1
|
Ishigami T, Abe K, Aoki I, Minegishi S, Ryo A, Matsunaga S, Matsuoka K, Takeda H, Sawasaki T, Umemura S, Endo Y. Anti‐interleukin‐5 and multiple autoantibodies are associated with human atherosclerotic diseases and serum interleukin‐5 levels. FASEB J 2013; 27:3437-45. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-222653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Ishigami
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal MedicineYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Kaito Abe
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal MedicineYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Ichiro Aoki
- Department of Molecular PathologyYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Shintaro Minegishi
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal MedicineYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of MicrobiologyYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Satoko Matsunaga
- Department of MicrobiologyYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Kazuhiro Matsuoka
- Ehime University Cell‐Free Science and Technology Research Center Division of Proteomedical Sciences; EhimeJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Takeda
- Ehime University Cell‐Free Science and Technology Research Center Division of Proteomedical Sciences; EhimeJapan
| | - Tatsuya Sawasaki
- Ehime University Cell‐Free Science and Technology Research Center Division of Proteomedical Sciences; EhimeJapan
| | - Satoshi Umemura
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal MedicineYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Yaeta Endo
- Ehime University Cell‐Free Science and Technology Research Center Division of Proteomedical Sciences; EhimeJapan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
De Lima AR, Medina R, Uzcanga GL, Noris Suárez K, Contreras VT, Navarro MC, Arteaga R, Bubis J. Tight binding between a pool of the heterodimeric α/β tubulin and a protein kinase CK2 inTrypanosoma cruziepimastigotes. Parasitology 2005; 132:511-23. [PMID: 16332290 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182005009352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Revised: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tubulin is the predominant phosphoprotein inTrypanosoma cruziepimastigotes and is phosphorylated by a protein kinase CK2. Interestingly, the presence or absence of divalent cations affected the solubilization of a pool of the parasite tubulin and the CK2 responsible for its phosphorylation. This fraction of tubulin and its kinase co-eluted using phosphocellulose, DEAE-Sepharose and Sephacryl S-300 chromatographies. Anti-α tubulin antibodies co-immunoprecipitated both tubulin and the CK2 responsible for its phosphorylation, and anti-CK2 α-subunit antibodies immunoprecipitated radioactively labelled α and β tubulin from phosphorylated epimastigote homogenates. Additionally, native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified and radioactively labelled fraction containing tubulin and its kinase demonstrated the phosphorylation of a unique band that reacted with both anti-CK2 α-subunit and anti-tubulin antibodies. Together, these results establish a strong interaction between a pool of the heterodimeric α/β tubulin and a CK2 in this parasite. Hydrodynamic measurements indicated that theT. cruzitubulin-CK2 complex is globular with an estimated size of 145·4–147·5 kDa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R De Lima
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Apartado 89.000, Valle de Sartenejas, Caracas 1081-A, Venezuela
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sackett DL, Chernomordik V, Krueger S, Nossal R. Use of small-angle neutron scattering to study tubulin polymers. Biomacromolecules 2003; 4:461-7. [PMID: 12625746 DOI: 10.1021/bm025760b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Small-angle neutron scattering has been used to examine taxol-stabilized microtubules and other tubulin samples in both H(2)O and D(2)O buffers. Measurements were made at pH/pD values between 6.0 and 7.8, and observed scattered intensities, I(Q), have been interpreted in terms of multicomponent models of microtubules and related tubulin polymers. A semiquantitative curve fitting procedure has been used to estimate the relative amounts of the supramolecular components of the samples. At both pH and pD 7.0 and above, the tubulin polymers are seen to be predominantly microtubules. Although in H(2)O buffer the polymer distribution is little changed as the pH varies, when pD is lowered the samples appear to contain an appreciable amount of sheetlike structures and the average microtubule protofilament number increases from ca. 12.5 at pD > or = approximately 7.0 to ca. 14 at pD approximately 6.0. Such structural change indicates that analysis of microtubule solutions based on H(2)O/D(2)O contrast variation must be performed with caution, especially at lower pH/pD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan L Sackett
- Laboratory of Integrative and Medical Biophysics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Machado EL, Chiesse da Silva A, da Silva MJ, Leite A, Ottoboni LMM. Endogenous protein phosphorylation and casein kinase activity during seed development in Araucaria angustifolia. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2002; 61:835-842. [PMID: 12453576 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases and phosphatases are responsible for several cellular events mediated by protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Among these events are cell growth and differentiation and cellular metabolism. Casein kinase I (CKI) and casein kinase II (CKII) are involved in the phosphorylation of several substrates. Endogenous protein phosphorylation and casein kinase activity were investigated in the megagametophyte of the native Brazilian conifer Araucaria angustifolia, during seed development. It was observed that a number of different polypeptides are phosphorylated in vitro in the three megagametophyte stages of development tested (from globular, cotyledonary and mature embryos, respectively) and the phosphate was incorporated mainly in serine residues. The use of okadaic acid and vanadate in the phosphorylation reactions increased phosphate incorporation in several polypeptides suggesting the presence of serine/threonine as well as tyrosine phosphatases in the megagametophyte. Also, the results obtained in experiments with CKII inhibitor, GTP as phosphate donor, RNA hybridizations, and in-gel kinase assays indicate the presence of CKII in the A. angustifolia megagametophyte.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edna Lôbo Machado
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6010, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Casas B, Calabokis M, Kurz L, Galán-Caridad JM, Bubis J, Gonzatti MI. Trypanosoma cruzi: in vitro phosphorylation of tubulin by a protein kinase CK2-like enzyme. Exp Parasitol 2002; 101:129-37. [PMID: 12427467 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4894(02)00110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
One predominant 55-kDa polypeptide was phosphorylated in vitro in Trypanosoma cruzi homogenates prepared from three differentiation stages: epimastigotes, trypomastigotes, and spheromastigotes. Anti-alpha and anti-beta tubulin monoclonal antibodies immunoprecipitated the phosphorylated 55-kDa polypeptide from epimastigote extracts. Phosphoserine was the only residue phosphorylated in vitro in the 55-kDa polypeptide and in immunoprecipitated alpha tubulin. The phosphorylation of both the 55-kDa polypeptide and exogenously added casein was inhibited with GTP, heparin, and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in a dose-dependent manner, indicating the involvement of a CK2-like protein kinase. Moreover, when tubulin was isolated from an epimastigote homogenate by ultracentrifugation, followed by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography, a protein kinase that phosphorylated tubulin and casein co-purified with this cytoskeletal component. This result suggests an association between tubulin and its corresponding protein kinase in T. cruzi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Casas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Apartado 89.000, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is composed of two regulatory beta-subunits and two catalytic alpha- or alpha'-subunits. To analyse these subunits individually we generated antibodies against unique peptides derived from the alpha-, alpha'- and beta-subunit. Immunofluorescence studies with these antibodies revealed the presence of all three CK2 subunits in the cytoplasm and weakly in the nucleus with strong signals around the nuclear membrane. Double staining experiments revealed a co-localisation of all three subunits with tubulin. A direct association between the CK2 alpha- and the alpha'-subunit and tubulin was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation experiments as well as by Far Western analysis. There was no binding of the CK2 beta-subunit to tubulin. Thus, with tubulin we have identified a new binding partner specific for the catalytic subunits of CK2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Faust
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland, Building 44, D-66424, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Although molecular components of signal transduction pathways are rapidly being identified, how elements of these pathways are positioned spatially and how signals traverse the intracellular environment from the cell surface to the nucleus or to other cytoplasmic targets are not well understood. The discovery of signaling molecules that interact with microtubules (MTs), as well as the multiple effects on signaling pathways of drugs that destabilize or hyperstabilize MTs, indicate that MTs are likely to be critical to the spatial organization of signal transduction. MTs themselves are also affected by signaling pathways and this may contribute to the transmission of signals to downstream targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G G Gundersen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Columbia University 630 West 168th Street New York NY 10032 USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hollander BA, Liang MY, Besharse JC. Linkage of a nucleolin-related protein and casein kinase II with the detergent-stable photoreceptor cytoskeleton. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 1999; 43:114-27. [PMID: 10379836 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0169(1999)43:2<114::aid-cm3>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate photoreceptors are highly polarized sensory neurons with a complex microtubule and actin-based cytoskeletal organization. In the present study, we have used a detergent-extracted cytokeleton preparation from bovine photoreceptors to test the hypothesis that protein kinases and their substrates co-purify with the photoreceptor cytoskeleton. We incubated the cytoskeletal preparation in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP. Following SDS-PAGE and autoradiography, we found two principal phosphoproteins with apparent molecular weights of 55 kDa (pp55) and 112 kDa (pp112). We have additionally identified the kinase responsible for phosphorylation of pp112 (and possibly pp55) as a casein kinase II-like enzyme. pp55 was identified as beta-tubulin based on Western blotting and its position on two-dimensional gels. Microsequencing revealed that 16 of the first 17 amino acids of pp112 were identical to human nucleolin, a nuclear protein. Western blotting, mobility in SDS PAGE and in two-dimensional gels, predominant localization within the nucleus, and phosphorylation by a casein kinase II all support the conclusion that pp112 is a nucleolin-related protein. Immunocytochemistry revealed a significant extranuclear pool of nucleolin-immunoreactivity within the cell bodies of photoreceptors. These findings suggest an important extranuclear role for nucleolin or a related protein in photoreceptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B A Hollander
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pitcher JA, Hall RA, Daaka Y, Zhang J, Ferguson SS, Hester S, Miller S, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ, Barak LS. The G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 is a microtubule-associated protein kinase that phosphorylates tubulin. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:12316-24. [PMID: 9575184 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.20.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates and desensitizes agonist-occupied G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here we demonstrate that GRK2 is a microtubule-associated protein and identify tubulin as a novel GRK2 substrate. GRK2 is associated with microtubules purified from bovine brain, forms a complex with tubulin in cell extracts, and colocalizes with tubulin in living cells. Furthermore, an endogenous tubulin kinase activity that copurifies with microtubules has properties similar to GRK2 and is inhibited by anti-GRK2 monoclonal antibodies. Indeed, GRK2 phosphorylates tubulin in vitro with kinetic parameters very similar to those for phosphorylation of the agonist-occupied beta2-adrenergic receptor, suggesting a functionally relevant role for this phosphorylation event. In a cellular environment, agonist occupancy of GPCRs, which leads to recruitment of GRK2 to the plasma membrane and its subsequent activation, promotes GRK2-tubulin complex formation and tubulin phosphorylation. These findings suggest a novel role for GRK2 as a GPCR signal transducer mediating the effects of GPCR activation on the cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Pitcher
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Laboratories and Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ludueña RF. Multiple forms of tubulin: different gene products and covalent modifications. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1997; 178:207-75. [PMID: 9348671 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tubulin, the subunit protein of microtubules, is an alpha/beta heterodimer. In many organisms, both alpha and beta exist in numerous isotypic forms encoded by different genes. In addition, both alpha and beta undergo a variety of posttranslational covalent modifications, including acetylation, phosphorylation, detyrosylation, polyglutamylation, and polyglycylation. In this review the distribution and possible functional significance of the various forms of tubulin are discussed. In analyzing the differences among tubulin isotypes encoded by different genes, some appear to have no functional significance, some increase the overall adaptability of the organism to environmental challenges, and some appear to perform specific functions including formation of particular organelles and interactions with specific proteins. Purified isotypes also display different properties in vitro. Although the significance of all the covalent modification of tubulin is not fully understood, some of them may influence the stability of modified microtubules in vivo as well as interactions with certain proteins and may help to determine the functional role of microtubules in the cell. The review also discusses isotypes of gamma-tubulin and puts various forms of tubulin in an evolutionary context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R F Ludueña
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
De Mattos-Dutra A, De Freitas MS, Schröder N, Zilles AC, Wajner M, Pessoa-Pureur R. Methylmalonic acid reduces the in vitro phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins in the cerebral cortex of rats. Brain Res 1997; 763:221-31. [PMID: 9296563 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present work was undertaken to determine the action of methylmalonic acid (MMA), a metabolite, which accumulates in high amounts in methylmalonic acidemia, on the endogenous phosphorylating system associated with the cytoskeletal fraction proteins of cerebral cortex of young rats. We demonstrated that pre-treatment of cerebral cortex slices of young rats with 2.5 mM buffered methylmalonic acid (MMA) is effective in decreasing in vitro incorporation of [32P]ATP into neurofilament subunits (NF-M and NF-L) and alpha- and beta-tubulins. Based on the fact that this system contains cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), we first tested the effect of MMA on the kinase activities by using the specific activators cAMP and Ca2+/calmodulin or the inhibitors PKAI or KN-93 for PKA and CaMKII, respectively. We observed that MMA totally inhibited the stimulatory effect of cAMP and interfered with the inhibitory effect of PKAI. In addition, the metabolite partially prevented the stimulatory effect of Ca2+/calmodulin and interfered with the effect of KN-93. Furthermore, in vitro dephosphorylation of neurofilament subunits and tubulins was totally inhibited in brain slices pre-treated with MMA. Taken together, these results suggest that MMA, at the same concentrations found in tissues of methylmalonic acidemic children, inhibits the in vitro activities of PKA, CaMKII and PP1 associated with the cytoskeletal fraction of the cerebral cortex of rats, a fact that may be involved with the pathogenesis of the neurological dysfunction characteristic of methylmalonic acidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A De Mattos-Dutra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
MacRae TH. Tubulin post-translational modifications--enzymes and their mechanisms of action. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 244:265-78. [PMID: 9118990 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the enzymes responsible for the post-translational modifications of tubulin, including detyrosination/tyrosination, acetylation/deacetylation, phosphorylation, polyglutamylation, polyglycylation and the generation of non-tyrosinatable alpha-tubulin. Tubulin tyrosine-ligase, which reattaches tyrosine to detyrosinated tubulin, has been extensively characterized and its gene sequenced. Enzymes such as tubulin-specific carboxypeptidase and alpha-tubulin acetyltransferase, required, respectively, for detyrosination and acetylation of tubulin, have yet to be purified to homogeneity and examined in defined systems. This has produced some conflicting results, especially for the carboxypeptidase. The phosphorylation of tubulin by several different types of kinases has been studied in detail but drawing conclusions is difficult because many of these enzymes modify proteins other than their actual substrates, an especially pertinent consideration for in vitro experiments. Tubulin phosphorylation in cultured neuronal cells has proven to be the best model for evaluation of kinase effects on tubulin/microtubule function. There is little information on the enzymes required for polyglutamylation, polyglycylation, and production of non-tyrosinatable tubulin, but the available data permit interesting speculation of a mechanistic nature. Clearly, to achieve a full appreciation of tubulin post-translational changes the responsible enzymes must be characterized. Knowing when the enzymes are active in cells, if soluble or polymerized tubulin is the preferred substrate and the amino acid residues modified by each enzyme are all important. Moreover, acquisition of purified enzymes will lead to cloning and sequencing of their genes. With this information, one can manipulate cell genomes in order to either modify key enzymes or change their relative amounts, and perhaps reveal the physiological significance of tubulin post-translational modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T H MacRae
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ramakrishnan M, Schönthal AH, Lee AS. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducible protein GRP94 is associated with an Mg2+-dependent serine kinase activity modulated by Ca2+ and GRP78/BiP. J Cell Physiol 1997; 170:115-29. [PMID: 9009140 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199702)170:2<115::aid-jcp3>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The 94-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP94) is a glycoprotein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It has been characterized as a Ca2+-binding protein and a molecular chaperone. In this report we show that highly purified GRP94 exhibits an active Mg2+-dependent serine kinase activity (termed 94-kinase). The 94-kinase can be recovered from ER membrane fractions and is able to phosphorylate both the constitutive and stress-induced forms of GRP94, correlating with their induction kinetics. The 94-kinase activity is distinct from casein kinase II. In contrast to the heat-stable, Ca2+-dependent autophosphorylation activity recently reported for GRP94, the labile 94-kinase activity is inhibited by Ca2+. We determined that the phosphopeptide map of in vitro phosphorylated GRP94 by the 94-kinase resembles that of the in vivo phosphorylated GRP94. Further, the 94-kinase activity can be specifically stimulated by GRP78, a coregulated protein in the ER known to interact with GRP94.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Norris Cancer Center, Los Angeles 90033, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Aletta JM. Phosphorylation of type III beta-tubulin PC12 cell neurites during NGF-induced process outgrowth. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1996; 31:461-75. [PMID: 8951104 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4695(199612)31:4<461::aid-neu6>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) produces both rapid and delayed cellular responses that are involved in neuronal differentiation. Neurite formation, a conspicuous delayed response, is accompanied by phosphorylation of beta-tubulin in PC12 cells. The present work provides further characterization of the phospho form of beta-tubulin in this neuronal model system with regard to isotype, cellular localization, and the circumstances that favor its formation. The results indicate that neuron-specific type III beta-tubulin (beta III-tubulin) is selectively affected during neurite formation. This phosphorylation occurs relatively late in the NGF signal transduction cascade and increases progressively with increasing duration of NGF treatment concomitant with more extensive neurite growth. The subcellular distribution of beta III-tubulin is not markedly different from that of total tubulin, but the phosphorylated protein is uniquely associated with microtubules that are calcium and cold labile. Although NGF is capable of inducing phosphorylation of beta III-tubulin, it is not necessarily sufficient. Based on experiments that employ either nonpermissive substrate conditions or microtubule-depolymerizing drugs, this phosphorylation requires neurite outgrowth. Direct measurements of the phospho form in neurites versus cell bodies by means of a microculture system indicate that phosphorylated beta III-tubulin is enriched in neurites. The enrichment of phospho-beta III-tubulin in calcium- and cold-labile polymer within neurites and its near absence in nonneurite bearing, NGF-treated cells suggests a role for this posttranslationally modified protein in the regulation of dynamic microtubules involved in neurite formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Aletta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, School of Medicine, New York 14214-3000, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kunz S, Ziegler U, Kunz B, Sonderegger P. Intracellular signaling is changed after clustering of the neural cell adhesion molecules axonin-1 and NgCAM during neurite fasciculation. J Cell Biol 1996; 135:253-67. [PMID: 8858178 PMCID: PMC2121033 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.135.1.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin/fibronectin type III family on axons have been implicated in promotion of neurite outgrowth, fasciculation, and the mediation of specific cell adhesion. The present study demonstrates that two of these molecules on dorsal root ganglion neurons are associated with distinct protein kinases, axonin-1 with the src-related nonreceptor tyrosine kinase fyn and NgCAM with a casein kinase II-related activity and a serine/ threonine kinase related to S6 kinase. When neurites grew without contacts involving axonin-1 and NgCAM, strong fyn kinase activity was associated with axonin-1, whereas the NgCAM-associated kinase activities were low. Clustering of axonin-1 with NgCAM induced by the formation of cell-cell contacts correlated with a reduction of the axonin-1-associated fyn activity and an increased phosphorylation of NgCAM by the associated casein kinase II-related activity. Thus, axonin-1 and NgCAM trigger distinctive intracellular signals during in vitro differentiation depending on their state of association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kunz
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fujii T, Watanabe M, Nakamura A. Characterization of microtubule-associated protein 1-associated protein kinases from rat brain. Neurochem Int 1996; 28:535-44. [PMID: 8792334 DOI: 10.1016/0197-0186(95)00128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 1 preparation, MAP1A and 1B, obtained from rat brain microtubules was associated with protein kinases that were insensitive to cAMP, cGMP, calcium, calcium/calmodulin and calcium/phosphatidylserine. The fractionation of highly purified MAP1 by phosphocellulose chromatography revealed that protein kinase activity to phosphorylate phosvitin was separated into three major peaks (MAP1 kinases A, B and C). MAP1 was recovered in the MAP1 kinase A fraction and phosphorylated by the contained kinase. MAP1 kinase A is a novel protein kinase that is remarkably activated by poly-L-lysine and poly-L-arginine, but very insensitive to heparin among the kinases. Photoaffinity labeling using [alpha-32P]8-azido ATP indicated that the 65 kDa polypeptide is identified as an ATP-binding protein on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the highly purified MAP1 and MAP1 kinase A fractions. MAP1 kinases B and C may be identified as casein kinase I- and II-like kinases. The present results show that MAP1 is associated with at least three kinases and provide an insight for understanding thoroughly the MAP1-mediated microtubule functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Fujii
- Department of Imagination Science and Technology (Kansei Engineering), Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
During purification of tau protein kinase I and II from the bovine brain extract, a new tau protein kinase was detected and purified with phosphocellulose, gel filtration, S-Sepharose and AF-Heparin column chromatography. The molecular mass of the enzyme was determined to be 32 kDa by gel filtration and activity staining on SDS-PAGE. The enzyme is a Ser/Thr protein kinase phosphorylating tau, beta-tubulin, MAP2 and alpha-casein. Employing many synthetic peptides, the recognition site of this enzyme appears to be -SR-. The enzyme requires no second messenger and is inhibited with high concentration of heparin, but not by inhibitors of CKI. These results indicate that this enzyme, tau-tubulin kinase is novel and distinct from TPKI, II and CKI, II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Takahashi
- Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences (Project 2), Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
de Freitas MS, de Mattos AG, Camargo MM, Wannmacher C, Pessoa-Pureur R. Cytoskeletal-associated protein kinase and phosphatase activities from cerebral cortex of young rats. Neurochem Res 1995; 20:951-6. [PMID: 8587653 DOI: 10.1007/bf00970741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe the phosphorylation system associated with the Triton-insoluble cytoskeletal fraction that phosphorylates in vitro the 150 kDa neurofilament subunit (NF-M) and alpha and beta tubulin from cerebral cortex of rats. The protein kinase activities were determined in the presence of 20 microM cyclic AMP (cAMP), 1 mM calcium and 1 microM calmodulin (Ca2+/calmodulin) or 1 mM calcium, 0.2 mM phosphatidylserine and 0.5 microM phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (Ca2+/PS/PDBu). Phosphorylation of these cytoskeletal proteins increased approximately 35% and 65% in the presence of cAMP and Ca2+/calmodulin, respectively, but was unaffected in the presence of Ca2+/PS/PDBu. Basal phosphorylation of these proteins studied increased approximately 35% and 72% in the presence of 0.5 microM okadaic acid and 0.01 microM microcystin-LR, respectively, suggesting the presence of phosphatase type 1. Results suggest that at least two protein kinases and one protein phosphatase are associated with the Triton-insoluble cytoskeletal fraction from cerebral cortex of rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S de Freitas
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre-RS-Brasil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sackett DL. Structure and function in the tubulin dimer and the role of the acidic carboxyl terminus. Subcell Biochem 1995; 24:255-302. [PMID: 7900178 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1727-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D L Sackett
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Purification and principal properties of the casein kinase ii purified from the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(94)90073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
21
|
Casein kinase II preferentially phosphorylates human tau isoforms containing an amino-terminal insert. Identification of threonine 39 as the primary phosphate acceptor. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)41790-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|