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Nokkari A, Mouhieddine TH, Itani MM, Abou-Kheir W, Daoud G, Zhu R, Meshref Y, Soueid J, Al Hariri M, Mondello S, Jaffa AA, Kobeissy F. Characterization of the Kallikrein-Kinin System Post Chemical Neuronal Injury: An In Vitro Biochemical and Neuroproteomics Assessment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128601. [PMID: 26047500 PMCID: PMC4457722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is the result of a mechanical impact on the brain provoking mild, moderate or severe symptoms. It is acknowledged that TBI leads to apoptotic and necrotic cell death; however, the exact mechanism by which brain trauma leads to neural injury is not fully elucidated. Some studies have highlighted the pivotal role of the Kallikrein-Kinin System (KKS) in brain trauma but the results are still controversial and inconclusive. In this study, we investigated both the expression and the role of Bradykinin 1 and 2 receptors (B1R and B2R), in mediating neuronal injury under chemical neurotoxicity paradigm in PC12 cell lines. The neuronal cell line PC12 was treated with the apoptotic drug Staurosporine (STS) to induce cell death. Intracellular calcium release was evaluated by Fluo 4-AM staining and showed that inhibition of the B2R prevented calcium release following STS treatment. Differential analyses utilizing immunofluorescence, Western blot and Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction revealed an upregulation of both bradykinin receptors occurring at 3h and 12h post-STS treatment, but with a higher induction of B2R compared to B1R. This implies that STS-mediated apoptosis in PC12 cells is mainly conducted through B2R and partly via B1R. Finally, a neuroproteomics approach was conducted to find relevant proteins associated to STS and KKS in PC12 cells. Neuroproteomics results confirmed the presence of an inflammatory response leading to cell death during apoptosis-mediated STS treatment; however, a “survival” capacity was shown following inhibition of B2R coupled with STS treatment. Our data suggest that B2R is a key player in the inflammatory pathway following STS-mediated apoptosis in PC12 cells and its inhibition may represent a potential therapeutic tool in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaly Nokkari
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- * E-mail: (AN); (FK); (WAK)
| | - Tarek H. Mouhieddine
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- * E-mail: (AN); (FK); (WAK)
| | - Georges Daoud
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yehia Meshref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jihane Soueid
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Moustafa Al Hariri
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Ayad A. Jaffa
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- * E-mail: (AN); (FK); (WAK)
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Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide was previously reported to have no effects on the phospholipase D activity in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the human brain-specific cannabinoid receptor, while in mouse peritoneal cells, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol stimulated this enzyme. In this work, arachidonoylethanolamide (0.1-1 microM) was found to stimulate the phospholipase D-mediated phospholipid hydrolysis in rat adrenal pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, but not in mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. The phospholipase D-activating effects of arachidonoylethanolamide were comparable to those elicited by phorbol ester and nerve growth factor, while arachidonic acid (1 microM) had no effects. The results show that, depending on the cell type, arachidonoylethanolamide can be an activator of the phospholipase D system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kiss
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin 55912, USA.
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Kennedy CR, Hébert RL, Do MT, Proulx PR. Bradykinin-stimulated arachidonic acid release from MDCK cells is not protein kinase C dependent. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 273:C1605-12. [PMID: 9374646 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.5.c1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bradykinin (BK)-induced release of arachidonic acid (AA) from Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) D1 cells was investigated. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) caused a synergistic increase in BK- and A-23187-induced release of AA but alone had no effect on this release. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) with bisindolmaleimide I (BIS) abolished the synergistic effects of PMA but did not affect AA release caused by BK or A-23187 alone. Downregulation of PKC with 100 nM PMA resulted in a reduction of AA release induced by BK or A-23187 addition, which corresponded to a decrease in cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) activity as measured in cell extracts. Although Western blotting revealed no differences in cPLA2 expression as a result of PMA treatment, phosphorylation of the enzyme, as assessed by phosphoserine content, was significantly reduced in PKC-depleted cells. These results imply that, with PKC downregulation, subsequent BK stimulation results in a Ca(2+)-dependent translocation of a less phosphorylated, less active form of cPLA2. Any stimulation of PKC by BK addition did not appear as a significant event in onset responses leading to AA release. On the other hand, inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade with the MAPK kinase inhibitor, PD-98059, significantly decreased BK-induced release of AA, a finding that, with our other results, points to the existence of a PKC-independent route for stimulation of MAPK and the propagation of onset responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Neutrophils play a major role host defense against invading microbes. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of the phospholipase D (PLD) in the signalling cascade leading to neutrophil activation. Phospholipase D catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids to generate phosphatidic acid with secondarily generation of diradylglycerol; both of these products have been implicated as second messengers. Herein, we discuss the regulation and the biochemistry of the receptor-regulated PLD in human neutrophils. In vivo and in vitro studies suggest an activation mode in which initial receptor-linked activation of phospholipase C generates diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate. The resulting calcium flux along with the diacylglycerol activate a conventional isoform of protein kinase C (PKC), probably PKC beta 1. This PKC, in turn phosphorylates a plasma membrane component resulting in PLD activation and a second outpouring of diradylglycerol. The small GTP-binding proteins, RhoA and ARF, also participate in this process, and synergize with a 50 kDa cytosolic regulatory factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Olson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595, USA
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5
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Glycerolipids in signal transduction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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6
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Kwak JY, Lopez I, Uhlinger DJ, Ryu SH, Lambeth JD. RhoA and a cytosolic 50-kDa factor reconstitute GTP gamma S-dependent phospholipase D activity in human neutrophil subcellular fractions. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:27093-8. [PMID: 7592961 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.45.27093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor activation of phospholipase D has been implicated in signal transduction in a variety of cells. Reconstitution of cell-free guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate)(GTP gamma S)-dependent phospholipase D activity from human neutrophils requires protein factors in both the plasma membrane and the cytosol. We previously proposed that one of the factors is a Ras-family small molecular weight GTPase of the Rho subtype (Bowman, E. P., Uhlinger, D. J., and Lambeth, J. D. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 21509-21512). Herein, we have used RhoGDI (GDP dissociation inhibitor), an inhibitory Rho-binding protein, to selectively extract Rho-type GTPases from the plasma membrane, and have used immunoprecipitation as well as chromatographic methods to remove cytosolic Rho. Depletion of RhoA from either the plasma membrane or the cytosol resulted in a partial loss in GTP gamma S dependent activity, while removal of RhoA from both fractions resulted in a nearly complete loss in activity. Activity was nearly completely restored by adding purified recombinant RhoA, which showed an EC50 of 52 nM, while Rac1 showed little activity. Cytosol fractionated using DEAE-cellulose chromatography separated ADP-ribosylation factor and Rho from the major activating fraction. Gel exclusion chromatography of this fraction revealed an activating factor of 50 kDa apparent molecular mass. Using RhoA-depleted membranes, reconstitution of phospholipase D activity required both RhoA and the 50-kDa factor. Thus, RhoA along with a non-Rho, non-ADP-ribosylation factor 50-kDa cytosolic factor are both required to reconstitute GTP gamma S-dependent phospholipase D activity by neutrophil plasma membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Kwak
- Emory University Medical School, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Horwitz J, Passarello B, Corso M. Bradykinin stimulates phospholipase D in PC12 cells by a mechanism which is independent of increases in intracellular Ca2+. Neurochem Res 1995; 20:1041-8. [PMID: 8570008 DOI: 10.1007/bf00995558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
These experiments were designed to learn the role of bradykinin induced changes in intracellular Ca2+ in the activation of phospholipase D activity in PC12 cells. Ionomycin at a concentration of 0.1 microM caused an increase in intracellular Ca2+ comparable to bradykinin, but had no effect on phospholipase D activity. Carbachol, ATP, and thapsigargin also increased intracellular Ca2+ but had no effect on phospholipase D activity. Increases in intracellular Ca2+ may be a necessary but not a sufficient factor in the activation of phospholipase D. To investigate this issue, the bradykinin induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ was blocked by preincubating the cells in Ca(2+)-free media plus EGTA or in media containing the intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA/AM. These preincubations completely blocked the bradykinin induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ but only attenuated the bradykinin mediated activation of phospholipase D. Physiological increases in intracellular Ca2+ apparently do not mediate the effect of bradykinin on phospholipase D.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Horwitz
- Medical College of Pennsylvania Department of Pharmacology, Philadelphia 19129, USA
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Clark KJ, Murray AW. Evidence that the bradykinin-induced activation of phospholipase D and of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade involve different protein kinase C isoforms. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:7097-103. [PMID: 7535766 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.13.7097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of alkylglycerol supplementation on protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated signaling events has been studied in fibroblasts from Zellweger patients (SF 3271 cells). Western blotting analysis established that Zellweger fibroblasts express PKC alpha, epsilon, and zeta. Incubation with bradykinin induced a rapid transient translocation of PKC alpha and a more sustained translocation of PKC epsilon to the particulate fraction; translocation of PKC zeta was unaffected. Bradykinin-induced translocation and activation of PKC alpha, but not translocation of PKC epsilon, was blocked in SF 3271 cells which had been incubated with 1-O-hexadecylglycerol (1-O-HDG; 20 micrograms/ml) for 24 h and then incubated in the absence of 1-O-HDG and serum for a further 24 h. Supplementation with 1-O-HDG increased the mass of ether-linked phospholipid. Bradykinin initiated a transient increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in both control and 1-O-HDG supplemented cells, indicating that the initial receptor linked events were not affected by 1-O-HDG supplementation. Bradykinin also caused a rapid activation of phospholipase D (PLD), measured by phosphatidylbutanol accumulation, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) determined by myelin basic protein phosphorylation of Mono Q fractions. Both events were blocked by preincubation of the cells with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate for 24 h to deplete PKC protein. 1-O-HDG supplementation prevented the bradykinin-induced activation of PLD, but had no effect on the stimulation of MAPK activity. These results establish that modulation of the ether lipid composition of membranes can alter PKC isozyme translocation and indicate that a PKC isozyme other than PKC alpha, most likely PKC epsilon, is involved in MAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide
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Lambeth JD, Kwak JY, Bowman EP, Perry D, Uhlinger DJ, Lopez I. ADP-ribosylation factor functions synergistically with a 50-kDa cytosolic factor in cell-free activation of human neutrophil phospholipase D. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:2431-4. [PMID: 7852301 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.6.2431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins in both the cytosol and plasma membrane are needed to reconstitute cell-free phospholipase D activity from phagocytes (Olson, S., Bowman, E. P., and Lambeth, J. D. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 17236-17242); membrane factors include a small GTP-binding protein in the Rho family (Bowman, E., Uhlinger, D. J., and Lambeth, J. D. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 21509-21512). ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) was recently implicated as the cytosolic factor, as it activates phospholipase D in HL-60 membranes. Herein, we show that ion exchange chromatography separates ARF from the major phospholipase D-stimulating cytosolic factor. Both bovine brain ARF and recombinant human ARF-1 stimulated a small amount of phospholipase D activity in the absence of cytosol (about 10% of the response seen with cytosol). With a high concentration of ARF-depleted cytosol, ARF did not further activate. However, at low cytosol, ARF caused marked activation. Thus, ARF synergizes with the cytosolic factor in phospholipase D activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Lambeth
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University Medical School, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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Jung JH, Jung JC, Chung SH. Angiotensin II-mediated stimulation of phospholipase D in rabbit kidney proximal tubule cells. Arch Pharm Res 1994; 17:405-10. [PMID: 10319148 DOI: 10.1007/bf02979115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to demonstrate whether or not angiotensin II activates a phospholipase D in rabbit kidney proximal tubule cells. By measuring the formation of [3H]phosphatidic acid and [3H]phosphatidylethanol, we elucidate the direct stimulation of phospholipase D by angiotensin II. Angiotensin II leads to a rapid increase in [3H]phosphatidic acid and [3H]diacylglycerol, and [3H]phosphatidic acid formation preceded the formation of [3H]diacylglycerol. This result suggests that some phosphatidic acid seems to be formed directly from phosphatidylcholine by the action of phospholipase D, not from the action of diacylglycerol kinase on the diacylglycerol. In addition, the other mechanisms by which phospholipase D is activated was examined. We have found that phospholipase D was activated by extracellular calcium ion. It has also been shown that angiotensin II may activate phospholipase D through protein kinase C-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Donchenko V, Zannetti A, Baldini PM. Insulin-stimulated hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine by phospholipase C and phospholipase D in cultured rat hepatocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1222:492-500. [PMID: 8038220 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(94)90059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the mechanism of action by which insulin increases phosphatidate (PA) and diacylglycerol (DAG) levels in cultured rat hepatocytes. Insulin initially stimulated phosphatidylcholine-dependent phospholipase D (PC-PLD) with a significant increase in both PA and intracellular as well as extracellular choline. The involvement of phospholipase D was confirmed by the formation of PC-derived phosphatidylethanol in the presence of ethanol. The DAG increase appeared to be biphasic. Only the early phase of DAG production was inhibited by propranolol, an inhibitor of the phosphatidate phosphatase (PAP) responsible for the conversion of PA into DAG, suggesting that initially the DAG increase is due to the PLD-PAP pathway. The delayed DAG increase was in parallel with increased intracellular and extracellular phosphocholine and probably derived directly from PC-PLC activity. Experiments performed in the presence of 1 microM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) indicated that protein kinase C (PKC) mediated the insulin effect on PC-PLC, but not on PC-PLD. These findings were confirmed using the PKC inhibitors calphostin, H7 and staurosporine. The dual activation of these phospholipases with a biphasic elevation of DAG levels and activation of specific PKC isoenzymes could be necessary to elicit both early and delayed effects of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Donchenko
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
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Alonso R, Chaudieu I, Diorio J, Krishnamurthy A, Quirion R, Boksa P. Interleukin-2 modulates evoked release of [3H]dopamine in rat cultured mesencephalic cells. J Neurochem 1993; 61:1284-90. [PMID: 8376986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb13620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mesencephalic cell cultures were used as a model to investigate the effects of interleukin-2 (IL-2) on evoked release of [3H]dopamine ([3H]DA) and gamma-[3H]-aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA). At low concentrations (10(-13)-10(-12) M), IL-2 potentiated [3H]DA release evoked by the excitatory amino acids N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and kainate, whereas higher IL-2 concentrations (10(-9)-10(-8) M) had no effect. IL-2 (10(-14)-10(-8) M) modulated K(+)-evoked [3H]DA release in a biphasic manner, with low concentrations (10(-12)-10(-11) M) of IL-2 potentiating and higher concentrations (10(-9)-10(-8) M) inhibiting K(+)-induced [3H]DA release. IL-2 (10(-14)-10(-8) M) by itself failed to alter spontaneous [3H]DA release. The inhibition by IL-2 of K(+)-evoked [3H]DA release was reversible and not due to neurotoxicity, as preexposure to IL-2 (10(-8) M) had no significant effect on the subsequent ability of dopaminergic cells to take up and to release [3H]DA. Under our experimental conditions, IL-2 (10(-8) M) did not alter Ca(2+)-independent [3H]GABA release evoked by either K+ or NMDA. The results of this study indicate that IL-2 is able to potentiate [3H]DA release evoked by a number of different stimuli, including K+ depolarization and activation of both NMDA and non-NMDA receptor subtypes in mesencephalic cell cultures. IL-2 is active at very low concentrations, a finding that indicates a potent effect of IL-2 on dopaminergic neurons and implicates a physiological role for this cytokine in the modulation of DA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alonso
- Douglas Hospital Research Center, Quebec, Canada
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