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Rojas Cabrera JM, Oesterle TS, Rusheen AE, Goyal A, Scheitler KM, Mandybur I, Blaha CD, Bennet KE, Heien ML, Jang DP, Lee KH, Oh Y, Shin H. Techniques for Measurement of Serotonin: Implications in Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Advances in Absolute Value Recording Methods. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:4264-4273. [PMID: 38019166 PMCID: PMC10739614 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter in the peripheral, enteric, and central nervous systems (CNS). Within the CNS, serotonin is principally involved in mood regulation and reward-seeking behaviors. It is a critical regulator in CNS pathologies such as major depressive disorder, addiction, and schizophrenia. Consequently, in vivo serotonin measurements within the CNS have emerged as one of many promising approaches to investigating the pathogenesis, progression, and treatment of these and other neuropsychiatric conditions. These techniques vary in methods, ranging from analyte sampling with microdialysis to voltammetry. Provided this diversity in approach, inherent differences between techniques are inevitable. These include biosensor size, temporal/spatial resolution, and absolute value measurement capabilities, all of which must be considered to fit the prospective researcher's needs. In this review, we summarize currently available methods for the measurement of serotonin, including novel voltammetric absolute value measurement techniques. We also detail serotonin's role in various neuropsychiatric conditions, highlighting the role of phasic and tonic serotonergic neuronal firing within each where relevant. Lastly, we briefly review the present clinical application of these techniques and discuss the potential of a closed-loop monitoring and neuromodulation system utilizing deep brain stimulation (DBS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Rojas Cabrera
- Medical
Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, United States
- Department
of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, United States
| | - Tyler S. Oesterle
- Department
of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, United States
- Robert
D. and Patricia K. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, United States
| | - Aaron E. Rusheen
- Medical
Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, United States
- Department
of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, United States
| | - Abhinav Goyal
- Medical
Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, United States
- Department
of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, United States
| | - Kristen M. Scheitler
- Department
of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, United States
| | - Ian Mandybur
- Department
of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, United States
| | - Charles D. Blaha
- Department
of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, United States
| | - Kevin E. Bennet
- Department
of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, United States
- Division
of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, United States
| | - Michael L. Heien
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Dong Pyo Jang
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Kendall H. Lee
- Department
of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, United States
| | - Yoonbae Oh
- Department
of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, United States
| | - Hojin Shin
- Department
of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, United States
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Jiang A, Handley RR, Lehnert K, Snell RG. From Pathogenesis to Therapeutics: A Review of 150 Years of Huntington's Disease Research. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13021. [PMID: 37629202 PMCID: PMC10455900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241613021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative genetic disorder caused by an expanded polyglutamine-coding (CAG) trinucleotide repeat in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. HD behaves as a highly penetrant dominant disorder likely acting through a toxic gain of function by the mutant huntingtin protein. Widespread cellular degeneration of the medium spiny neurons of the caudate nucleus and putamen are responsible for the onset of symptomology that encompasses motor, cognitive, and behavioural abnormalities. Over the past 150 years of HD research since George Huntington published his description, a plethora of pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed with key themes including excitotoxicity, dopaminergic imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic defects, disruption of proteostasis, transcriptional dysregulation, and neuroinflammation. Despite the identification and characterisation of the causative gene and mutation and significant advances in our understanding of the cellular pathology in recent years, a disease-modifying intervention has not yet been clinically approved. This review includes an overview of Huntington's disease, from its genetic aetiology to clinical presentation and its pathogenic manifestation. An updated view of molecular mechanisms and the latest therapeutic developments will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jiang
- Applied Translational Genetics Group, Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (R.R.H.); (K.L.); (R.G.S.)
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Fernández A, Martínez-Ramírez C, Gómez A, de Diego AMG, Gandía L, Casarejos MJ, García AG. Mitochondrial dysfunction in chromaffin cells from the R6/1 mouse model of Huntington's disease: Impact on exocytosis and calcium current regulation. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 179:106046. [PMID: 36806818 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
From a pathogenic perspective, Huntington's disease (HD) is being considered as a synaptopathy. As such, alterations in brain neurotransmitter release occur. As the activity of the sympathoadrenal axis is centrally controlled, deficits in the exocytotic release of catecholamine release may also occur. In fact, in chromaffin cells (CCs) of the adrenal medulla of the R6/1 model of HD, decrease of secretion and altered kinetics of the exocytotic fusion pore have been reported. Those alterations could be linked to mitochondrial deficits occurring in peripheral CCs, similar to those described in brain mitochondria. Here we have inquired about alterations in mitochondrial structure and function and their impact on exocytosis and calcium channel currents (ICa). We have monitored various parameters linked to those events, in wild type (WT) and the R6/1 mouse model of HD at a pre-disease stage (2 months age, 2 m), and when motor deficits are present (7 months age, 7 m). In isolated CCs from 7 m and in the adrenal medulla of R6/1 mice, we found the following alterations (with respect 7 m WT mice): (i) augmented fragmented mitochondria and oxidative stress with increased oxidized glutathione; (ii) decreased basal and maximal respiration; (iii) diminution of ATP cell levels; (iv) mitochondrial depolarization; (v) drastic decrease of catecholamine release with poorer potentiation by protonophore FCCP; (vi) decreased ICa inhibition by FCCP; and (vii) lesser potentiation by BayK8644 of ICa and smaller prolongation of current deactivation. Of note was the fact several of these alterations were already manifested in CCs from 2 m R6/1 mice at pre-disease stages. Based on those results, a plausible hypothesis can be raised in the sense that altered mitochondrial function seems to be an early primary event in HD pathogenesis. This is in line with an increasing number of mitochondrial, metabolic, and inflammatory alterations being recently reported in various HD peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fernández
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Parque científico de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Martínez-Ramírez
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Parque científico de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Gómez
- Servicio de Neurobiología, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio M G de Diego
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Gandía
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Parque científico de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Casarejos
- Servicio de Neurobiología, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio G García
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Parque científico de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
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Stuart T, Jeang WJ, Slivicki RA, Brown BJ, Burton A, Brings VE, Alarcón-Segovia LC, Agyare P, Ruiz S, Tyree A, Pruitt L, Madhvapathy S, Niemiec M, Zhuang J, Krishnan S, Copits BA, Rogers JA, Gereau RW, Samineni VK, Bandodkar AJ, Gutruf P. Wireless, Battery-Free Implants for Electrochemical Catecholamine Sensing and Optogenetic Stimulation. ACS NANO 2023; 17:561-574. [PMID: 36548126 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators mediate communication between neurons and other cell types; knowledge of release dynamics is critical to understanding their physiological role in normal and pathological brain function. Investigation into transient neurotransmitter dynamics has largely been hindered due to electrical and material requirements for electrochemical stimulation and recording. Current systems require complex electronics for biasing and amplification and rely on materials that offer limited sensor selectivity and sensitivity. These restrictions result in bulky, tethered, or battery-powered systems impacting behavior and that require constant care of subjects. To overcome these challenges, we demonstrate a fully implantable, wireless, and battery-free platform that enables optogenetic stimulation and electrochemical recording of catecholamine dynamics in real time. The device is nearly 1/10th the size of previously reported examples and includes a probe that relies on a multilayer electrode architecture featuring a microscale light emitting diode (μ-LED) and a carbon nanotube (CNT)-based sensor with sensitivities among the highest recorded in the literature (1264.1 nA μM-1 cm-2). High sensitivity of the probe combined with a center tapped antenna design enables the realization of miniaturized, low power circuits suitable for subdermal implantation even in small animal models such as mice. A series of in vitro and in vivo experiments highlight the sensitivity and selectivity of the platform and demonstrate its capabilities in freely moving, untethered subjects. Specifically, a demonstration of changes in dopamine concentration after optogenetic stimulation of the nucleus accumbens and real-time readout of dopamine levels after opioid and naloxone exposure in freely behaving subjects highlight the experimental paradigms enabled by the platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tucker Stuart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - William J Jeang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201, United States
| | - Richard A Slivicki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Bobbie J Brown
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Alex Burton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Victoria E Brings
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Lilian C Alarcón-Segovia
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201, United States
| | - Prophecy Agyare
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201, United States
| | - Savanna Ruiz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201, United States
| | - Amanda Tyree
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Lindsay Pruitt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Surabhi Madhvapathy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201, United States
| | - Martin Niemiec
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - James Zhuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Siddharth Krishnan
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201, United States
| | - Bryan A Copits
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - John A Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201, United States
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Robert W Gereau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Vijay K Samineni
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Amay J Bandodkar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Center for Advanced Self-Powered Systems of Integrated Sensors and Technologies (ASSIST), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Philipp Gutruf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Neuroscience GIDP, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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5
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Jarosova R, Niyangoda SS, Hettiarachchi P, Johnson MA. Impaired Dopamine Release and Latent Learning in Alzheimer's Disease Model Zebrafish. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2924-2931. [PMID: 36113115 PMCID: PMC10127145 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, fatal, neurodegenerative disorder for which only treatments of limited efficacy are available. Despite early mentions of dementia in the ancient literature and the first patient diagnosed in 1906, the underlying causes of AD are not well understood. This study examined the possible role of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is involved in cognitive and motor function, in AD. We treated adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) with okadaic acid (OKA) to model AD and assessed the resulting behavioral and neurochemical changes. We then employed a latent learning paradigm to assess cognitive and motor function followed by neurochemical analysis with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon fiber microelectrodes to measure the electrically stimulated dopamine release. The behavioral assay showed that OKA treatment caused fish to have lower motivation to reach the goal chamber, resulting in impeded learning and decreased locomotor activity compared to controls. Our voltammetric measurements revealed that the peak dopamine overflow in OKA-treated fish was about one-third of that measured in controls. These findings highlight the profound neurochemical changes that may occur in AD. Furthermore, they demonstrate that applying the latent learning paradigm and FSCV to zebrafish is a promising tool for future neurochemical studies and may be useful for screening drugs for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Jarosova
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic 12843
| | - Sayuri S. Niyangoda
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Piyanka Hettiarachchi
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Michael A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
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6
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Wang X, Tong B, Hui R, Hou C, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Xie B, Ni Z, Cong B, Ma C, Wen D. The Role of Hyperthermia in Methamphetamine-Induced Depression-Like Behaviors: Protective Effects of Coral Calcium Hydride. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:808807. [PMID: 35058751 PMCID: PMC8764150 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.808807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) abuse causes irreversible damage to the central nervous system and leads to psychiatric symptoms including depression. Notably, METH-induced hyperthermia is a crucial factor in the development of these symptoms, as it aggravates METH-induced neurotoxicity. However, the role of hyperthermia in METH-induced depression-like behaviors needs to be clarified. In the present study, we treated mice with different doses of METH under normal (NAT) or high ambient temperatures (HAT). We found that HAT promoted hyperthermia after METH treatment and played a key role in METH-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. Intriguingly, chronic METH exposure (10 mg/kg, 7 or 14 days) or administration of an escalating-dose (2 ∼ 15 mg/kg, 3 days) of METH under NAT failed to induce depression-like behaviors. However, HAT aggravated METH-induced damage of hippocampal synaptic plasticity, reaction to oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Molecular hydrogen acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent and has been shown to have preventive and therapeutic applicability in a wide range of diseases. Coral calcium hydride (CCH) is a newly identified hydrogen-rich powder which produces hydrogen gas gradually when exposed to water. Herein, we found that CCH pretreatment significantly attenuated METH-induced hyperthermia, and administration of CCH after METH exposure also inhibited METH-induced depression-like behaviors and reduced the hippocampal synaptic plasticity damage. Moreover, CCH effectively reduced the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and decreased malondialdehyde, TNF-α and IL-6 generation in hippocampus. These results suggest that CCH is an efficient hydrogen-rich agent, which has a potential therapeutic applicability in the treatment of METH abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Wang
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, China
- Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bonan Tong
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, China
- Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rongji Hui
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, China
- Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Congcong Hou
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, China
- Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zilu Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ludi Zhang
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, China
- Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bing Xie
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, China
- Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhiyu Ni
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Bin Cong
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, China
- Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chunling Ma
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, China
- Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Chunling Ma,
| | - Di Wen
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Shijiazhuang, China
- Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Di Wen,
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7
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Barry J, Bui MTN, Levine MS, Cepeda C. Synaptic pathology in Huntington's disease: Beyond the corticostriatal pathway. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 162:105574. [PMID: 34848336 PMCID: PMC9328779 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a heritable, fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the Huntingtin gene. It is characterized by chorea, as well as cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. Histopathologically, there is a massive loss of striatal projection neurons and less but significant loss in other areas throughout the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical (CBGTC) loop. The mutant huntingtin protein has been implicated in numerous functions, including an important role in synaptic transmission. Most studies on anatomical and physiological alterations in HD have focused on striatum and cerebral cortex. However, based on recent CBGTC projectome evidence, the need to study other pathways has become increasingly clear. In this review, we examine the current status of our knowledge of morphological and electrophysiological alterations of those pathways in animal models of HD. Based on recent studies, there is accumulating evidence that synaptic disconnection, particularly along excitatory pathways, is pervasive and almost universal in HD, thus supporting a critical role of the huntingtin protein in synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Barry
- IDDRC, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Minh T N Bui
- IDDRC, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Levine
- IDDRC, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- IDDRC, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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8
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Jarosova R, Kaplan SV, Field TM, Givens RS, Senadheera SN, Johnson MA. In Situ Electrochemical Monitoring of Caged Compound Photochemistry: An Internal Actinometer for Substrate Release. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2776-2784. [PMID: 33492927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Caged compounds are molecules that release a protective substrate to free a biologically active substrate upon treatment with light of sufficient energy and duration. A notable limitation of this approach is difficulty in determining the degree of photoactivation in tissues or opaque solutions because light reaching the desired location is obstructed. Here, we have addressed this issue by developing an in situ electrochemical method in which the amount of caged molecule photorelease is determined by fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon-fiber microelectrodes. Using p-hydroxyphenyl glutamate (pHP-Glu) as our model system, we generated a linear calibration curve for oxidation of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4HPAA), the group from which the glutamate molecule leaves, up to a concentration of 1000 μM. Moreover, we are able to correct for the presence of residual pHP-Glu in solution as well as the light artifact that is produced. A corrected calibration curve was constructed by photoactivation of pHP-Glu in a 3 μL photoreaction vessel and subsequent analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. This approach has yielded a linear relationship between 4HPAA concentration and oxidation current, allowing the determination of released glutamate independent of the amount of light reaching the chromophore. Moreover, we have successfully validated the newly developed method by in situ measurement in a whole, intact zebrafish brain. This work demonstrates for the first time the in situ electrochemical monitoring of caged compound photochemistry in brain tissue with FSCV, thus facilitating analyses of neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Jarosova
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Charles University, Prague 2 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Sam V Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Thomas M Field
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Richard S Givens
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Sanjeewa N Senadheera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Michael A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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9
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Etxeberria-Rekalde E, Alzola-Aldamizetxebarria S, Flunkert S, Hable I, Daurer M, Neddens J, Hutter-Paier B. Quantification of Huntington's Disease Related Markers in the R6/2 Mouse Model. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:617229. [PMID: 33505246 PMCID: PMC7831778 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.617229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is caused by an expansion of CAG triplets in the huntingtin gene, leading to severe neuropathological changes that result in a devasting and lethal phenotype. Neurodegeneration in HD begins in the striatum and spreads to other brain regions such as cortex and hippocampus, causing motor and cognitive dysfunctions. To understand the signaling pathways involved in HD, animal models that mimic the human pathology are used. The R6/2 mouse as model of HD was already shown to present major neuropathological changes in the caudate putamen and other brain regions, but recently established biomarkers in HD patients were yet not analyzed in these mice. We therefore performed an in-depth analysis of R6/2 mice to establish new and highly translational readouts focusing on Ctip2 as biological marker for motor system-related neurons and translocator protein (TSPO) as a promising readout for early neuroinflammation. Our results validate already shown pathologies like mutant huntingtin aggregates, ubiquitination, and brain atrophy, but also provide evidence for decreased tyrosine hydroxylase and Ctip2 levels as indicators of a disturbed motor system, while vesicular acetyl choline transporter levels as marker for the cholinergic system barely change. Additionally, increased astrocytosis and activated microglia were observed by GFAP, Iba1 and TSPO labeling, illustrating, that TSPO is a more sensitive marker for early neuroinflammation compared to GFAP and Iba1. Our results thus demonstrate a high sensitivity and translational value of Ctip2 and TSPO as new marker for the preclinical evaluation of new compounds in the R6/2 mouse model of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabella Hable
- QPS Austria GmbH, Grambach, Austria.,Department of Health Studies, FH Joanneum University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
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10
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Liu H, Zhang J, Yang G, Zhao Q, Wang D. Organic Molecule Modified Phosphotungstate with Helical Structure for Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Pharmacy Gaomi People's Hospital Shandong P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy Gaomi People's Hospital Shandong P. R. China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Pharmacy Gaomi People's Hospital Shandong P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy Gaomi People's Hospital Shandong P. R. China
| | - Deqiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy Gaomi People's Hospital Shandong P. R. China
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11
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Cepeda C, Levine MS. Synaptic Dysfunction in Huntington's Disease: Lessons from Genetic Animal Models. Neuroscientist 2020; 28:20-40. [PMID: 33198566 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420972662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of the functional and structural changes occurring in the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia in Huntington's disease (HD) has benefited considerably from the generation of genetic animal models. Most studies of synaptic alterations in HD models have focused on the striatum, but a more complete picture of synaptic dysfunction in the cortico-basal ganglia-cortical loop is emerging. Here, we provide a review and analysis of current developments in the study of synaptic alterations in these areas using HD rodent models. Recent evidence indicates that cortical maldevelopment plays a role in synaptic dysfunction along the corticostriatal pathway that may have its roots in the way mutant huntingtin interacts with synaptic proteins. Furthermore, a progressive disconnection in the corticostriatal pathway leads to abnormal function engaging extrasynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors that contribute to eventual cell degeneration. In addition, biphasic increases followed by decreases in glutamate and dopamine release in the striatum could explain contrasting symptomatology in early and late stages of the disease. Changes in striatal output regions also are beginning to be examined. Finally, we highlight some therapeutic avenues aimed at rescuing synaptic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cepeda
- IDDRC, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Levine
- IDDRC, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Huang TT, Smith R, Bacos K, Song DY, Faull RM, Waldvogel HJ, Li JY. No symphony without bassoon and piccolo: changes in synaptic active zone proteins in Huntington's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:77. [PMID: 32493491 PMCID: PMC7268643 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00949-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Prominent features of HD neuropathology are the intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions of huntingtin and striatal and cortical neuronal cell death. Recently, synaptic defects have been reported on HD-related studies, including impairment of neurotransmitter release and alterations of synaptic components. However, the definite characteristics of synapse dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. We studied the gene expression levels and patterns of a number of proteins forming the cytoskeletal matrix of the presynaptic active zones in HD transgenic mice (R6/1), in hippocampal neuronal cultures overexpressing mutant huntingtin and in postmortem brain tissues of HD patients. To investigate the interactions between huntingtin and active proteins, we performed confocal microscopic imaging and immunoprecipitation in mouse and HEK 293 cell line models. The mRNA and protein levels of Bassoon were reduced in mouse and cell culture models of HD and in brain tissues of patients with HD. Moreover, a striking re-distribution of a complex of proteins including Bassoon, Piccolo and Munc 13-1 from the cytoplasm and synapses into intranuclear huntingtin aggregates with loss of active zone proteins and dendritic spines. This re-localization was age-dependent and coincided with the formation of huntingtin aggregates. Using co-immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated that huntingtin interacts with Bassoon, and that this interaction is likely mediated by a third linking protein. Three structural proteins involved in neurotransmitter release in the presynaptic active zones of neurons are altered in expression and that the proteins are redistributed from their normal functional site into mutant huntingtin aggregates.
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13
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Protein changes in synaptosomes of Huntington's disease knock-in mice are dependent on age and brain region. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 141:104950. [PMID: 32439598 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular changes at synapses are thought to underly the deficits in motor and cognitive dysfunction seen in Huntington's disease (HD). Previously we showed in synaptosome preparations age dependent changes in levels of selected proteins examined by western blot assay in the striatum of Q140/Q140 HD mice. To assess if CAG repeat length influenced protein changes at the synapse, we examined synaptosomes from 6-month old heterozygote HD mice with CAG repeat lengths ranging from 50 to 175. Analysis of 19 selected proteins showed that increasing CAG repeat length in huntingtin (HTT) increased the number of affected proteins in HD striatal synaptosomes. Moreover, SDS-soluble total HTT (WT plus mutant HTT) and pThr3 HTT were reduced with increasing CAG repeat length, and there was no pSer421 mutant HTT detected in any HD mice. A LC-MS/MS and bioinfomatics study of synaptosomes from 2 and 6-month old striatum and cortex of Q140/Q7 HD mice showed enrichment of synaptic proteins and an influence of age, gender and brain region on the number of protein changes. HD striatum at 6 months had the most protein changes that included many HTT protein interactors, followed by 2-month old HD striatum, 2-month old HD cortex and 6-month HD cortex. SDS-insoluble mutant HTT was detected in HD striatal synaptosomes consistent with the presence of aggregates. Proteins changed in cortex differed from those in striatum. Pathways affected in HD striatal synaptosomes that were not identified in whole striatal lysates of the same HD mouse model included axon guidance, focal adhesion, neurotrophin signaling, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, endocytosis, and synaptic vesicle cycle. Results suggest that synaptosomes prepared from HD mice are highly informative for monitoring protein changes at the synapse and may be preferred for assessing the effects of experimental therapies on synaptic function in HD.
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14
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de Diego AMG, Ortega-Cruz D, García AG. Disruption of Exocytosis in Sympathoadrenal Chromaffin Cells from Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061946. [PMID: 32178443 PMCID: PMC7139653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic disruption and altered neurotransmitter release occurs in the brains of patients and in murine models of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). During the last few years, evidence has accumulated suggesting that the sympathoadrenal axis is also affected as disease progresses. Here, we review a few studies done in adrenal medullary chromaffin cells (CCs), that are considered as the amplifying arm of the sympathetic nervous system; the sudden fast exocytotic release of their catecholamines—stored in noradrenergic and adrenergic cells—plays a fundamental role in the stress fight-or-flight response. Bulk exocytosis and the fine kinetics of single-vesicle exocytotic events have been studied in mouse models carrying a mutation linked to NDDs. For instance, in R6/1 mouse models of Huntington’s disease (HD), mutated huntingtin is overexpressed in CCs; this causes decreased quantal secretion, smaller quantal size and faster kinetics of the exocytotic fusion pore, pore expansion, and closure. This was accompanied by decreased sodium current, decreased acetylcholine-evoked action potentials, and attenuated [Ca2+]c transients with faster Ca2+ clearance. In the SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), CCs exhibited secretory single-vesicle spikes with a slower release rate but higher exocytosis. Finally, in the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the stabilization, expansion, and closure of the fusion pore was faster, but the secretion was attenuated. Additionally, α-synuclein that is associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) decreases exocytosis and promotes fusion pore dilation in adrenal CCs. Furthermore, Huntington-associated protein 1 (HAP1) interacts with the huntingtin that, when mutated, causes Huntington’s disease (HD); HAP1 reduces full fusion exocytosis by affecting vesicle docking and controlling fusion pore stabilization. The alterations described here are consistent with the hypothesis that central alterations undergone in various NDDs are also manifested at the peripheral sympathoadrenal axis to impair the stress fight-or-flight response in patients suffering from those diseases. Such alterations may occur: (i) primarily by the expression of mutated disease proteins in CCs; (ii) secondarily to stress adaptation imposed by disease progression and the limitations of patient autonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M. G. de Diego
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento. de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.G.d.D.); (D.O.-C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Ortega-Cruz
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento. de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.G.d.D.); (D.O.-C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio G. García
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento. de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.G.d.D.); (D.O.-C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-497-5384
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15
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Blumenstock S, Dudanova I. Cortical and Striatal Circuits in Huntington's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:82. [PMID: 32116525 PMCID: PMC7025546 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder that typically manifests in midlife with motor, cognitive, and/or psychiatric symptoms. The disease is caused by a CAG triplet expansion in exon 1 of the huntingtin gene and leads to a severe neurodegeneration in the striatum and cortex. Classical electrophysiological studies in genetic HD mouse models provided important insights into the disbalance of excitatory, inhibitory and neuromodulatory inputs, as well as progressive disconnection between the cortex and striatum. However, the involvement of local cortical and striatal microcircuits still remains largely unexplored. Here we review the progress in understanding HD-related impairments in the cortical and basal ganglia circuits, and outline new opportunities that have opened with the development of modern circuit analysis methods. In particular, in vivo imaging studies in mouse HD models have demonstrated early structural and functional disturbances within the cortical network, and optogenetic manipulations of striatal cell types have started uncovering the causal roles of certain neuronal populations in disease pathogenesis. In addition, the important contribution of astrocytes to HD-related circuit defects has recently been recognized. In parallel, unbiased systems biology studies are providing insights into the possible molecular underpinnings of these functional defects at the level of synaptic signaling and neurotransmitter metabolism. With these approaches, we can now reach a deeper understanding of circuit-based HD mechanisms, which will be crucial for the development of effective and targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Blumenstock
- Department of Molecules – Signaling – Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
- Molecular Neurodegeneration Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Irina Dudanova
- Molecular Neurodegeneration Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
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16
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Waters S, Tedroff J, Ponten H, Klamer D, Sonesson C, Waters N. Pridopidine: Overview of Pharmacology and Rationale for its Use in Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2019; 7:1-16. [PMID: 29480206 PMCID: PMC5836399 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-170267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in understanding the pathophysiology of Huntington’s disease (HD), there are currently no effective pharmacological agents available to treat core symptoms or to stop or prevent the progression of this hereditary neurodegenerative disorder. Pridopidine, a novel small molecule compound, has demonstrated potential for both symptomatic treatment and disease modifying effects in HD. While pridopidine failed to achieve its primary efficacy outcomes (Modified motor score) in two trials (MermaiHD and HART) there were consistent effects on secondary outcomes (TMS). In the most recent study (PrideHD) pridiopidine did not differ from placebo on TMS, possibly due to a large enduring placebo effect. This review describes the process, based on in vivo systems response profiling, by which pridopidine was discovered and discusses its pharmacological profile, aiming to provide a model for the system-level effects, and a rationale for the use of pridopidine in patients affected by HD. Considering the effects on brain neurochemistry, gene expression and behaviour in vivo, pridopidine displays a unique effect profile. A hallmark feature in the behavioural pharmacology of pridopidine is its state-dependent inhibition or activation of dopamine-dependent psychomotor functions. Such effects are paralleled by strengthening of synaptic connectivity in cortico-striatal pathways suggesting pridopidine has potential to modify phenotypic expression as well as progression of HD. The preclinical pharmacological profile is discussed with respect to the clinical results for pridopidine, and proposals are made for further investigation, including preclinical and clinical studies addressing disease progression and effects at different stages of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Waters
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Integrative Research Laboratories AB, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joakim Tedroff
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Integrative Research Laboratories AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ponten
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Klamer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Clas Sonesson
- Integrative Research Laboratories AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Carbone E, Borges R, Eiden LE, García AG, Hernández‐Cruz A. Chromaffin Cells of the Adrenal Medulla: Physiology, Pharmacology, and Disease. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:1443-1502. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Manalo RVM. Cytosolic non-vesicular dopamine accumulation as the predominant mechanism for developing non-DOPA responsive parkinsonism in late-stage Huntington disease. Med Hypotheses 2019; 132:109377. [PMID: 31466019 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in motor movement can have similar clinical presentations, albeit having different pathways and temporal onset. Hypokinetic movements present with rigidity, resting tremors, postural instability and bradykinesia, as seen in parkinsonism, while hyperkinetic movements typically present with chorea, ballismus, tic, athetosis and dystonia. Nonetheless, movement disorders are thought to be a continuum. Long-term therapy of parkinsonism with L-DOPA or dopamine (DA) agonists leads to late-onset dyskinesia - a hyperkinetic movement disorder, while patients with late-stage Huntington disease (HD) often develop non-DOPA responsive parkinsonism. In this paper, it is proposed that late-onset parkinsonism is driven by the overactivity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. The excessive synthesis, storage, release, reuptake and degradation of dopamine in the presynaptic terminal and synaptic clefts lead to cellular stress and damage, resulting to progressive neuroapoptosis aggravated by pro-parkinsonism drugs used to treat hyperkinesia. Glutamate excitotoxicity may provide initial stress to neurons during early HD - but as the disease advances, lower glutamate levels are observed, making it less likely to cause the hypokinetic shift on its own. Over time, dopaminergic neurons are depleted and cholinergic influence to striatal GABA release is unopposed, leading to late-onset parkinsonism that is unresponsive to DOPA challenge, due to drastic DA neuron loss previously masked by the dominating choreic presentation. This paper thus provides a mechanism of action to a common clinical sequela and complication of long-term choreic diseases, whose pathophysiologic mechanism is presently lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Vincent M Manalo
- College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Ermita, Manila 1000, Philippines.
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19
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Koch ET, Raymond LA. Dysfunctional striatal dopamine signaling in Huntington's disease. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1636-1654. [PMID: 31304622 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine signaling in the striatum is critical for a variety of behaviors including movement, behavioral flexibility, response to reward and many forms of learning. Alterations to dopamine transmission contribute to pathological features of many neurological diseases, including Huntington's disease (HD). HD is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the Huntingtin gene. The striatum is preferentially degenerated in HD, and this region receives dopaminergic input from the substantia nigra. Studies of HD patients and genetic rodent models have shown changes to levels of dopamine and its receptors in the striatum, and alterations in dopamine receptor signaling and modulation of other neurotransmitters, notably glutamate. Throughout his career, Dr. Michael Levine's research has furthered our understanding of dopamine signaling in the striatum of healthy rodents and HD mouse models. This review will focus on the work of his group and others in elucidating alterations to striatal dopamine signaling that contribute to pathophysiology in HD mouse models, and how these findings relate to human HD studies. We will also discuss current and potential therapeutic interventions for HD that target the dopamine system, and future research directions for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen T Koch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lynn A Raymond
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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20
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Smith‐Dijak AI, Sepers MD, Raymond LA. Alterations in synaptic function and plasticity in Huntington disease. J Neurochem 2019; 150:346-365. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy I. Smith‐Dijak
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience the University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health the University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Marja D. Sepers
- Department of Psychiatry and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health the University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Lynn A. Raymond
- Department of Psychiatry and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health the University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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21
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Vitor T, Kozasa EH, Bressan RA, Lacerda SS, Campos Neto GC, Batista IR, Gebrim LH, Cohen L, Amaro E, Felicio AC. Impaired brain dopamine transporter in chemobrain patients submitted to brain SPECT imaging using the technetium-99m labeled tracer TRODAT-1. Ann Nucl Med 2019; 33:269-279. [DOI: 10.1007/s12149-019-01331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Essa MM, Moghadas M, Ba-Omar T, Walid Qoronfleh M, Guillemin GJ, Manivasagam T, Justin-Thenmozhi A, Ray B, Bhat A, Chidambaram SB, Fernandes AJ, Song BJ, Akbar M. Protective Effects of Antioxidants in Huntington’s Disease: an Extensive Review. Neurotox Res 2019; 35:739-774. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9989-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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23
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Jamwal S, Kumar P. Insight Into the Emerging Role of Striatal Neurotransmitters in the Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease and Huntington's Disease: A Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:165-175. [PMID: 29512464 PMCID: PMC6343208 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180302115032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration in neurotransmitters signaling in basal ganglia has been consistently shown to significantly contribute to the pathophysiological basis of Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter which plays a critical role in coordinated body movements. Alteration in the level of brain dopamine and receptor radically contributes to irregular movements, glutamate mediated excitotoxic neuronal death and further leads to imbalance in the levels of other neurotransmitters viz. GABA, adenosine, acetylcholine and endocannabinoids. This review is based upon the data from clinical and preclinical studies to characterize the role of various striatal neurotransmitters in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Further, we have collected data of altered level of various neurotransmitters and their metabolites and receptor density in basal ganglia region. Although the exact mechanisms underlying neuropathology of movement disorders are not fully understood, but several mechanisms related to neurotransmitters alteration, excitotoxic neuronal death, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation are being put forward. Restoring neurotransmitters level and downstream signaling has been considered to be beneficial in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify more specific drugs and drug targets that can restore the altered neurotransmitters level in brain and prevent/delay neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Panjab, India; E-mail:
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24
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Martínez-Ramírez C, Baraibar AM, Nanclares C, Méndez-López I, Gómez A, Muñoz MP, de Diego AMG, Gandía L, Casarejos MJ, García AG. Altered excitability and exocytosis in chromaffin cells from the R6/1 mouse model of Huntington's disease is linked to over-expression of mutated huntingtin. J Neurochem 2018; 147:454-476. [PMID: 30182387 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
As the peripheral sympathoadrenal axis is tightly controlled by the cortex via hypothalamus and brain stem, the central pathological features of Hunting's disease, (HD) that is, deposition of mutated huntingtin and synaptic dysfunctions, could also be expressed in adrenal chromaffin cells. To test this hypothesis we here present a thorough investigation on the pathological and functional changes undergone by chromaffin cells (CCs) from 2-month (2 m) to 7-month (7 m) aged wild-type (WT) and R6/1 mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD), stimulated with acetylcholine (ACh) or high [K+ ] (K+ ). In order to do this, we used different techniques such as inmunohistochemistry, patch-clamp, and amperometric recording. With respect to WT cells, some of the changes next summarized were already observed in HD mice at a pre-disease stage (2 m); however, they were more pronounced at 7 m when motor deficits were clearly established, as follows: (i) huntingtin over-expression as nuclear aggregates in CCs; (ii) smaller CC size with decreased dopamine β-hydroxylase expression, indicating lesser number of chromaffin secretory vesicles; (iii) reduced adrenal tissue catecholamine content; (iv) reduced Na+ currents with (v) membrane hyperpolarization and reduced ACh-evoked action potentials; (v) reduced [Ca2+ ]c transients with faster Ca2+ clearance; (vi) diminished quantal secretion with smaller vesicle quantal size; (vii) faster kinetics of the exocytotic fusion pore, pore expansion, and closure. On the basis of these data, the hypothesis is here raised in the sense that nuclear deposition of mutated huntingtin in adrenal CCs of R6/1 mice could be primarily responsible for poorer Na+ channel expression and function, giving rise to profound depression of cell excitability, altered Ca2+ handling and exocytosis. OPEN PRACTICES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14201.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martínez-Ramírez
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, C/Faraday, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés M Baraibar
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, C/Faraday, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Nanclares
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, C/Faraday, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iago Méndez-López
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, C/Faraday, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Gómez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mᵃ Paz Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio M G de Diego
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, C/Faraday, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,DNS Neuroscience, Parque Científico de Madrid, C/Faraday, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Gandía
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, C/Faraday, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Casarejos
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio G García
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, C/Faraday, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,DNS Neuroscience, Parque Científico de Madrid, C/Faraday, Madrid, Spain
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25
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de Diego AMG, García AG. Altered exocytosis in chromaffin cells from mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 224:e13090. [PMID: 29742321 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chromaffin cells from the adrenal gland (CCs) have extensively been used to explore the molecular structure and function of the exocytotic machinery, neurotransmitter release and synaptic transmission. The CC is integrated in the sympathoadrenal axis that helps the body maintain homoeostasis during both routine life and in acute stress conditions. This function is exquisitely controlled by the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus. We propose the hypothesis that damage undergone by the brain during neurodegenerative diseases is also affecting the neurosecretory function of adrenal medullary CCs. In this context, we review here the following themes: (i) How the discharge of catecholamines is centrally and peripherally regulated at the sympathoadrenal axis; (ii) which are the intricacies of the amperometric techniques used to study the quantal release of single-vesicle exocytotic events; (iii) which are the alterations of the exocytotic fusion pore so far reported, in CCs of mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases; (iv) how some proteins linked to neurodegenerative pathologies affect the kinetics of exocytotic events; (v) finally, we try to integrate available data into a hypothesis to explain how the centrally originated neurodegenerative diseases may alter the kinetics of single-vesicle exocytotic events in peripheral adrenal medullary CCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. García de Diego
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
- DNS Neuroscience; Parque Científico de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - A. García García
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
- DNS Neuroscience; Parque Científico de Madrid; Madrid Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
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26
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Covey DP, Dantrassy HM, Yohn SE, Castro A, Conn PJ, Mateo Y, Cheer JF. Inhibition of endocannabinoid degradation rectifies motivational and dopaminergic deficits in the Q175 mouse model of Huntington's disease. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:2056-2063. [PMID: 29925886 PMCID: PMC6098121 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prominent motor deficits (e.g., chorea) that typify Huntington's disease (HD) arise following a prolonged prodromal stage characterized by psychiatric disturbances. Apathy, a disorder of motivation characterized by diminished goal-directed behavior, is one of the earliest and most common psychiatric symptoms in HD, but the underlying neurobiology is unclear and treatment options are limited. Alterations in the endocannabinoid (eCB) and dopamine systems represent prominent pathophysiological markers in HD that-similar to motivational deficits-present early and decline across disease progression. Whether changes in dopamine and eCB systems are associated with specific behavioral impairments in HD and whether these deficits are amenable to viable treatments is unknown. Here, we show that dopaminergic encoding of effortful drive progressively declines with age in an HD mouse model, and is restored by elevating tissue levels of the eCB 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) through targeted inhibition of its enzymatic degradation. This work supports aberrant dopaminergic encoding of reward as a neurobiological correlate of apathy in HD, and indicates that cannabinoid receptor-based therapies may benefit neuropsychiatric care for HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan P. Covey
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Hannah M. Dantrassy
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Samantha E. Yohn
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA ,0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Alberto Castro
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA ,0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA ,0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Yolanda Mateo
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dSection on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Joseph F. Cheer
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ,0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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27
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Alpaugh M, Galleguillos D, Forero J, Morales LC, Lackey SW, Kar P, Di Pardo A, Holt A, Kerr BJ, Todd KG, Baker GB, Fouad K, Sipione S. Disease-modifying effects of ganglioside GM1 in Huntington's disease models. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 9:1537-1557. [PMID: 28993428 PMCID: PMC5666311 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201707763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor, cognitive and psychiatric problems. Previous studies indicated that levels of brain gangliosides are lower than normal in HD models and that administration of exogenous ganglioside GM1 corrects motor dysfunction in the YAC128 mouse model of HD In this study, we provide evidence that intraventricular administration of GM1 has profound disease-modifying effects across HD mouse models with different genetic background. GM1 administration results in decreased levels of mutant huntingtin, the protein that causes HD, and in a wide array of beneficial effects that include changes in levels of DARPP32, ferritin, Iba1 and GFAP, modulation of dopamine and serotonin metabolism, and restoration of normal levels of glutamate, GABA, L-Ser and D-Ser. Treatment with GM1 slows down neurodegeneration, white matter atrophy and body weight loss in R6/2 mice. Motor functions are significantly improved in R6/2 mice and restored to normal in Q140 mice, including gait abnormalities that are often resistant to treatments. Psychiatric-like and cognitive dysfunctions are also ameliorated by GM1 administration in Q140 and YAC128 mice. The widespread benefits of GM1 administration, at molecular, cellular and behavioural levels, indicate that this ganglioside has strong therapeutic and disease-modifying potential in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Alpaugh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Danny Galleguillos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Juan Forero
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Preeti Kar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alba Di Pardo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew Holt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kathryn G Todd
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Glen B Baker
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Karim Fouad
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Simonetta Sipione
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada .,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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28
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Kaplan SV, Limbocker RA, Levant B, Johnson MA. Regional differences in dopamine release in the R6/2 mouse caudate putamen. ELECTROANAL 2018; 30:1066-1072. [PMID: 29955208 PMCID: PMC6016844 DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by degeneration of the striatum. Here, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon-fiber microelectrodes was used to uncover regional differences in dopamine (DA) release in the caudate putamen of R6/2 and wild-type control mice. We found a decreasing ventral-to-dorsal gradient in DA release, evoked by a single electrical stimulus pulse, in aged R6/2 mice. Moreover, under more intense stimulation conditions (120 pulses), DA release was significantly attenuated in the dorsal, but not in the ventral caudate. Autoradiography measurements using [3H]WIN 35,428 revealed that the overall density of DA transporter (DAT) protein molecules was significantly less in R6/2 mice compared to WT control mice; however, quadrants of the caudate putamen were not differentially altered in the R6/2 mice. These data collectively suggest that DA release in the dorsal caudate region is more vulnerable with age progression compared to the ventral region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam V. Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry and R. N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 USA
| | - Ryan A. Limbocker
- Department of Chemistry and R. N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 USA
| | - Beth Levant
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 USA
| | - Michael A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and R. N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 USA
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29
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Field TM, Shin M, Stucky CS, Loomis J, Johnson MA. Electrochemical Measurement of Dopamine Release and Uptake in Zebrafish Following Treatment with Carboplatin. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1192-1196. [PMID: 29573086 PMCID: PMC6013284 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment, also known as 'chemobrain,' is a neurological condition in which cognitive function is impaired as a result of cancer chemotherapy treatment. In this work, we used fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) to measure electrically evoked dopamine release and uptake in whole brain preparations from zebrafish that have been treated with carboplatin, an agent associated with chemobrain. We administered carboplatin by addition to the fish's tank water or their food. One week of treatment with 100 μM carboplatin in the water was needed to significantly impair dopamine release (∼40 % of control); however, only one day of treatment through the zebrafish's food was needed to cause a similar impairment. Atomic absorption spectroscopy measurements suggested that administration through food resulted in higher initial levels of carboplatin compared to water administration, but water administration resulted in an increase over time. Uptake, determined by modeling stimulated release plots, was unaffected. These results are consistent with our previous findings of diminished neurotransmitter release in rats and support a role for zebrafish in chemobrain-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Field
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Mimi Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Chase S Stucky
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Joseph Loomis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Michael A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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30
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Reiner A, Deng Y. Disrupted striatal neuron inputs and outputs in Huntington's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:250-280. [PMID: 29582587 PMCID: PMC5875736 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the gene coding for the protein huntingtin, resulting in a pathogenic expansion of the polyglutamine tract in the N-terminus of this protein. The HD pathology resulting from the mutation is most prominent in the striatal part of the basal ganglia, and progressive differential dysfunction and loss of striatal projection neurons and interneurons account for the progression of motor deficits seen in this disease. The present review summarizes current understanding regarding the progression in striatal neuron dysfunction and loss, based on studies both in human HD victims and in genetic mouse models of HD. We review evidence on early loss of inputs to striatum from cortex and thalamus, which may be the basis of the mild premanifest bradykinesia in HD, as well as on the subsequent loss of indirect pathway striatal projection neurons and their outputs to the external pallidal segment, which appears to be the basis of the chorea seen in early symptomatic HD. Later loss of direct pathway striatal projection neurons and their output to the internal pallidal segment account for the severe akinesia seen late in HD. Loss of parvalbuminergic striatal interneurons may contribute to the late dystonia and rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Reiner
- Department of Anatomy & NeurobiologyThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTNUSA
- Department of OphthalmologyThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTNUSA
| | - Yun‐Ping Deng
- Department of Anatomy & NeurobiologyThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTNUSA
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31
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André EM, Daviaud N, Sindji L, Cayon J, Perrot R, Montero-Menei CN. A novel ex vivo Huntington's disease model for studying GABAergic neurons and cell grafts by laser microdissection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193409. [PMID: 29505597 PMCID: PMC5837106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organotypic brain slice cultures have been recently used to study neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease (HD). They preserve brain three-dimensional architecture, synaptic connectivity and brain cells microenvironment. Here, we developed an innovative model of Huntington’s disease from coronal rat brain slices, that include all the areas involved in the pathology. HD-like neurodegeneration was obtained in only one week, in a single step, during organotypic slice preparation, without the use of neurotoxins. HD-like histopathology was analysed and after one week, a reduction of 40% of medium spiny neurons was observed. To analyse new therapeutic approaches in this innovative HD model, we developed a novel protocol of laser microdissection to isolate and analyse by RT-qPCR, grafted cells as well as surrounding tissue of fresh organotypic slices. We determined that laser microdissection could be performed on a 400μm organotypic slice after alcohol dehydration protocol, allowing the analysis of mRNA expression in the rat tissue as well as in grafted cells. In conclusion, we developed a new approach for modeling Huntington's disease ex vivo, and provided a useful innovative method for screening new potential therapies for neurodegenerative diseases especially when associated with laser microdissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. André
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - N. Daviaud
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - L. Sindji
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - J. Cayon
- PACEM, Angers University, Angers, France
| | - R. Perrot
- SCIAM, Angers University, Angers, France
| | - C. N. Montero-Menei
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
- * E-mail:
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32
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Ouk K, Aungier J, Cuesta M, Morton AJ. Chronic paroxetine treatment prevents disruption of methamphetamine-sensitive circadian oscillator in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease. Neuropharmacology 2017; 131:337-350. [PMID: 29274752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Circadian abnormalities seen in Huntington's disease (HD) patients are recapitulated in several HD transgenic mouse models. In mice, alongside the master clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), two other oscillators may influence circadian behaviour. These are the food-entrainable oscillator (FEO) and the methamphetamine-sensitive circadian oscillator (MASCO). SCN- and MASCO- (but not FEO-) driven rhythms are progressively disrupted in the R6/2 mouse model of HD. MASCO-driven rhythms are induced by chronic treatment with low dose of methamphetamine and characterised by an increase in period length to greater than 24 h. Interestingly, the rhythms mediated by MASCO deteriorate earlier than those mediated by the SCN in R6/2 mice. Here, we used a pharmacological strategy to investigate the mechanisms underlying MASCO-driven rhythms in WT mice. In contrast to methamphetamine, chronic cocaine was ineffective in generating a MASCO-like component of activity although it markedly increased locomotion. Furthermore, neither blocking dopamine (DA) receptors (with the DA antagonist haloperidol) nor blocking neurotransmission by inhibiting the activity of vesicular monoamine transporter (with reserpine) prevented the expression of the MASCO-driven rhythms, although both treatments downregulated locomotor activity. Interestingly, chronic treatment with paroxetine, a serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor commonly used as antidepressant in HD, was able to restore the expression of MASCO-driven rhythms in R6/2 mice. Thus, MASCO-driven rhythms appear to be mediated by both serotoninergic and dopaminergic systems. This supports the idea that abnormalities in MASCO output may contribute to both the HD circadian and psychiatric phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koliane Ouk
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - Juliet Aungier
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Cuesta
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - A Jennifer Morton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom.
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33
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Rangel-Barajas C, Rebec GV. Dysregulation of Corticostriatal Connectivity in Huntington's Disease: A Role for Dopamine Modulation. J Huntingtons Dis 2017; 5:303-331. [PMID: 27983564 PMCID: PMC5181679 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-160221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant communication between striatum, the main information processing unit of the basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex plays a critical role in the emergence of Huntington’s disease (HD), a fatal monogenetic condition that typically strikes in the prime of life. Although both striatum and cortex undergo substantial cell loss over the course of HD, corticostriatal circuits become dysfunctional long before neurons die. Understanding the dysfunction is key to developing effective strategies for treating a progressively worsening triad of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. Cortical output neurons drive striatal activity through the release of glutamate, an excitatory amino acid. Striatal outputs, in turn, release γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) and exert inhibitory control over downstream basal ganglia targets. Ample evidence from transgenic rodent models points to dysregulation of corticostriatal glutamate transmission along with corresponding changes in striatal GABA release as underlying factors in the HD behavioral phenotype. Another contributor is dysregulation of dopamine (DA), a modulator of both glutamate and GABA transmission. In fact, pharmacological manipulation of DA is the only currently available treatment for HD symptoms. Here, we review data from animal models and human patients to evaluate the role of DA in HD, including DA interactions with glutamate and GABA within the context of dysfunctional corticostriatal circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George V. Rebec
- Correspondence to: George V. Rebec, PhD, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in
Neuroscience, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA. Tel.: +1 812 855 4832;
Fax: +1 812 855 4520; E-mail:
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34
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Shin M, Field TM, Stucky CS, Furgurson MN, Johnson MA. Ex Vivo Measurement of Electrically Evoked Dopamine Release in Zebrafish Whole Brain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1880-1888. [PMID: 28617576 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have recently emerged as useful model organism for the study of neuronal function. Here, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon-fiber microelectrodes was used to measure locally evoked dopamine release and uptake in zebrafish whole brain preparations and results were compared with those obtained from brain slices. Evoked dopamine release ([DA]max) was similar in whole brain and sagittal brain slice preparations (0.49 ± 0.13 μM in whole brain and 0.59 ± 0.28 μM in brain slices). Treatment with α-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester (αMPT), an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, diminished release and the electrochemical signal reappeared after subsequent drug washout. No observed change in stimulated release current occurred after treatment with desipramine or fluoxetine in the whole brain. Treatment with the uptake inhibitors, nomifensine or GBR 12909 increased [DA]max, while treatment with sulpiride, a D2 dopamine autoreceptor antagonist, resulted in increased stimulated dopamine release in whole brain, but had no effect on release in slices. Dopamine release in whole brains increased progressively up to an electrical stimulation frequency of 25 Hz, while release in slices increased up to a frequency of only 10 Hz and then plateaued, highlighting another key difference between these preparations. We observed a lag in peak dopamine release following stimulation, which we address using diffusion models and pharmacological treatments. Collectively, these results demonstrate the electrochemical determination of dopamine release in the whole, intact brain of a vertebrate species ex vivo and are an important step for carrying out further experiments in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Shin
- Department of Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Thomas M. Field
- Department of Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Chase S. Stucky
- Department of Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Mia N. Furgurson
- Department of Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Michael A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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35
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Compromised Dopaminergic Encoding of Reward Accompanying Suppressed Willingness to Overcome High Effort Costs Is a Prominent Prodromal Characteristic of the Q175 Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease. J Neurosci 2017; 36:4993-5002. [PMID: 27147652 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0135-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Huntington's disease (HD) is a heritable neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansion of CAG (glutamine) repeats in the HTT gene. A prodromal stage characterized by psychiatric disturbances normally precedes primary motor symptoms and suppressed motivation represents one of the earliest and most common psychiatric symptoms. Although dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) critically regulates motivation and altered dopamine signaling is implicated in HD, the nature of dopaminergic deficits and contribution to symptoms in HD is poorly understood. We therefore tested whether altered NAc dopamine release accompanies motivational deficits in the Q175 knock-in HD mouse model. Q175 mice express a CAG expansion of the human mutant huntingtin allele in the native mouse genome and gradually manifest symptoms late in life, closely mimicking the genotypic context and disease progression in human HD. Sub-second extracellular dopamine release dynamics were monitored using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, whereas motivation was assessed using a progressive ratio reinforcement schedule. As the response ratio (lever presses per reward) escalated, Q175 mice exerted less effort to earn fewer rewards versus wild-type (WT). Moreover, dopamine released at reward delivery dynamically encoded increasing reward cost in WT but not Q175 mice. Deficits were specific to situations of high effortful demand as no difference was observed in locomotion, free feeding, hedonic processing, or reward seeking when the response requirement was low. This compromised dopaminergic encoding of reward delivery coincident with suppressed motivation to work for reward in Q175 mice provides novel, neurobiological insight into an established and clinically relevant endophenotype of prodromal HD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Psychiatric impairments in Huntington's disease (HD) typically manifest early in disease progression, before motor deficits. However, the neurobiological factors contributing to psychiatric symptoms are poorly understood. We used a mouse HD model and assessed whether impaired dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a brain region critical to goal-directed behaviors, accompanies motivational deficits, one of the most common early HD symptoms. HD mice exhibited blunted motivation to work for food reward coincident with diminished dopamine release to reward receipt. Motivational and NAc dopaminergic deficits were not associated with gross motor deficits or impaired food seeking when effortful demands were low. This work identifies a specific prodromal HD phenotype associated with a prominent and previously unidentified neurobiological impairment.
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Tyebji S, Hannan AJ. Synaptopathic mechanisms of neurodegeneration and dementia: Insights from Huntington's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 153:18-45. [PMID: 28377290 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dementia encapsulates a set of symptoms that include loss of mental abilities such as memory, problem solving or language, and reduces a person's ability to perform daily activities. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, however dementia can also occur in other neurological disorders such as Huntington's disease (HD). Many studies have demonstrated that loss of neuronal cell function manifests pre-symptomatically and thus is a relevant therapeutic target to alleviate symptoms. Synaptopathy, the physiological dysfunction of synapses, is now being approached as the target for many neurological and psychiatric disorders, including HD. HD is an autosomal dominant and progressive degenerative disorder, with clinical manifestations that encompass movement, cognition, mood and behaviour. HD is one of the most common tandem repeat disorders and is caused by a trinucleotide (CAG) repeat expansion, encoding an extended polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin protein. Animal models as well as human studies have provided detailed, although not exhaustive, evidence of synaptic dysfunction in HD. In this review, we discuss the neuropathology of HD and how the changes in synaptic signalling in the diseased brain lead to its symptoms, which include dementia. Here, we review and discuss the mechanisms by which the 'molecular orchestras' and their 'synaptic symphonies' are disrupted in neurodegeneration and dementia, focusing on HD as a model disease. We also explore the therapeutic strategies currently in pre-clinical and clinical testing that are targeted towards improving synaptic function in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiraz Tyebji
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Ouk K, Aungier J, Morton AJ. Progressive gene dose-dependent disruption of the methamphetamine-sensitive circadian oscillator-driven rhythms in a knock-in mouse model of Huntington's disease. Exp Neurol 2016; 286:69-82. [PMID: 27646506 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive genetic neurodegenerative disorder characterised by motor and cognitive deficits, as well as sleep and circadian abnormalities. In the R6/2 mouse, a fragment model of HD, rest-activity rhythms controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus disintegrate completely by 4months of age. Rhythms driven by a second circadian oscillator, the methamphetamine-sensitive circadian oscillator (MASCO), are disrupted even earlier, and cannot be induced after 2months of age. Here, we studied the effect of the HD mutation on the expression of MASCO-driven rhythms in a more slowly developing, genetically relevant mouse model of HD, the Q175 'knock-in' mouse. We induced expression of MASCO output by administering low dose methamphetamine (0.005%) chronically via the drinking water. We measured locomotor activity in constant darkness in wild-type and Q175 mice at 2 (presymptomatic), 6 (early symptomatic), and 12 (symptomatic) months of age. At 2months, all mice expressed MASCO-driven rhythms, regardless of genotype. At older ages, however, there was a progressive gene dose-dependent deficit in MASCO output in Q175 mice. At 6months of age, these rhythms could be observed in only 45% of heterozygous and 15% of homozygous mice. By 1year of age, 90% of homozygous mice had an impaired MASCO output. There was also an age-dependent disruption of MASCO output seen in wild-type mice. The fact that the progressive deficit in MASCO-driven rhythms in Q175 mice is HD gene dose-dependent suggests that, whatever its role in humans, abnormalities in MASCO output may contribute to the HD circadian phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koliane Ouk
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom.
| | - Juliet Aungier
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom.
| | - A Jennifer Morton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom.
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Akopian G, Barry J, Cepeda C, Levine MS. Altered membrane properties and firing patterns of external globus pallidus neurons in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1400-1410. [PMID: 27618125 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In mouse models of Huntington's disease (HD), striatal neuron properties are significantly altered. These alterations predict changes in striatal output regions. However, little is known about alterations in those regions. The present study examines changes in passive and active membrane properties of neurons in the external globus pallidus (GPe), the first relay station of the indirect pathway, in the R6/2 mouse model of juvenile HD at presymptomatic (1 month) and symptomatic (2 month) stages. In GPe, two principal types of neurons can be distinguished based on firing properties and the presence (type A) or absence (type B) of Ih currents. In symptomatic animals (2 month), cell membrane capacitance and input resistance of type A neurons were increased compared with controls. In addition, action potential afterhyperpolarization amplitude was reduced. Although the spontaneous firing rate of GPe neurons was not different between control and R6/2 mice, the number of spikes evoked by depolarizing current pulses was significantly reduced in symptomatic R6/2 animals. In addition, these changes were accompanied by altered firing patterns evidenced by increased interspike interval variation and increased number of bursts. Blockade of GABAA receptors facilitated bursting activity in R6/2 mice but not in control littermates. Thus, alterations in firing patterns could be caused by changes in intrinsic membrane conductances and modulated by synaptic inputs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garnik Akopian
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joshua Barry
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael S Levine
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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Bunner KD, Rebec GV. Corticostriatal Dysfunction in Huntington's Disease: The Basics. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:317. [PMID: 27445757 PMCID: PMC4924423 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The main input to the basal ganglia, the corticostriatal pathway, shows some of the earliest signs of neuropathology in Huntington’s disease (HD), an inherited neurodegenerative condition that typically strikes in mid-life with progressively deteriorating cognitive, emotional, and motor symptoms. Although an effective treatment remains elusive, research on transgenic animal models has implicated dysregulation of glutamate (Glu), the excitatory amino acid released by corticostriatal neurons, in HD onset. Abnormalities in the control of Glu transmission at the level of postsynaptic receptors and Glu transport proteins play a critical role in the loss of information flow through downstream circuits that set the stage for the HD behavioral phenotype. Parallel but less-well characterized changes in dopamine (DA), a key modulator of Glu activation, ensure further deficits in neuronal communication throughout the basal ganglia. Continued analysis of corticostriatal Glu transmission and its modulation by DA, including analysis at the neurobehavioral level in transgenic models, is likely to be an effective strategy in the pursuit of HD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra D Bunner
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - George V Rebec
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA
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Kaplan SV, Limbocker RA, Gehringer RC, Divis JL, Osterhaus GL, Newby MD, Sofis MJ, Jarmolowicz DP, Newman BD, Mathews TA, Johnson MA. Impaired Brain Dopamine and Serotonin Release and Uptake in Wistar Rats Following Treatment with Carboplatin. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:689-99. [PMID: 27145395 PMCID: PMC4911621 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Chemotherapy-induced
cognitive impairment, known also as “chemobrain”,
is a medical complication of cancer treatment that is characterized
by a general decline in cognition affecting visual and verbal memory,
attention, complex problem solving skills, and motor function. It
is estimated that one-third of patients who undergo chemotherapy treatment
will experience cognitive impairment. Alterations in the release and
uptake of dopamine and serotonin, central nervous system neurotransmitters
that play important roles in cognition, could potentially contribute
to impaired intellectual performance in those impacted by chemobrain.
To investigate how chemotherapy treatment affects these systems, fast-scan
cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon-fiber microelectrodes was used
to measure dopamine and serotonin release and uptake in coronal brain
slices containing the striatum and dorsal raphe nucleus, respectively.
Measurements were taken from rats treated weekly with selected doses
of carboplatin and from control rats treated with saline. Modeling
the stimulated dopamine release plots revealed an impairment of dopamine
release per stimulus pulse (80% of saline control at 5 mg/kg and 58%
at 20 mg/kg) after 4 weeks of carboplatin treatment. Moreover, Vmax, the maximum uptake rate of dopamine, was
also decreased (55% of saline control at 5 mg/kg and 57% at 20 mg/kg).
Nevertheless, overall dopamine content, measured in striatal brain
lysates by high performance liquid chromatography, and reserve pool
dopamine, measured by FSCV after pharmacological manipulation, did
not significantly change, suggesting that chemotherapy treatment selectively
impairs the dopamine release and uptake processes. Similarly, serotonin
release upon electrical stimulation was impaired (45% of saline control
at 20 mg/kg). Measurements of spatial learning discrimination were
taken throughout the treatment period and carboplatin was found to
alter cognition. These studies support the need for additional neurochemical
and behavioral analyses to identify the underlying mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced
cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brooke D. Newman
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202 United States
| | - Tiffany A. Mathews
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202 United States
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Dallérac GM, Cummings DM, Hirst MC, Milnerwood AJ, Murphy KPSJ. Changes in Dopamine Signalling Do Not Underlie Aberrant Hippocampal Plasticity in a Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18:146-53. [PMID: 26782175 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8384-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Altered dopamine receptor labelling has been demonstrated in presymptomatic and symptomatic Huntington's disease (HD) gene carriers, indicating that alterations in dopaminergic signalling are an early event in HD. We have previously described early alterations in synaptic transmission and plasticity in both the cortex and hippocampus of the R6/1 mouse model of Huntington's disease. Deficits in cortical synaptic plasticity were associated with altered dopaminergic signalling and could be reversed by D1- or D2-like dopamine receptor activation. In light of these findings we here investigated whether defects in dopamine signalling could also contribute to the marked alteration in hippocampal synaptic function. To this end we performed dopamine receptor labelling and pharmacology in the R6/1 hippocampus and report a marked, age-dependent elevation of hippocampal D1 and D2 receptor labelling in R6/1 hippocampal subfields. Yet, pharmacological inhibition or activation of D1- or D2-like receptors did not modify the aberrant synaptic plasticity observed in R6/1 mice. These findings demonstrate that global perturbations to dopamine receptor expression do occur in HD transgenic mice, similarly in HD gene carriers and patients. However, the direction of change and the lack of effect of dopaminergic pharmacological agents on synaptic function demonstrate that the perturbations are heterogeneous and region-specific, a finding that may explain the mixed results of dopamine therapy in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn M Dallérac
- Huntington's Disease Research Forum, Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK76AA, UK.
- CIRB, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Damian M Cummings
- Huntington's Disease Research Forum, Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK76AA, UK
- University College London, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mark C Hirst
- Huntington's Disease Research Forum, Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK76AA, UK
| | - Austen J Milnerwood
- Huntington's Disease Research Forum, Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK76AA, UK
- Department of Neurology & Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2255, Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kerry P S J Murphy
- Huntington's Disease Research Forum, Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK76AA, UK.
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Rothe T, Deliano M, Wójtowicz AM, Dvorzhak A, Harnack D, Paul S, Vagner T, Melnick I, Stark H, Grantyn R. Pathological gamma oscillations, impaired dopamine release, synapse loss and reduced dynamic range of unitary glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the striatum of hypokinetic Q175 Huntington mice. Neuroscience 2015; 311:519-38. [PMID: 26546830 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a severe genetically inherited neurodegenerative disorder. Patients present with three principal phenotypes of motor symptoms: choreatic, hypokinetic-rigid and mixed. The Q175 mouse model of disease offers an opportunity to investigate the cellular basis of the hypokinetic-rigid form of HD. At the age of 1 year homozygote Q175 mice exhibited the following signs of hypokinesia: Reduced frequency of spontaneous movements on a precision balance at daytime (-55%), increased total time spent without movement in an open field (+42%), failures in the execution of unconditioned avoidance reactions (+32%), reduced ability for conditioned avoidance (-96%) and increased reaction times (+65%) in a shuttle box. Local field potential recordings revealed low-frequency gamma oscillations in the striatum as a characteristic feature of HD mice at rest. There was no significant loss of DARPP-32 immunolabeled striatal projection neurons (SPNs) although the level of DARPP-32 immunoreactivity was lower in HD. As a potential cause of hypokinesia, HD mice revealed a strong reduction in striatal KCl-induced dopamine release, accompanied by a decrease in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-(TH)- and VMAT2-positive synaptic varicosities. The presynaptic TH fluorescence level was also reduced. Patch-clamp experiments were performed in slices from 1-year-old mice to record unitary EPSCs (uEPSCs) of presumed cortical origin in the absence of G-protein-mediated modulation. In HD mice, the maximal amplitudes of uEPSCs amounted to 69% of the WT level which matches the loss of VGluT1+/SYP+ synaptic terminals in immunostained sections. These results identify impairment of cortico-striatal synaptic transmission and dopamine release as a potential basis of hypokinesia in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rothe
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M Deliano
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - A Dvorzhak
- Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Harnack
- Department of Experimental Neurology, University Medicine Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Paul
- Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany
| | - T Vagner
- Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany
| | - I Melnick
- Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany; Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - H Stark
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Germany
| | - R Grantyn
- Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Neurology, University Medicine Charité, Berlin, Germany.
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Dopaminergic Modulation of Striatal Inhibitory Transmission and Long-Term Plasticity. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:789502. [PMID: 26294980 PMCID: PMC4534630 DOI: 10.1155/2015/789502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) modulates glutamatergic synaptic transmission and its plasticity in the striatum; however it is not well known how DA modulates long-term plasticity of striatal GABAergic inhibitory synapses. This work focused on the analysis of both dopaminergic modulation of inhibitory synapses and the synaptic plasticity established between GABAergic afferents to medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Our results showed that low and high DA concentrations mainly reduced the amplitude of inhibitory synaptic response; however detailed analysis of the D1 and D2 participation in this modulation displayed a wide variability in synaptic response. Analyzing DA participation in striatal GABAergic plasticity we observed that high frequency stimulation (HFS) of GABAergic interneurons in the presence of DA at a low concentration (200 nM) favored the expression of inhibitory striatal LTD, whereas higher concentration of DA (20 μM) primarily induced LTP. Interestingly, the plasticity induced in an animal model of striatal degeneration mimicked that induced in the presence of DA at a high concentration, which was not abolished with D2 antagonist but was prevented by PKA blocker.
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44
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Callahan JW, Abercrombie ED. Relationship between subthalamic nucleus neuronal activity and electrocorticogram is altered in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease. J Physiol 2015; 593:3727-38. [PMID: 25952461 DOI: 10.1113/jp270268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Neural synchrony between the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and cortex is critical for proper information processing in basal ganglia circuits. Using in vivo extracellular recordings in urethane-anaesthetized mice, we demonstrate that single units and local field potentials from the STN exhibit oscillatory entrainment to low-frequency (0.5-4 Hz) rhythms when the cortex is in a synchronized state. Here we report novel findings in the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD) by demonstrating that STN activity is reduced and less phase-locked to cortical low-frequency oscillations. The spectral power of low-frequency oscillations in ECoG recordings of R6/2 mice is diminished while the spectral power of higher frequencies is augmented and such altered cortical patterning could lead to decreased synchrony in corticosubthalamic circuits. Our data establish that cortical entrainment of STN neural activity is disrupted in R6/2 mice and may be one of the mechanisms contributing to disordered motor control in HD. ABSTRACT Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder in which impairments in the processing of information between the cortex and basal ganglia are fundamental to the onset and progression of the HD phenotype. The corticosubthalamic hyperdirect pathway plays a pivotal role in motor selection and blockade of neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) results in a hyperkinetic movement syndrome, similar to the HD phenotype. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between neuronal activity in the STN and cortex in an animal model of HD. We performed in vivo extracellular recordings in the STN to measure single-unit activity and local field potentials in the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of HD. These recordings were obtained during epochs of simultaneously acquired electrocorticogram (ECoG) in discrete brain states representative of global cortical network synchronization or desynchronization. Cortically patterned STN neuronal activity was less phase-locked in R6/2 mice, which is likely to result in less efficient coding of cortical inputs by the basal ganglia. In R6/2 mice, the power of the ECoG in lower frequencies (0.5-4 Hz) was diminished while the power expressed in higher frequencies (13-100 Hz) was increased. In addition, the spontaneous activity of STN neurons in R6/2 mice was reduced and neurons exhibited a more irregular firing pattern. Glutamatergic STN neurons provide the major excitatory drive to the output nuclei of the basal ganglia and altered discharge patterns could lead to aberrant basal ganglia output and disordered motor control in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Callahan
- Center for Molecular and Behavioural Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Abercrombie
- Center for Molecular and Behavioural Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
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Dallérac GM, Levasseur G, Vatsavayai SC, Milnerwood AJ, Cummings DM, Kraev I, Huetz C, Evans KA, Walters SW, Rezaie P, Cho Y, Hirst MC, Murphy KP. Dysfunctional Dopaminergic Neurones in Mouse Models of Huntington's Disease: A Role for SK3 Channels. NEURODEGENER DIS 2015; 15:93-108. [DOI: 10.1159/000375126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Shin M, Kaplan SV, Raider KD, Johnson MA. Simultaneous measurement and quantitation of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and dopamine with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Analyst 2015; 140:3039-47. [PMID: 25785694 DOI: 10.1039/c4an02007c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Caged compounds have been used extensively to investigate neuronal function in a variety of preparations, including cell culture, ex vivo tissue samples, and in vivo. As a first step toward electrochemically measuring the extent of caged compound photoactivation while also measuring the release of the catecholamine neurotransmitter, dopamine, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon-fiber microelectrodes (FSCV) was used to electrochemically characterize 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4HPAA) in the absence and presence of dopamine. 4HPAA is a by-product formed during the process of photoactivation of p-hydroxyphenacyl-based caged compounds, such as p-hydroxyphenylglutamate (pHP-Glu). Our data suggest that the oxidation of 4HPAA occurs through the formation of a conjugated species. Moreover, we found that a triangular waveform of -0.4 V to +1.3 V to -0.4 V at 600 V s(-1), repeated every 100 ms, provided an oxidation current of 4HPAA that was enhanced with a limit of detection of 100 nM, while also allowing the detection and quantitation of dopamine within the same scan. Along with quantifying 4HPAA in biological preparations, the results from this work will allow the electrochemical measurement of photoactivation reactions that generate 4HPAA as a by-product as well as provide a framework for measuring the photorelease of electroactive by-products from caged compounds that incorporate other chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Shin
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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47
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Schwab LC, Garas SN, Garas SN, Drouin-Ouellet J, Mason SL, Stott SR, Barker RA. Dopamine and Huntington's disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 15:445-58. [PMID: 25773746 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1025383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an incurable, inherited, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is defined by a combination of motor, cognitive and psychiatric features. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have demonstrated an important role for the dopamine (DA) system in HD with dopaminergic dysfunction at the level of both DA release and DA receptors. It is, therefore, not surprising that the drug treatments most commonly used in HD are anti-dopaminergic agents. Their use is based primarily on the belief that the characteristic motor impairments are a result of overactivation of the central dopaminergic pathways. While this is a useful starting place, it is clear that the behavior of the central dopaminergic pathways is not fully understood in this condition and may change as a function of disease stage. In addition, how abnormalities in dopaminergic systems may underlie some of the non-motor features of HD has also been poorly investigated and this is especially important given the greater burden these place on the patients' and families' quality of life. In this review, we discuss what is known about central dopaminergic pathways in HD and how this informs us about the mechanisms of action of the dopaminergic therapies used to treat it. By doing so, we will highlight some of the paradoxes that exist and how solving them may reveal new insights for improved treatment of this currently incurable condition, including the possibility that such drugs may even have effects on disease progression and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia C Schwab
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
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Reinstating aberrant mTORC1 activity in Huntington's disease mice improves disease phenotypes. Neuron 2014; 85:303-15. [PMID: 25556834 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by a polyglutamine tract expansion in huntingtin (HTT). Despite HTTs ubiquitous expression, there is early and robust vulnerability in striatum, the cause of which is poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that impaired striatal mTORC1 activity underlies varied metabolic and degenerative phenotypes in HD brain and show that introducing the constitutively active form of the mTORC1 regulator, Rheb, into HD mouse brain, alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction, aberrant cholesterol homeostasis, striatal atrophy, impaired dopamine signaling, and increases autophagy. We also find that the expression of Rhes, a striatum-enriched mTOR activator, is reduced in HD patient and mouse brain and that exogenous addition of Rhes alleviates motor deficits and improves brain pathology in HD mice. Our combined work indicates that impaired Rhes/mTORC1 activity in HD brain may underlie the notable striatal susceptibility and thus presents a promising therapeutic target for HD therapy.
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Renoir T, Argyropoulos A, Chevarin C, Lanfumey L, Hannan AJ. Sexually dimorphic dopaminergic dysfunction in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 127:15-20. [PMID: 25316307 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using the R6/1 transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD), we have recently shown that acute administration with the dopamine-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor bupropion was able to rescue depressive-like behaviours in female HD mice at 12weeks of age. OBJECTIVE In this present study, we aimed to further investigate the dopamine system as well as specifically measure dopamine transporter (DAT) and D1 receptor function in female versus male R6/1 HD mice at a very early stage of the disease. METHODS We assessed the effects of acute administration of bupropion and the dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF-8129 on spontaneous locomotor activity in 8-week-old HD and wild-type (WT) mice. We also measured dopamine levels in striatum via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS We found that female (but not male) HD mice were hyposensitive to bupropion when compared to WT littermates. However, both female and male HD mice were less sensitive to SKF-81297 locomotor effects. We also found that striatal dopamine levels and dopamine turnover were reduced in HD animals, regardless of sex. CONCLUSION Our present findings suggest that whereas only female HD mice exhibit an impaired response to bupropion, dopamine D1 receptor function is altered in both female and male HD animals. These data are the first in vivo evidence of impaired dopamine D1 receptor-dependent function in pre-motor symptomatic HD mice suggesting that this is a candidate target for early therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Renoir
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Andrew Argyropoulos
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Caroline Chevarin
- Inserm UMR S894, F-75013 Paris, France; UPMC, University of Paris 06, UMR S894, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Laurence Lanfumey
- Inserm UMR S894, F-75013 Paris, France; UPMC, University of Paris 06, UMR S894, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Hoefer MM, Sanchez AB, Maung R, de Rozieres CM, Catalan IC, Dowling CC, Thaney VE, Piña-Crespo J, Zhang D, Roberts AJ, Kaul M. Combination of methamphetamine and HIV-1 gp120 causes distinct long-term alterations of behavior, gene expression, and injury in the central nervous system. Exp Neurol 2014; 263:221-34. [PMID: 25246228 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) abuse is frequent in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and is suspected to aggravate HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). METH is a psychostimulant that compromises several neurotransmitter systems and HIV proteins trigger neuronal injury but the combined effects of viral infection and METH abuse are incompletely understood. In this study we treated transgenic mice expressing the HIV envelope protein gp120 in the brain (HIV-1 gp120tg) at 3-4 months of age with an escalating-dose, multiple-binge METH regimen. The long-term effects were analyzed after 6-7 months of drug abstinence employing behavioral tests and analysis of neuropathology, electrophysiology and gene expression. Behavioral testing showed that both HIV-1 gp120tg and WT animals treated with METH displayed impaired learning and memory. Neuropathological analysis revealed that METH similar to HIV-1 gp120 caused a significant loss of neuronal dendrites and pre-synaptic terminals in hippocampus and cerebral cortex of WT animals. Electrophysiological studies in hippocampal slices showed that METH exposed HIV-1 gp120tg animals displayed reduced post-tetanic potentiation, whereas both gp120 expression and METH lead to reduced long-term potentiation. A quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction array showed that gp120 expression, METH and their combination each caused a significant dysregulation of specific components of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission systems, providing a possible mechanism for synaptic dysfunction and behavioral impairment. In conclusion, both HIV-1 gp120 and METH caused lasting behavioral impairment in association with neuropathology and altered gene expression. However, combined METH exposure and HIV-1 gp120 expression resulted in the most pronounced, long lasting pre- and post-synaptic alterations coinciding with impaired learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Hoefer
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Ana B Sanchez
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Ricky Maung
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Cyrus M de Rozieres
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Irene C Catalan
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Cari C Dowling
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Victoria E Thaney
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Juan Piña-Crespo
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience & Aging Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Dongxian Zhang
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience & Aging Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MB6, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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