfield S, Baldwin IT. The Active Jasmonate JA-Ile Regulates a Specific Subset of Plant Jasmonate-Mediated Resistance to Herbivores in Nature. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:787. [PMID: 29963064 PMCID: PMC6010948 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The jasmonate hormones are essential regulators of plant defense against herbivores and include several dozen derivatives of the oxylipin jasmonic acid (JA). Among these, the conjugate jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile) has been shown to interact directly with the jasmonate co-receptor complex to regulate responses to jasmonate signaling. However, functional studies indicate that some aspects of jasmonate-mediated defense are not regulated by JA-Ile. Thus, it is not clear whether JA-Ile is best characterized as the master jasmonate regulator of defense, or if it regulates more specific aspects. We investigated possible functions of JA-Ile in anti-herbivore resistance of the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata, a model system for plant-herbivore interactions. We first analyzed the soluble and volatile secondary metabolomes of irJAR4xirJAR6, asLOX3, and WT plants, as well as an RNAi line targeting the jasmonate co-receptor CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (irCOI1), following a standardized herbivory treatment. irJAR4xirJAR6 were the most similar to WT plants, having a ca. 60% overlap in differentially regulated metabolites with either asLOX3 or irCOI1. In contrast, while at least 25 volatiles differed between irCOI1 or asLOX3 and WT plants, there were few or no differences in herbivore-induced volatile emission between irJAR4xirJAR6 and WT plants, in glasshouse- or field-collected samples. We then measured the susceptibility of jasmonate-deficient vs. JA-Ile-deficient plants in nature, in comparison to wild-type (WT) controls, and found that JA-Ile-deficient plants (irJAR4xirJAR6) are much better defended even than a mildly jasmonate-deficient line (asLOX3). The differences among lines could be attributed to differences in damage from specific herbivores, which appeared to prefer either one or the other jasmonate-deficient phenotype. We further investigated the elicitation of one herbivore-induced volatile known to be jasmonate-regulated and to mediate resistance to herbivores: (E)-α-bergamotene. We found that JA was a more potent elicitor of (E)-α-bergamotene emission than was JA-Ile, and when treated with JA, irJAR4xirJAR6 plants emitted 20- to 40-fold as much (E)-α-bergamotene than WT. We conclude that JA-Ile regulates specific aspects of herbivore resistance in N. attenuata. This specificity may allow plants flexibility in their responses to herbivores and in managing trade-offs between resistance, vs. growth and reproduction, over the course of ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Meredith C. Schuman
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Celia Diezel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Erica McGale
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sara Greenfield
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Plant Genetics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Lortzing T, Firtzlaff V, Nguyen D, Rieu I, Stelzer S, Schad M, Kallarackal J, Steppuhn A. Transcriptomic responses of Solanum dulcamara to natural and simulated herbivory. Mol Ecol Resour 2017; 17:e196-e211. [PMID: 28449359 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants are attacked by diverse herbivores and respond with manifold defence responses. To study transcriptional and other early regulation events of these plant responses, herbivory is often simulated to standardize the temporal and spatial dynamics that vary tremendously for natural herbivory. Yet, to what extent such simulations of herbivory are able to elicit the same plant response as real herbivory remains largely undetermined. We examined the transcriptional response of a wild model plant to herbivory by lepidopteran larvae and to a commonly used herbivory simulation by applying the larvae's oral secretions to standardized wounds. We designed a microarray for Solanum dulcamara and showed that the transcriptional responses to real and to simulated herbivory by Spodoptera exigua overlapped moderately by about 40%. Interestingly, certain responses were mimicked better than others; 60% of the genes upregulated but not even a quarter of the genes downregulated by herbivory were similarly affected by application of oral secretions to wounds. While the regulation of genes involved in signalling, defence and water stress was mimicked well by the simulated herbivory, most of the genes related to photosynthesis, carbohydrate- and lipid metabolism were exclusively regulated by real herbivory. Thus, wounding and application of oral secretions decently mimics herbivory-induced defence responses but likely not the reallocation of primary metabolites induced by real herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Lortzing
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vivien Firtzlaff
- Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Duy Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Rieu
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Stelzer
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Anke Steppuhn
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Excessive nitrogen application dampens antioxidant capacity and grain filling in wheat as revealed by metabolic and physiological analyses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43363. [PMID: 28233811 PMCID: PMC5324167 DOI: 10.1038/srep43363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was treated with normal (Nn) and excessive (Ne) levels of fertilizer N. Results showed that Ne depressed the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase and increased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was higher under Ne at anthesis and medium milk but similar at the early dough stage and significantly lower at the hard dough stage than that under Nn. The metabolomics analysis of the leaf responses to Ne during grain filling showed 99 metabolites that were different between Ne and Nn treatments, including phenolic and flavonoid compounds, amino acids, organic acids and lipids, which are primarily involved in ROS scavenging, N metabolism, heat stress adaptation and disease resistance. Organic carbon (C) and total N contents were affected by the Ne treatment, with lower C/N ratios developing after medium milk. Ultimately, grain yields decreased with Ne. Based on these data, compared with the normal N fertilizer treatment, we concluded that excessive N application decreased the ability to scavenge ROS, increased lipid peroxidation and caused significant metabolic changes disturbing N metabolism, secondary metabolism and lipid metabolism, which led to reduced grain filling in wheat.
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8
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Bandoly M, Grichnik R, Hilker M, Steppuhn A. Priming of anti-herbivore defence in Nicotiana attenuata by insect oviposition: herbivore-specific effects. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:848-59. [PMID: 26566692 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Oviposition by Spodoptera exigua on Nicotiana attenuata primes plant defence against its larvae that consequently suffer reduced performance. To reveal whether this is a general response of tobacco to insect oviposition or species-specific, we investigated whether also Manduca sexta oviposition primes N. attenuata's anti-herbivore defence. The plant response to M. sexta and S. exigua oviposition overlapped in the egg-primed feeding-induced production of the phenylpropanoid caffeoylputrescine. While M. sexta larvae were unaffected in their performance, they showed a novel response to the oviposition-mediated plant changes: a reduced antimicrobial activity in their haemolymph. In a cross-resistance experiment, S. exigua larvae suffered reduced performance on M. sexta-oviposited plants like they did on S. exigua-oviposited plants. The M. sexta oviposition-mediated plant effects on the S. exigua larval performance and on M. sexta larval immunity required expression of the NaMyb8 transcription factor that is governing biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids such as caffeoylputrescine. Thus, NaMyb8-dependent defence traits mediate the effects that oviposition by both lepidopteran species exerts on the plant's anti-herbivore defence. These results suggest that oviposition by lepidopteran species on N. attenuata leaves may generally prime the feeding-induced production of certain plant defence compounds but that different herbivore species show different susceptibility to egg-primed plant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bandoly
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Institute of Biology, Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Grichnik
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Institute of Biology, Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Hilker
- Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, DCPS, Institute of Biology, FU Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Institute of Biology, Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Bandoly M, Steppuhn A. Bioassays to Investigate the Effects of Insect Oviposition on a Plant’s Resistance to Herbivores. Bio Protoc 2016. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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10
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Shimada TL, Hara-Nishimura I. Leaf oil bodies are subcellular factories producing antifungal oxylipins. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 25:145-50. [PMID: 26051035 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Oil bodies act as lipid storage compartments in plant cells. In seeds they supply energy for germination and early seedling growth. Oil bodies are also present in the leaves of many vascular plants, but their function in leaves has been poorly understood. Recent studies with oil bodies from senescent Arabidopsis thaliana leaves identified two enzymes, peroxygenase (CLO3) and α-dioxygenase (α-DOX), which together catalyze a coupling reaction to produce an antifungal compound (2-hydroxy-octadecanoic acid) from α-linolenic acid. Leaf oil bodies also have other enzymes including lipoxygenases, phospholipases, and triacylglycerol lipases. Hence, leaf oil bodies might function as intracellular factories to efficiently produce stable compounds via unstable intermediates by concentrating the enzymes and hydrophobic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi L Shimada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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11
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Pappas ML, Steppuhn A, Geuss D, Topalidou N, Zografou A, Sabelis MW, Broufas GD. Beyond Predation: The Zoophytophagous Predator Macrolophus pygmaeus Induces Tomato Resistance against Spider Mites. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127251. [PMID: 25974207 PMCID: PMC4431799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many predatory insects that prey on herbivores also feed on the plant, but it is unknown whether plants affect the performance of herbivores by responding to this phytophagy with defence induction. We investigate whether the prior presence of the omnivorous predator Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur) on tomato plants affects plant resistance against two different herbivore species. Besides plant-mediated effects of M. pygmaeus on herbivore performance, we examined whether a plant defence trait that is known to be inducible by herbivory, proteinase inhibitors (PI), may also be activated in response to the interactions of this predator with the tomato plant. We show that exposing tomato plants to the omnivorous predator M. pygmaeus reduced performance of a subsequently infesting herbivore, the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch, but not of the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood). The spider-mite infested tomato plants experience a lower herbivore load, i.e., number of eggs deposited and individuals present, when previously exposed to the zoophytophagous predator. This effect is not restricted to the exposed leaf and persists on exposed plants for at least two weeks after the removal of the predators. The decreased performance of spider mites as a result of prior exposure of the plant to M. pygmaeus is accompanied by a locally and systemically increased accumulation of transcripts and activity of proteinase inhibitors that are known to be involved in plant defence. Our results demonstrate that zoophytophagous predators can induce plant defence responses and reduce herbivore performance. Hence, the suppression of populations of certain herbivores via consumption may be strengthened by the induction of plant defences by zoophytophagous predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Pappas
- Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Geuss
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikoleta Topalidou
- Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
| | - Aliki Zografou
- Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
| | - Maurice W. Sabelis
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Section Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - George D. Broufas
- Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
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12
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Machado L, Castro A, Hamberg M, Bannenberg G, Gaggero C, Castresana C, de León IP. The Physcomitrella patens unique alpha-dioxygenase participates in both developmental processes and defense responses. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:45. [PMID: 25848849 PMCID: PMC4334559 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0439-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant α-dioxygenases catalyze the incorporation of molecular oxygen into polyunsaturated fatty acids leading to the formation of oxylipins. In flowering plants, two main groups of α-DOXs have been described. While the α-DOX1 isoforms are mainly involved in defense responses against microbial infection and herbivores, the α-DOX2 isoforms are mostly related to development. To gain insight into the roles played by these enzymes during land plant evolution, we performed biochemical, genetic and molecular analyses to examine the function of the single copy moss Physcomitrella patens α-DOX (Ppα-DOX) in development and defense against pathogens. RESULTS Recombinant Ppα-DOX protein catalyzed the conversion of fatty acids into 2-hydroperoxy derivatives with a substrate preference for α-linolenic, linoleic and palmitic acids. Ppα-DOX is expressed during development in tips of young protonemal filaments with maximum expression levels in mitotically active undifferentiated apical cells. In leafy gametophores, Ppα-DOX is expressed in auxin producing tissues, including rhizoid and axillary hairs. Ppα-DOX transcript levels and Ppα-DOX activity increased in moss tissues infected with Botrytis cinerea or treated with Pectobacterium carotovorum elicitors. In B. cinerea infected leaves, Ppα-DOX-GUS proteins accumulated in cells surrounding infected cells, suggesting a protective mechanism. Targeted disruption of Ppα-DOX did not cause a visible developmental alteration and did not compromise the defense response. However, overexpressing Ppα-DOX, or incubating wild-type tissues with Ppα-DOX-derived oxylipins, principally the aldehyde heptadecatrienal, resulted in smaller moss colonies with less protonemal tissues, due to a reduction of caulonemal filament growth and a reduction of chloronemal cell size compared with normal tissues. In addition, Ppα-DOX overexpression and treatments with Ppα-DOX-derived oxylipins reduced cellular damage caused by elicitors of P. carotovorum. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that the unique α-DOX of the primitive land plant P. patens, although apparently not crucial, participates both in development and in the defense response against pathogens, suggesting that α-DOXs from flowering plants could have originated by duplication and successive functional diversification after the divergence from bryophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucina Machado
- />Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alexandra Castro
- />Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
- />Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, CP 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mats Hamberg
- />Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerard Bannenberg
- />Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carina Gaggero
- />Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carmen Castresana
- />Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Ponce de León
- />Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
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13
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de León IP, Hamberg M, Castresana C. Oxylipins in moss development and defense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:483. [PMID: 26191067 PMCID: PMC4490225 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins are oxygenated fatty acids that participate in plant development and defense against pathogen infection, insects, and wounding. Initial oxygenation of substrate fatty acids is mainly catalyzed by lipoxygenases (LOXs) and α-dioxygenases but can also take place non-enzymatically by autoxidation or singlet oxygen-dependent reactions. The resulting hydroperoxides are further metabolized by secondary enzymes to produce a large variety of compounds, including the hormone jasmonic acid (JA) and short-chain green leaf volatiles. In flowering plants, which lack arachidonic acid, oxylipins are produced mainly from oxidation of polyunsaturated C18 fatty acids, notably linolenic and linoleic acids. Algae and mosses in addition possess polyunsaturated C20 fatty acids including arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids, which can also be oxidized by LOXs and transformed into bioactive compounds. Mosses are phylogenetically placed between unicellular green algae and flowering plants, allowing evolutionary studies of the different oxylipin pathways. During the last years the moss Physcomitrella patens has become an attractive model plant for understanding oxylipin biosynthesis and diversity. In addition to the advantageous evolutionary position, functional studies of the different oxylipin-forming enzymes can be performed in this moss by targeted gene disruption or single point mutations by means of homologous recombination. Biochemical characterization of several oxylipin-producing enzymes and oxylipin profiling in P. patens reveal the presence of a wider range of oxylipins compared to flowering plants, including C18 as well as C20-derived oxylipins. Surprisingly, one of the most active oxylipins in plants, JA, is not synthesized in this moss. In this review, we present an overview of oxylipins produced in mosses and discuss the current knowledge related to the involvement of oxylipin-producing enzymes and their products in moss development and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ponce de León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
- *Correspondence: Inés Ponce de León, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay,
| | - Mats Hamberg
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carmen Castresana
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Blée E, Boachon B, Burcklen M, Le Guédard M, Hanano A, Heintz D, Ehlting J, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Bessoule JJ. The reductase activity of the Arabidopsis caleosin RESPONSIVE TO DESSICATION20 mediates gibberellin-dependent flowering time, abscisic acid sensitivity, and tolerance to oxidative stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:109-24. [PMID: 25056921 PMCID: PMC4149700 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.245316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Contrasting with the wealth of information available on the multiple roles of jasmonates in plant development and defense, knowledge about the functions and the biosynthesis of hydroxylated oxylipins remains scarce. By expressing the caleosin RESPONSIVE TO DESSICATION20 (RD20) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we show that the recombinant protein possesses an unusual peroxygenase activity with restricted specificity toward hydroperoxides of unsaturated fatty acid. Accordingly, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants overexpressing RD20 accumulate the product 13-hydroxy-9,11,15-octadecatrienoic acid, a linolenate-derived hydroxide. These plants exhibit elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with early gibberellin-dependent flowering and abscisic acid hypersensitivity at seed germination. These phenotypes are dependent on the presence of active RD20, since they are abolished in the rd20 null mutant and in lines overexpressing RD20, in which peroxygenase was inactivated by a point mutation of a catalytic histidine residue. RD20 also confers tolerance against stress induced by Paraquat, Rose Bengal, heavy metal, and the synthetic auxins 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Under oxidative stress, 13-hydroxy-9,11,15-octadecatrienoic acid still accumulates in RD20-overexpressing lines, but this lipid oxidation is associated with reduced ROS levels, minor cell death, and delayed floral transition. A model is discussed where the interplay between fatty acid hydroxides generated by RD20 and ROS is counteracted by ethylene during development in unstressed environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Blée
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.B., B.B., M.B., A.H., D.H., J.E.)Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (M.L.G., J.-J.B.); andGeorg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany (C.H., I.F.)
| | - Benoît Boachon
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.B., B.B., M.B., A.H., D.H., J.E.)Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (M.L.G., J.-J.B.); andGeorg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany (C.H., I.F.)
| | - Michel Burcklen
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.B., B.B., M.B., A.H., D.H., J.E.)Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (M.L.G., J.-J.B.); andGeorg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany (C.H., I.F.)
| | - Marina Le Guédard
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.B., B.B., M.B., A.H., D.H., J.E.)Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (M.L.G., J.-J.B.); andGeorg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany (C.H., I.F.)
| | - Abdulsamie Hanano
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.B., B.B., M.B., A.H., D.H., J.E.)Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (M.L.G., J.-J.B.); andGeorg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany (C.H., I.F.)
| | - Dimitri Heintz
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.B., B.B., M.B., A.H., D.H., J.E.)Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (M.L.G., J.-J.B.); andGeorg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany (C.H., I.F.)
| | - Jürgen Ehlting
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.B., B.B., M.B., A.H., D.H., J.E.)Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (M.L.G., J.-J.B.); andGeorg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany (C.H., I.F.)
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.B., B.B., M.B., A.H., D.H., J.E.)Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (M.L.G., J.-J.B.); andGeorg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany (C.H., I.F.)
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.B., B.B., M.B., A.H., D.H., J.E.)Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (M.L.G., J.-J.B.); andGeorg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany (C.H., I.F.)
| | - Jean-Jacques Bessoule
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357-Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.B., B.B., M.B., A.H., D.H., J.E.)Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (M.L.G., J.-J.B.); andGeorg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany (C.H., I.F.)
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15
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Schuck S, Kallenbach M, Baldwin IT, Bonaventure G. The Nicotiana attenuata GLA1 lipase controls the accumulation of Phytophthora parasitica-induced oxylipins and defensive secondary metabolites. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1703-15. [PMID: 24450863 PMCID: PMC4190502 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nicotiana attenuata plants silenced in the expression of GLYCEROLIPASE A1 (ir-gla1 plants) are compromised in the herbivore- and wound-induced accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA). However, these plants accumulate wild-type (WT) levels of JA and divinyl-ethers during Phytophthora parasitica infection. By profiling oxylipin-enriched fractions with targeted and untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry approaches, we demonstrate that the accumulation of 9-hydroxy-10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid (9-OH-18:2) and additional C18 and C19 oxylipins is reduced by ca. 20-fold in P. parasitica-infected ir-gla1 leaves compared with WT. This reduced accumulation of oxylipins was accompanied by a reduced accumulation of unsaturated free fatty acids and specific lysolipid species. Untargeted metabolic profiling of total leaf extracts showed that 87 metabolites accumulated differentially in leaves of P. parasitica-infected ir-gla1 plants with glycerolipids, hydroxylated-diterpene glycosides and phenylpropanoid derivatives accounting together for ca. 20% of these 87 metabolites. Thus, P. parasitica-induced oxylipins may participate in the regulation of metabolic changes during infection. Together, the results demonstrate that GLA1 plays a distinct role in the production of oxylipins during biotic stress responses, supplying substrates for 9-OH-18:2 and additional C18 and C19 oxylipin formation during P. parasitica infection, whereas supplying substrates for the biogenesis of JA during herbivory and mechanical wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schuck
- Max Planck Institute of Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mario Kallenbach
- Max Planck Institute of Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Max Planck Institute of Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Gustavo Bonaventure
- Max Planck Institute of Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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16
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Avila CA, Arevalo-Soliz LM, Lorence A, Goggin FL. Expression of α-DIOXYGENASE 1 in tomato and Arabidopsis contributes to plant defenses against aphids. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:977-86. [PMID: 23634839 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-13-0031-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant α-dioxygenases (α-DOX) are fatty acid-hydroperoxidases that contribute to the synthesis of oxylipins, a diverse group of compounds primarily generated through oxidation of linoleic (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA). Oxylipins are implicated in plant signaling against biotic and abiotic stresses. We report here that the potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) induces Slα-DOX1 but not Slα-DOX2 expression in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Slα-DOX1 upregulation by aphids does not require either jasmonic acid (JA) or salicylic acid (SA) accumulation, since tomato mutants deficient in JA (spr2, acx1) or SA accumulation (NahG) still show Slα-DOX1 induction. Virus-induced gene silencing of Slα-DOX1 enhanced aphid population growth in wild-type (WT) plants, revealing that Slα-DOX1 contributes to basal resistance to aphids. Moreover, an even higher percent increase in aphid numbers occurred when Slα-DOX1 was silenced in spr2, a mutant line characterized by elevated LA levels, decreased LNA, and enhanced aphid resistance as compared with WT. These results suggest that aphid reproduction is influenced by oxylipins synthesized from LA by Slα-DOX1. In agreement with our experiments in tomato, two independent α-dox1 T-DNA insertion mutant lines in Arabidopsis thaliana also showed increased susceptibility to the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), indicating that the role α-DOX is conserved in other plant-aphid interactions.
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