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Kalimon OJ, Vekaria HJ, Velmurugan GV, Hubbard WB, Sullivan PG. Characterizing Sex Differences in Mitochondrial Dysfunction After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. Neurotrauma Rep 2023; 4:627-642. [PMID: 37752924 PMCID: PMC10518693 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2023.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an impact or penetrating injury to the head resulting in abnormal brain function. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important hallmark of TBI and has been thoroughly studied in male rodent models of brain injury, but relatively little is known about these outcomes in females. These studies were designed to examine sex as a biological variable for mitochondria-related outcomes after the severe controlled cortical impact (CCI) mouse model of TBI. Synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria were isolated from the sham- or CCI-injured cortex as well as the hippocampus ipsilateral to the craniotomy 3, 12, 24, or 48 h post-surgery, and then bioenergetics were measured. Subtle variations were observed in the timeline of mitochondrial dysfunction between sexes. Non-synaptic cortical mitochondria from injured females showed early impairment at 12 h post-CCI compared to mitochondria from injured males at 24 h post-CCI. Contrastingly, in the synaptic fraction, mitochondria from injured males showed early impairment at 12 h post-CCI, whereas mitochondria from injured females showed impairment at 24 h post-CCI. Based on bioenergetic impairments at 24 h post-CCI, synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondrial calcium loading was also measured at this time point. Consistent with bioenergetic data at 24 h, non-synaptic mitochondria from injured males had increased calcium loading compared to uninjured control, but this effect was not observed in females. Finally, histological assessment of cortical tissue sparing in each sex was measured at 7 days post-injury. There was a lack of sex-based differences in cortical tissue sparing after severe CCI. Overall, there were some subtle sex differences in mitochondrial outcomes after CCI, but these findings were not statistically significant. This study highlights the importance of utilizing both sexes when measuring mitochondrial function after severe CCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia J. Kalimon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Lexington VA Healthcare System, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Hemendra J. Vekaria
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Lexington VA Healthcare System, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gopal V. Velmurugan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - W. Brad Hubbard
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Lexington VA Healthcare System, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Patrick G. Sullivan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Lexington VA Healthcare System, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Raeeszadeh M, Khalili T, Sharifi H, Mohammadzadeh P. Ameliorative effect of Brassica oleracea var. Italica extract on oxidative damage of arsenic in the rat's brain: biochemical, pathological, and behavioral aspects. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:1323-1334. [PMID: 36701015 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01164-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Brain damage caused by the metal accumulation may result in the permanent injuries including severe neurological disorders. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the medicinal efficacy of broccoli extract in arsenic-induced brain poisoning. Twenty-eight female rats were classified into 4 groups; control, receiving sodium arsenate (As), As + broccoli extract (As + Bc), and (Bc). Then, the Elevated Plus-Maze and pathological-biochemical assessment of the brain tissue were performed. Moreover, the GC-MS was used to explore the quantity and quality of broccoli extract. The catalase had a significant decrease in the As group compared to that of the control group; As + Bc and Bc groups also showed a significant increase compared to that of the As group. Glutathione peroxidase was the lowest in the As group (1.84 ± 0.97) and the highest in the Bc group (5.51 ± 2.31). The Treatment significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines in the As + Bc group. In addition, in terms of behavioral changes, the duration of presence in the open arm was reduced in the As group compared to that of the control group. Besides, the open arm duration increased significantly in the Bc group. Interestingly, there was a significant increase in estrogen and gonadotropin hormones in the Bc group compared to the other groups. Pathological findings showed that the condition of cortical neurons was improved and the surrounding space was reduced in As + Bc compared to that of the As group. In addition, more than 30% of the extract's compounds are made up Phytol,1-isothiocyanate-4-[methylsulfinyl] butane, and γ-Sitosterol. Thereby, the broccoli extract with active substances was highly effective in enhancing the behavioral and pathological parameters switch in rats with arsenic-induced poisoned brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Raeeszadeh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Tabasom Khalili
- Graduate of Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Hanieh Sharifi
- Graduate of Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Peyman Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Pathobiology Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
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The Role of Copper Homeostasis in Brain Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213850. [PMID: 36430330 PMCID: PMC9698384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human body, copper is an important trace element and is a cofactor for several important enzymes involved in energy production, iron metabolism, neuropeptide activation, connective tissue synthesis, and neurotransmitter synthesis. Copper is also necessary for cellular processes, such as the regulation of intracellular signal transduction, catecholamine balance, myelination of neurons, and efficient synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Copper is naturally present in some foods and is available as a dietary supplement. Only small amounts of copper are typically stored in the body and a large amount of copper is excreted through bile and urine. Given the critical role of copper in a breadth of cellular processes, local concentrations of copper and the cellular distribution of copper transporter proteins in the brain are important to maintain the steady state of the internal environment. The dysfunction of copper metabolism or regulatory pathways results in an imbalance in copper homeostasis in the brain, which can lead to a myriad of acute and chronic pathological effects on neurological function. It suggests a unique mechanism linking copper homeostasis and neuronal activation within the central nervous system. This article explores the relationship between impaired copper homeostasis and neuropathophysiological progress in brain diseases.
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Huang J, Xian S, Liu Y, Chen X, Pu K, Wang H. A Renally Clearable Activatable Polymeric Nanoprobe for Early Detection of Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201357. [PMID: 35436014 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) represents a major complication in many clinical settings, it remains a diagnostic dilemma due to its reliance on insensitive assays or invasive biopsy. The development of an activatable polymeric nanoprobe (APNSO ) for real-time in vivo near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging and urinalysis of hepatic IRI is reported here. APNSO has a backbone comprising renally clearable fluorophore fragments and self-immolative structural units. In the presence of an oxidative stress biomarker (superoxide anion, O2 •- ) during hepatic IRI, APNSO can be fluorescently activated for in vivo NIRF imaging and depolymerized to release renally clearable fluorophores for urinalysis. By virtue of its high hepatic accumulation, sensitive response toward O2 •- , and effective release of renally clearable fluorophores, APNSO -based imaging and urinalysis detect hepatic IRI at least 7 h earlier than typical clinical assays in a mouse model. This study not only provides new opportunities for noninvasive diagnosis of hepatic IRI, but also reveals guidelines for the development of optical nanosensors for early urinalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaguo Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, P. R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shiyun Xian
- The First Affiliated Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaona Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, P. R. China
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Hangxiang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, P. R. China
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Balasubramanian N, Sagarkar S, Choudhary AG, Kokare DM, Sakharkar AJ. Epigenetic Blockade of Hippocampal SOD2 Via DNMT3b-Mediated DNA Methylation: Implications in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Persistent Oxidative Damage. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1162-1184. [PMID: 33099744 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The recurrent events of mild trauma exacerbate the vulnerability for post-traumatic stress disorder; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are scarcely known. The repeated mild traumatic brain injury (rMTBI) perturbs redox homeostasis which is primarily managed by superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). The current study investigates the role of DNA methylation in SOD2 gene regulation and its involvement in rMTBI-induced persistent neuropathology inflicted by weight drop injury paradigm. The oxidative damage, neurodegenerative indicators, and SOD2 function and its regulation in the hippocampus were analyzed after 48 h and 30 days of rMTBI. The temporal and episodic increase in ROS levels (oxidative stress) heightened 8-hydroxyguanosine levels indicating oxidative damage after rMTBI that was concomitant with decline in SOD2 function. In parallel, occupancy of DNMT3b at SOD2 promoter was higher post 30 days of the first episode of rMTBI causing hypermethylation at SOD2 promoter. This epigenetic silencing of SOD2 promoter was sustained after the second episode of rMTBI causing permanent blockade in SOD2 response. The resultant oxidative stress further culminated into the increasing number of degenerating neurons. The treatment with 5-azacytidine, a pan DNMT inhibitor, normalized DNA methylation levels and revived SOD2 function after the second episode of rMTBI. The release of blockade in SOD2 expression by DNMT inhibition also normalized the post-traumatic oxidative consequences and relieved the neurodegeneration and deficits in learning and memory as measured by novel object recognition test. In conclusion, DNMT3b-mediated DNA methylation plays a critical role in SOD2 gene regulation in the hippocampus, and the perturbations therein post rMTBI are detrimental to redox homeostasis manifesting into neurological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sneha Sagarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, India
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, India
| | - Amit G Choudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, 440 033, India
| | - Dadasaheb M Kokare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, 440 033, India
| | - Amul J Sakharkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, India.
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Rosa AC, Bruni N, Meineri G, Corsi D, Cavi N, Gastaldi D, Dosio F. Strategies to expand the therapeutic potential of superoxide dismutase by exploiting delivery approaches. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 168:846-865. [PMID: 33242550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The overproduction of free radicals can cause oxidative-stress damage to a range of biomolecules, and thus potentially contribute to several pathologies, from neurodegenerative disorders to cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. Endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), play an important role in diminishing oxidative stress. SOD supplementation could therefore be an effective preventive strategy to reduce the risk of free-radical overproduction. However, the efficacy of SOD administration is hampered by its rapid clearance. Several different approaches to improve the bioavailability of SOD have been explored in recent decades. This review intends to describe the rationale that underlie the various approaches and chemical strategies that have led to the most recent advances in SOD delivery. This critical description includes SOD conjugates, SOD loaded into particulate carriers (micelles, liposomes, nanoparticles, microparticles) and the most promising and suitable formulations for oral delivery, with a particular emphasis on reports of preclinical/clinical results. Likely future directions are also considered and reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natascia Bruni
- Istituto Farmaceutico Candioli Srl, Beinasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgia Meineri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Daniele Corsi
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Niccolò Cavi
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Daniela Gastaldi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Franco Dosio
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Italy.
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Brand MD. Riding the tiger - physiological and pathological effects of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generated in the mitochondrial matrix. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:592-661. [PMID: 33148057 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1828258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Elevated mitochondrial matrix superoxide and/or hydrogen peroxide concentrations drive a wide range of physiological responses and pathologies. Concentrations of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the mitochondrial matrix are set mainly by rates of production, the activities of superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2) and peroxiredoxin-3 (PRDX3), and by diffusion of hydrogen peroxide to the cytosol. These considerations can be used to generate criteria for assessing whether changes in matrix superoxide or hydrogen peroxide are both necessary and sufficient to drive redox signaling and pathology: is a phenotype affected by suppressing superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production; by manipulating the levels of SOD2, PRDX3 or mitochondria-targeted catalase; and by adding mitochondria-targeted SOD/catalase mimetics or mitochondria-targeted antioxidants? Is the pathology associated with variants in SOD2 and PRDX3 genes? Filtering the large literature on mitochondrial redox signaling using these criteria highlights considerable evidence that mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide drive physiological responses involved in cellular stress management, including apoptosis, autophagy, propagation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, cellular senescence, HIF1α signaling, and immune responses. They also affect cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and the cell cycle. Filtering the huge literature on pathologies highlights strong experimental evidence that 30-40 pathologies may be driven by mitochondrial matrix superoxide or hydrogen peroxide. These can be grouped into overlapping and interacting categories: metabolic, cardiovascular, inflammatory, and neurological diseases; cancer; ischemia/reperfusion injury; aging and its diseases; external insults, and genetic diseases. Understanding the involvement of mitochondrial matrix superoxide and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in these diseases can facilitate the rational development of appropriate therapies.
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Revisiting Traumatic Brain Injury: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Interventions. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100389. [PMID: 33003373 PMCID: PMC7601301 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the complex molecular mechanisms involved in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is crucial for developing new therapies for TBI. Current treatments for TBI are primarily focused on patient stabilization and symptom mitigation. However, the field lacks defined therapies to prevent cell death, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cascades which lead to chronic pathology. Little can be done to treat the mechanical damage that occurs during the primary insult of a TBI; however, secondary injury mechanisms, such as inflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, edema formation, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and cell death, can be targeted by therapeutic interventions. Elucidating the many mechanisms underlying secondary injury and studying targets of neuroprotective therapeutic agents is critical for developing new treatments. Therefore, we present a review on the molecular events following TBI from inflammation to programmed cell death and discuss current research and the latest therapeutic strategies to help understand TBI-mediated secondary injury.
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Seelig J, Heller RA, Hackler J, Haubruck P, Moghaddam A, Biglari B, Schomburg L. Selenium and copper status - potential signposts for neurological remission after traumatic spinal cord injury. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 57:126415. [PMID: 31685353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.126415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury (TSCI) is a severe incident resulting in loss of motor and sensory function caused by complex pathological mechanisms including massive oxidative stress and extensive inflammatory processes. The essential trace elements selenium (Se) and copper (Cu) play crucial roles as part of the antioxidant defense. HYPOTHESIS Remission after TSCI is associated with characteristic dynamics of early changes in serum Cu and Se status. STUDY DESIGN Single-center prospective observational study. PATIENTS AND METHODS Serum samples from TSCI patients were analyzed (n = 52); 21 recovered and showed a positive abbreviated injury score (AIS) conversion within 3 months (G1), whereas 21 had no remission (G0). Ten subjects with vertebral fractures without neurological impairment served as control (C). Different time points (at admission, and after 4, 9, 12, and 24 h) were analyzed for total serum Se and Cu concentrations by total reflection X-ray fluorescence, and for Selenoprotein P (SELENOP) and Ceruloplasmin (CP) by sandwich ELISA. RESULTS At admission, CP and SELENOP concentrations were higher in the remission group (G1) than in the non-remission group (G0). Within 24 h, there were marginal changes in Se, SELENOP, Cu and CP concentrations in the groups of controls (C) and G0. In contrast, these parameters decreased significantly in G1. Binary logistic regression analysis including Cu and Se levels at admission in combination with Se and CP levels after 24 h allowed a prediction for potential remission, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 87.7% (CI: 75.1%-100.0%). CONCLUSION These data indicate a strong association between temporal changes of the Se and Cu status and the clinical outcome after TSCI. The dynamics observed may reflect an ongoing redistribution of the trace elements in favor of a better anti-inflammatory response and a more successful neurological regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Seelig
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Raban Arved Heller
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Hackler
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Haubruck
- Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales, 2065, Australia
| | - Arash Moghaddam
- Aschaffenburg Trauma and Orthopedic Research Group, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Hospital Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, Aschaffenburg, Germany
| | - Bahram Biglari
- BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, Department of Paraplegiology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Lutz Schomburg
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Newer pharmacological approaches for antioxidant neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury. Neuropharmacology 2018; 145:247-258. [PMID: 30086292 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative damage remains an extensively validated secondary injury mechanism in traumatic brain injury (TBI) as demonstrated by the efficacy of various pharmacological antioxidants agents in decreasing post-traumatic free radical-induced lipid peroxidation (LP) and protein oxidative damage in preclinical TBI models. Based upon strong preclinical efficacy results, two antioxidant agents, the superoxide radical scavenger polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD) and the 21-aminosteroid LP inhibitor tirilazad, which inhibits lipid peroxidation, (LP) were evaluated in large phase III trials in moderately- and severely-injured TBI patients. Both failed to improve 6 month survival and neurological recovery. However, in the case of tirilazad, a post hoc analysis revealed that the drug significantly improved survival of male TBI patients who exhibited traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (tSAH) that occurs in half of severe TBIs. In addition to reviewing the clinical trial results with PEG-SOD and tirilazad, newer antioxidant approaches which appear to improve neuroprotective efficacy and provide a longer therapeutic window in rodent TBI models will be presented. The first approach involves pharmacological enhancement of the multi-mechanistic Nrf2-antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway. The second involves scavenging of the neurotoxic LP-derived carbonyl compounds 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and acrolein which are highly damaging to neural protein and stimulate additional free radical generation. A third approach combines mechanistically complimentary antioxidants to interrupt post-TBI oxidative neurodegeneration at multiple points in the secondary injury cascade. These newer strategies appear to decrease variability in the neuroprotective effect which should improve the feasibility of achieving successful translation of antioxidant therapy to TBI patients.
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Dobrachinski F, da Rosa Gerbatin R, Sartori G, Ferreira Marques N, Zemolin AP, Almeida Silva LF, Franco JL, Freire Royes LF, Rechia Fighera M, Antunes Soares FA. Regulation of Mitochondrial Function and Glutamatergic System Are the Target of Guanosine Effect in Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:1318-1328. [PMID: 27931151 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a highly complex multi-factorial disorder. Experimental trauma involves primary and secondary injury cascades that underlie delayed neuronal dysfunction and death. Mitochondrial dysfunction and glutamatergic excitotoxicity are the hallmark mechanisms of damage. Accordingly, a successful pharmacological intervention requires a multi-faceted approach. Guanosine (GUO) is known for its neuromodulator effects in various models of brain pathology, specifically those that involve the glutamatergic system. The aim of the study was to investigate the GUO effects against mitochondrial damage in hippocampus and cortex of rats subjected to TBI, as well as the relationship of this effect with the glutamatergic system. Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to a unilateral moderate fluid percussion brain injury (FPI) and treated 15 min later with GUO (7.5 mg/kg) or vehicle (saline 0.9%). Analyses were performed in hippocampus and cortex 3 h post-trauma and revealed significant mitochondrial dysfunction, characterized by a disrupted membrane potential, unbalanced redox system, decreased mitochondrial viability, and complex I inhibition. Further, disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis and increased mitochondrial swelling was also noted. Our results showed that mitochondrial dysfunction contributed to decreased glutamate uptake and levels of glial glutamate transporters (glutamate transporter 1 and glutamate aspartate transporter), which leads to excitotoxicity. GUO treatment ameliorated mitochondrial damage and glutamatergic dyshomeostasis. Thus, GUO might provide a new efficacious strategy for the treatment acute physiological alterations secondary to TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Dobrachinski
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil .,5 CNC-Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rogério da Rosa Gerbatin
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil .,2 Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Gláubia Sartori
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Naiani Ferreira Marques
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Zemolin
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Luiz Fernando Almeida Silva
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Jeferson Luis Franco
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil .,4 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pampa , Campus São Gabriel, São Gabriel, RS, Brasil
| | - Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil .,2 Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Michele Rechia Fighera
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil .,3 Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Félix Alexandre Antunes Soares
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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Kulbe JR, Hill RL, Singh IN, Wang JA, Hall ED. Synaptic Mitochondria Sustain More Damage than Non-Synaptic Mitochondria after Traumatic Brain Injury and Are Protected by Cyclosporine A. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:1291-1301. [PMID: 27596283 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pharmacotherapies for the treatment of those with traumatic brain injury (TBI). As central mediators of the secondary injury cascade, mitochondria are promising therapeutic targets for prevention of cellular death and dysfunction after TBI. One of the most promising and extensively studied mitochondrial targeted TBI therapies is inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) by the FDA-approved drug, cyclosporine A (CsA). A number of studies have evaluated the effects of CsA on total brain mitochondria after TBI; however, no study has investigated the effects of CsA on isolated synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria. Synaptic mitochondria are considered essential for proper neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity, and their dysfunction has been implicated in neurodegeneration. Synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria have heterogeneous characteristics, but their heterogeneity can be masked in total mitochondrial (synaptic and non-synaptic) preparations. Therefore, it is essential that mitochondria targeted pharmacotherapies, such as CsA, be evaluated in both populations. This is the first study to examine the effects of CsA on isolated synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria after experimental TBI. We conclude that synaptic mitochondria sustain more damage than non-synaptic mitochondria 24 h after severe controlled cortical impact injury (CCI), and that intraperitoneal administration of CsA (20 mg/kg) 15 min after injury improves synaptic and non-synaptic respiration, with a significant improvement being seen in the more severely impaired synaptic population. As such, CsA remains a promising neuroprotective candidate for the treatment of those with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline R Kulbe
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC) and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Rachel L Hill
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC) and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Indrapal N Singh
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC) and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Juan A Wang
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC) and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Edward D Hall
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC) and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
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Navarro-Yepes J, Zavala-Flores L, Anandhan A, Wang F, Skotak M, Chandra N, Li M, Pappa A, Martinez-Fong D, Del Razo LM, Quintanilla-Vega B, Franco R. Antioxidant gene therapy against neuronal cell death. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 142:206-30. [PMID: 24333264 PMCID: PMC3959583 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a common hallmark of neuronal cell death associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, as well as brain stroke/ischemia and traumatic brain injury. Increased accumulation of reactive species of both oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) has been implicated in mitochondrial dysfunction, energy impairment, alterations in metal homeostasis and accumulation of aggregated proteins observed in neurodegenerative disorders, which lead to the activation/modulation of cell death mechanisms that include apoptotic, necrotic and autophagic pathways. Thus, the design of novel antioxidant strategies to selectively target oxidative stress and redox imbalance might represent important therapeutic approaches against neurological disorders. This work reviews the evidence demonstrating the ability of genetically encoded antioxidant systems to selectively counteract neuronal cell loss in neurodegenerative diseases and ischemic brain damage. Because gene therapy approaches to treat inherited and acquired disorders offer many unique advantages over conventional therapeutic approaches, we discussed basic research/clinical evidence and the potential of virus-mediated gene delivery techniques for antioxidant gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Navarro-Yepes
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States; School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States; Department of Toxicology, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Zavala-Flores
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States; School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Annadurai Anandhan
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States; School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Maciej Skotak
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Namas Chandra
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Daniel Martinez-Fong
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Franco
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States; School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States.
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14
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Parabucki AB, Bozić ID, Bjelobaba IM, Lavrnja IC, Brkić PD, Jovanović TS, Savić DZ, Stojiljković MB, Peković SM. Hyperbaric oxygenation alters temporal expression pattern of superoxide dismutase 2 after cortical stab injury in rats. Croat Med J 2013; 53:586-97. [PMID: 23275324 PMCID: PMC3547292 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2012.53.586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) expression pattern after the cortical stab injury (CSI). Methods CSI was performed on 88 male Wistar rats, divided into control, sham, lesioned, and HBO groups. HBOT protocol was the following: pressure applied was 2.5 absolute atmospheres, for 60 minutes, once a day for consecutive 3 or 10 days. The pattern of SOD2 expression and cellular localization was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and double-label fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Neurons undergoing degeneration were visualized with Fluoro-Jade®B. Results CSI induced significant transient increase in SOD2 protein levels at day 3 post injury, which was followed by a reduction toward control levels at post-injury day 10. At the same time points, mRNA levels for SOD2 in the injured cortex were down-regulated. Exposure to HBO for 3 days considerably down-regulated SOD2 protein levels in the injured cortex, while after 10 days of HBOT an up-regulation of SOD2 was observed. HBOT significantly increased mRNA levels for SOD2 at both time points compared to the corresponding L group, but they were still lower than in controls. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed that 3 days after CSI, up-regulation of SOD2 was mostly due to an increased expression in reactive astrocytes surrounding the lesion site. HBOT attenuated SOD2 expression both in neuronal and astroglial cells. Fluoro-Jade®B labeling showed that HBOT significantly decreased the number of degenerating neurons in the injured cortex. Conclusion HBOT alters SOD2 protein and mRNA levels after brain injury in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Parabucki
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research Sinisa Stankovic, University of Belgrade, Blvd Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
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15
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Sharma NK, Sethy NK, Bhargava K. Comparative proteome analysis reveals differential regulation of glycolytic and antioxidant enzymes in cortex and hippocampus exposed to short-term hypobaric hypoxia. J Proteomics 2013; 79:277-98. [PMID: 23313218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the major stressors at high altitude. Exposure to hypobaric hypoxia induces several adverse consequences to the structural and functional integrity of brain. In an attempt to understand the proteome modulation, we used 2-DE coupled with MALDI-TOF/TOF for cortex and hippocampus exposed to short-term temporal (0, 3, 6, 12 and 24h) hypobaric hypoxia. This enabled us in the identification of 88 and 73 hypoxia responsive proteins in cortex and hippocampus respectively. We further compared the proteomes of both the regions and identified 37 common proteins along with 49 and 32 specific proteins for cortex and hippocampus respectively. We observed significant up-regulation of glycolytic enzymes like Gapdh, Pgam1, Eno1 and malate-aspartate shuttle enzymes Mdh1 and Got1in cortex as compared to hippocampus deciphering efficient use of energy producing substrates. This was coupled with concomitant increase in expression of antioxidant enzymes like Sod1, Sod2 and Pebp1 in cortex to neutralize the hypoxia-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Our comparative proteomics studies demonstrate that efficient use of energy generating pathways in conjugation with abundance of antioxidant enzymes makes cortex less vulnerable to hypoxia than hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Kumar Sharma
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110 054, INDIA
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The role of metal regulatory proteins in brain oxidative stress: a tutorial. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:981561. [PMID: 23304261 PMCID: PMC3529505 DOI: 10.1155/2012/981561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The proteins that regulate the metabolism of a metal must also play a role in regulating the redox activity of the metal. Metals are intrinsic to a substantial number of biological processes and the proteins that regulate those activities are also considerable in number. The role these proteins play in a wide range of physiological processes involves them directly and indirectly in a variety of disease processes. Similarly, it may be therapeutically advantageous to pharmacologically alter the activity of these metal containing proteins to influence disease processes. This paper will introduce the reader to a number of important proteins in both metal metabolism and oxidative stress, with an emphasis on the brain. Potential pharmacological targets will be considered.
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17
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Leibowitz A, Boyko M, Shapira Y, Zlotnik A. Blood glutamate scavenging: insight into neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:10041-10066. [PMID: 22949847 PMCID: PMC3431845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130810041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain insults are characterized by a multitude of complex processes, of which glutamate release plays a major role. Deleterious excess of glutamate in the brain's extracellular fluids stimulates glutamate receptors, which in turn lead to cell swelling, apoptosis, and neuronal death. These exacerbate neurological outcome. Approaches aimed at antagonizing the astrocytic and glial glutamate receptors have failed to demonstrate clinical benefit. Alternatively, eliminating excess glutamate from brain interstitial fluids by making use of the naturally occurring brain-to-blood glutamate efflux has been shown to be effective in various animal studies. This is facilitated by gradient driven transport across brain capillary endothelial glutamate transporters. Blood glutamate scavengers enhance this naturally occurring mechanism by reducing the blood glutamate concentration, thus increasing the rate at which excess glutamate is cleared. Blood glutamate scavenging is achieved by several mechanisms including: catalyzation of the enzymatic process involved in glutamate metabolism, redistribution of glutamate into tissue, and acute stress response. Regardless of the mechanism involved, decreased blood glutamate concentration is associated with improved neurological outcome. This review focuses on the physiological, mechanistic and clinical roles of blood glutamate scavenging, particularly in the context of acute and chronic CNS injury. We discuss the details of brain-to-blood glutamate efflux, auto-regulation mechanisms of blood glutamate, natural and exogenous blood glutamate scavenging systems, and redistribution of glutamate. We then propose different applied methodologies to reduce blood and brain glutamate concentrations and discuss the neuroprotective role of blood glutamate scavenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiva Leibowitz
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel: +972-8-6400262; Fax: +972-8-6403795
| | | | - Yoram Shapira
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84894, Israel; E-Mails: (M.B.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Alexander Zlotnik
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84894, Israel; E-Mails: (M.B.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.)
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18
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of death and disability in both the civilian and the military populations. The primary impact causes initial tissue damage, which initiates biochemical cascades, known as secondary injury, that expand the damage. Free radicals are implicated as major contributors to the secondary injury. Our review of recent rodent and human research reveals the prominent role of the free radicals superoxide anion, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite in secondary brain injury. Much of our current knowledge is based on rodent studies, and the authors identified a gap in the translation of findings from rodent to human TBI. Rodent models are an effective method for elucidating specific mechanisms of free radical-induced injury at the cellular level in a well-controlled environment. However, human TBI does not occur in a vacuum, and variables controlled in the laboratory may affect the injury progression. Additionally, multiple experimental TBI models are accepted in rodent research, and no one model fully reproduces the heterogeneous injury seen in humans. Free radical levels are measured indirectly in human studies based on assumptions from the findings from rodent studies that use direct free radical measurements. Further study in humans should be directed toward large samples to validate the findings in rodent studies. Data obtained from these studies may lead to more targeted treatment to interrupt the secondary injury cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M O'Connell
- Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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19
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Holley AK, Dhar SK, Xu Y, St. Clair DK. Manganese superoxide dismutase: beyond life and death. Amino Acids 2012; 42:139-58. [PMID: 20454814 PMCID: PMC2975048 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is a nuclear-encoded antioxidant enzyme that localizes to the mitochondria. Expression of MnSOD is essential for the survival of aerobic life. Transgenic mice expressing a luciferase reporter gene under the control of the human MnSOD promoter demonstrate that the level of MnSOD is reduced prior to the formation of cancer. Overexpression of MnSOD in transgenic mice reduces the incidences and multiplicity of papillomas in a DMBA/TPA skin carcinogenesis model. However, MnSOD deficiency does not lead to enhanced tumorigenicity of skin tissue similarly treated because MnSOD can modulate both the p53-mediated apoptosis and AP-1-mediated cell proliferation pathways. Apoptosis is associated with an increase in mitochondrial levels of p53 suggesting a link between MnSOD deficiency and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Activation of p53 is preventable by application of a SOD mimetic (MnTE-2-PyP(5+)). Thus, p53 translocation to mitochondria and subsequent inactivation of MnSOD explain the observed mitochondrial dysfunction that leads to transcription-dependent mechanisms of p53-induced apoptosis. Administration of MnTE-2-PyP(5+) following apoptosis but prior to proliferation leads to suppression of protein carbonyls and reduces the activity of AP-1 and the level of the proliferating cellular nuclear antigen, without reducing the activity of p53 or DNA fragmentation following TPA treatment. Remarkably, the incidence and multiplicity of skin tumors are drastically reduced in mice that receive MnTE-2-PyP(5+) prior to cell proliferation. The results demonstrate the role of MnSOD beyond its essential role for survival and suggest a novel strategy for an antioxidant approach to cancer intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yong Xu
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
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20
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Holley AK, Bakthavatchalu V, Velez-Roman JM, St. Clair DK. Manganese superoxide dismutase: guardian of the powerhouse. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:7114-62. [PMID: 22072939 PMCID: PMC3211030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12107114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrion is vital for many metabolic pathways in the cell, contributing all or important constituent enzymes for diverse functions such as β-oxidation of fatty acids, the urea cycle, the citric acid cycle, and ATP synthesis. The mitochondrion is also a major site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the cell. Aberrant production of mitochondrial ROS can have dramatic effects on cellular function, in part, due to oxidative modification of key metabolic proteins localized in the mitochondrion. The cell is equipped with myriad antioxidant enzyme systems to combat deleterious ROS production in mitochondria, with the mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) acting as the chief ROS scavenging enzyme in the cell. Factors that affect the expression and/or the activity of MnSOD, resulting in diminished antioxidant capacity of the cell, can have extraordinary consequences on the overall health of the cell by altering mitochondrial metabolic function, leading to the development and progression of numerous diseases. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which MnSOD protects cells from the harmful effects of overproduction of ROS, in particular, the effects of ROS on mitochondrial metabolic enzymes, may contribute to the development of novel treatments for various diseases in which ROS are an important component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K. Holley
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 454 HSRB, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; E-Mails: (A.K.H.); (V.B.); (J.M.V.-R.)
| | - Vasudevan Bakthavatchalu
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 454 HSRB, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; E-Mails: (A.K.H.); (V.B.); (J.M.V.-R.)
| | - Joyce M. Velez-Roman
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 454 HSRB, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; E-Mails: (A.K.H.); (V.B.); (J.M.V.-R.)
| | - Daret K. St. Clair
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, 454 HSRB, 1095 VA Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; E-Mails: (A.K.H.); (V.B.); (J.M.V.-R.)
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21
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Pleasant JM, Carlson SW, Mao H, Scheff SW, Yang KH, Saatman KE. Rate of neurodegeneration in the mouse controlled cortical impact model is influenced by impactor tip shape: implications for mechanistic and therapeutic studies. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:2245-62. [PMID: 21341976 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlled cortical impact (CCI), one of the most common models of traumatic brain injury, is being increasingly used with mice for exploration of cell injury mechanisms and pre-clinical evaluation of therapeutic strategies. Although CCI brain injury was originally effected using an impactor with a rounded tip, the majority of studies with mouse CCI use a flat or beveled tip. Recent finite element modeling analyses demonstrate that tip geometry is a significant determinant of predicted cortical tissue strains in rat CCI, and that cell death is proportional to predicted tissue strains. In the current study, a three-dimensional finite element model of a C57BL/6J mouse brain predicted higher maximum principal strains during a simulated 1.0-mm, 3.5-m/s CCI injury with a flat tip when compared to a rounded tip. Consistent with this prediction, experimental CCI with a flat-tip impactor resulted in greater acute cortical hemorrhage and neuron loss in adult male C57BL/6J mice. The amount of neocortical tissue damage was equivalent for the two tip geometries at 9 days following injury, but the rate of neocortical neurodegeneration was markedly slower following CCI with a rounded-tip impactor, with damage reaching a plateau after 24?h as opposed to after 4?h for the flat tip. The flat-tip impactor was associated in general with more regional hippocampal neurodegeneration, especially at early time points such as 4?h. Impactor tip geometry did not have a notable effect on blood?brain barrier breakdown, traumatic axonal injury, or motor and cognitive dysfunction. Execution of CCI injury with a rounded-tip impactor is posited to provide a substantially enhanced temporal window for the study of cellular injury mechanisms and therapeutic intervention while maintaining critical aspects of the pathophysiological response to contusion brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Pleasant
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0509, USA
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22
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Sasaki T, Shimizu T, Koyama T, Sakai M, Uchiyama S, Kawakami S, Noda Y, Shirasawa T, Kojima S. Superoxide dismutase deficiency enhances superoxide levels in brain tissues during oxygenation and hypoxia-reoxygenation. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:601-10. [PMID: 21280062 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether the mitochondria or cytoplasm produces superoxide during ischemia-reperfusion of the brain, we analyzed lucigenine-enhanced chemiluminescence emission in slices of brain tissue prepared from manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD)-deficient (Sod2-deficient) and copper and zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD)-deficient (Sod1-deficient) mice during oxygenation and hypoxia-reoxygenation. The steady-state level of chemiluminescence under oxygenated conditions was significantly enhanced by a lack of either Sod. We hypothesize that the enhanced chemiluminescence produced by Sod2 and Sod1 deficiency reflects in situ superoxide generation in the mitochondria and cytoplasm, respectively. Based on this hypothesis, the major site of intracellular superoxide generation was assumed to be the cytoplasm. However, mitochondria occupy less cellular space than the cytoplasm. In terms of volume, the superoxide concentration is assumed to be higher in mitochondria than in the cytoplasm. Mn-SOD activity was 18% of the Cu,Zn-SOD activity observed in the wild-type mouse brain. However, when mitochondrial SOD activity was expressed as per volume, it was assumed to be equal to that observed in the cytoplasm. This imbalance between superoxide and SOD activity is expected to cause mitochondrial oxidative damage. The chemiluminescence intensity increased significantly during reoxygenation and was enhanced by Sod2 deficiency but was not significantly affected by Sod1 deficiency. The superoxide concentration in the reoxygenated brain would be higher in the mitochondria than in the cytoplasm. The present study indicated that the major site of intracellular superoxide generation in the brain during oxygenation is the cytoplasm, whereas it is the mitochondria during reoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Sasaki
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
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23
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Gilmer LK, Ansari MA, Roberts KN, Scheff SW. Age-related mitochondrial changes after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:939-50. [PMID: 20175672 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2009.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is known to occur following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and has been well characterized. This study assessed possible age-related changes in the cortical mitochondrial bioenergetics following TBI. Three hours following a moderate TBI, tissue from the ipsilateral hemisphere (site of impact and penumbra) and the corresponding contralateral region were harvested from young (3- to 5-month-old) and aged (22- to 24-month-old) Fischer 344 rats. Synaptic and extrasynaptic mitochondria were isolated using a Ficoll gradient, and several bioenergetic parameters were examined using a Clark-type electrode. Injury-related respiration deficits were observed in both young and aged rats. Synaptic mitochondria showed an age-related decline in the rate of ATP production, and a decline in respiratory control ratios (RCR), which were not apparent in the extrasynaptic fraction. Following respiration analysis, mitochondrial samples were probed for oxidative damage (3-nitrotyrosine [3-NT], 4-hydroxynonenal [4-HNE], and protein carbonyls [PC]). All markers of oxidative damage were elevated with injury and age in the synaptic fraction, but only with injury in the extrasynaptic fraction. Synaptic mitochondria displayed the highest levels of oxidative damage and may contribute to the synaptic bioenergetic deficits seen following injury. Data indicate that cortical synaptic mitochondria appear to have an increased susceptibility to perturbation with age, suggesting that the increased mitochondrial dysfunction observed following injury may impede recovery in aged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley K Gilmer
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0230, USA
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Gilmer LK, Roberts KN, Joy K, Sullivan PG, Scheff SW. Early mitochondrial dysfunction after cortical contusion injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 26:1271-80. [PMID: 19637966 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following traumatic brain injury, mitochondria sustain structural and functional impairment, which contributes to secondary damage that can continue for days after the initial injury. The present study investigated mitochondrial bioenergetic changes in the rat neocortex at 1 and 3 h after mild, moderate, and severe injuries. Brains from young adult Sprague-Dawley rats were harvested from the injured and contralateral cortex to assess possible changes in mitochondrial respiration abilities following a unilateral cortical contusion injury. Differential centrifugation was used to isolate synaptic and extrasynaptic mitochondria from cortical tissue. Bioenergetics was assessed using a Clark-type electrode and results were graphed as a function of injury severity and time post-injury. Respiration was significantly affected by all injury severity levels compared to uninjured tissue. Complex 1- and complex 2-driven respirations were affected proportionally to the severity of the injury, indicating that damage to mitochondria may occur on a gradient. Total oxygen utilization, respiratory control ratio, ATP production, and maximal respiration capabilities were all significantly decreased in the injured cortex at both 1 and 3 h post-trauma. Although mitochondria displayed bioenergetic deficits at 1 h following injury, damage was not exacerbated by 3 h. This study stresses the importance of early therapeutic intervention and suggests a window of approximately 1-3 h before greater dysfunction occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley K Gilmer
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA
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Zahedi K, Huttinger F, Morrison R, Murray-Stewart T, Casero RA, Strauss KI. Polyamine catabolism is enhanced after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:515-25. [PMID: 19968558 PMCID: PMC2867553 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2009.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines spermine and spermidine are highly regulated, ubiquitous aliphatic cations that maintain DNA structure and function as immunomodulators and as antioxidants. Polyamine homeostasis is disrupted after brain injuries, with concomitant generation of toxic metabolites that may contribute to secondary injuries. To test the hypothesis of increased brain polyamine catabolism after traumatic brain injury (TBI), we determined changes in catabolic enzymes and polyamine levels in the rat brain after lateral controlled cortical impact TBI. Spermine oxidase (SMO) catalyzes the degradation of spermine to spermidine, generating H2O2 and aminoaldehydes. Spermidine/spermine-N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) catalyzes acetylation of these polyamines, and both are further oxidized in a reaction that generates putrescine, H2O2, and aminoaldehydes. In a rat cortical impact model of TBI, SSAT mRNA increased subacutely (6-24 h) after TBI in ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus. SMO mRNA levels were elevated late, from 3 to 7 days post-injury. Polyamine catabolism increased as well. Spermine levels were normal at 6 h and decreased slightly at 24 h, but were normal again by 72 h post-injury. Spermidine levels also decreased slightly (6-24 h), then increased by approximately 50% at 72 h post-injury. By contrast, normally low putrescine levels increased up to sixfold (6-72 h) after TBI. Moreover, N-acetylspermidine (but not N-acetylspermine) was detectable (24-72 h) near the site of injury, consistent with increased SSAT activity. None of these changes were seen in the contralateral hemisphere. Immunohistochemical confirmation indicated that SSAT and SMO were expressed throughout the brain. SSAT-immunoreactivity (SSAT-ir) increased in both neuronal and nonneuronal (likely glial) populations ipsilateral to injury. Interestingly, bilateral increases in cortical SSAT-ir neurons occurred at 72 h post-injury, whereas hippocampal changes occurred only ipsilaterally. Prolonged increases in brain polyamine catabolism are the likely cause of loss of homeostasis in this pathway. The potential for simple therapeutic interventions (e.g., polyamine supplementation or inhibition of polyamine oxidation) is an exciting implication of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Zahedi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Francis Huttinger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ryan Morrison
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Tracy Murray-Stewart
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University College of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert A. Casero
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University College of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kenneth I. Strauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Hall ED, Vaishnav RA, Mustafa AG. Antioxidant therapies for traumatic brain injury. Neurotherapeutics 2010; 7:51-61. [PMID: 20129497 PMCID: PMC2818465 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2009.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radical-induced oxidative damage reactions, and membrane lipid peroxidation (LP), in particular, are among the best validated secondary injury mechanisms in preclinical traumatic brain injury (TBI) models. In addition to the disruption of the membrane phospholipid architecture, LP results in the formation of cytotoxic aldehyde-containing products that bind to cellular proteins and impair their normal functions. This article reviews the progress of the past three decades in regard to the preclinical discovery and attempted clinical development of antioxidant drugs designed to inhibit free radical-induced LP and its neurotoxic consequences via different mechanisms including the O(2)(*-) scavenger superoxide dismutase and the lipid peroxidation inhibitor tirilazad. In addition, various other antioxidant agents that have been shown to have efficacy in preclinical TBI models are briefly presented, such as the LP inhibitors U83836E, resveratrol, curcumin, OPC-14177, and lipoic acid; the iron chelator deferoxamine and the nitroxide-containing antioxidants, such as alpha-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone and tempol. A relatively new antioxidant mechanistic strategy for acute TBI is aimed at the scavenging of aldehydic LP byproducts that are highly neurotoxic with "carbonyl scavenging" compounds. Finally, it is proposed that the most effective approach to interrupt posttraumatic oxidative brain damage after TBI might involve the combined treatment with mechanistically complementary antioxidants that simultaneously scavenge LP-initiating free radicals, inhibit LP propagation, and lastly remove neurotoxic LP byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Hall
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
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Qu C, Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Kaplan DL, Goussev A, Ning R, Chopp M. Treatment of traumatic brain injury in mice with bone marrow stromal cell-impregnated collagen scaffolds. J Neurosurg 2009; 111:658-65. [PMID: 19425888 DOI: 10.3171/2009.4.jns081681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT This study was designed to investigate new ways of delivering human marrow stromal cells (hMSCs) to the injured brain by impregnating them into collagen scaffolds in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS Eight C57BL/6 J mice were injured with controlled cortical impact and received transplantation into the lesion cavity of 0.3 x 10(6) hMSCs impregnated into 3D porous collagen scaffolds. Additional experimental groups of 8 mice each received scaffolds implanted alone into the lesion cavity, hMSCs administered alone intracerebrally or intravenously, or saline injected into the lesion core. All treatments were performed 7 days after TBI. Spatial learning was measured using a modified Morris water maze test, and brain tissue samples were processed for histopathological analysis. RESULTS The results showed that hMSC-impregnated scaffolds were more effective than hMSCs administered alone (either intravenously or intracerebrally) in improving spatial learning, reducing lesion volume, and increasing vascular density after TBI. CONCLUSIONS Collagen scaffolds populated with hMSCs may be a new way to reconstruct injured brain tissue and improve neurological function after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Kumar V, Gill KD. Aluminium neurotoxicity: neurobehavioural and oxidative aspects. Arch Toxicol 2009; 83:965-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Xiong Y, Chopp M, Lee CP. Erythropoietin improves brain mitochondrial function in rats after traumatic brain injury. Neurol Res 2008; 31:496-502. [PMID: 19099671 DOI: 10.1179/174313208x353703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in cellular energetics, calcium homeostasis and apoptosis. Our previous study demonstrates traumatic brain injury induces brain mitochondrial dysfunction after injury. Preservation and/or restoration of mitochondrial function may be one of the strategies for neuroprotection. Erythropoietin, a hormone for erythropoiesis, also provides tissue protection against traumatic brain injury and stroke. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of erythropoietin on traumatic brain injury-induced brain mitochondrial dysfunction. Traumatic brain injury decreased rates of respiration at the active state (state 3), increased that at the resting state (state 4) and consequently decreased respiratory control index (state 3/state 4 ratio) and the efficiency of ATP synthesis (the amount of ADP phosphorylated by inorganic phosphate divided by the amount of oxygen consumed during state 3 respiration). Erythropoietin administered intraperitoneally 30 minutes post-injury at 1000 U/kg partially improved mitochondrial function at day 1 post-injury. However, erythropoietin-induced improvement was not sustained at day 7 post-injury. Erythropoietin at 2000 or 5000 U/kg restored states 3 and 4 examined at day 1 post-injury to the sham levels. Consequently, the energy coupling capacities, such as respiratory control index and/or the efficiency of ATP synthesis, were also improved. The beneficial effect of erythropoietin at these doses persisted for at least 7 days post-injury. The beneficial effect of erythropoietin on brain mitochondrial function was observed with a wide therapeutic window from 5 minutes to 6 hours post-injury. Our data, for the first time, demonstrate that erythropoietin treatment restores brain mitochondrial function after traumatic brain injury, which will enhance cellular energy generation and reduce oxidative stress, strongly supporting erythropoietin as a promising agent for the therapeutic treatment of traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Kumar V, Bal A, Gill KD. Susceptibility of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase to aluminium induced oxidative damage. Toxicology 2008; 255:117-23. [PMID: 19010380 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aluminium has been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases but exact mechanism of action is still not known. Mitochondria being a major site of reactive oxygen species production are considered to be target of oxidative stress and it seems that the oxidative damage to mitochondrial proteins may underlie the pathogenesis of aluminium induced neurodegeneration. Thus, the present study was undertaken to reveal the effects of chronic aluminium exposure (10mg/kg b.wt, intragastrically for 12 weeks) on the oxidative damage to mitochondrial proteins in male albino Wistar rats. Chronic aluminium exposure resulted in decrease in the activity of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and aconitase in different regions of rat brain suggesting increased oxidative stress. This decrease in MnSOD activity in turn might be responsible for the increased protein oxidation as observed in our study. All these processes taken together may cause increased oxidative damage to mitochondrial proteins in general. By taking the advantage of recent immunochemical probe for oxidatively modified proteins, we identified MnSOD to be susceptible to oxidative damage in aluminium treated animals. The quantitative RT-PCR analysis for Lon protease, a protease involved in the removal of oxidatively modified proteins from mitochondria, showed decreased mRNA expression suggesting increased oxidative damage and decreased removal of mitochondrial proteins. The identification of specific proteins as targets of oxidative damage may provide new therapeutic measures to reverse the effects of aluminium induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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Xiong Y, Lu D, Qu C, Goussev A, Schallert T, Mahmood A, Chopp M. Effects of erythropoietin on reducing brain damage and improving functional outcome after traumatic brain injury in mice. J Neurosurg 2008; 109:510-21. [PMID: 18759585 DOI: 10.3171/jns/2008/109/9/0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT This study was designed to investigate the beneficial effects of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice. METHODS Adult male C57BL/6 mice were divided into 3 groups: 1) the saline group (TBI and saline [13 mice]); 2) EPO group (TBI and rhEPO [12]); and 3) sham group (sham and rhEPO [8]). Traumatic brain injury was induced by controlled cortical impact. Bromodeoxyuridine (100 mg/kg) was injected daily for 10 days, starting 1 day after injury, for labeling proliferating cells. Recombinant human erythropoietin was administered intraperitoneally at 6 hours and at 3 and 7 days post-TBI (5000 U/kg body weight, total dosage 15,000 U/kg). Neurological function was assessed using the Morris water maze and footfault tests. Animals were killed 35 days after injury, and brain sections were stained for immunohistochemical evaluation. RESULTS Traumatic brain injury caused tissue loss in the cortex and cell loss in the dentate gyrus (DG) as well as impairment of sensorimotor function (footfault testing) and spatial learning (Morris water maze). Traumatic brain injury alone stimulated cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Compared with saline treatment, rhEPO significantly reduced lesion volume in the cortex and cell loss in the DG after TBI and substantially improved recovery of sensorimotor function and spatial learning performance. It enhanced neurogenesis in the injured cortex and the DG. CONCLUSIONS Recombinant human erythropoietin initiated 6 hours post-TBI provided neuroprotection by decreasing lesion volume and cell loss as well as neurorestoration by enhancing neurogenesis, subsequently improving sensorimotor and spatial learning function. It is a promising neuroprotective and neurorestorative agent for TBI and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Lu D, Qu C, Kazmi H, Goussev A, Zhang ZG, Noguchi CT, Schallert T, Chopp M. Histological and functional outcomes after traumatic brain injury in mice null for the erythropoietin receptor in the central nervous system. Brain Res 2008; 1230:247-57. [PMID: 18657521 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.06.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) and its receptor (EPOR), essential for erythropoiesis, are expressed in the nervous system. Recombinant human EPO treatment promotes functional outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke, suggesting that the endogenous EPO/EPOR system plays an important role in neuroprotection and neurorestoration. This study was designed to investigate effects of the EPOR on histological and functional outcomes after TBI. Experimental TBI was induced in adult EPOR-null and wild-type mice by controlled cortical impact. Neurological function was assessed using the modified Morris Water Maze and footfault tests. Animals were sacrificed 35 days after injury and brain sections stained for immunohistochemistry. As compared to the wild-type injured mice, EPOR-null mice did not exhibit higher susceptibility to TBI as exemplified by tissue loss in the cortex, cell loss in the dentate gyrus, impaired spatial learning, angiogenesis and cell proliferation. We observed that less cortical neurogenesis occurred and that sensorimotor function (i.e., footfault) was more impaired in the EPOR-null mice after TBI. Co-accumulation of amyloid precursor protein (axonal injury marker) and calcium was observed in the ipsilateral thalamus in both EPOR-null and wild-type mice after TBI with more calcium deposits present in the wild-type mice. This study demonstrates for the first time that EPOR null in the nervous system aggravates sensorimotor deficits, impairs cortical neurogenesis and reduces thalamic calcium precipitation after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 W Grand Blvd., Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Treatment of traumatic brain injury in mice with marrow stromal cells. Brain Res 2008; 1208:234-9. [PMID: 18384759 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the potential beneficial effects of bone marrow stromal cell (MSC) treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice. Twelve female C57BL/6J mice (weight, 21-26 g) were injured with controlled cortical impact and divided into 2 groups (n=6 each). The experimental group was injected with MSCs (0.3x10(6)) intravenously one day after TBI, whereas the control group was injected with saline. MSCs were harvested from male mice, and male to female transplantation was performed to identify male donor cells within female recipient animals. This was achieved by localizing Y chromosomes within the female mice. Neurological function was assessed using the Morris water maze and foot fault tests. All mice were sacrificed 35 days after TBI. Brain sections were stained using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to identify MSCs as well as to analyze vascular density following MSC treatment. Both modalities of testing demonstrated significant improvement in neurological function in the MSC-treated group compared to the saline-treated control group (p<0.05). Histologically, Y chromosome labeled MSCs were easily identified in the injured brain, localized primarily around the lesion boundary zone. There was also a significant increase in vascular density in the lesion boundary zone and hippocampus of MSC-treated mice compared to control mice. This is the first study to show beneficial effects of MSC treatment after TBI in mice.
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating occurrence that may result in short- and long-term complications. Oxidative stress (an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants) plays a critical role in the development of secondary injuries following TBI and, consequently, in patient outcomes. Secondary injuries resulting from oxidative stress produce DNA strand breaks that activate poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and produce another level of injury. PARP-1 functions as a DNA-damage sensor and signaling molecule. In response to the severe DNA damage after brain injury, PARP-1 becomes overactivated and depletes the cells' energy sources, which leads to cellular and neuronal death. Recently, PARP-1 inhibition has been studied in various animal models of brain injury with promising results. TBI treatments based on PARP-1 inhibition in humans are far from the clinical arena, although descriptive studies of PARP-1 activation in humans are beginning to emerge. Nurses should become involved in this area of collaborative research in human response to brain injury by helping design and implement safe and meaningful clinical trials.
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Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Lu D, Qu C, Goussev A, Schallert T, Chopp M. Role of gender in outcome after traumatic brain injury and therapeutic effect of erythropoietin in mice. Brain Res 2007; 1185:301-12. [PMID: 17976541 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of gender in histological and functional outcome, angiogenesis, neurogenesis and therapeutic effects of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) in mice after traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI caused both tissue loss in the cortex and cell loss in the dentate gyrus (DG) in the injured hemisphere at day 35 post TBI without a significant gender difference. After TBI, sensorimotor deficits were significantly larger in male mice compared to females, while similar spatial learning deficits were present in both genders. TBI alone significantly stimulated angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the cortex and in the DG of injured hemispheres in both genders. rhEPO at a dose of 5000 units/kg body weight administered intraperitoneally at 6 h, and 3 and 7 days after injury significantly reduced lesion volume and DG cell loss examined at day 35 after TBI as well as dramatically improved sensorimotor and spatial learning performance without an obvious gender proclivity. rhEPO significantly enhanced neurogenesis in the cortex and the DG of the ipsilateral hemisphere in male TBI mice. rhEPO did not affect angiogenesis in the ipsilateral cortex and DG in both genders after TBI. The present data demonstrate that posttraumatic administration of rhEPO improves histological and functional outcome in both genders, which may be mediated by reducing cortical tissue damage and DG cell loss in the ipsilateral hemisphere. In addition, the major gender propensity observed in the present study with mice after TBI without treatment is limited to sensorimotor deficits and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Diringer MN, Axelrod Y. Hemodynamic manipulation in the neuro-intensive care unit: cerebral perfusion pressure therapy in head injury and hemodynamic augmentation for cerebral vasospasm. Curr Opin Crit Care 2007; 13:156-62. [PMID: 17327736 DOI: 10.1097/mcc.0b013e32807f2aa5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The intent of this manuscript is to summarize the pathophysiologic basis for hemodynamic manipulation in subarachnoid hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury, highlight the most recent literature and present expert opinion on indications and use. RECENT FINDINGS Hemodynamic augmentation with vasopressors and inotropes along with hypervolemia are the mainstay of treatment of vasospasm due to subarachnoid hemorrhage. Considerable variation continues to exist regarding fluid management and the use of vasopressors and inotropes. Blood pressure augmentation, volume expansion and cardiac contractility enhancement improve cerebral blood flow in ischemic areas, ameliorate vasospasm and improve clinical condition. In patients suffering from severe traumatic brain injury, while every attempt is made to control intracranial hypertension, cerebral perfusion-directed therapy with fluids and vasopressors is also used to keep cerebral perfusion pressure above 60-70 mmHg. Yet, recent observations suggest that posttraumatic mitochondrial dysfunction has been proposed as an alternative explanation for lower cerebral blood flow after acute trauma. SUMMARY Hemodynamic manipulation is routinely used in the management of patients with acute vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage and severe head injury. The rationale is to improve blood flow to the injured brain and prevent secondary ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Diringer
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Hu Z, Guan W, Wang W, Huang L, Xing H, Zhu Z. Protective effect of a novel cystine C60 derivative on hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2007; 167:135-44. [PMID: 17353010 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Revised: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been considered as a major cause of cellular injuries in a variety of clinical abnormalities, especially neural diseases. One of the effective ways to prevent the reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated cellular injury is dietary or pharmaceutical augmentation of free radical scavengers. In the present study, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a novel cystine C(60) derivative (CFD). The compound was analyzed by FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, LC-MS and elemental analysis. It contains five cystine moieties per C(60) molecule. This water-soluble amino-fullerene derivative was able to scavenge both superoxide and hydroxyl radical with biocompatibility. We investigated its potential protective effects on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and apoptotic death in cultured rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Cells treated with hydrogen peroxide underwent cytotoxicity and apoptotic death determined by MTT assay, flow cytometry analysis, PI/Hoechst 33342 staining and glutathione peroxidase assay. The CFD was able to reduce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and cellular damage caused by hydrogen peroxide in PC12 cells. RF assay demonstrated that CFD could penetrate through the cell membrane and it has played its distinguished role in protecting PC12 cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity. The results suggest that CFD has the potential to prevent oxidative stress-induced cell death without evident toxicity. Hence, we can hypothesize that the protective effect of CFD on hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis is related to its scavenger activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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Zlotnik A, Gurevich B, Tkachov S, Maoz I, Shapira Y, Teichberg VI. Brain neuroprotection by scavenging blood glutamate. Exp Neurol 2007; 203:213-20. [PMID: 17014847 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Excess glutamate in brain fluids characterizes acute brain insults such as traumatic brain injury and stroke. Its removal could prevent the glutamate excitotoxicity that causes long-lasting neurological deficits. As blood glutamate scavenging has been demonstrated to increase the efflux of excess glutamate from brain into blood, we tested the prediction that oxaloacetate-mediated blood glutamate scavenging causes neuroprotection in a pathological situation such as closed head injury (CHI), in which there is a well established deleterious increase of glutamate in brain fluids. We observed highly significant improvements of the neurological status of rats submitted to CHI following an intravenous treatment with 1 mmol oxaloacetate/100 g rat weight which decreases blood glutamate levels by 40%. No detectable therapeutic effect was obtained when rats were treated IV with 1 mmol oxaloacetate together with 1 mmol glutamate/100 g rat. The treatment with 0.005 mmol/100 g rat oxaloacetate was no more effective than saline but when it was combined with the intravenous administration of 0.14 nmol/100 g of recombinant glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, recovery was almost complete. Oxaloacetate provided neuroprotection when administered before CHI or at 60 min post CHI but not at 120 min post CHI. Since neurological recovery from CHI was highly correlated with the decrease of blood glutamate levels (r=0.89, P=0.001), we conclude that blood glutamate scavenging affords brain neuroprotection Blood glutamate scavenging may open now new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zlotnik
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Lai Y, Stange C, Wisniewski SR, Adelson PD, Janesko-Feldman KL, Brown DS, Kochanek PM, Clark RSB. Mitochondrial heat shock protein 60 is increased in cerebrospinal fluid following pediatric traumatic brain injury. Dev Neurosci 2006; 28:336-41. [PMID: 16943656 DOI: 10.1159/000094159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and contributes significantly to subsequent cell death. Heat shock protein 60 (hsp60) is a predominantly mitochondrial protein with important homeostatic functions. Induction of hsp60 has been demonstrated in cerebral ischemia models, possibly reflecting mitochondrial stress. We measured hsp60 concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 34 infants and children after severe TBI and of 7 control patients by ELISA. Peak CSF hsp60 concentration was increased in TBI patients versus controls (0.84 ng/ml, range 0-44.59, vs. 0.0 ng/ml, range 0-0.48; p<0.05). Induction of hsp60 occurred early after the injury. Peak hsp60 concentration was independently associated with the severity of injury, defined as the admission Glasgow Coma Scale score. These data suggest that increased hsp60 in CSF might reflect the severity of early mitochondrial stress or damage after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Lai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Robertson CL, Soane L, Siegel ZT, Fiskum G. The potential role of mitochondria in pediatric traumatic brain injury. Dev Neurosci 2006; 28:432-46. [PMID: 16943666 DOI: 10.1159/000094169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in cerebral energy metabolism, intracellular calcium homeostasis and reactive oxygen species generation and detoxification. Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), the degree of mitochondrial injury or dysfunction can be an important determinant of cell survival or death. Literature would suggest that brain mitochondria from the developing brain are very different from those from mature animals. Therefore, aspects of developmental differences in the mitochondrial response to TBI can make the immature brain more vulnerable to traumatic injury. This review will focus on four main areas of secondary injury after pediatric TBI, including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, alterations in energy metabolism and cell death pathways. Specifically, we will describe what is known about developmental differences in mitochondrial function in these areas, in both the normal, physiologic state and the pathologic state after pediatric TBI. The ability to identify and target aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction could lead to novel neuroprotective therapies for infants and children after severe TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Robertson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Kowluru RA, Kowluru V, Xiong Y, Ho YS. Overexpression of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase in mice protects the retina from diabetes-induced oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:1191-6. [PMID: 17015165 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The retina experiences mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes, superoxide levels are elevated, and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity is decreased. Inhibition of superoxide accumulation in diabetes prevents mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis of retinal capillary cells, and the development of retinal histopathology. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of overexpression of MnSOD on oxidative stress, DNA damage, and nitrative stress in the retina of diabetic mice. After 7 weeks of diabetes in MnSOD overexpressing (hemizygous) mice (MnSOD-Tg) and in their age-matched nontransgenic mice, parameters of oxidative stress and nitrative stress were measured in the retina. Overexpression of MnSOD prevented diabetes-induced decreases in retinal GSH levels and the total antioxidant capacity. In the same retina, MnSOD overexpression also inhibited diabetes-induced increases in the levels of 8-OHdG and nitrotyrosine. This suggests that MnSOD could be implicated in the pathogenesis of retinopathy by protecting the retina from increased oxidative damage experienced in diabetic conditions. Thus, understanding how changes in mitochondrial function result in the development of diabetic retinopathy could help identify SOD mimics to inhibit its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu A Kowluru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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