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Abstract
Detached synapses (synaptosomes), first isolated by the author in 1958 and identified as such in 1960, are sealed presynaptic nerve terminals often with a portion of the target cell--sometimes amounting to a complete dendritic spine--adhering to their external surface. They can be prepared in high yield from brain tissue and also in decreasing yield from spinal cord, retina, sympathetic ganglia, myenteric plexus and electric organs. They are sealed structures which, under metabolizing conditions, respire, take up oxygen and glucose, extrude Na+, accumulate K+, maintain a normal membrane potential and, on depolarization, release transmitter in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. They thus provide an excellent preparation with which to investigate synaptic function without the complications encountered with synapses in situ. They also serve as the parent fraction for preparations of synaptic vesicles and other synaptic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Whittaker
- Arbeitsgruppe Neurochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
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Bullock S, Gordon-Weeks PR, Csillag A. Preparation and characterisation of a monoclonal antibody to an antigen enriched in chick brain postsynaptic densities. J Neurochem 1988; 51:442-50. [PMID: 3292703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb01058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The preparation and characterisation of a monoclonal antibody to an antigen enriched in day-old chick brain postsynaptic densities (PSDs), with respect to other subcellular loci, are described. Immunolabelling with this antibody produced a dendritic immunoprecipitate that was markedly stronger in PSDs than in other subcellular loci. Thus, the antiserum could be used as a marker for PSDs during their purification by subcellular fractionation, as well as in the study of PSD assembly. Monoclonal antibody 411B has already been shown to be a useful tool in the chemical determination of changes in synapse density after various experimental manipulations in both the chick and rat. In the present study, we have used the antiserum to monitor the appearance and maintenance or redundancy of synaptic components in the developing chick forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bullock
- Brain Research Group, Open University, Milton Keynes, England
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Bigbee JW, Calabrese VP, DeVries GH. Characterization of an antiserum against an axolemma-enriched fraction. J Neuroimmunol 1985; 7:221-9. [PMID: 2578136 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(84)80022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An antiserum was raised to rat central nervous system (CNS) axolemma-enriched fractions (AEF), which showed no cross-reactivity with myelin proteins or liver microsomes yet gave an endpoint titer of 1:51 200 to CNS AEF by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunochemical staining of electroblotted proteins from rat CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS) AEFs separated by gel electrophoresis identified a major reactive band at 38.5 kD. CNS AEF also showed major immunoreactivity at 91 kD (+/- 3 kD) and a broad band from 110 kD to 130 kD. By immunoperoxidase staining the antiserum specifically recognized the axolemma of peripheral nerve and synaptic terminals in the CNS. The significance of the specificity is discussed with respect to anti-synaptosome antisera.
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Janković BD. From immunoneurology to immunopsychiatry: neuromodulating activity of anti-brain antibodies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1985; 26:249-314. [PMID: 3894271 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Sampedro MN, Bussineau CM, Cotman CW. Postsynaptic density antigens: preparation and characterization of an antiserum against postsynaptic densities. J Cell Biol 1981; 90:675-86. [PMID: 6169734 PMCID: PMC2111895 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.90.3.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term immunization of rabbits with postsynaptic densities (PSD) from bovine brain produced an antiserum specific for PSD as judged by binding to subcellular fractions and immunohistochemical location at the light and electron microscope levels. (a) The major antigens of bovine PSD preparations were three polypeptides of molecular weight 95,000 (PSD-95), 82,000 (PSD-82), and 72,000 (PSD-72), respectively. Antigen PSD-95, also present in mouse and rat PSDs was virtually absent from cytoplasm, myelin, mitochondria, and microsomes from rodent or bovine brain. Antigens PSD-82 and PSD-72 were present in all subcellular fractions from bovine brain, especially in mitochondria, but were almost absent from rodent brain. The antiserum also contained low-affinity antibodies against tubulin. (b)Immunohistochemical studies were performed in mouse and rat brain, where antigen PSD-95 accounted for 90 percent of the antiserum binding after adsorption with purified brain tubulin. At the light microscope level, antibody binding was observed only in those regions of the brain where synapses are known to be present. No reaction was observed in myelinated tracts, in the neuronal cytoplasm, or in nonneuronal cells. Strong reactivity was observed in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, stratum oriens and stratum radiatum of the hippocampus, and the molecular layer of the cerebellum. Experimental lesions, such as ablation of the rat entorhinal cortex or intraventricular injection of kainic acid, which led to a major loss of PSD in well- defined areas of the hippocampal formation, caused a correlative decrease in immunoreactivity in these areas. Abnormal patterns of immunohistochemical staining correlated with abnormal synaptic patterns in the cerebella of reeler and staggerer mouse mutants. (c) At the electron microscopic level, immunoreactivity was detectable only in PSD. The antibody did not bind to myelin, mitochondria or plasma membranes. (d) The results indicate that antigen PSD-95 is located predominantly or exclusively in PSD and can be used as a marker during subcellular fractionation. Other potential uses include the study of synaptogenesis, and the detection of changes in synapse number after experimental perturbations of the nervous system.
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Rostas JAP, Jeffrey PL. Immunochemical characterization of synaptosomal membrane antigens from chicken brain. Neurochem Res 1977; 2:59-85. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00966022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/1976] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bartfai T, Berg P, Schultzberg M, Heilbronn E. Isolation of a synaptic membrane fraction enriched in cholinergic receptors by controlled phospholipase A2 hydrolysis of synaptic membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 426:186-97. [PMID: 1252506 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(76)90331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A procedure is described for the isolation of synaptic membrane fragments that retain such functionally important proteins as acetylcholine receptors, acetylcholinesterase, 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. The method is based on the observation, made in brain slices, that junctional membranes are more resistant to phospholipase A2 attack than mitochondrial or plasma membranes. Hydrolysis by phospholipase A2 was controlled by addition of fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin. The membrane fraction obtained represents approximately a 15-fold enrichment of the postsynaptic marker proteins muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase over an ordinary synaptic plasma membrane preparation, and is devoid of mitochondrial and microsomal contaminations. The membranes appear on the electron micrographs as rigid fragments (average length 2500-4000A), which do not form vesicles.
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Kornguth S, Juhl U, Johnson T, Scott G, Knobeloch L, Varakis J, Fuccillo D, Sever J. Isolation of synaptic complexes from frozen and thawed brain tissue affected by multiple sclerosis. Exp Neurol 1975; 48:231-40. [PMID: 1149854 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(75)90153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
Most synapses in the central nervous system exhibit a prominent electron-opaque specialization of the postsynaptic plasma membrane called the postsynaptic density (PSD). We have developed a procedure for the isolation of PSDs which is based on their buoyant density and their insolubility in N-lauroyl sarcosinate. Treatment of synaptic membranes with this detergent solubilizes most plasma membranes and detaches PSDs from the plasma membrane so that they can be purified on a density gradient. Isolated PSDs appear structurally intact and exhibit those properties which characterize them in tissue. The isolated PSDs are of the size, shape, and electron opacity of those seen in tissue; they stain with both ethanolic phosphotungstic acid and bismuth iodide-uranyl lead and the fraction contains cyclic 3',5'-phosphodiesterase activity. Quantitative electron microscope analysis of the PSD fraction gives an estimated purity of better than 85%. Inasmuch as the PSD is associated primarily with dendritic excitatory synapses, our PSD fraction represents the distinctive plasma membrane specialization of this specific synaptic type in isolation.
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Orosz A, Madarász E, Falus A, Adam G. Demonstration of detergent-soluble antigen specific for the synaptosomal membrane-fraction isolated from the cat cerebral cortex. Brain Res 1974; 76:119-31. [PMID: 4210664 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(74)90518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bock E, Jorgensen OS, Morris SJ. Antigen-antibody crossed electrophoresis of rat brain synaptosomes and synaptic vesicles: correlation to water-soluble antigens from rat brain. J Neurochem 1974; 22:1013-7. [PMID: 4850603 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1974.tb04330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Schachner M. NS-1 (nervous system antigen-1), a glial-cell-specific antigenic component of the surface membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:1795-9. [PMID: 4134760 PMCID: PMC388327 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.5.1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A methylcholanthrene-induced glioblastoma of the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain was used to raise antibodies in C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 inbred mice and in (C57BL/6 x DBA/2) and (C57BL/6 x Balb/c) F(1) hybrids. When examined by the cytotoxicity test, these antibodies define a cell-surface component (or components) found exclusively on brain tissue of all mouse strains studied and of several other mammalian species including man. The antigen, named NS-1 (nervous system antigen-1), is present on cells of three of the four mouse-glial-cell tumors tested, but not on the C1300 neuroblastoma, a tumor of neuronal origin. NS-1 occurs in higher concentration in regions of the nervous system richer in white than in gray matter, and in lower than normal concentrations in brains of myelindeficient neurological mutant mice. The concentration of NS-1 gradually increases postnatally and reaches the adult level between the third and fourth week. The existence of more than one allele or genetic locus controlling NS-1 activity is suggested by the occurrence of higher amounts of NS-1 in brains of the A and C57BL/6 than of the Balb/c and DBA/2 mouse strains. NS-1 is the first cellsurface component to be described that is not only unique to nervous tissue, but specific for glial cells.
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Gurd JW, Jones LR, Mahler HR, Moore WJ. Isolation and partial characterization of rat brain synaptic plasma membranes. J Neurochem 1974; 22:281-90. [PMID: 4364339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1974.tb11591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Raiteri M, Levi G. Antisynaptosome antibodies affect synaptosomal permeability to neurotransmitters. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1973; 245:89-91. [PMID: 4354014 DOI: 10.1038/newbio245089a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Orosz A, Hamori J, Falus A, Madarasz E, Lakos I, Adam G. Specific antibody-fragments against the postsynaptic web. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1973; 245:18-9. [PMID: 4125594 DOI: 10.1038/newbio245018a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Jones DG, Brearley RF. An analysis of some aspects of synaptosomal ultrastructure by the use of serial sections. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1973; 140:481-96. [PMID: 4353965 DOI: 10.1007/bf00306675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Karlsson JO, Hamberger A, Henn FA. Polypeptide composition of membranes derived from neuronal and glial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 298:219-29. [PMID: 4719130 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(73)90352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Wannamaker BB, Kornguth SE, Scott G, Dudley AW, Kelly A. Isolation and ultrastructure of human synaptic complexes. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1973; 4:543-55. [PMID: 4776560 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480040607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Raiteri M. Electrophoretic identification of brain synaptosomal proteins in different species. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1972; 42:543-6. [PMID: 5075775 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(72)90316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Geison RL, Flangas AL, Kornguth SE. Ganglioside content of membrane fractions from developing pig cerebellar and cerebral cortex separated in a CsCl-sucrose gradient by zonal centrifugation. Brain Res 1972; 43:303-8. [PMID: 5050200 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Ramirez G, Levitan IB, Mushynski WE. Amino acid incorporation into nerve ending structures in vitro. FEBS Lett 1972; 21:17-20. [PMID: 11946464 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Ramirez
- Institute of Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Göteborg, Sweden
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Lagercrantz H, Pertoft H. Separation of catecholamine storing synaptosomes in colloidal silica density gradients. J Neurochem 1972; 19:811-23. [PMID: 4337918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1972.tb01395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kornguth SE, Flangas AL, Geison RL, Scott G. Morphology, isopycnic density and lipid content of synaptic complexes isolated from developing cerebellums and different brain regions. Brain Res 1972; 37:53-68. [PMID: 4110605 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Properties of the Isolated Nerve Endings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)61060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Garey R, Harper J, Best JB, Goodman AB. Preparative resolution and identification of synaptic components of rat neocortex. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1972; 3:163-95. [PMID: 4337223 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480030205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kornguth SE, Flangas A, Perrin J, Geison R, Scott G. Isolation of synaptic complexes in a CsC1 gradient: conditions for maximal resolution in the zonal rotor B-XIV and circular dichroism patterns. PREPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1972; 2:167-92. [PMID: 5028369 DOI: 10.1080/00327487208061468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Chemical and Metabolic Characteristics of Synaptic Complexes from Brain Isolated by Zonal Centrifugation in a Cesium Chloride Gradient. J Biol Chem 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)62446-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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