1
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Lang J, Ramos SE, Smohunova M, Bigler L, Schuman MC. Screening of leaf extraction and storage conditions for eco-metabolomics studies. Plant Direct 2024; 8:e578. [PMID: 38601948 PMCID: PMC11004900 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based plant metabolomics is frequently used to identify novel natural products or study the effect of specific treatments on a plant's metabolism. Reliable sample handling is required to avoid artifacts, which is why most protocols mandate shock freezing of plant tissue in liquid nitrogen and an uninterrupted cooling chain. However, the logistical challenges of this approach make it infeasible for many ecological studies. Especially for research in the tropics, permanent cooling poses a challenge, which is why many of those studies use dried leaf tissue instead. We screened a total of 10 extraction and storage approaches for plant metabolites extracted from maize leaf tissue across two cropping seasons to develop a methodology for agroecological studies in logistically challenging tropical locations. All methods were evaluated based on changes in the metabolite profile across a 2-month storage period at different temperatures with the goal of reproducing the metabolite profile of the living plant as closely as possible. We show that our newly developed on-site liquid-liquid extraction protocol provides a good compromise between sample replicability, extraction efficiency, material logistics, and metabolite profile stability. We further discuss alternative methods which showed promising results and feasibility of on-site sample handling for field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Lang
- Department of GeographyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sergio E. Ramos
- Department of GeographyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Marharyta Smohunova
- Department of GeographyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Laurent Bigler
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of GeographyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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2
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Li C, Czyż EA, Halitschke R, Baldwin IT, Schaepman ME, Schuman MC. Evaluating potential of leaf reflectance spectra to monitor plant genetic variation. Plant Methods 2023; 19:108. [PMID: 37833725 PMCID: PMC10576306 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Remote sensing of vegetation by spectroscopy is increasingly used to characterize trait distributions in plant communities. How leaves interact with electromagnetic radiation is determined by their structure and contents of pigments, water, and abundant dry matter constituents like lignins, phenolics, and proteins. High-resolution ("hyperspectral") spectroscopy can characterize trait variation at finer scales, and may help to reveal underlying genetic variation-information important for assessing the potential of populations to adapt to global change. Here, we use a set of 360 inbred genotypes of the wild coyote tobacco Nicotiana attenuata: wild accessions, recombinant inbred lines (RILs), and transgenic lines (TLs) with targeted changes to gene expression, to dissect genetic versus non-genetic influences on variation in leaf spectra across three experiments. We calculated leaf reflectance from hand-held field spectroradiometer measurements covering visible to short-wave infrared wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation (400-2500 nm) using a standard radiation source and backgrounds, resulting in a small and quantifiable measurement uncertainty. Plants were grown in more controlled (glasshouse) or more natural (field) environments, and leaves were measured both on- and off-plant with the measurement set-up thus also in more to less controlled environmental conditions. Entire spectra varied across genotypes and environments. We found that the greatest variance in leaf reflectance was explained by between-experiment and non-genetic between-sample differences, with subtler and more specific variation distinguishing groups of genotypes. The visible spectral region was most variable, distinguishing experimental settings as well as groups of genotypes within experiments, whereas parts of the short-wave infrared may vary more specifically with genotype. Overall, more genetically variable plant populations also showed more varied leaf spectra. We highlight key considerations for the application of field spectroscopy to assess genetic variation in plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Ewa A Czyż
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael E Schaepman
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Walker TWN, Schrodt F, Allard PM, Defossez E, Jassey VEJ, Schuman MC, Alexander JM, Baines O, Baldy V, Bardgett RD, Capdevila P, Coley PD, van Dam NM, David B, Descombes P, Endara MJ, Fernandez C, Forrister D, Gargallo-Garriga A, Glauser G, Marr S, Neumann S, Pellissier L, Peters K, Rasmann S, Roessner U, Salguero-Gómez R, Sardans J, Weckwerth W, Wolfender JL, Peñuelas J. Leaf metabolic traits reveal hidden dimensions of plant form and function. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadi4029. [PMID: 37647404 PMCID: PMC10468135 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi4029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The metabolome is the biochemical basis of plant form and function, but we know little about its macroecological variation across the plant kingdom. Here, we used the plant functional trait concept to interpret leaf metabolome variation among 457 tropical and 339 temperate plant species. Distilling metabolite chemistry into five metabolic functional traits reveals that plants vary on two major axes of leaf metabolic specialization-a leaf chemical defense spectrum and an expression of leaf longevity. Axes are similar for tropical and temperate species, with many trait combinations being viable. However, metabolic traits vary orthogonally to life-history strategies described by widely used functional traits. The metabolome thus expands the functional trait concept by providing additional axes of metabolic specialization for examining plant form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom W. N. Walker
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Schrodt
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Pierre-Marie Allard
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Defossez
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Vincent E. J. Jassey
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Meredith C. Schuman
- Departments of Geography and Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jake M. Alexander
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Baines
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Virginie Baldy
- Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Richard D. Bardgett
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Pol Capdevila
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Phyllis D. Coley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental crops (IGZ), 14979 Großbeeren, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bruno David
- Green Mission Pierre Fabre, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 31562 Toulouse, France
| | - Patrice Descombes
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Ecosystems and Landscape Evolution, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Musée et Jardins botaniques cantonaux, 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - María-José Endara
- Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Facultad de Ingenierías y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, 170124 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Catherine Fernandez
- Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Dale Forrister
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Albert Gargallo-Garriga
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sue Marr
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Bioinformatics and Scientific Data, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Steffen Neumann
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Bioinformatics and Scientific Data, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Ecosystems and Landscape Evolution, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Kristian Peters
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Bioinformatics and Scientific Data, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ute Roessner
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 2601 Acton, Australia
| | | | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, 1010 University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center, 1010 University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
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4
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Ray R, Halitschke R, Gase K, Leddy SM, Schuman MC, Rodde N, Baldwin IT. A persistent major mutation in canonical jasmonate signaling is embedded in an herbivory-elicited gene network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308500120. [PMID: 37607232 PMCID: PMC10466192 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308500120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
When insect herbivores attack plants, elicitors from oral secretions and regurgitants (OS) enter wounds during feeding, eliciting defense responses. These generally require plant jasmonate (JA) signaling, specifically, a jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile) burst, for their activation and are well studied in the native tobacco Nicotiana attenuata. We used intraspecific diversity captured in a 26-parent MAGIC population planted in nature and an updated genome assembly to impute natural variation in the OS-elicited JA-Ile burst linked to a mutation in the JA-Ile biosynthetic gene NaJAR4. Experiments revealed that NaJAR4 variants were associated with higher fitness in the absence of herbivores but compromised foliar defenses, with two NaJAR homologues (4 and 6) complementing each other spatially and temporally. From decade-long seed collections of natural populations, we uncovered enzymatically inactive variants occurring at variable frequencies, consistent with a balancing selection regime maintaining variants. Integrative analyses of OS-induced transcriptomes and metabolomes of natural accessions revealed that NaJAR4 is embedded in a nonlinear complex gene coexpression network orchestrating responses to OS, which we tested by silencing four hub genes in two connected coexpressed networks and examining their OS-elicited metabolic responses. Lines silenced in two hub genes (NaGLR and NaFB67) co-occurring in the NaJAR4/6 module showed responses proportional to JA-Ile accumulations; two from an adjacent module (NaERF and NaFB61) had constitutively expressed defenses with high resistance. We infer that mutations with large fitness consequences can persist in natural populations due to compensatory responses from gene networks, which allow for diversification in conserved signaling pathways and are generally consistent with predictions of an omnigene model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishav Ray
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745Jena, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus Gase
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745Jena, Germany
| | - Sabrina M. Leddy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14850
| | - Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8006Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8006Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Rodde
- Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement, Centre National de Resources Génomiques Végétales, French Plant Genomic Resource Center, Castanet TolosanF-31326, France
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745Jena, Germany
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5
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Domeignoz-Horta LA, Schuman MC. Back to the 'roots' of research: a hypothesis-driven approach provides predictive understanding of plant-herbivore-microbe interactions. New Phytol 2023. [PMID: 37329244 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Schuman MC. Where, When, and Why Do Plant Volatiles Mediate Ecological Signaling? The Answer Is Blowing in the Wind. Annu Rev Plant Biol 2023; 74:609-633. [PMID: 36889007 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-040121-114908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant volatiles comprise thousands of molecules from multiple metabolic pathways, distinguished by sufficient vapor pressure to evaporate into the headspace under normal environmental conditions. Many are implicated as ecological signals, but what is the evidence-and how do they work? Volatiles diffuse, are carried by wind, and may be taken up by other organisms or degrade with exposure to atmospheric ozone, radicals, and UV light; visual signals such as color are not subject to these complications (but require a line of sight). Distantly related plants-and nonplants-produce many of the same volatiles, yet specific compounds and blends may be distinct. Here, I present a quantitative review of the literature on plant volatiles as ecological signals, illustrating a field that has focused on developing ideas as much as reporting primary data. I discuss advantages and constraints, review recent advances, and propose considerations for primary studies to elucidate particular functions of plant volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C Schuman
- Departments of Geography and Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;
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7
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Stefanini C, Csilléry K, Ulaszewski B, Burczyk J, Schaepman ME, Schuman MC. A novel synthesis of two decades of microsatellite studies on European beech reveals decreasing genetic diversity from glacial refugia. Tree Genet Genomes 2022; 19:3. [PMID: 36532711 PMCID: PMC9744708 DOI: 10.1007/s11295-022-01577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Genetic diversity influences the evolutionary potential of forest trees under changing environmental conditions, thus indirectly the ecosystem services that forests provide. European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is a dominant European forest tree species that increasingly suffers from climate change-related die-back. Here, we conducted a systematic literature review of neutral genetic diversity in European beech and created a meta-data set of expected heterozygosity (He) from all past studies providing nuclear microsatellite data. We propose a novel approach, based on population genetic theory and a min-max scaling to make past studies comparable. Using a new microsatellite data set with unprecedented geographic coverage and various re-sampling schemes to mimic common sampling biases, we show the potential and limitations of the scaling approach. The scaled meta-dataset reveals the expected trend of decreasing genetic diversity from glacial refugia across the species range and also supports the hypothesis that different lineages met and admixed north of the European mountain ranges. As a result, we present a map of genetic diversity across the range of European beech which could help to identify seed source populations harboring greater diversity and guide sampling strategies for future genome-wide and functional investigations of genetic variation. Our approach illustrates how to combine information from several nuclear microsatellite data sets to describe patterns of genetic diversity extending beyond the geographic scale or mean number of loci used in each individual study, and thus is a proof-of-concept for synthesizing knowledge from existing studies also in other species. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11295-022-01577-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Stefanini
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Unit, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Dietikon, Switzerland
| | - Katalin Csilléry
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Unit, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Dietikon, Switzerland
| | - Bartosz Ulaszewski
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jarosław Burczyk
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Michael E Schaepman
- Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Lang J, Chidawanyika F, Khan ZR, Schuman MC. Ecological Chemistry of Pest Control in Push-Pull Intercropping Systems: What We Know, and Where to Go? Chimia (Aarau) 2022; 76:906-913. [PMID: 38069785 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2022.906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Push-pull technology (PPT) employs mixed cropping for sustainable intensification: an intercrop repels or suppresses pests of the focal crop (push), while a trap crop attracts pests out of the field (pull), where they may be targeted for control. Underlying chemical-ecological mechanisms have been demonstrated in controlled settings, primarily for some of the best-established cereal PPT systems developed in east Africa. Yet, many questions remain regarding mechanisms, and strategies to adapt PPT for different crops and locations. We conducted a systematic review of scientific literature on PPT and related practices for biological control of pests of food and fodder. Of 3335 results, we identified 45 reporting on chemistry of trap- or intercropping systems for pest control, of which 30 focused on cereals or African pests. Seven of these reported primary chemical data: measurements from glasshouse and laboratory studies (5), or of field-collected samples (2). From these 30, we provide a database of compounds, discussing degrees of evidence for their mediation of push-pull. We depict hypothesized spatial distributions of selected compounds in PPT fields from physical properties and emission/exudation rates, and design of the east African cereal PPT system, and discuss influences on activity in field settings likely to affect success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Lang
- Departments of Geography and Chemistry, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Frank Chidawanyika
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kenya.
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Zeyaur R Khan
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kenya.
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Departments of Geography and Chemistry, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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9
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Joswig JS, Wirth C, Schuman MC, Kattge J, Reu B, Wright IJ, Sippel SD, Rüger N, Richter R, Schaepman ME, van Bodegom PM, Cornelissen JHC, Díaz S, Hattingh WN, Kramer K, Lens F, Niinemets Ü, Reich PB, Reichstein M, Römermann C, Schrodt F, Anand M, Bahn M, Byun C, Campetella G, Cerabolini BEL, Craine JM, Gonzalez-Melo A, Gutiérrez AG, He T, Higuchi P, Jactel H, Kraft NJB, Minden V, Onipchenko V, Peñuelas J, Pillar VD, Sosinski Ê, Soudzilovskaia NA, Weiher E, Mahecha MD. Climatic and soil factors explain the two-dimensional spectrum of global plant trait variation. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:36-50. [PMID: 34949824 PMCID: PMC8752441 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plant functional traits can predict community assembly and ecosystem functioning and are thus widely used in global models of vegetation dynamics and land-climate feedbacks. Still, we lack a global understanding of how land and climate affect plant traits. A previous global analysis of six traits observed two main axes of variation: (1) size variation at the organ and plant level and (2) leaf economics balancing leaf persistence against plant growth potential. The orthogonality of these two axes suggests they are differently influenced by environmental drivers. We find that these axes persist in a global dataset of 17 traits across more than 20,000 species. We find a dominant joint effect of climate and soil on trait variation. Additional independent climate effects are also observed across most traits, whereas independent soil effects are almost exclusively observed for economics traits. Variation in size traits correlates well with a latitudinal gradient related to water or energy limitation. In contrast, variation in economics traits is better explained by interactions of climate with soil fertility. These findings have the potential to improve our understanding of biodiversity patterns and our predictions of climate change impacts on biogeochemical cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S. Joswig
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany ,grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Wirth
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Meredith C. Schuman
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jens Kattge
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Björn Reu
- grid.411595.d0000 0001 2105 7207Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Ian J. Wright
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
| | - Sebastian D. Sippel
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.454322.60000 0004 4910 9859Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nadja Rüger
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department of Economics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany ,grid.438006.90000 0001 2296 9689Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancón, Panama
| | - Ronny Richter
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing, Institute for Geography, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael E. Schaepman
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter M. van Bodegom
- grid.5132.50000 0001 2312 1970Environmental Biology Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, CML, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J. H. C. Cornelissen
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Díaz
- grid.10692.3c0000 0001 0115 2557Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET and FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Koen Kramer
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Chairgroup Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands ,Land Life Company, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frederic Lens
- grid.425948.60000 0001 2159 802XResearch Group Functional Traits, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands ,grid.5132.50000 0001 2312 1970Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- grid.16697.3f0000 0001 0671 1127Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Peter B. Reich
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN USA ,grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales Australia ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Institute for Global Change Biology and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Markus Reichstein
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christine Römermann
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany ,grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Department of Plant Biodiversity, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Schrodt
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Madhur Anand
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Michael Bahn
- grid.5771.40000 0001 2151 8122Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Chaeho Byun
- grid.252211.70000 0001 2299 2686Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | - Giandiego Campetella
- grid.5602.10000 0000 9745 6549Plant Diversity and Ecosystems Management Unit, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Bruno E. L. Cerabolini
- grid.18147.3b0000000121724807Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Andres Gonzalez-Melo
- grid.412191.e0000 0001 2205 5940Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alvaro G. Gutiérrez
- grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tianhua He
- grid.1032.00000 0004 0375 4078School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia Australia ,grid.1025.60000 0004 0436 6763College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia Australia
| | - Pedro Higuchi
- grid.412287.a0000 0001 2150 7271Department of Forestry, Universidade do Estado de Santa, Catarina, Lages, Brazil
| | - Hervé Jactel
- grid.508391.60000 0004 0622 9359INRAE University Bordeaux, BIOGECO, Cestas, France
| | - Nathan J. B. Kraft
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Vanessa Minden
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium ,grid.5560.60000 0001 1009 3608Landscape Ecology Group, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Onipchenko
- grid.14476.300000 0001 2342 9668Department of Ecology and Plant Geography, Moscow State Lomonosov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Spain ,grid.452388.00000 0001 0722 403XCREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Valério D. Pillar
- grid.8532.c0000 0001 2200 7498Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ênio Sosinski
- grid.460200.00000 0004 0541 873XEmbrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia
- grid.12155.320000 0001 0604 5662Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium ,grid.5132.50000 0001 2312 1970Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Evan Weiher
- grid.267460.10000 0001 2227 2494Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, WI USA
| | - Miguel D. Mahecha
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Remote Sensing Centre for Earth System Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany ,grid.7492.80000 0004 0492 3830Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
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10
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He J, Halitschke R, Schuman MC, Baldwin IT. Light dominates the diurnal emissions of herbivore-induced volatiles in wild tobacco. BMC Plant Biol 2021; 21:401. [PMID: 34461825 PMCID: PMC8404343 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timing is everything when it comes to the fitness outcome of a plant's ecological interactions, and accurate timing is particularly relevant for interactions with herbivores or mutualists that are based on ephemeral emissions of volatile organic compounds. Previous studies of the wild tobacco N. attenuata have found associations between the diurnal timing of volatile emissions, and daytime predation of herbivores by their natural enemies. RESULTS Here, we investigated the role of light in regulating two biosynthetic groups of volatiles, terpenoids and green leaf volatiles (GLVs), which dominate the herbivore-induced bouquet of N. attenuata. Light deprivation strongly suppressed terpenoid emissions while enhancing GLV emissions, albeit with a time lag. Silencing the expression of photoreceptor genes did not alter terpenoid emission rhythms, but silencing expression of the phytochrome gene, NaPhyB1, disordered the emission of the GLV (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate. External abscisic acid (ABA) treatments increased stomatal resistance, but did not truncate the emission of terpenoid volatiles (recovered in the headspace). However, ABA treatment enhanced GLV emissions and leaf internal pools (recovered from tissue), and reduced internal linalool pools. In contrast to the pattern of diurnal terpenoid emissions and nocturnal GLV emissions, transcripts of herbivore-induced plant volatile (HIPV) biosynthetic genes peaked during the day. The promotor regions of these genes were populated with various cis-acting regulatory elements involved in light-, stress-, phytohormone- and circadian regulation. CONCLUSIONS This research provides insights into the complexity of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of HIPV bouquets, a mechanistic complexity which rivals the functional complexity of HIPVs, which includes repelling herbivores, calling for body guards, and attracting pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Xiema Street, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Current address: Departments of Geography and Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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11
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He J, Halitschke R, Baldwin IT, Schuman MC. Natural variation in linalool metabolites: One genetic locus, many functions? J Integr Plant Biol 2021; 63:1416-1421. [PMID: 33930259 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous volatile linalool is metabolized in plants to nonvolatile derivatives. We studied Nicotiana attenuata plants which naturally vary in (S)-(+)-linalool contents, and lines engineered to produce either (R)-(-)- or (S)-(+)-linalool. Only (S)-(+)-linalool production was associated with slower growth of a generalist herbivore, and a large fraction was present as nonvolatile derivatives. We found that variation in volatile linalool and its nonvolatile glycosides mapped to the same genetic locus which harbored the biosynthetic gene, NaLIS, but that free linalool varied more in environmental responses. This study reveals how (S)-(+)-linalool and conjugates differ in their regulation and possible functions in resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Departments of Geography and Chemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland
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12
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Valim H, Dalton H, Joo Y, McGale E, Halitschke R, Gaquerel E, Baldwin IT, Schuman MC. TOC1 in Nicotiana attenuata regulates efficient allocation of nitrogen to defense metabolites under herbivory stress. New Phytol 2020; 228:1227-1242. [PMID: 32608045 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock contextualizes plant responses to environmental signals. Plants use temporal information to respond to herbivory, but many of the functional roles of circadian clock components in these responses, and their contribution to fitness, remain unknown. We investigate the role of the central clock regulator TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1) in Nicotiana attenuata's defense responses to the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta under both field and glasshouse conditions. We utilize 15 N pulse-labeling to quantify nitrogen incorporation into pools of three defense compounds: caffeoylputrescine (CP), dicaffeoyl spermidine (DCS) and nicotine. Nitrogen incorporation was decreased in CP and DCS and increased in nicotine pools in irTOC1 plants compared to empty vector (EV) under control conditions, but these differences were abolished after simulated herbivory. Differences between EV and irTOC1 plants in nicotine, but not phenolamide production, were abolished by treatment with the ethylene agonist 1-methylcyclopropene. Using micrografting, TOC1's effect on nicotine was isolated to the root and did not affect the fitness of heterografts under field conditions. These results suggest that the circadian clock contributes to plant fitness by balancing production of metabolically expensive nitrogen-rich defense compounds and mediating the allocation of resources between vegetative biomass and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Valim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Heidi Dalton
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Youngsung Joo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Erica McGale
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Strasbourg, 12 Rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg, 67084, France
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
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13
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Xu S, Kreitzer C, McGale E, Lackus ND, Guo H, Köllner TG, Schuman MC, Baldwin IT, Zhou W. Allelic differences of clustered terpene synthases contribute to correlated intraspecific variation of floral and herbivory-induced volatiles in a wild tobacco. New Phytol 2020; 228:1083-1096. [PMID: 32535930 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant volatile emissions can recruit predators of herbivores for indirect defense and attract pollinators to aid in pollination. Although volatiles involved in defense and pollinator attraction are primarily emitted from leaves and flowers, respectively, they will co-evolve if their underlying genetic basis is intrinsically linked, due either to pleiotropy or to genetic linkage. However, direct evidence of co-evolving defense and floral traits is scarce. We characterized intraspecific variation of herbivory-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), the key components of indirect defense against herbivores, and floral volatiles in wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata. We found that variation of (E)-β-ocimene and (E)-α-bergamotene contributed to the correlated changes in HIPVs and floral volatiles among N. attenuata natural accessions. Intraspecific variations of (E)-β-ocimene and (E)-α-bergamotene emissions resulted from allelic variation of two genetically co-localized terpene synthase genes, NaTPS25 and NaTPS38, respectively. Analyzing haplotypes of NaTPS25 and NaTPS38 revealed that allelic variations of NaTPS25 and NaTPS38 resulted in correlated changes of (E)-β-ocimene and (E)-α-bergamotene emission in HIPVs and floral volatiles in N. attenuata. Together, these results provide evidence that pleiotropy and genetic linkage result in correlated changes in defenses and floral signals in natural populations, and the evolution of plant volatiles is probably under diffuse selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Xu
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Christoph Kreitzer
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Erica McGale
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Nathalie D Lackus
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Department of Geography & Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Wenwu Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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14
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Joo Y, Schuman MC. Hiding in plain smell. eLife 2020; 9:e60912. [PMID: 32780018 PMCID: PMC7419156 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A common rice pest can avoid its natural parasite by settling on plants that smell like they have been damaged by a species of caterpillar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsung Joo
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National UniversityCheongjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Geography, University of ZurichZürichSwitzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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15
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Zu P, Boege K, Del-Val E, Schuman MC, Stevenson PC, Zaldivar-Riverón A, Saavedra S. Information arms race explains plant-herbivore chemical communication in ecological communities. Science 2020; 368:1377-1381. [PMID: 32554595 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba2965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants emit an extraordinary diversity of chemicals that provide information about their identity and mediate their interactions with insects. However, most studies of this have focused on a few model species in controlled environments, limiting our capacity to understand plant-insect chemical communication in ecological communities. Here, by integrating information theory with ecological and evolutionary theories, we show that a stable information structure of plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can emerge from a conflicting information process between plants and herbivores. We corroborate this information "arms race" theory with field data recording plant-VOC associations and plant-herbivore interactions in a tropical dry forest. We reveal that plant VOC redundancy and herbivore specialization can be explained by a conflicting information transfer. Information-based communication approaches can increase our understanding of species interactions across trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjuan Zu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Karina Boege
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ek Del-Val
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Unidad Morelia Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, DE-07745, Germany.,Departments of Chemistry and Geography, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philip C Stevenson
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK.,Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | | | - Serguei Saavedra
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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16
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Czyż EA, Guillén Escribà C, Wulf H, Tedder A, Schuman MC, Schneider FD, Schaepman ME. Intraspecific genetic variation of a Fagus sylvatica population in a temperate forest derived from airborne imaging spectroscopy time series. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:7419-7430. [PMID: 32760538 PMCID: PMC7391319 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing pace of environmental change has increased the need for large-scale monitoring of biodiversity. Declining intraspecific genetic variation is likely a critical factor in biodiversity loss, but is especially difficult to monitor: assessments of genetic variation are commonly based on measuring allele pools, which requires sampling of individuals and extensive sample processing, limiting spatial coverage. Alternatively, imaging spectroscopy data from remote platforms may hold the potential to reveal genetic structure of populations. In this study, we investigated how differences detected in an airborne imaging spectroscopy time series correspond to genetic variation within a population of Fagus sylvatica under natural conditions.We used multi-annual APEX (Airborne Prism Experiment) imaging spectrometer data from a temperate forest located in the Swiss midlands (Laegern, 47°28'N, 8°21'E), along with microsatellite data from F. sylvatica individuals collected at the site. We identified variation in foliar reflectance independent of annual and seasonal changes which we hypothesize is more likely to correspond to stable genetic differences. We established a direct connection between the spectroscopy and genetics data by using partial least squares (PLS) regression to predict the probability of belonging to a genetic cluster from spectral data.We achieved the best genetic structure prediction by using derivatives of reflectance and a subset of wavebands rather than full-analyzed spectra. Our model indicates that spectral regions related to leaf water content, phenols, pigments, and wax composition contribute most to the ability of this approach to predict genetic structure of F. sylvatica population in natural conditions.This study advances the use of airborne imaging spectroscopy to assess tree genetic diversity at canopy level under natural conditions, which could overcome current spatiotemporal limitations on monitoring, understanding, and preventing genetic biodiversity loss imposed by requirements for extensive in situ sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa A. Czyż
- Remote Sensing LaboratoriesDepartment of GeographyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Carla Guillén Escribà
- Remote Sensing LaboratoriesDepartment of GeographyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Hendrik Wulf
- Remote Sensing LaboratoriesDepartment of GeographyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Andrew Tedder
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- School of Chemistry and BiosciencesFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of BradfordBradfordUK
| | - Meredith C. Schuman
- Remote Sensing LaboratoriesDepartment of GeographyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Fabian D. Schneider
- Remote Sensing LaboratoriesDepartment of GeographyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Michael E. Schaepman
- Remote Sensing LaboratoriesDepartment of GeographyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
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17
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McGale E, Valim H, Mittal D, Morales Jimenez J, Halitschke R, Schuman MC, Baldwin IT. Determining the scale at which variation in a single gene changes population yields. eLife 2020; 9:e53517. [PMID: 32057293 PMCID: PMC7136025 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant trait diversity is known to influence population yield, but the scale at which this happens remains unknown: divergent individuals might change yields of immediate neighbors (neighbor scale) or of plants across a population (population scale). We use Nicotiana attenuata plants silenced in mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 (irMPK4) - with low water-use efficiency (WUE) - to study the scale at which water-use traits alter intraspecific population yields. In the field and glasshouse, we observed overyielding in populations with low percentages of irMPK4 plants, unrelated to water-use phenotypes. Paired-plant experiments excluded the occurrence of overyielding effects at the neighbor scale. Experimentally altering field arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal associations by silencing the Sym-pathway gene NaCCaMK did not affect reproductive overyielding, implicating an effect independent of belowground AMF interactions. Additionally, micro-grafting experiments revealed dependence on shoot-expressed MPK4 for N. attenuata to vary its yield per neighbor presence. We find that variation in a single gene, MPK4, is responsible for population overyielding through a mechanism, independent of irMPK4's WUE phenotype, at the aboveground, population scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica McGale
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Henrique Valim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Deepika Mittal
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | | | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
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18
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Valim HF, McGale E, Yon F, Halitschke R, Fragoso V, Schuman MC, Baldwin IT. The Clock Gene TOC1 in Shoots, Not Roots, Determines Fitness of Nicotiana attenuata under Drought. Plant Physiol 2019; 181:305-318. [PMID: 31182558 PMCID: PMC6716261 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The highly conserved core circadian clock component TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION1 (TOC1) contextualizes environmental stress responses in plants, for example by gating abscisic acid signaling and suppressing thermoresponsive growth. Selective interaction of TOC1 with PHYTOCHROME B under far-red-enriched light suggests a connection between circadian gating of light responses and sensitivity to ABA, an important regulator of growth and stress responses, including under drought. However, the fitness consequences of TOC1 function, particularly in the root, are poorly understood. Here, we used the desert annual, Nicotiana attenuata, to investigate the function of TOC1 in shoots and roots for maintaining fitness under drought, in both field and glasshouse experiments. Despite marked decreases in leaf water loss, TOC1-deficient lines failed to maintain fitness in response to drought stress as measured by total seed capsule production. Restoring TOC1 transcript levels in shoots via micrografting was sufficient to restore wild-type drought responses under field conditions. Microarrays identified a coexpression module in leaves strongly linking red and far-red light signaling to drought responses in a TOC1-dependent manner, but experiments with phytochrome-deficient lines revealed that the effects of TOC1 deficiency under drought cannot be attributed to changes in red/far-red light perception alone. Taken together, these results elucidate the sophisticated, tissue-dependent role of the circadian clock in maintaining fitness in the face of long-term abiotic stresses such as drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique F Valim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Erica McGale
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Felipe Yon
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Centro de Investigación Científico Ecológico Académico, Lima 37, Peru
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Variluska Fragoso
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Research Support Center in Molecular Diversity of Natural Products, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
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19
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Joo Y, Goldberg JK, Chrétien LTS, Kim SG, Baldwin IT, Schuman MC. The circadian clock contributes to diurnal patterns of plant indirect defense in nature. J Integr Plant Biol 2019; 61:924-928. [PMID: 30255554 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant circadian clock regulates the rhythms of plant metabolism. Many herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) fluctuate, diurnally, but the role of the circadian clock in the emission of HIPVs and their ecological consequences remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the timing of herbivore attack can alter the outcome of tri-trophic interactions, and this is mediated by the circadian clock, under both field and glasshouse conditions. Although most HIPV emissions did not have a circadian rhythm, the circadian clock modulated HIPV emissions in a time-dependent manner. HIPVs mediate tri-trophic interactions, and the circadian clock may affect these interactions by modulating HIPV emission in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsung Joo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jay K Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Lucille T S Chrétien
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Biology, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon (ENS L), 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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20
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He J, Fandino RA, Halitschke R, Luck K, Köllner TG, Murdock MH, Ray R, Gase K, Knaden M, Baldwin IT, Schuman MC. An unbiased approach elucidates variation in ( S)-(+)-linalool, a context-specific mediator of a tri-trophic interaction in wild tobacco. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14651-14660. [PMID: 31262827 PMCID: PMC6642400 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818585116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) mediate many interactions, and the function of common VOCs is especially likely to depend on ecological context. We used a genetic mapping population of wild tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, originating from a cross of 2 natural accessions from Arizona and Utah, separated by the Grand Canyon, to dissect genetic variation controlling VOCs. Herbivory-induced leaf terpenoid emissions varied substantially, while green leaf volatile emissions were similar. In a field experiment, only emissions of linalool, a common VOC, correlated significantly with predation of the herbivore Manduca sexta by native predators. Using quantitative trait locus mapping and genome mining, we identified an (S)-(+)-linalool synthase (NaLIS). Genome resequencing, gene cloning, and activity assays revealed that the presence/absence of a 766-bp sequence in NaLIS underlies the variation of linalool emissions in 26 natural accessions. We manipulated linalool emissions and composition by ectopically expressing linalool synthases for both enantiomers, (S)-(+)- and (R)-(-)-linalool, reported to oppositely affect M. sexta oviposition, in the Arizona and Utah accessions. We used these lines to test ovipositing moths in increasingly complex environments. The enantiomers had opposite effects on oviposition preference, but the magnitude of the effect depended strongly both on plant genetic background, and complexity of the bioassay environment. Our study reveals that the emission of linalool, a common VOC, differs by orders-of-magnitude among geographically interspersed conspecific plants due to allelic variation in a linalool synthase, and that the response of a specialist herbivore to linalool depends on enantiomer, plant genotype, and environmental complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Richard A Fandino
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Luck
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mark H Murdock
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
- College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84606
| | - Rishav Ray
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus Gase
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany;
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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21
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Li J, Liu X, Wang Q, Huangfu J, Schuman MC, Lou Y. A Group D MAPK Protects Plants from Autotoxicity by Suppressing Herbivore-Induced Defense Signaling. Plant Physiol 2019; 179:1386-1401. [PMID: 30602493 PMCID: PMC6446743 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which plants activate and enhance defense responses have been well studied; however, the regulatory mechanisms that allow plants to avoid excessive defense responses are poorly understood. Here, we identified a group D mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene from rice (Oryza sativa), OsMAPK20-5, whose expression was rapidly induced by infestation of gravid female adults of a destructive rice pest, brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens), but not by BPH nymphs. Expression silencing of OsMAPK20-5 (irMAPK) increased the accumulation of ethylene and nitric oxide (NO) after gravid female BPH infestation, and thereby increased rice plant resistance to BPH adults and oviposited eggs. However, when exposed to high densities of gravid BPH females, irMAPK plants wilted earlier than wild-type plants, which could be attributed to the hyperaccumulation of ethylene and NO in irMAPK plants. Interestingly, when released into the field, irMAPK plants displayed broad resistance to BPH and white-backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera), the two most destructive pests of rice, and produced higher yield. Taken together, our study shows that although OsMAPK20-5 can reduce the resistance of rice plants to planthoppers, it also enables rice plants to control excessive defense responses and thereby prevents defense-response-related autotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Huangfu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yonggen Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
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22
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Joo Y, Schuman MC, Goldberg JK, Wissgott A, Kim SG, Baldwin IT. Herbivory elicits changes in green leaf volatile production via jasmonate signaling and the circadian clock. Plant Cell Environ 2019; 42:972-982. [PMID: 30378135 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The timing of plant volatile emissions is important for a robust indirect defense response. Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are emitted by plants upon damage but can be suppressed by herbivore-associated elicitors, and the abundance and composition of GLVs vary depending on the timing of herbivore attack. We show that the GLV biosynthetic enzyme HYDROPEROXIDE LYASE (HPL) is transcriptionally regulated by the circadian clock in Nicotiana attenuata. In accordance with transcript abundance of NaHPL, GLV aldehyde pools in intact leaves peaked at night and at subjective night under diurnal and continuous light conditions, respectively. Moreover, although the basal abundance of NaHPL transcripts is upregulated by jasmonate (JA) signaling, JA does not regulate the reduction of NaHPL transcript abundance in damaged leaves by simulated herbivore treatment. Unexpectedly, the plant circadian clock was strongly altered when Manduca sexta larvae fed on N. attenuata, and this was also independent of JA signaling. Lastly, the temporal dynamics of NaHPL transcripts and total GLV emissions were strongly altered by M. sexta larval feeding. Our data suggest that the temporal dynamics of emitted GLV blends result from a combination of damage, JA signaling, herbivore-associated elicitors, and the plant circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsung Joo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jay K Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Antje Wissgott
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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23
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Li J, Schuman MC, Halitschke R, Li X, Guo H, Grabe V, Hammer A, Baldwin IT. The decoration of specialized metabolites influences stylar development. eLife 2018; 7:e38611. [PMID: 30289384 PMCID: PMC6192696 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants produce many different specialized (secondary) metabolites that function in solving ecological challenges; few are known to function in growth or other primary processes. 17-Hydroxygeranylinalool diterpene glycosides (DTGs) are abundant herbivory-induced, structurally diverse and commonly malonylated defense metabolites in Nicotiana attenuata plants. By identifying and silencing a malonyltransferase, NaMaT1, involved in DTG malonylation, we found that DTG malonylation percentages are normally remarkably uniform, but when disrupted, result in DTG-dependent reduced floral style lengths, which in turn result from reduced stylar cell sizes, IAA contents, and YUC activity; phenotypes that could be restored by IAA supplementation or by silencing the DTG pathway. Moreover, the Nicotiana genus-specific JA-deficient short-style phenotype also results from alterations in DTG malonylation patterns. Decorations of plant specialized metabolites can be tuned to remarkably uniform levels, and this regulation plays a central but poorly understood role in controlling the development of specific plant parts, such as floral styles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancai Li
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
- Department of GeographyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Veit Grabe
- Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Austin Hammer
- Department of BiologyBrigham Young UniversityProvoUnited States
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
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24
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Abstract
Plants are at the trophic base of most ecosystems, embedded in a rich network of ecological interactions in which they evolved. While their limited range and speed of motion precludes animal-typical behavior, plants are accomplished chemists, producing thousands of specialized metabolites which may function to convey information, or even to manipulate the physiology of other organisms. Plants' complex interactions and their underlying mechanisms are typically dissected within the controlled environments of growth chambers and glasshouses, but doing so introduces conditions alien to plants evolved in natural environments, such as being pot-bound, and receiving artificial light with a spectrum very different from sunlight. The mechanistic understanding gained from a reductionist approach provides the tools required to query and manipulate plant interactions in real-world settings. The few tests conducted in natural ecosystems and agricultural fields have highlighted the limitations of studying plant interactions only in artificial environments. Here, we focus on three examples of known or hypothesized chemical mediators of plants' interactions: the volatile phytohormone ethylene (ET), more complex plant volatile blends, and as-yet-unknown mediators transferred by common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs). We highlight how mechanistic knowledge has advanced research in all three areas, and the critical importance of field work if we are to put our understanding of chemical ecology on rigorous experimental and theoretical footing, and demonstrate function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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25
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Brütting C, Crava CM, Schäfer M, Schuman MC, Meldau S, Adam N, Baldwin IT. Cytokinin transfer by a free-living mirid to Nicotiana attenuata recapitulates a strategy of endophytic insects. eLife 2018; 7:e36268. [PMID: 30014847 PMCID: PMC6059766 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic insects provide the textbook examples of herbivores that manipulate their host plant's physiology, putatively altering source/sink relationships by transferring cytokinins (CK) to create 'green islands' that increase the nutritional value of infested tissues. However, unambiguous demonstrations of CK transfer are lacking. Here we show that feeding by the free-living herbivore Tupiocoris notatus on Nicotiana attenuata is characterized by stable nutrient levels, increased CK levels and alterations in CK-related transcript levels in attacked leaves, in striking similarity to endophytic insects. Using 15N-isotope labeling, we demonstrate that the CK N6-isopentenyladenine (IP) is transferred from insects to plants via their oral secretions. In the field, T. notatus preferentially attacks leaves with transgenically increased CK levels; plants with abrogated CK-perception are less tolerant of T. notatus feeding damage. We infer that this free-living insect uses CKs to manipulate source/sink relationships to increase food quality and minimize the fitness consequences of its feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Brütting
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Cristina Maria Crava
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity ResearchLeipzigGermany
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Nora Adam
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity ResearchLeipzigGermany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
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26
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McGale E, Diezel C, Schuman MC, Baldwin IT. Cry1Ac production is costly for native plants attacked by non-Cry1Ac-targeted herbivores in the field. New Phytol 2018; 219:714-727. [PMID: 29754424 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants are the primary producers in most terrestrial ecosystems and have complex defense systems to protect their produce. Defense-deficient, high-yielding agricultural monocultures attract abundant nonhuman consumers, but are alternatively defended through pesticide application and genetic engineering to produce insecticidal proteins such as Cry1Ac (Bacillus thuringiensis). These approaches alter the balance between yield protection and maximization but have been poorly contextualized to known yield-defense trade-offs in wild plants. The native plant Nicotiana attenuata was used to compare yield benefits of plants transformed to be defenseless to those with a full suite of naturally evolved defenses, or additionally transformed to ectopically produce Cry1Ac. An insecticide treatment allowed us to examine yield under different herbivore loads in N. attenuata's native habitat. Cry1Ac, herbivore damage, and growth parameters were monitored throughout the season. Biomass and reproductive correlates were measured at season end. Non-Cry1Ac-targeted herbivores dominated on noninsecticide-treated plants, and increased the yield drag of Cry1Ac-producing plants in comparison with endogenously defended or undefended plants. Insecticide-sprayed Cry1Ac-producing plants lagged less in stalk height, shoot biomass, and flower production. In direct comparison with the endogenous defenses of a native plant, Cry1Ac production did not provide yield benefits for plants under observed herbivore loads in a field study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica McGale
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Jena, 07745, Thüringen, Germany
| | - Celia Diezel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Jena, 07745, Thüringen, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Jena, 07745, Thüringen, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Jena, 07745, Thüringen, Germany
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27
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Adam N, Kallenbach M, Meldau S, Veit D, van Dam NM, Baldwin IT, Schuman MC. Functional variation in a key defense gene structures herbivore communities and alters plant performance. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197221. [PMID: 29874269 PMCID: PMC5991399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant genetic diversity structures animal communities and affects plant population productivity. However, few studies have investigated which traits are involved and the mechanisms mediating these effects. We studied the consequences of varying the expression of a single biosynthetic gene in jasmonate (JA) defense hormones, which are essential for defense against herbivores but constrain plant growth, in experimental mesocosm populations of wild tobacco (Nicotiana attenuata) plants under attack from three native herbivores. Empoasca leafhoppers preferentially attack JA-deficient N. attenuata plants in nature, and the specialist Tupiocoris notatus mirids avoid Empoasca-damaged plants. However, in experimental mesocosm populations having equal numbers of wild-type (WT) and JA-deficient plants that are silenced in the expression of the biosynthetic gene lipoxygenase 3 (LOX3), Empoasca sp. attacked both genotypes. Empoasca sp. damage, rather than JA, determined T. notatus damage, which was reduced in mixed populations. The growth of specialist Manduca sexta larvae was reduced on WT vs. asLOX3 monocultures, but differed in mixtures depending on caterpillar density. However, seed capsule number remained similar for WT and asLOX3 plants in mixtures, not in monocultures, in two experimental scenarios reflecting high and low caterpillar attack. At high caterpillar density, WT plants growing in mixtures produced more seed capsules than those growing in monocultures while seed production of asLOX3 plants did not differ by population type. However, at low caterpillar density, asLOX3 plants growing in mixed populations produced more seed capsules than those growing in monoculture, while seed capsule production did not differ for WT by population type. Thus, mixed populations had a more stable output of seed capsules under the two scenarios. This may result from a balance between JA-mediated herbivore defense and plant competitive ability in mixed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Adam
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mario Kallenbach
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Veit
- Technical Service, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
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28
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Zhuang H, Li J, Song J, Hettenhausen C, Schuman MC, Sun G, Zhang C, Li J, Song D, Wu J. Aphid (Myzus persicae) feeding on the parasitic plant dodder (Cuscuta australis) activates defense responses in both the parasite and soybean host. New Phytol 2018; 218:1586-1596. [PMID: 29575001 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Dodders (Cuscuta spp.) are shoot holoparasites, whose haustoria penetrate host tissues to enable fusion between the parasite and host vascular systems, allowing Cuscuta to extract water, nutrients and other molecules from hosts. Aphids are piercing-sucking herbivores that use specialized stylets to feed on phloem sap. Aphids are known to feed on Cuscuta, but how Cuscuta and its host plant respond to aphids attacking the parasite was unknown. Phytohormone quantification, transcriptomic analysis and bioassays were performed to determine the responses of Cuscuta australis and its soybean (Glycine max) hosts to the feeding of green peach aphid (GPA; Myzus persicae) on C. australis. Decreased salicylic acid levels and 172 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in GPA-attacked C. australis, and the soybean hosts exhibited increased jasmonic acid contents and 1015 DEGs, including > 100 transcription factor genes. Importantly, GPA feeding on C. australis increased the resistance of the soybean host to subsequent feeding by the leafworm Spodoptera litura and soybean aphid Aphis glycines, resulting in 21% decreased leafworm mass and 41% reduced aphid survival rate. These data strongly suggest that GPA feeding on Cuscuta induces a systemic signal, which is translocated to hosts and activates defense against herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifu Zhuang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Juan Song
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Christian Hettenhausen
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Guiling Sun
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Dunlun Song
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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29
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Li R, Llorca LC, Schuman MC, Wang Y, Wang L, Joo Y, Wang M, Vassão DG, Baldwin IT. ZEITLUPE in the Roots of Wild Tobacco Regulates Jasmonate-Mediated Nicotine Biosynthesis and Resistance to a Generalist Herbivore. Plant Physiol 2018; 177:833-846. [PMID: 29720557 PMCID: PMC6001341 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The jasmonate (JA) phytohormone signaling system is an important mediator of plant defense against herbivores. Plants deficient in JA signaling are more susceptible to herbivory as a result of deficiencies in defensive trait expression. Recent studies have implicated the circadian clock in regulating JA-mediated defenses, but the molecular mechanisms linking the clock to JA signaling are unclear. Here, we report that wild tobacco (Nicotiana attenuata) plants rendered deficient in the clock component ZEITLUPE (ZTL) by RNA interference have attenuated resistance to the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis This effect can be attributed in part to reduced concentrations of nicotine, an abundant JA-regulated toxin produced in N. attenuata roots and transported to shoots. RNA interference targeting ZTL dramatically affects the root circadian clock and reduces the expression of nicotine biosynthetic genes. Protein-protein interaction experiments demonstrate that ZTL regulates JA signaling by directly interacting with JASMONATE ZIM domain (JAZ) proteins in a CORONATINE-INSENSITIVE1- and jasmonoyl-isoleucine conjugate-independent manner, thereby regulating a JAZ-MYC2 module that is required for nicotine biosynthesis. Our study reveals new functions for ZTL and proposes a mechanism by which a clock component directly influences JA signaling to regulate plant defense against herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Lucas Cortés Llorca
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Lanlan Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Youngsung Joo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Giddings Vassão
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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Li R, Schuman MC, Wang Y, Llorca LC, Bing J, Bennion A, Halitschke R, Baldwin IT. Jasmonate signaling makes flowers attractive to pollinators and repellant to florivores in nature. J Integr Plant Biol 2018; 60:190-194. [PMID: 29058786 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flowers are required for the Darwinian fitness of flowering plants, but flowers' advertisements for pollination services can attract florivores. Previous glasshouse work with Nicotiana attenuata revealed the role of jasmonate (JA) signaling in flower development, advertisement and defense. However, whether JA signaling mediates flowers' filtering of floral visitors in nature remained unknown. This field study revealed that silencing JA signaling resulted in flowers that produce less nectar and benzyl acetone, two pollinator-attractive traits. Meanwhile, flowers of defenseless plants were highly attacked by a suite of native herbivores, and damage to buds in native plants correlated negatively with their JA-Ile levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Lucas Cortés Llorca
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Bing
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Bennion
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 4007B, LSB, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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Schuman MC, Meldau S, Gaquerel E, Diezel C, McGale E, Greenfield S, Baldwin IT. The Active Jasmonate JA-Ile Regulates a Specific Subset of Plant Jasmonate-Mediated Resistance to Herbivores in Nature. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:787. [PMID: 29963064 PMCID: PMC6010948 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The jasmonate hormones are essential regulators of plant defense against herbivores and include several dozen derivatives of the oxylipin jasmonic acid (JA). Among these, the conjugate jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile) has been shown to interact directly with the jasmonate co-receptor complex to regulate responses to jasmonate signaling. However, functional studies indicate that some aspects of jasmonate-mediated defense are not regulated by JA-Ile. Thus, it is not clear whether JA-Ile is best characterized as the master jasmonate regulator of defense, or if it regulates more specific aspects. We investigated possible functions of JA-Ile in anti-herbivore resistance of the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata, a model system for plant-herbivore interactions. We first analyzed the soluble and volatile secondary metabolomes of irJAR4xirJAR6, asLOX3, and WT plants, as well as an RNAi line targeting the jasmonate co-receptor CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (irCOI1), following a standardized herbivory treatment. irJAR4xirJAR6 were the most similar to WT plants, having a ca. 60% overlap in differentially regulated metabolites with either asLOX3 or irCOI1. In contrast, while at least 25 volatiles differed between irCOI1 or asLOX3 and WT plants, there were few or no differences in herbivore-induced volatile emission between irJAR4xirJAR6 and WT plants, in glasshouse- or field-collected samples. We then measured the susceptibility of jasmonate-deficient vs. JA-Ile-deficient plants in nature, in comparison to wild-type (WT) controls, and found that JA-Ile-deficient plants (irJAR4xirJAR6) are much better defended even than a mildly jasmonate-deficient line (asLOX3). The differences among lines could be attributed to differences in damage from specific herbivores, which appeared to prefer either one or the other jasmonate-deficient phenotype. We further investigated the elicitation of one herbivore-induced volatile known to be jasmonate-regulated and to mediate resistance to herbivores: (E)-α-bergamotene. We found that JA was a more potent elicitor of (E)-α-bergamotene emission than was JA-Ile, and when treated with JA, irJAR4xirJAR6 plants emitted 20- to 40-fold as much (E)-α-bergamotene than WT. We conclude that JA-Ile regulates specific aspects of herbivore resistance in N. attenuata. This specificity may allow plants flexibility in their responses to herbivores and in managing trade-offs between resistance, vs. growth and reproduction, over the course of ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Meredith C. Schuman
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Celia Diezel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Erica McGale
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sara Greenfield
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Plant Genetics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Schäfer M, Brütting C, Xu S, Ling Z, Steppuhn A, Baldwin IT, Schuman MC. NaMYB8 regulates distinct, optimally distributed herbivore defense traits. J Integr Plant Biol 2017; 59:844-850. [PMID: 28843024 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
When herbivores attack, plants specifically reconfigure their metabolism. Herbivory on the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata strongly induces the R2R3 MYB transcriptional activator MYB8, which was reported to specifically regulate the accumulation of phenolamides (PAs). We discovered that transcriptional regulation of trypsin protease inhibitors (TPIs) and a threonine deaminase (TD) also depend on MYB8 expression. Induced distributions of PAs, TD and TPIs all meet predictions of optimal defense theory: their leaf concentrations increase with the fitness value and the probability of attack of the tissue. Therefore, we suggest that these defensive compounds have evolved to be co-regulated by MYB8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str.8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Brütting
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str.8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Shuqing Xu
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str.8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Zhihao Ling
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str.8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Institute of Biology, Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str.8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str.8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Abstract
Species of Nicotiana grow naturally in different parts of the world and have long been used both medicinally and recreationally by human societies. More recently in our history, Nicotiana tabacum has attracted interest as one of the most economically important industrial crops. Nicotiana species are frequently investigated for their bioactive natural products, and the ecological role of their specialized metabolites in responses to abiotic stress or biotic stress factors like pathogens and herbivores. The interest of tobacco companies in genetic information as well as the success of a few wild tobacco species as experimental model organisms have resulted in growing knowledge about the molecular biology and ecology of these plants and functional studies of the plant's natural products. Although a large number of reviews and books on biologically active natural products already exists, mostly from N. tabacum, we focus our attention on the ecological roles and biological activity of natural products, versus products from cured and processed material, in this Review. The studied compounds include alkaloids, aromatic compounds, flavonoids, volatiles, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenes alcohols, and sugar esters from trichomes of the plants, and recently characterized acyclic hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides (HGL-DTGs). In this Review (1800s-2017), we describe the above-mentioned classes of natural products, emphasizing their biological activities and functions as they have been determined either in bioassay-guided purification approaches or in bioassays with plants in which the expression of specific biosynthetic genes has been genetically manipulated. Additionally, a review on the history, taxonomy, ecology, and medicinal application of different Nicotiana species growing around the globe presented in this Review may be of interest for pharmacognosists, natural products, and ecological chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , Jena 07745, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) , Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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Joo Y, Schuman MC, Goldberg JK, Kim S, Yon F, Brütting C, Baldwin IT. Herbivore‐induced volatile blends with both “fast” and “slow” components provide robust indirect defence in nature. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngsung Joo
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Leipzig Germany
| | - Jay K. Goldberg
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Sang‐Gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Felipe Yon
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Christoph Brütting
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
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Li R, Wang M, Wang Y, Schuman MC, Weinhold A, Schäfer M, Jiménez-Alemán GH, Barthel A, Baldwin IT. Flower-specific jasmonate signaling regulates constitutive floral defenses in wild tobacco. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E7205-E7214. [PMID: 28784761 PMCID: PMC5576791 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703463114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal defense (OD) theory predicts that within a plant, tissues are defended in proportion to their fitness value and risk of predation. The fitness value of leaves varies greatly and leaves are protected by jasmonate (JA)-inducible defenses. Flowers are vehicles of Darwinian fitness in flowering plants and are attacked by herbivores and pathogens, but how they are defended is rarely investigated. We used Nicotiana attenuata, an ecological model plant with well-characterized herbivore interactions to characterize defense responses in flowers. Early floral stages constitutively accumulate greater amounts of two well-characterized defensive compounds, the volatile (E)-α-bergamotene and trypsin proteinase inhibitors (TPIs), which are also found in herbivore-induced leaves. Plants rendered deficient in JA biosynthesis or perception by RNA interference had significantly attenuated floral accumulations of defensive compounds known to be regulated by JA in leaves. By RNA-seq, we found a JAZ gene, NaJAZi, specifically expressed in early-stage floral tissues. Gene silencing revealed that NaJAZi functions as a flower-specific jasmonate repressor that regulates JAs, (E)-α-bergamotene, TPIs, and a defensin. Flowers silenced in NaJAZi are more resistant to tobacco budworm attack, a florivore. When the defensin was ectopically expressed in leaves, performance of Manduca sexta larvae, a folivore, decreased. NaJAZi physically interacts with a newly identified NINJA-like protein, but not the canonical NINJA. This NINJA-like recruits the corepressor TOPLESS that contributes to the suppressive function of NaJAZi on floral defenses. This study uncovers the defensive function of JA signaling in flowers, which includes components that tailor JA signaling to provide flower-specific defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Arne Weinhold
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Barthel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany;
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Zhou W, Kügler A, McGale E, Haverkamp A, Knaden M, Guo H, Beran F, Yon F, Li R, Lackus N, Köllner TG, Bing J, Schuman MC, Hansson BS, Kessler D, Baldwin IT, Xu S. Tissue-Specific Emission of (E)-α-Bergamotene Helps Resolve the Dilemma When Pollinators Are Also Herbivores. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1336-1341. [PMID: 28434859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
More than 87% of flowering plant species are animal-pollinated [1] and produce floral scents and other signals to attract pollinators. These floral cues may however also attract antagonistic visitors, including herbivores [2]. The dilemma is exacerbated when adult insects pollinate the same plant that their larvae consume. It remains largely unclear how plants maximize their fitness under these circumstances. Here we show that in the night-flowering wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata, the emission of a sesquiterpene, (E)-α-bergamotene, in flowers increases adult Manduca sexta moth-mediated pollination success, while the same compound in leaves is known to mediate indirect defense against M. sexta larvae [3, 4]. Forward and reverse genetic analyses demonstrated that both herbivory-induced and floral (E)-α-bergamotene are regulated by the expression of a monoterpene-synthase-derived sesquiterpene synthase (NaTPS38). The expression pattern of NaTPS38 also accounts for variation in (E)-α-bergamotene emission among natural accessions. These results highlight that differential expression of a single gene that results in tissue-specific emission of one compound contributes to resolving the dilemma for plants when their pollinators are also herbivores. Furthermore, this study provides genetic evidence that pollinators and herbivores interactively shape the evolution of floral signals and plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Zhou
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Anke Kügler
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Erica McGale
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Haverkamp
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Felipe Yon
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nathalie Lackus
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Bing
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Danny Kessler
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Shuqing Xu
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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Adam N, Erler T, Kallenbach M, Kaltenpoth M, Kunert G, Baldwin IT, Schuman MC. Sex ratio of mirid populations shifts in response to hostplant co-infestation or altered cytokinin signaling . J Integr Plant Biol 2017; 59:44-59. [PMID: 27862998 PMCID: PMC5234700 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore species sharing a host plant often compete. In this study, we show that host plant-mediated interaction between two insect herbivores - a generalist and a specialist - results in a sex ratio shift of the specialist's offspring. We studied demographic parameters of the specialist Tupiocoris notatus (Hemiptera: Miridae) when co-infesting the host plant Nicotiana attenuata (Solanaceae) with the generalist leafhopper Empoasca sp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). We show that the usually female-biased sex ratio of T. notatus shifts toward a higher male proportion in the offspring on plants co-infested by Empoasca sp. This sex ratio change did not occur after oviposition, nor is it due differential mortality of female and male nymphs. Based on pyrosequencing and PCR of bacterial 16S rRNA amplicons, we concluded that sex ratio shifts were unlikely to be due to infection with Wolbachia or other known sex ratio-distorting endosymbionts. Finally, we used transgenic lines of N. attenuata to evaluate if the sex ratio shift could be mediated by changes in general or specialized host plant metabolites. We found that the sex ratio shift occurred on plants deficient in two cytokinin receptors (irCHK2/3). Thus, cytokinin-regulated traits can alter the offspring sex ratio of the specialist T. notatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Adam
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Theresa Erler
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mario Kallenbach
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Max Planck Research Group Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Grit Kunert
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Qi J, Sun G, Wang L, Zhao C, Hettenhausen C, Schuman MC, Baldwin IT, Li J, Song J, Liu Z, Xu G, Lu X, Wu J. Oral secretions from Mythimna separata insects specifically induce defence responses in maize as revealed by high-dimensional biological data. Plant Cell Environ 2016; 39:1749-1766. [PMID: 26991784 PMCID: PMC5295635 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Attack from insect herbivores poses a major threat to plant survival, and accordingly, plants have evolved sophisticated defence systems. Maize is cultivated as a staple crop worldwide, and insect feeding causes large production losses. Despite its importance in agriculture, little is known about how maize reacts to insect herbivory. Taking advantage of advances in sequencing and mass spectrometry technology, we studied the response of maize to mechanical wounding and simulated Mythimna separata (a specialist insect) herbivory by applying its oral secretions (OS) to wounds. In comparison to the responses induced by mechanical wounding, OS elicited larger and longer-lasting changes in the maize transcriptome, proteome, metabolome and phytohormones. Specifically, many genes, proteins and metabolites were uniquely induced or repressed by OS. Nearly 290 transcription factor genes from 39 families were involved in OS-induced responses, and among these, more transcription factor genes were specifically regulated by OS than by wounding. This study provides a large-scale omics dataset for understanding maize response to chewing insects and highlights the essential role of OS in plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Qi
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Guiling Sun
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Christian Hettenhausen
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Juan Song
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhudong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Guowang Xu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Corresponding author: Jianqiang Wu, Phone/Fax: +86-871-65229562,
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Herden J, Meldau S, Kim SG, Kunert G, Joo Y, Baldwin IT, Schuman MC. Shifting Nicotiana attenuata's diurnal rhythm does not alter its resistance to the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta. J Integr Plant Biol 2016; 58:656-68. [PMID: 26699809 PMCID: PMC5295642 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana plants are less resistant to attack by the generalist lepidopteran herbivore Trichoplusia ni when plants and herbivores are entrained to opposite, versus identical diurnal cycles and tested under constant conditions. This effect is associated with circadian fluctuations in levels of jasmonic acid, the transcription factor MYC2, and glucosinolate contents in leaves. We tested whether a similar effect could be observed in a different plant-herbivore system: the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata and its co-evolved specialist herbivore, Manduca sexta. We measured larval growth on plants under both constant and diurnal conditions following identical or opposite entrainment, profiled the metabolome of attacked leaf tissue, quantified specific metabolites known to reduce M. sexta growth, and monitored M. sexta feeding activity under all experimental conditions. Entrainment did not consistently affect M. sexta growth or plant defense induction. However, both were reduced under constant dark conditions, as was M. sexta feeding activity. Our data indicate that the response induced by M. sexta in N. attenuata is robust to diurnal cues and independent of plant or herbivore entrainment. We propose that while the patterns of constitutive or general damage-induced defense may undergo circadian fluctuation, the orchestration of specific induced responses is more complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Herden
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Grit Kunert
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Youngsung Joo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Schuman MC, Allmann S, Baldwin IT. Correction: Plant defense phenotypes determine the consequences of volatile emission for individuals and neighbors. eLife 2016; 5:e16606. [PMID: 27111732 PMCID: PMC4846367 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Schuman MC, van Dam NM, Beran F, Harpole WS. How does plant chemical diversity contribute to biodiversity at higher trophic levels? Curr Opin Insect Sci 2016; 14:46-55. [PMID: 27436646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants, perhaps Earth's most accomplished chemists, produce thousands of specialized metabolites having no direct role in cell division or growth. These phytochemicals vary by taxon, with many taxa producing characteristic substance classes; and within taxa, with individual variation in structural variety and production patterns. Observations of corresponding variation in herbivore metabolism, behavior, and diet breadth motivated the development of chemical ecology research. We discuss the importance of plant biodiversity in general and phytochemical diversity in particular for biodiversity and ecological interactions at higher trophic levels. We then provide an overview of the descriptive, molecular and analytical tools which allow modern biologists to investigate phytochemical diversity and its effects on higher trophic levels, from physiological mechanisms to ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute for Ecology, Jena, Germany; Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute of Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - W Stanley Harpole
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; The Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Universitätsplatz 10, 06108 Halle, Germany
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Schuman MC, Valim HA, Joo Y. Temporal Dynamics of Plant Volatiles: Mechanistic Bases and Functional Consequences. Signaling and Communication in Plants 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33498-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Plants collectively produce hundreds of thousands of specialized metabolites that are not required for growth or development. Each species has a qualitatively unique profile, with variation among individuals, growth stages, and tissues. By the 1950s, entomologists began to recognize the supreme importance of these metabolites in shaping insect herbivore communities. Plant defense theories arose to address observed patterns of variation, but provided few testable hypotheses because they did not distinguish clearly among proximate and ultimate causes. Molecular plant-insect interaction research has since revealed the sophistication of plant metabolic, developmental, and signaling networks. This understanding at the molecular level, rather than theoretical predictions, has driven the development of new hypotheses and tools and pushed the field forward. We reflect on the utility of the functional perspective provided by the optimal defense theory, and propose a conceptual model of plant defense as a series of layers each at a different level of analysis, illustrated by advances in the molecular ecology of plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; ,
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; ,
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Palmer-Young EC, Veit D, Gershenzon J, Schuman MC. The Sesquiterpenes(E)-ß-Farnesene and (E)-α-Bergamotene Quench Ozone but Fail to Protect the Wild Tobacco Nicotiana attenuata from Ozone, UVB, and Drought Stresses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127296. [PMID: 26030663 PMCID: PMC4452144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the terpenes, isoprene (C5) and monoterpene hydrocarbons (C10) have been shown to ameliorate abiotic stress in a number of plant species via two proposed mechanisms: membrane stabilization and direct antioxidant effects. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (C15) not only share the structural properties thought to lend protective qualities to isoprene and monoterpene hydrocarbons, but also react rapidly with ozone, suggesting that sesquiterpenes may similarly enhance tolerance of abiotic stresses. To test whether sesquiterpenes protect plants against ozone, UVB light, or drought, we used transgenic lines of the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata. The transgenic plants expressed a maize terpene synthase gene (ZmTPS10) which produced a blend of (E)-ß-farnesene and (E)-α-bergamotene, or a point mutant of the same gene (ZmTPS10M) which produced (E)-ß-farnesene alone,. (E)-ß-farnesene exerted a local, external, and transient ozone-quenching effect in ozone-fumigated chambers, but we found no evidence that enhanced sesquiterpene production by the plant inhibited oxidative damage, or maintained photosynthetic function or plant fitness under acute or chronic stress. Although the sesquiterpenes (E)-ß-farnesene and (E)-α-bergamotene might confer benefits under intermittent heat stress, which was not tested, any roles in relieving abiotic stress may be secondary to their previously demonstrated functions in biotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan C. Palmer-Young
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Veit
- Technical Service, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Schuman MC, Allmann S, Baldwin IT. Plant defense phenotypes determine the consequences of volatile emission for individuals and neighbors. eLife 2015; 4:e04490. [PMID: 25873033 PMCID: PMC4397498 DOI: 10.7554/elife.04490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are at the trophic base of terrestrial ecosystems, and the diversity of plant species in an ecosystem is a principle determinant of community structure. This may arise from diverse functional traits among species. In fact, genetic diversity within species can have similarly large effects. However, studies of intraspecific genetic diversity have used genotypes varying in several complex traits, obscuring the specific phenotypic variation responsible for community-level effects. Using lines of the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata genetically altered in specific well-characterized defense traits and planted into experimental populations in their native habitat, we investigated community-level effects of trait diversity in populations of otherwise isogenic plants. We conclude that the frequency of defense traits in a population can determine the outcomes of these traits for individuals. Furthermore, our results suggest that some ecosystem-level services afforded by genetically diverse plant populations could be recaptured in intensive monocultures engineered to be functionally diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Silke Allmann
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Abstract
Insects have long been the most abundant herbivores, and plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to defend against their attack. In particular, plants can perceive specific patterns of tissue damage associated with insect herbivory. Some plant species can perceive certain elicitors in insect oral secretions (OS) that enter wounds during feeding, and rapidly activate a series of intertwined signaling pathways to orchestrate the biosynthesis of various defensive metabolites. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), common to all eukaryotes, are involved in the orchestration of many cellular processes, including development and stress responses. In plants, at least two MAPKs, salicylic acid-induced protein kinase (SIPK) and wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK), are rapidly activated by wounding or insect OS; importantly, genetic studies using transgenic or mutant plants impaired in MAPK signaling indicated that MAPKs play critical roles in regulating the herbivory-induced dynamics of phytohormones, such as jasmonic acid, ethylene and salicylic acid, and MAPKs are also required for transcriptional activation of herbivore defense-related genes and accumulation of defensive metabolites. In this review, we summarize recent developments in understanding the functions of MAPKs in plant resistance to insect herbivores.
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Kallenbach M, Veit D, Eilers EJ, Schuman MC. Application of Silicone Tubing for Robust, Simple, High-throughput, and Time-resolved Analysis of Plant Volatiles in Field Experiments. Bio Protoc 2015; 5:e1391. [PMID: 29085860 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant volatiles (PVs) mediate manifold interactions between plants and their biotic and abiotic environments (Dicke and Baldwin, 2010; Holopainen and Gershenzon, 2010). An understanding of the physiological and ecological functions of PVs must therefore be based on measurements of PV emissions under natural conditions. Yet sampling PVs in natural environments is difficult, limited by the need to transport, maintain, and power instruments, or else to employ expensive sorbent devices in replicate. Thus PVs are usually measured in the artificial environments of laboratories or climate chambers. However, polydimethysiloxane (PDMS), a sorbent commonly used for PV sampling (Van Pinxteren et al., 2010; Seethapathy and Górecki, 2012), is available as silicone tubing (ST) for as little as 0.60 €/m (versus 100-550 € apiece for standard PDMS sorbent devices). Small (mm-cm) ST pieces can be placed in any experimental setting and used for headspace sampling with little manipulation of the organism or headspace. ST pieces have absorption kinetics and capacities sufficient to sample plant headspaces on a timescale of minutes to hours, producing biologically meaningful "snapshots" of PV blends. When combined with thermal desorption (TD)-GC-MS analysis - a 40-year-old and widely available technology - ST pieces yield reproducible, sensitive, spatiotemporally resolved, quantitative data from headspace samples taken in natural environments (Kallenbach et al., 2014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Kallenbach
- Departments of Molecular Ecology and Technical Services, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Veit
- Departments of Molecular Ecology and Technical Services, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Elisabeth J Eilers
- Institute of Biology, Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Departments of Molecular Ecology and Technical Services, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Schuman MC, Palmer-Young EC, Schmidt A, Gershenzon J, Baldwin IT. Ectopic terpene synthase expression enhances sesquiterpene emission in Nicotiana attenuata without altering defense or development of transgenic plants or neighbors. Plant Physiol 2014; 166:779-97. [PMID: 25187528 PMCID: PMC4190577 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.247130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenoids, with approximately 5,000 structures, are the most diverse class of plant volatiles with manifold hypothesized functions in defense, stress tolerance, and signaling between and within plants. These hypotheses have often been tested by transforming plants with sesquiterpene synthases expressed behind the constitutively active 35S promoter, which may have physiological costs measured as inhibited growth and reduced reproduction or may require augmentation of substrate pools to achieve enhanced emission, complicating the interpretation of data from affected transgenic lines. Here, we expressed maize (Zea mays) terpene synthase10 (ZmTPS10), which produces (E)-α-bergamotene and (E)-β-farnesene, or a point mutant ZmTPS10M, which produces primarily (E)-β-farnesene, under control of the 35S promoter in the ecological model plant Nicotiana attenuata. Transgenic N. attenuata plants had specifically enhanced emission of target sesquiterpene(s) with no changes detected in their emission of any other volatiles. Treatment with herbivore or jasmonate elicitors induces emission of (E)-α-bergamotene in wild-type plants and also tended to increase emission of (E)-α-bergamotene and (E)-β-farnesene in transgenics. However, transgenics did not differ from the wild type in defense signaling or chemistry and did not alter defense chemistry in neighboring wild-type plants. These data are inconsistent with within-plant and between-plant signaling functions of (E)-β-farnesene and (E)-α-bergamotene in N. attenuata. Ectopic sesquiterpene emission was apparently not costly for transgenics, which were similar to wild-type plants in their growth and reproduction, even when forced to compete for common resources. These transgenics would be well suited for field experiments to investigate indirect ecological effects of sesquiterpenes for a wild plant in its native habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C Schuman
- Departments of Molecular Ecology (M.C.S., I.T.B.) andBiochemistry (E.C.P.-Y., A.S., J.G.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Evan C Palmer-Young
- Departments of Molecular Ecology (M.C.S., I.T.B.) andBiochemistry (E.C.P.-Y., A.S., J.G.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Departments of Molecular Ecology (M.C.S., I.T.B.) andBiochemistry (E.C.P.-Y., A.S., J.G.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Departments of Molecular Ecology (M.C.S., I.T.B.) andBiochemistry (E.C.P.-Y., A.S., J.G.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Departments of Molecular Ecology (M.C.S., I.T.B.) andBiochemistry (E.C.P.-Y., A.S., J.G.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Kallenbach M, Oh Y, Eilers EJ, Veit D, Baldwin IT, Schuman MC. A robust, simple, high-throughput technique for time-resolved plant volatile analysis in field experiments. Plant J 2014; 78:1060-72. [PMID: 24684685 PMCID: PMC4190661 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant volatiles (PVs) mediate interactions between plants and arthropods, microbes and other plants, and are involved in responses to abiotic stress. PV emissions are therefore influenced by many environmental factors, including herbivore damage, microbial invasion, and cues from neighboring plants, and also light regime, temperature, humidity and nutrient availability. Thus, an understanding of the physiological and ecological functions of PVs must be based on measurements reflecting PV emissions under natural conditions. However, PVs are usually sampled in the artificial environments of laboratories or climate chambers. Sampling of PVs in natural environments is difficult, being limited by the need to transport, maintain and provide power to instruments, or use expensive sorbent devices in replicate. Ideally, PVs should be measured in natural settings with high replication, spatio-temporal resolution and sensitivity, and modest costs. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a sorbent commonly used for PV sampling, is available as silicone tubing for as little as 0.60 € m(-1) (versus 100-550 € each for standard PDMS sorbent devices). Small pieces of silicone tubing (STs) of various lengths from millimeters to centimeters may be added to any experimental setting and used for headspace sampling, with little manipulation of the organism or headspace. STs have sufficiently fast absorption kinetics and large capacity to sample plant headspaces over a timescale of minutes to hours, and thus can produce biologically meaningful 'snapshots' of PV blends. When combined with thermal desorption coupled to GC-MS (a 40-year-old widely available technology), use of STs yields reproducible, sensitive, spatio-temporally resolved quantitative data from headspace samples taken in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Kallenbach
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
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Schuman MC, Kessler D, Baldwin IT. Ecological Observations of Native Geocoris pallens and G. punctipes Populations in the Great Basin Desert of Southwestern Utah. Psyche (Camb Mass) 2013; 2013:465108. [PMID: 25298571 PMCID: PMC4185340 DOI: 10.1155/2013/465108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Big-eyed bugs (Geocoris spp. Fallén, Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) are ubiquitous, omnivorous insect predators whose plant feeding behavior raises the question of whether they benefit or harm plants. However, several studies have investigated both the potential of Geocoris spp. to serve as biological control agents in agriculture and their importance as agents of plant indirect defense in nature. These studies have demonstrated that Geocoris spp. effectively reduce herbivore populations and increase plant yield. Previous work has also indicated that Geocoris spp. respond to visual and olfactory cues when foraging and choosing their prey and that associative learning of prey and plant cues informs their foraging strategies. For these reasons, Geocoris spp. have become models for the study of tritrophic plant-herbivore-predator interactions. Here, we present detailed images and ecological observations of G. pallens Stål and G. punctipes (Say) native to the Great Basin Desert of southwestern Utah, including observations of their life histories and color morphs, dynamics of their predatory feeding behavior and prey choice over space and time, and novel aspects of Geocoris spp.'s relationships to their host plants. These observations open up new areas to be explored regarding the behavior of Geocoris spp. and their interactions with plant and herbivore populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Danny Kessler
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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