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Chen YY, Gong ZC, Zhang MM, Huang ZH. Brain-Targeting Emodin Mitigates Ischemic Stroke via Inhibiting AQP4-Mediated Swelling and Neuroinflammation. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:818-830. [PMID: 37380800 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Failure to achieve target-specific delivery to ischemic brain sites has hampered the clinical efficacy of newly developed therapies for ischemic stroke. Emodin, an active ingredient isolated from traditional Chinese medicine, has been indicated to alleviate ischemic stroke; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to achieve brain-targeted delivery of emodin to maximize its therapeutic efficacy and elucidate the mechanisms by which emodin alleviates ischemic stroke. A polyethylene glycol (PEG)/cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (cRGD)-modified liposome was used to encapsulate emodin. TTC, HE, Nissl staining, and immunofluorescence staining were employed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of brain-targeting emodin in MCAO and OGD/R models. Inflammatory cytokine levels were determined using ELISA. Immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and RT-qPCR were utilized for clarifying the changes in key downstream signaling. Lentivirus-mediated gene restoration was employed to verify the core effector of emodin for relieving ischemic stroke. Encapsulating emodin in a PEG/cRGD-modified liposome enhanced its accumulation in the infarct region and substantially raised its therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, we demonstrated that AQP4, the most abundant water transporter subunit expressed in astrocytes, plays a crucial role in mediating the mechanisms by which emodin inhibits astrocyte swelling, neuroinflammatory blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown in vivo and in vitro, and brain edema in general. Our study unveiled the critical target of emodin responsible for alleviating ischemic stroke and a localizable drug delivery vehicle in the therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke and other brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Chen
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, and Wuxi Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214062, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhi-Cheng Gong
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, and Wuxi Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214062, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei-Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Huang
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, and Wuxi Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214062, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Jong Huat T, Camats-Perna J, Newcombe EA, Onraet T, Campbell D, Sucic JT, Martini A, Forner S, Mirzaei M, Poon W, LaFerla FM, Medeiros R. The impact of astrocytic NF-κB on healthy and Alzheimer's disease brains. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14305. [PMID: 38906984 PMCID: PMC11192733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play a role in healthy cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The transcriptional factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) drives astrocyte diversity, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. By combining studies in human brains and animal models and selectively manipulating NF-κB function in astrocytes, we deepened the understanding of the role of astrocytic NF-κB in brain health and AD. In silico analysis of bulk and cell-specific transcriptomic data revealed the association of NF-κB and astrocytes in AD. Confocal studies validated the higher level of p50 NF-κB and phosphorylated-p65 NF-κB in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+-astrocytes in AD versus non-AD subjects. In the healthy mouse brain, chronic activation of astrocytic NF-κB disturbed the proteomic milieu, causing a loss of mitochondrial-associated proteins and the rise of inflammatory-related proteins. Sustained NF-κB signaling also led to microglial reactivity, production of pro-inflammatory mediators, and buildup of senescence-related protein p16INK4A in neurons. However, in an AD mouse model, NF-κB inhibition accelerated β-amyloid and tau accumulation. Molecular biology studies revealed that astrocytic NF-κB activation drives the increase in GFAP and inflammatory proteins and aquaporin-4, a glymphatic system protein that assists in mitigating AD. Our investigation uncovered fundamental mechanisms by which NF-κB enables astrocytes' neuroprotective and neurotoxic responses in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tee Jong Huat
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Stem Cell Ageing and Regenerative Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Judith Camats-Perna
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Estella A Newcombe
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tessa Onraet
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel Campbell
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Josiah T Sucic
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alessandra Martini
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, 3400A Biological Sciences III, Irvine, CA, 92697-4545, USA
| | - Stefânia Forner
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, 3400A Biological Sciences III, Irvine, CA, 92697-4545, USA
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Clinical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wayne Poon
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, 3400A Biological Sciences III, Irvine, CA, 92697-4545, USA
| | - Frank M LaFerla
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, 3400A Biological Sciences III, Irvine, CA, 92697-4545, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Medeiros
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, 3400A Biological Sciences III, Irvine, CA, 92697-4545, USA.
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Zhu X, Lin J, Yang P, Wu S, Lin H, He W, Lin D, Cao M. Surgery induces neurocognitive disorder via neuroinflammation and glymphatic dysfunction in middle-aged mice with brain lymphatic drainage impairment. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1426718. [PMID: 38975244 PMCID: PMC11225229 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1426718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Brain lymphatic drainage impairment is a prevalent characteristic in both aging and neurodegeneration. Surgery is more likely to induce excessive neuroinflammation and postoperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) among patients with aging and neurodegeneration. We hypothesized that surgical trauma may aggravate PND through preexisting cerebral lymphatic drainage impairment. However, there remains limited understanding about the role of surgery in changes of neurocognitive function in the populations with preoperative brain lymphatic drainage impairment. This study aims to expand our insight into surgery-induced glymphatic dysfunction, neuroinflammation and PND in middle-aged mice with preoperative brain lymphatic drainage impairment. Materials and methods Deep cervical lymph nodes ligation (LdcLNs) was performed on middle-aged mice to establish preoperative brain lymphatic drainage impairment. A month later, laparotomy was performed on these mice with or without LdcLNs followed by analysis of brain neuroinflammation, glymphatic function, neuronal damage, and behavioral test. Results LdcLNs disrupted meningeal lymphatic drainage. In middle-aged mice with LdcLNs, surgery exacerbated more serious glymphatic dysfunction accompanied by aggravation of A1 astrocytes activation and AQP4 depolarization. Furthermore, surgery caused neuronal damage via reducing expression of neuronal nuclei (NeuN), post-synaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) and synaptophysin (SYP), as well as impairment in exploratory behavior and spatial working memory in middle-aged mice with LdcLNs. Additionally, surgery induced neuroinflammation with elevated microglia activation and increased the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, as well as activated more expression of HMGB1/TLR-4/NF-κB pathway in middle-aged mice with LdcLNs. Conclusion Surgery exacerbates neuroinflammation and glymphatic dysfunction, ultimately resulting in neuronal damage and neurocognitive disorder in middle-aged mice with preoperative brain lymphatic drainage impairment. These results suggest that brain lymphatic drainage impairment may be a deteriorating factor in the progression of PND, and restoring its function may serve as a potential strategy against PND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiu Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingrun Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pengfeng Yang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaotao Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huijun Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Daowei Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Minghui Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Giannetto MJ, Gomolka RS, Gahn-Martinez D, Newbold EJ, Bork PAR, Chang E, Gresser M, Thompson T, Mori Y, Nedergaard M. Glymphatic fluid transport is suppressed by the aquaporin-4 inhibitor AER-271. Glia 2024; 72:982-998. [PMID: 38363040 PMCID: PMC11203403 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The glymphatic system transports cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the brain via arterial perivascular spaces and removes interstitial fluid from the brain along perivenous spaces and white matter tracts. This directional fluid flow supports the clearance of metabolic wastes produced by the brain. Glymphatic fluid transport is facilitated by aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels, which are enriched in the astrocytic vascular endfeet comprising the outer boundary of the perivascular space. Yet, prior studies of AQP4 function have relied on genetic models, or correlated altered AQP4 expression with glymphatic flow in disease states. Herein, we sought to pharmacologically manipulate AQP4 function with the inhibitor AER-271 to assess the contribution of AQP4 to glymphatic fluid transport in mouse brain. Administration of AER-271 inhibited glymphatic influx as measured by CSF tracer infused into the cisterna magna and inhibited increases in the interstitial fluid volume as measured by diffusion-weighted MRI. Furthermore, AER-271 inhibited glymphatic efflux as assessed by an in vivo clearance assay. Importantly, AER-271 did not affect AQP4 localization to the astrocytic endfeet, nor have any effect in AQP4 deficient mice. Since acute pharmacological inhibition of AQP4 directly decreased glymphatic flow in wild-type but not in AQP4 deficient mice, we foresee AER-271 as a new tool for manipulation of the glymphatic system in rodent brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Giannetto
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ryszard S. Gomolka
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Gahn-Martinez
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Evan J. Newbold
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Peter A. R. Bork
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Richard Petersens Plads, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ethan Chang
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael Gresser
- Aeromics Inc., 470 James Street Suite 007, New Haven, CT 06513
| | - Trevor Thompson
- Aeromics Inc., 470 James Street Suite 007, New Haven, CT 06513
| | - Yuki Mori
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Fan W, Chen H, Li M, Fan X, Jiang F, Xu C, Wang Y, Wei W, Song J, Zhong D, Li G. NRF2 activation ameliorates blood-brain barrier injury after cerebral ischemic stroke by regulating ferroptosis and inflammation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5300. [PMID: 38438409 PMCID: PMC10912757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Arterial occlusion-induced ischemic stroke (IS) is a highly frequent stroke subtype. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a transcription factor that modulates antioxidant genes. Its role in IS is still unelucidated. The current study focused on constructing a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model for investigating the NRF2-related mechanism underlying cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Each male C57BL/6 mouse was injected with/with no specific NRF2 activator post-tMCAO. Changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB)-associated molecule levels were analyzed using western-blotting, PCR, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence analysis. NRF2 levels within cerebral I/R model decreased at 24-h post-ischemia. NRF2 activation improved brain edema, infarct volume, and neurological deficits after MCAO/R. Similarly, sulforaphane (SFN) prevented the down-regulated tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) and reduced the up-regulated aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) after tMCAO. Collectively, NRF2 exerted a critical effect on preserving BBB integrity modulating ferroptosis and inflammation. Because NRF2 is related to BBB injury regulation following cerebral I/R, this provides a potential therapeutic target and throws light on the underlying mechanism for clinically treating IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehui Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangchao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingju Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihe Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guozhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Neurology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, 82 Zhong Shan Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Li X, Yang B. Non-Transport Functions of Aquaporins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1398:65-80. [PMID: 36717487 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although it has been more than 20 years since the first aquaporin was discovered, the specific functions of many aquaporins are still under investigation, because various mice lacking aquaporins have no significant phenotypes. And in many studies, the function of aquaporin is not directly related to its transport function. Therefore, this chapter will focus on some unexpected functions of aquaporins, such the decreased tumor angiogenesis in AQP1 knockout mice, and AQP1 promotes cell migration, possibly by accelerating the water transport in lamellipodia of migrating cells. AQP transports glycerol, and water regulates glycerol content in epidermis and fat, thereby regulating skin hydration/biosynthesis and fat metabolism. AQPs may also be involved in neural signal transduction, cell volume regulation, and organelle physiology. AQP1, AQP3, and AQP5 are also involved in cell proliferation. In addition, AQPs have also been reported to play roles in inflammation in various tissues and organs. The functions of these AQPs may not depend on the permeability of small molecules such as water and glycerol, suggesting AQPs may play more roles in different biological processes in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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7
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Lu Y, Chang P, Ding W, Bian J, Wang D, Wang X, Luo Q, Wu X, Zhu L. Pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial division attenuates simulated high-altitude exposure-induced cerebral edema in mice: Involvement of inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway in glial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 929:175137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yu G, Zhang Y, Ning B. Reactive Astrocytes in Central Nervous System Injury: Subgroup and Potential Therapy. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:792764. [PMID: 35002629 PMCID: PMC8733560 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.792764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injury, which includes both traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI), is associated with irreversible loss of neurological function and high medical care costs. Currently, no effective treatment exists to improve the prognosis of patients. Astrocytes comprise the largest population of glial cells in the CNS and, with the advancements in the field of neurology, are increasingly recognized as having key functions in both the brain and the spinal cord. When stimulated by disease or injury, astrocytes become activated and undergo a series of changes, including alterations in gene expression, hypertrophy, the loss of inherent functions, and the acquisition of new ones. Studies have shown that astrocytes are highly heterogeneous with respect to their gene expression profiles, and this heterogeneity accounts for their observed context-dependent phenotypic diversity. In the inured CNS, activated astrocytes play a dual role both as regulators of neuroinflammation and in scar formation. Identifying the subpopulations of reactive astrocytes that exert beneficial or harmful effects will aid in deciphering the pathological mechanisms underlying CNS injuries and ultimately provide a theoretical basis for the development of effective strategies for the treatment of associated conditions. Following CNS injury, as the disease progresses, astrocyte phenotypes undergo continuous changes. Although current research methods do not allow a comprehensive and accurate classification of astrocyte subpopulations in complex pathological contexts, they can nonetheless aid in understanding the roles of astrocytes in disease. In this review, after a brief introduction to the pathology of CNS injury, we summarize current knowledge regarding astrocyte activation following CNS injury, including: (a) the regulatory factors involved in this process; (b) the functions of different astrocyte subgroups based on the existing classification of astrocytes; and (c) attempts at astrocyte-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuiLian Yu
- Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Ning
- Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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9
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Zhu Z, He Y, Liu Z, Zhang W, Kang Q, Lin Y, Qiu J, Zhang Y, Xu P, Zhu X. A hydrogen sulfide donor suppresses pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in rats via PKC signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 898:173959. [PMID: 33617826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a serious neurological disorder. Available antiepileptic drugs are still lacking. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a neuron-protective endogenous gasotransmitter, is reported to have effect on epilepsy. But it remains to be determined for its mechanism. In the present study, we found that a novel carbazole-based H2S donor could effectively suppress pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in rats. The H2S donor could alleviate not only the epileptic behavior of animals but also the hippocampal EEG activity of seizures. The H2S donor down-regulated the expression of aquaporin 4 in the hippocampus of epilepsy rats. The H2S donor also decreased the seizure-induced release of inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. In addition, the H2S donor increased protein kinase C (PKC) expression in the hippocampus of epilepsy rats. These effects of the H2S donor on epilepsy rats were attenuated after blockade of PKC signaling by Go6983, suggesting that PKC signaling participated in the antiepileptic process of H2S donor. Taken together, the H2S donor has a beneficial effect on epilepsy control in a PKC-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziting Zhu
- Dept. of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China; Dept. of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yan He
- Dept. of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Zhongrui Liu
- Dept. of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Dept. of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qiyun Kang
- Dept. of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yuwan Lin
- Dept. of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China; Dept. of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jiewen Qiu
- Dept. of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China; Dept. of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yilong Zhang
- Dept. of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Dept. of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China; Dept. of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Zhu
- Dept. of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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10
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Mesentier-Louro LA, Rangel B, Stell L, Shariati MA, Dalal R, Nathan A, Yuan K, de Jesus Perez V, Liao YJ. Hypoxia-induced inflammation: Profiling the first 24-hour posthypoxic plasma and central nervous system changes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246681. [PMID: 33661927 PMCID: PMC7932147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system and visual dysfunction is an unfortunate consequence of systemic hypoxia in the setting of cardiopulmonary disease, including infection with SARS-CoV-2, high-altitude cerebral edema and retinopathy and other conditions. Hypoxia-induced inflammatory signaling may lead to retinal inflammation, gliosis and visual disturbances. We investigated the consequences of systemic hypoxia using serial retinal optical coherence tomography and by assessing the earliest changes within 24h after hypoxia by measuring a proteomics panel of 39 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in the plasma and retina, as well as using retinal histology. We induced severe systemic hypoxia in adult C57BL/6 mice using a hypoxia chamber (10% O2) for 1 week and rapidly assessed measurements within 1h compared with 18h after hypoxia. Optical coherence tomography revealed retinal tissue edema at 18h after hypoxia. Hierarchical clustering of plasma and retinal immune molecules revealed obvious segregation of the 1h posthypoxia group away from that of controls. One hour after hypoxia, there were 10 significantly increased molecules in plasma and 4 in retina. Interleukin-1β and vascular endothelial growth factor were increased in both tissues. Concomitantly, there was significantly increased aquaporin-4, decreased Kir4.1, and increased gliosis in retinal histology. In summary, the immediate posthypoxic period is characterized by molecular changes consistent with systemic and retinal inflammation and retinal glial changes important in water transport, leading to tissue edema. This posthypoxic inflammation rapidly improves within 24h, consistent with the typically mild and transient visual disturbance in hypoxia, such as in high-altitude retinopathy. Given hypoxia increases risk of vision loss, more studies in at-risk patients, such as plasma immune profiling and in vivo retinal imaging, are needed in order to identify novel diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers of visual impairment in systemic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A. Mesentier-Louro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara Rangel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Laurel Stell
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - M. Ali Shariati
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Roopa Dalal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Abinaya Nathan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ke Yuan
- Divisions of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vinicio de Jesus Perez
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Yaping Joyce Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
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11
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Zhang H, Liu J, Liu Y, Su C, Fan G, Lu W, Feng L. Hypertonic saline improves brain edema resulting from traumatic brain injury by suppressing the NF-κB/IL-1β signaling pathway and AQP4. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:71. [PMID: 32963601 PMCID: PMC7490798 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hypertonic saline (HS) has been extensively applied to treat brain edema in the clinic, the precise mechanism underlying its function remains poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic mechanism of HS in brain edema in terms of aquaporins and inflammatory factors. In the present study, traumatic brain injury (TBI) was established in male adult Sprague-Dawley rats, which were continuously administered 10% HS by intravenous injection for 2 days. In addition, brain edema and brain water content were detected by MRI and wet/dry ratio analysis and histological examination, respectively. Immunohistochemical staining for albumin and western blotting for occludin, zonula occludens-1 and claudin-5 was performed to evaluate the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression was also analyzed using western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, whilst interleukin (IL)-1β and NF-κB levels were measured using ELISA. It was demonstrated that HS treatment significantly reduced brain edema in TBI rats and downregulated AQP4 expression in cerebral cortical tissues around the contusion site. In addition, IL-1β and NF-κB levels were found to be downregulated after 10% HS treatment. Therefore, results from the present study suggested that HS may protect against brain edema induced by TBI by modulating the expression levels of AQP4, NF-κB and IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272111, P.R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272111, P.R. China
| | - Yunzhen Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272111, P.R. China
| | - Chunhai Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272111, P.R. China
| | - Gaoyang Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272111, P.R. China
| | - Wenpeng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272111, P.R. China
| | - Lei Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272111, P.R. China
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12
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Khaw YM, Aggarwal N, Barclay WE, Kang E, Inoue M, Shinohara ML. Th1-Dependent Cryptococcus-Associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Model With Brain Damage. Front Immunol 2020; 11:529219. [PMID: 33133067 PMCID: PMC7550401 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.529219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (C-IRIS) is identified upon immune reconstitution in immunocompromised patients, who have previously contracted an infection of Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn). C-IRIS can be lethal but how the immune system triggers life-threatening outcomes in patients is still poorly understood. Here, we establish a mouse model for C-IRIS with Cn serotype A strain H99, which is highly virulent and the most intensively studied. C-IRIS in mice is induced by the adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells in immunocompromised Rag1-deficient mice infected with a low inoculum of Cn. The mice with C-IRIS exhibit symptoms which mimic clinical presentations of C-IRIS. This C-IRIS model is Th1-dependent and shows host mortality. This model is characterized with minimal lung injury, but infiltration of Th1 cells in the brain. C-IRIS mice also exhibited brain swelling with resemblance to edema and upregulation of aquaporin-4, a critical protein that regulates water flux in the brain in a Th1-dependent fashion. Our C-IRIS model may be used to advance our understanding of the paradoxical inflammatory phenomenon of C-IRIS in the context of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Ming Khaw
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Nupur Aggarwal
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - William E. Barclay
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Eunjoo Kang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Mari L. Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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13
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Tang S, Gao P, Chen H, Zhou X, Ou Y, He Y. The Role of Iron, Its Metabolism and Ferroptosis in Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:590789. [PMID: 33100976 PMCID: PMC7545318 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.590789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a structural and physiological disruption of brain function caused by external forces. It is a major cause of death and disability for patients worldwide. TBI includes both primary and secondary impairments. Iron overload and ferroptosis highly involved in the pathophysiological process of secondary brain injury. Ferroptosis is a form of regulatory cell death, as increased iron accumulation in the brain leads to lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammatory responses, resulting in cellular and neuronal damage. For this reason, eliminating factors like iron deposition and inhibiting lipid peroxidation may be a promising therapy. Iron chelators can be used to eliminate excess iron and to alleviate some of the clinical manifestations of TBI. In this review we will focus on the mechanisms of iron and ferroptosis involving the manifestations of TBI, broaden our understanding of the use of iron chelators for TBI. Through this review, we were able to better find novel clinical therapeutic directions for further TBI study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicheng Tang
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Pan Gao
- Department of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Hanmin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangyue Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yibo Ou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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14
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Murata Y, Sugimoto K, Yang C, Harada K, Gono R, Harada T, Miyashita Y, Higashisaka K, Katada R, Tanaka J, Matsumoto H. Activated microglia-derived macrophage-like cells exacerbate brain edema after ischemic stroke correlate with astrocytic expression of aquaporin-4 and interleukin-1 alpha release. Neurochem Int 2020; 140:104848. [PMID: 32920036 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Brain edema following brain infarction affects mobility and mortality. The mechanisms underlying this process remain to be elucidated. Animal studies have shown that aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression in astrocytes increases after stroke, and its deletion significantly reduces brain swelling. Recently, two kinds of cells, resident microglia-derived macrophage-like cells (MG-MΦ) and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BM-MΦ), have been reported to accumulate in the ischemic core and stimulate adjacent astrocytes. Therefore, we hypothesized that these cells play crucial roles in the expression of AQP4 and ultimately lead to exacerbated brain edema. To verify this hypothesis, we investigated the role of MG- or BM-MΦ in brain edema using a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and rat astrocyte primary cultures. AQP4 expression significantly increased in the peri-infarct tissue at 3-7 days post-reperfusion (dpr) and in the core tissue at 5 and 7 dpr, which synchronized with the expression of Iba1, Il1a, Tnf, and C1qa mRNA. Interleukin (IL)-1α treatment or coculture with MG- and BM-MΦ increased AQP4 expression in astrocytes, while an IL-1 receptor type I antagonist reduced these effects. Furthermore, aggravated animals exhibited high expression of Aqp4 and Il1a mRNA in the ischemic core at 7 dpr, which led to the exacerbation of brain edema. MG-MΦ signature genes were highly expressed in the ischemic core in aggravated rats, while BM-MΦ signature genes were weakly expressed. These findings suggest that IL-1α produced by MG-MΦ induces astrocytic AQP4 expression in the peri-infarct and ischemic core tissues, thereby exacerbating brain edema. Therefore, the regulation of MG-MΦ may prevent the exacerbation of brain edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Murata
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kana Sugimoto
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Chihpin Yang
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Harada
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Rina Gono
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Teiji Harada
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yohei Miyashita
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kazuma Higashisaka
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Ryuichi Katada
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Matsumoto
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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15
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Abo El Gheit RE, Atef MM, Badawi GA, Elwan WM, Alshenawy HA, Emam MN. Role of serine protease inhibitor, ulinastatin, in rat model of hepatic encephalopathy: aquaporin 4 molecular targeting and therapeutic implication. J Physiol Biochem 2020; 76:573-586. [PMID: 32794154 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-020-00762-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a devastating neuropsychiatric presentation of the advanced hepatic insufficiency. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4), the principal astrocyte water channel, is primarily involved in brain edema development. Ulinastatin (ULI) is a potent protease inhibitor, extracted from fresh human urine. We hypothesized that ULI could be neuroprotective in acute HE through molecular targeting of brain AQP4, which is known to be upregulated in HE. To induce acute liver failure (ALF), the rats were acutely intoxicated with thioacetamide (TAA). Animals were randomized into HE- and ULI-treated HE groups, with control normal group. Total bilirubin, albumin, serum aminotransferases, and serum/brain ammonia/proinflammatory cytokines, blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity/tight junction proteins, brain water content, and neurological scores were assessed. Additionally, brain AQP4 and α-Syntrophin mRNA expression and protein levels were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Brain and liver tissues were stripped and processed for further microscopic and histological analyses. ULI exerted potent dual neuro/hepato protective potential, improved neurological score, animals' survival, ameliorated brain edema, probably via anti-inflammatory activity, preserved BBB integrity, down-regulated AQP4 expression, and membrane polarization by decreased α-syntrophin level, with rescued brain bioenergetics. ULI could be tooled as a possible therapeutic option in HE in ALF.Graphical abstract The possible ULI mediated protection in TAA-induced HE rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab E Abo El Gheit
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, El Geesh Street, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Marwa Mohamed Atef
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ghada A Badawi
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Industries, Sinai University, El-Arish, Egypt
| | - Walaa M Elwan
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - H A Alshenawy
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Marwa Nagy Emam
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, El Geesh Street, Tanta, Egypt
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16
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Böttcher M, Müller-Fielitz H, Sundaram SM, Gallet S, Neve V, Shionoya K, Zager A, Quan N, Liu X, Schmidt-Ullrich R, Haenold R, Wenzel J, Blomqvist A, Engblom D, Prevot V, Schwaninger M. NF-κB signaling in tanycytes mediates inflammation-induced anorexia. Mol Metab 2020; 39:101022. [PMID: 32446877 PMCID: PMC7292913 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Infections, cancer, and systemic inflammation elicit anorexia. Despite the medical significance of this phenomenon, the question of how peripheral inflammatory mediators affect the central regulation of food intake is incompletely understood. Therefore, we have investigated the sickness behavior induced by the prototypical inflammatory mediator IL-1β. Methods IL-1β was injected intravenously. To interfere with IL-1β signaling, we deleted the essential modulator of NF-κB signaling (Nemo) in astrocytes and tanycytes. Results Systemic IL-1β increased the activity of the transcription factor NF-κB in tanycytes of the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). By activating NF-κB signaling, IL-1β induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and stimulated the release of the anorexigenic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) from tanycytes. When we deleted Nemo in astrocytes and tanycytes, the IL-1β-induced anorexia was alleviated whereas the fever response and lethargy response were unchanged. Similar results were obtained after the selective deletion of Nemo exclusively in tanycytes. Conclusions Tanycytes form the brain barrier that mediates the anorexic effect of systemic inflammation in the hypothalamus. Systemic IL-1β activates NF-κB in tanycytes. IL-1β induces the expression of Ptgs2 (Cox-2) and the release of PGE2 from tanycytes. NEMO-dependent NF-κB signaling in tanycytes is required for anorexia induced by IL-1β. Tanycytes are not involved in fever and lethargy induced by IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Böttcher
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Helge Müller-Fielitz
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sivaraj M Sundaram
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sarah Gallet
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, U1172, Lille, France; University of Lille, FHU 1000 days for Health, School of Medicine, U1172, Lille, France
| | - Vanessa Neve
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kiseko Shionoya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, S-581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Adriano Zager
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, S-581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ning Quan
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Ruth Schmidt-Ullrich
- Department of Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronny Haenold
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745, Jena, Germany; Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Wenzel
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anders Blomqvist
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, S-581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - David Engblom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, S-581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, U1172, Lille, France; University of Lille, FHU 1000 days for Health, School of Medicine, U1172, Lille, France
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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17
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Inhibition of NMDA Receptors Downregulates Astrocytic AQP4 to Suppress Seizures. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 40:1283-1295. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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18
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Tetsuka S. Reversible lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01440. [PMID: 31588684 PMCID: PMC6851813 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM OF REVIEW The presence of isolated, reversible lesions in the splenium of the corpus callosum (SCC) is essential to confirm the diagnosis of mild encephalitis/encephalopathy. The lesions usually heal within a month after the onset of neurological symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has increasingly been used as a diagnostic tool, which has led to the publication of an increasing number of case reports. These have highlighted some inconsistencies about encephalitis/encephalopathy. First, the condition is not always mild and may be severe. Second, reversible lesions in the SCC have been identified in various diseases and conditions other than viral encephalitis/encephalopathy. Third, lesions in SCC are not always completely reversible. On this note, this review describes the specific clinical and radiological features of encephalitis/encephalopathy. FINDINGS The reversible lesion in SCC is an MRI finding observable in a wide variety of diseases and conditions. Thus, it should be considered as a secondary change rather than a peculiar feature associated with mild encephalitis/encephalopathy. If reversible lesions are present in the SCC, the symptoms and prognosis are not necessarily favorable, with manifestations of encephalitis/encephalopathy varying from absent to severe. Neuroradiological features that appear as isolated high-intensity signals on diffusion-weighted images and a decreased apparent diffusion coefficient of the lesion might indicate a diagnosis of cytotoxic edema. Findings of previous studies suggest that cytokine-mediated cytotoxic edema of the SCC may be an important pathophysiological manifestation of this condition. CONCLUSION The reversible lesions in the SCC found on MRI are not exclusive to encephalitis/encephalopathy but may be secondary to other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuichi Tetsuka
- Department of Neurology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Nasushiobara, Japan
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19
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Wu TT, Su FJ, Feng YQ, Liu B, Li MY, Liang FY, Li G, Li XJ, Zhang Y, Cai ZQ, Pei Z. Mesenchymal stem cells alleviate AQP-4-dependent glymphatic dysfunction and improve brain distribution of antisense oligonucleotides in BACHD mice. Stem Cells 2019; 38:218-230. [PMID: 31648394 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the huntingtin (HTT) gene that results in the production of neurotoxic mutant HTT (mHTT) protein. Suppressing HTT production with antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) is a promising treatment strategy for HD; however, the difficulty of delivering ASOs to deep brain structures is a major barrier for its clinical application. The glymphatic system of astrocytes involving aquaporin 4 (AQP-4) controls the entry of macromolecules from the cerebrospinal fluid into the brain. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) target astrocytes to inhibit neuroinflammation. Here we examined the glymphatic distribution of ASO in the brain and the therapeutic potential of combining intravenously injection of mesenchymal stem cells (IV-MSC) and ASOs for the treatment of HD. Our results show that Cy3-labeled ASOs entered the brain parenchyma via the perivascular space following cisternal injection, but the brain distribution was significantly lower in AQP-4-/- as compared with wild-type mice. Downregulation of the AQP-4 M23 isoform was accompanied by decreased brain levels of ASOs in BACHD mice as well as an increase in astrogliosis and phosphorylation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65. IV-MSC treatment restored AQP-4 M23 expression, attenuated astrogliosis, and decreased NF-κB p65 phosphorylation; it also increased the brain distribution of ASOs and enhanced the suppression of mHTT in BACHD mice. These results suggest that modulating glymphatic activity using IV-MSC is a novel strategy for improving the potency of ASO in the treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Teng Wu
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Juan Su
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Qing Feng
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yue Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Yin Liang
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Jiao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Qiong Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou 12th People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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20
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Halstead MR, Geocadin RG. The Medical Management of Cerebral Edema: Past, Present, and Future Therapies. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:1133-1148. [PMID: 31512062 PMCID: PMC6985348 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral edema is commonly associated with cerebral pathology, and the clinical manifestation is largely related to the underlying lesioned tissue. Brain edema usually amplifies the dysfunction of the lesioned tissue and the burden of cerebral edema correlates with increased morbidity and mortality across diseases. Our modern-day approach to the medical management of cerebral edema has largely revolved around, an increasingly artificial distinction between cytotoxic and vasogenic cerebral edema. These nontargeted interventions such as hyperosmolar agents and sedation have been the mainstay in clinical practice and offer noneloquent solutions to a dire problem. Our current understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms driving cerebral edema is becoming much more advanced, with differences being identified across diseases and populations. As our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms in neuronal injury continues to expand, so too is the list of targeted therapies in the pipeline. Here we present a brief review of the molecular mechanisms driving cerebral edema and a current overview of our understanding of the molecular targets being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Halstead
- Neurosciences Critical Care Division, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology-Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA.
| | - Romergryko G Geocadin
- Neurosciences Critical Care Division, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology-Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
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21
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Wang L, Tang H, Wang C, Hu Y, Wang S, Shen L. Aquaporin 4 deficiency alleviates experimental colitis in mice. FASEB J 2019; 33:8935-8944. [PMID: 31034776 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802769rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporin (AQP) 4 is expressed in the basolateral membrane of colonic epithelial cells, and the purpose of this study was to explore the mechanistic role of AQP4 in experimental colitis. Experimental colitis was induced in AQP4 knockout (AQP4-/-) CD-1 mice and AQP4 wild-type (AQP4wt) mice by oral administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Experimental colitis was clinically established. Compared with AQP4wt mice, AQP4-/- mice showed increased tolerance to DSS-induced experimental colitis, including lesser degree of weight loss, diarrhea and bleeding, lower disease activity index scores, longer colon lengths, and lesser histologic scores. DSS-treated AQP4-/- mice had lower serum levels of IL-6 and TNF, higher IL-10 level, and lesser inflammatory cell infiltration. DSS-treated AQP4-/- mice also had lower immunostaining of NF-κB p65 as well as nuclear levels of p65 and phosphorylated p65. Sequencing of 16S rRNA indicated that DSS-treated AQP4-/- mice maintained intestinal microbial diversity and had higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratios and greater relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae species. These results suggested for the first time that AQP4 deficiency alleviates experimental colitis in mice. Our study helps to understand the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases, and blocking AQP4 may represent a novel therapeutic approach for ulcerative colitis.-Wang, L., Tang, H., Wang, C., Hu, Y., Wang, S., Shen, L. Aquaporin 4 deficiency alleviates experimental colitis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuhua Wang
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of General Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical School, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hua Tang
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhuan Hu
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shoulin Wang
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lizong Shen
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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22
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Qing Y, Xiong W, Da-Xiang H, Juan Z, Fei W, Yong-Qiang Y. Statistical Analysis of the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient in Patients with Clinically Mild Encephalitis/Encephalopathy with a Reversible Splenial Lesion Indicates That the Pathology Extends Well beyond the Visible Lesions. Magn Reson Med Sci 2019; 19:14-20. [PMID: 30956273 PMCID: PMC7067916 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.mp.2018-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate whether the genu of the corpus callosum is involved in patients with clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS) type I. Methods: Twenty-three cases of clinically confirmed MERS I were analyzed retrospectively, and MRI features of the lesion were observed. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the same region of interests in lesions at the splenium and genu of the corpus callosum were measured before and after treatment (i.e., four groups), and the average ADC values were calculated. Paired t-tests were used to compare the ADC values of lesions in the splenium and genu before and after treatment. Independent sample t-tests were used to compare the values in the splenium and genu after treatment. Results: The mean ADC values of the splenium before and after treatment were 0.448 ± 0.124 and 0.790 ± 0.070 × 10−3 mm2/s, respectively, showing significant difference (P < 0.01). The mean ADC values in the genu before and after treatment were 0.783 ± 0.067 and 0.829 ± 0.070 × 10−3 mm2/s, respectively, also showing significant difference (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the ADC values between the splenium and genu after treatment (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The genu showed a slight restriction in diffusion in the acute stage of type I MERS. After treatment, this diffusion restriction diminished as it typically does in the splenium. Our results indicate that the pathology in MERS extends well beyond the visible lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qing
- Department of MRI, Anqing Municipal Hospital
| | - Wang Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Anqing Municipal Hospital
| | | | - Zhu Juan
- Department of MRI, Anqing Municipal Hospital
| | - Wang Fei
- Department of MRI, Anqing Municipal Hospital
| | - Yu Yong-Qiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
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23
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Ikarashi N, Nagoya C, Kon R, Kitaoka S, Kajiwara S, Saito M, Kawabata A, Ochiai W, Sugiyama K. Changes in the Expression of Aquaporin-3 in the Gastrointestinal Tract Affect Drug Absorption. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071559. [PMID: 30925715 PMCID: PMC6479729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-3 (AQP3) plays an important role in water transport in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In this study, we conducted a Caco-2 cell permeability assay to examine how changes in the expression and function of AQP3 affect the rate at which a drug is absorbed via passive transport in the GI tract. When the function of AQP3 was inhibited by mercuric chloride or phloretin, there was no change in warfarin permeability. In contrast, when the expression of AQP3 protein was decreased by prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) treatment, warfarin permeability increased to approximately twice the control level, and membrane fluidity increased by 15%. In addition, warfarin permeability increased to an extent comparable to that after PGE₂ treatment when cell membrane fluidity was increased by 10% via boric acid/EDTA treatment. These findings suggest the possibility that the increased drug absorption under decreased AQP3 expression was attributable to increased membrane fluidity. The results of this study demonstrate that the rate of water transport has little effect on drug absorption. However, our findings also indicate that although AQP3 and other similar transmembrane proteins do not themselves transport drugs, changes in their expression levels can cause changes in cell membrane fluidity, thus affecting drug absorption rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutomo Ikarashi
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Chika Nagoya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Risako Kon
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kitaoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Sayuri Kajiwara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Masayo Saito
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Akane Kawabata
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Wataru Ochiai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Sugiyama
- Department of Functional Molecular Kinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
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24
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Clément T, Rodriguez-Grande B, Badaut J. Aquaporins in brain edema. J Neurosci Res 2018; 98:9-18. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tifenn Clément
- CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, University of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | | | - Jérôme Badaut
- CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, University of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
- Department of Basic Science; Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Loma Linda California
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25
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Gao W, Ju YN, Chen JF, Zhou Q, Song CY, Wang YZ, Cao HL, Yang WC. Adrenomedullin Reduces Secondary Injury and Improves Outcome in Rats with Fluid Percussion Brain Injury. World Neurosurg 2018; 119:e765-e773. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.07.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Sato J, Horibe S, Kawauchi S, Sasaki N, Hirata KI, Rikitake Y. Involvement of aquaporin-4 in laminin-enhanced process formation of mouse astrocytes in 2D culture: Roles of dystroglycan and α-syntrophin in aquaporin-4 expression. J Neurochem 2018; 147:495-513. [PMID: 29981530 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, astrocytes extend endfoot processes to ensheath synapses and microvessels. However, the mechanisms underlying this astrocytic process extension remain unclear. A limitation of the use of 2D cultured astrocytes for such studies is that they display a flat, epithelioid morphology, with no or very few processes, which is markedly different from the stellate morphology observed in vivo. In this study, we obtained 2D cultured astrocytes with a rich complexity of processes using differentiation of neurospheres in vitro. Using these process-bearing astrocytes, we showed that laminin, an extracellular matrix molecule abundant in perivascular sites, efficiently induced process formation and branching. Specifically, the numbers of the first- and second-order branch processes and the maximal process length of astrocytes were increased when cultured on laminin, compared with when they were cultured on poly-L-ornithine or type IV collagen. Knockdown of dystroglycan or α-syntrophin, constituent proteins of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex that provides a link between laminin and the cytoskeleton, using small interference RNAs inhibited astrocyte process formation and branching, and down-regulated expression of the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4). Direct knockdown and a specific inhibitor of AQP4 also inhibited, whereas over-expression of AQP4 enhanced astrocyte process formation and branching. Knockdown of AQP4 decreased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) that is critically implicated in actin remodeling. Collectively, these results indicate that the laminin-dystroglycan-α-syntrophin-AQP4 axis is important for process formation and branching of 2D cultured astrocytes. OPEN PRACTICES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 436.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Sato
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan.,Laboratory of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sayo Horibe
- Laboratory of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shoji Kawauchi
- Educational Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoto Sasaki
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan.,Laboratory of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hirata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Rikitake
- Laboratory of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
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27
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Chao G, Zhang S. Aquaporins 1, 3 and 8 expression in irritable bowel syndrome rats' colon via NF-κB pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 8:47175-47183. [PMID: 28525373 PMCID: PMC5564554 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Our research was to detect the expression of aquaporins. NF-κB in Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) rat models’ colon so as to find novel pathogenesisof IBS. Results The expression of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP8 of IBS model group was down-regulated while NF-κB p65 was up-regulated comparing with control group (p < 0.05), and the expression of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP8 of inhibitor group was up-regulated while NF-κB p65 was down-regulated comparing with IBS model group (p < 0.05). Materials and Methods 18 adult female SD big rats were divided into three groups:the rats in control group were normal rats, the rats in IBS model group and the rats of inhibitor group were injected with the inhibitor of NF-κB (PDTC). Immunohistochemical technique and western blot were performed to detect the expression of AQP1, AQP3, AQP8 and NF-κB p65. RT-PCR was performed to detect the expression of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP8. Conclusions Liquid water metabolic abnormalities and intestine permeability alteration might be the mechanism of IBS by down-regulating AQP1, AQP3 and AQP8 via NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Chao
- Department of Family Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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28
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Meli R, Pirozzi C, Pelagalli A. New Perspectives on the Potential Role of Aquaporins (AQPs) in the Physiology of Inflammation. Front Physiol 2018; 9:101. [PMID: 29503618 PMCID: PMC5820367 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are emerging, in the last few decades, as critical proteins regulating water fluid homeostasis in cells involved in inflammation. AQPs represent a family of ubiquitous membrane channels that regulate osmotically water flux in various tissues and sometimes the transport of small solutes, including glycerol. Extensive data indicate that AQPs, working as water channel proteins, regulate not only cell migration, but also common events essential for inflammatory response. The involvement of AQPs in several inflammatory processes, as demonstrated by their dysregulation both in human and animal diseases, identifies their new role in protection and response to different noxious stimuli, including bacterial infection. This contribution could represent a new key to clarify the dilemma of host-pathogen communications, and opens up new scenarios regarding the investigation of the modulation of specific AQPs, as target for new pharmacological therapies. This review provides updated information on the underlying mechanisms of AQPs in the regulation of inflammatory responses in mammals and discusses the broad spectrum of options that can be tailored for different diseases and their pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Pirozzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pelagalli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
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29
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Hirt L, Price M, Benakis C, Badaut J. Aquaporins in neurological disorders. CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2514183x17752902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Hirt
- Neurology service, department of clinical neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre de recherche en neurosciences (CRN), CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Price
- Neurology service, department of clinical neurosciences, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre de recherche en neurosciences (CRN), CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Benakis
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich, Germany
| | - Jérôme Badaut
- CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Basic science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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30
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Rodriguez-Grande B, Ichkova A, Lemarchant S, Badaut J. Early to Long-Term Alterations of CNS Barriers After Traumatic Brain Injury: Considerations for Drug Development. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1615-1625. [PMID: 28905273 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability, particularly amongst the young and the elderly. The functions of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) are strongly impaired after TBI, thus affecting brain homeostasis. Following the primary mechanical injury that characterizes TBI, a secondary injury develops over time, including events such as edema formation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and alterations in paracelullar and transcellular transport. To date, most therapeutic interventions for TBI have aimed at direct neuroprotection during the acute phase and have not been successful. Targeting the barriers of the central nervous system (CNS) could be a wider therapeutic approach, given that restoration of brain homeostasis would benefit all brain cells, including neurons. Importantly, BBB disregulation has been observed even years after TBI, concomitantly with neurological and psychosocial sequelae; however, treatments targeting the post-acute phase are scarce. Here, we review the mechanisms of primary and secondary injury of CNS barriers, the accumulating evidence showing long-term damage to these structures and some of the therapies that have targeted these mechanisms. Finally, we discuss how the injury characteristics (hemorrhagic vs non-hemorrhagic, involvement of head rotation, gray vs white matter), the sex, and the age of the patient need to be carefully considered to improve clinical trial design and outcome interpretation, and to improve future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandra Ichkova
- CNRS UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Sighild Lemarchant
- CNRS UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France. .,Basic Science Departments, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA.
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31
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Zhu Y, Uezono N, Yasui T, Nakashima K. Neural stem cell therapy aiming at better functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:75-84. [PMID: 28766845 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the spinal cord causes transection of axon fibers and neural cell death, resulting in disruption of the neural network and severe functional loss. Reconstruction of the damaged neural circuits was once considered to be hopeless as the adult mammalian central nervous system has very poor ability to regenerate. For this reason, there is currently no effective therapeutic treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI). However, with recent developments in stem cell research and cell culture technology, regenerative therapy using neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation has rapidly been developed, and this therapeutic strategy makes it possible to rebuild the destroyed neural circuits. In this review, we discuss the recent breakthroughs in NSC transplantation therapy for SCI. Developmental Dynamics 247:75-84, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Zhu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naohiro Uezono
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Yasui
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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32
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Zhu S, Duan H, Liu Y, Li G, Liu Y, Huang M, Chen X, Xu Y. [Neuroprotective effects and mechanism of saikosaponin A on acute spinal cord injury in rats]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2017; 31:825-829. [PMID: 29798527 PMCID: PMC8498148 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201702106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effect of saikosaponin a (SSa) on the levels of immune inflammation in rats with acute spinal cord injury and its possible mechanism. Methods Seventy-two Sprague Dawley rats (weighing, 220-250 g) were randomly divided into sham operation group (group A), spinal cord injury group (group B), and SSa treatment group (group C) respectively, 24 rats in each group. The spinal cord injury model was induced by using the Allen's method in groups B and C; the spinous process and vertebral plate at both sides were cut off by lamina excision to expose the spinal cord in group A. The rats were given intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg SSa in group C and equal volume of normal saline in group B at immediate after injury. The spinal cord tissue was harvested from 18 rats of each group at 24 hours after operation to measure the levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) by ELISA, to detect the expressions of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) P65, NF-κB P-P65, and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) by Western blot and to observe the morphology of spinal cord by HE staining. The motor function of the lower limbs was evaluated by BBB score and tiltboard experiment in 6 rats at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after injury. Results The BBB score and tiltboard experiment maximum angle were significantly higher in group A than groups B and C at each time point ( P<0.05) and in group C than group B at 14, 21, and 28 days after operation ( P<0.05). ELISA test showed that the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly lower in group A than groups B and C, and in group C than group B ( P<0.05). Western blot results showed that the protein expression levels of NF-κB P65, NF-κB P-P65, and AQP4 were significantly lower in group A than groups B and C, and in group C than group B ( P<0.05). HE staining demonstrated normal neurons of the spinal cord and no obvious lesion in group A; neuronal cells were observed in the injured area of group B, with hemorrhage, neutrophil infiltration, and nerve cell edema in the injured area; the neuronal cells were visible in the spinal cord of group C, with microglia mild hyperplasia, and the pathological changes were improved when compared with group B. Conclusion SSa has neuroprotective effects on acute spinal cord injury in rats by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway and AQP4 protein expression and reducing inflammation response and edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanglong Zhu
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, P.R.China;Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, P.R.China;Department of Brain, Affiliated Hospital, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, P.R.China
| | - Huiquan Duan
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, P.R.China;Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, P.R.China
| | - Yingfu Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300309, P.R.China
| | - Guangzong Li
- Rescue Institute, Affiliated Hospital, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162, P.R.China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, P.R.China;Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, P.R.China
| | - Mengqiang Huang
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, P.R.China;Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, P.R.China
| | - Xuyi Chen
- Department of Brain, Affiliated Hospital, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, 300162,
| | - Yunqiang Xu
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, P.R.China;Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052,
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33
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Rodriguez-Grande B, Konsman JP. Gas Diffusion in the CNS. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:207-218. [PMID: 28504343 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gases have been long known to have essential physiological functions in the CNS such as respiration or regulation of vascular tone. Since gases have been classically considered to freely diffuse, research in gas biology has so far focused on mechanisms of gas synthesis and gas reactivity, rather than gas diffusion and transport. However, the discovery of gas pores during the last two decades and the characterization of diverse diffusion patterns through different membranes has raised the possibility that modulation of gas diffusion is also a physiologically relevant parameter. Here we review the means of gas movement into and within the brain through "free" diffusion and gas pores, notably aquaporins, discussing the role that gas diffusion may play in the modulation of gas function. We highlight how diffusion is relevant to neuronal signaling, volume transmission, and cerebrovascular control in the case of NO, one of the most extensively studied gases. We point out how facilitated transport can be especially relevant for gases with low permeability in lipid membranes like NH3 and discuss the possible implications of NH3 -permeable channels in physiology and hyperammonemic encephalopathy. We identify novel research questions about how modulation of gas diffusion could intervene in CNS pathologies. This emerging area of research can provide novel and interesting insights in the field of gas biology.
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Leitão RA, Sereno J, Castelhano JM, Gonçalves SI, Coelho-Santos V, Fontes-Ribeiro C, Castelo-Branco M, Silva AP. Aquaporin-4 as a New Target against Methamphetamine-Induced Brain Alterations: Focus on the Neurogliovascular Unit and Motivational Behavior. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2056-2069. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Onoda A, Takeda K, Umezawa M. Dose-dependent induction of astrocyte activation and reactive astrogliosis in mouse brain following maternal exposure to carbon black nanoparticle. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:4. [PMID: 28148272 PMCID: PMC5289048 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-017-0184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies indicate that maternal exposure to ambient ultrafine particles and nanoparticles has adverse effects of on the central nervous system. Quantitative dose–response data is required to better understand the developmental neurotoxicity of nanoparticles. The present study investigated dose-dependent effects of maternal exposure to carbon black nanoparticle (CB-NP) on astrocyte in the brains of mouse offspring. Methods A CB-NP suspension (2.9, 15, or 73 μg/kg) was intranasally administered to pregnant ICR mice on gestational days 5 and 9. Cerebral cortex samples were collected from 6-week-old offspring and examined by Western blotting, immunostaining, microarray analysis, and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Placentae were collected from pregnant dams on gestational day 13 and examined by microarray analysis. Results Maternal exposure to CB-NP induced a dose-dependent increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the cerebral cortex; this increase was particularly observed in astrocytic end-feet attached to denatured perivascular macrophages. Moreover, maternal CB-NP exposure dose-dependently increased aquaporin-4 expression in the brain parenchyma region around blood vessels. The changes in the expression profiles of GFAP and Aqp4 in offspring after maternal CB-NP exposure were similar to those observed in mice of a more advanced age. The expression levels of mRNAs associated with angiogenesis, cell migration, proliferation, chemotaxis, and growth factor production were also altered in the cerebral cortex of offspring after maternal CB-NP exposure. Differentially expressed genes in placental tissues after CB-NP exposure did not populate any specific gene ontology category. Conclusions Maternal CB-NP exposure induced long-term activation of astrocytes resulting in reactive astrogliosis in the brains of young mice. Our observations suggest a potentially increased risk of the onset of age-related neurodegenerative diseases by maternal NP exposure. In this study, we report for the first time a quantitative dose–response relationship between maternal NP exposure and phenotypic changes in the central nervous system of the offspring. Moreover, our findings indicate that cortical GFAP and Aqp4 are useful biomarkers that can be employed in further studies aiming to elucidate the underlying mechanism of nanoparticle-mediated developmental neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuto Onoda
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan. .,The Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan. .,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kouji-machi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan.
| | - Ken Takeda
- The Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masakazu Umezawa
- The Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.,Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
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Hongyan L, Suling W, Weina Z, Yajie Z, Jie R. Antihyperuricemic effect of liquiritigenin in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1930-1936. [PMID: 27863839 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim is to investigate the anti-hyperuricemic and renal protective effects of liquiritigenin in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic rats. Hyperuricemia in rats was induced were induced with potassium oxonate (250mg/kg) intragastrically for 7 days, and liquiritigenin (20, 40mg/kg) and allopurinol (5mg/kg) were daily administrated to the rats orally 1h after the potassium oxonate exposure. Liquiritigenin significantly reversed the elevated productions of uric acid in serum and urine and pro-inflammation cytokines in serum and kidney, which shown that liquiritigenin has renal protective effects. Histological study shows that liquiritigenin inhibited severe necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in potassium oxonate-treated rats. Furthermore, liquiritigenin mediated the activities of aquaporins 4 (AQP4), and regulated the activation of NF-κB p65 and the degradation of IκBα. Finally, significant increases of nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein adaptor (ASC) adaptor and cleaved caspased-1 were restored by liquiritigenin. Therefore, liquiritigenin might improve renal inflammation by suppressing renal AQP4/NF-κB/IκBα and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in hyperuricemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Hongyan
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Municipal Hospital of T.C.M, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of T.C.M, Nanjing 210001, China
| | - Wu Suling
- Department of Rheumatology, Nanjing Municipal Hospital of T.C.M, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of T.C.M, Nanjing 210001, China.
| | - Zhu Weina
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Municipal Hospital of T.C.M, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of T.C.M, Nanjing 210001, China
| | - Zhang Yajie
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Municipal Hospital of T.C.M, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of T.C.M, Nanjing 210001, China
| | - Ruan Jie
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Municipal Hospital of T.C.M, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of T.C.M, Nanjing 210001, China
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Aquaporin-4: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Cerebral Edema. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101413. [PMID: 27690011 PMCID: PMC5085613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a family member of water-channel proteins and is dominantly expressed in the foot process of glial cells surrounding capillaries. The predominant expression at the boundaries between cerebral parenchyma and major fluid compartments suggests the function of aquaporin-4 in water transfer into and out of the brain parenchyma. Accumulating evidences have suggested that the dysregulation of aquaporin-4 relates to the brain edema resulting from a variety of neuro-disorders, such as ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, trauma, etc. During edema formation in the brain, aquaporin-4 has been shown to contribute to the astrocytic swelling, while in the resolution phase, it has been seen to facilitate the reabsorption of extracellular fluid. In addition, aquaporin-4-deficient mice are protected from cytotoxic edema produced by water intoxication and brain ischemia. However, aquaporin-4 deletion exacerbates vasogenic edema in the brain of different pathological disorders. Recently, our published data showed that the upregulation of aquaporin-4 in astrocytes probably contributes to the transition from cytotoxic edema to vasogenic edema. In this review, apart from the traditional knowledge, we also introduce our latest findings about the effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and microRNA-29b on aquaporin-4, which could provide powerful intervention tools targeting aquaporin-4.
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Desai B, Hsu Y, Schneller B, Hobbs JG, Mehta AI, Linninger A. Hydrocephalus: the role of cerebral aquaporin-4 channels and computational modeling considerations of cerebrospinal fluid. Neurosurg Focus 2016; 41:E8. [DOI: 10.3171/2016.7.focus16191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) channels play an important role in brain water homeostasis. Water transport across plasma membranes has a critical role in brain water exchange of the normal and the diseased brain. AQP4 channels are implicated in the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus, a disease of water imbalance that leads to CSF accumulation in the ventricular system. Many molecular aspects of fluid exchange during hydrocephalus have yet to be firmly elucidated, but review of the literature suggests that modulation of AQP4 channel activity is a potentially attractive future pharmaceutical therapy. Drug therapy targeting AQP channels may enable control over water exchange to remove excess CSF through a molecular intervention instead of by mechanical shunting. This article is a review of a vast body of literature on the current understanding of AQP4 channels in relation to hydrocephalus, details regarding molecular aspects of AQP4 channels, possible drug development strategies, and limitations. Advances in medical imaging and computational modeling of CSF dynamics in the setting of hydrocephalus are summarized. Algorithmic developments in computational modeling continue to deepen the understanding of the hydrocephalus disease process and display promising potential benefit as a tool for physicians to evaluate patients with hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Hsu
- 2Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago; and
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Linninger
- Departments of 1Neurosurgery and
- 2Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago; and
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Hsu Y, Tran M, Linninger AA. Dynamic regulation of aquaporin-4 water channels in neurological disorders. Croat Med J 2016; 56:401-21. [PMID: 26526878 PMCID: PMC4655926 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2015.56.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 water channels play a central role in brain water regulation in neurological disorders. Aquaporin-4 is abundantly expressed at the astroglial endfeet facing the cerebral vasculature and the pial membrane, and both its expression level and subcellular localization significantly influence brain water transport. However, measurements of aquaporin-4 levels in animal models of brain injury often report opposite trends of change at the injury core and the penumbra. Furthermore, aquaporin-4 channels play a beneficial role in brain water clearance in vasogenic edema, but a detrimental role in cytotoxic edema and exacerbate cell swelling. In light of current evidence, we still do not have a complete understanding of the role of aquaporin-4 in brain water transport. In this review, we propose that the regulatory mechanisms of aquaporin-4 at the transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels jointly regulate water permeability in the short and long time scale after injury. Furthermore, in order to understand why aquaporin-4 channels play opposing roles in cytotoxic and vasogenic edema, we discuss experimental evidence on the dynamically changing osmotic gradients between blood, extracellular space, and the cytosol during the formation of cytotoxic and vasogenic edema. We conclude with an emerging picture of the distinct osmotic environments in cytotoxic and vasogenic edema, and propose that the directions of aquaporin-4-mediated water clearance in these two types of edema are distinct. The difference in water clearance pathways may provide an explanation for the conflicting observations of the roles of aquaporin-4 in edema resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreas A Linninger
- Andreas Linninger, 851 S Morgan St., SEO 218, MC 063, Chicago, IL 60607, USA,
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40
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Galán-Cobo A, Ramírez-Lorca R, Echevarría M. Role of aquaporins in cell proliferation: What else beyond water permeability? Channels (Austin) 2016; 10:185-201. [PMID: 26752515 PMCID: PMC4954585 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2016.1139250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the extensive data demonstrating the importance of mammalian AQPs for the movement of water and some small solutes across the cell membrane, there is now a growing body of evidence indicating the involvement of these proteins in numerous cellular processes seemingly unrelated, at least some of them in a direct way, to their canonical function of water permeation. Here, we have presented a broad range of evidence demonstrating that these proteins have a role in cell proliferation by various different mechanisms, namely, by allowing fast cell volume regulation during cell division; by affecting progression of cell cycle and helping maintain the balance between proliferation and apoptosis, and by crosstalk with other cell membrane proteins or transcription factors that, in turn, modulate progression of the cell cycle or regulate biosynthesis pathways of cell structural components. In the end, however, after discussing all these data that strongly support a role for AQPs in the cell proliferation process, it remains impossible to conclude that all these other functions attributed to AQPs occur completely independently of their water permeability, and there is a need for new experiments designed specifically to address this interesting issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Galán-Cobo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla (Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica), Seville, Spain
| | - Reposo Ramírez-Lorca
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla (Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica), Seville, Spain
| | - Miriam Echevarría
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla (Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica), Seville, Spain
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Soltani Z, Khaksari M, Shahrokhi N, Mohammadi G, Mofid B, Vaziri A, Amiresmaili S. Effect of estrogen and/or progesterone administration on traumatic brain injury-caused brain edema: the changes of aquaporin-4 and interleukin-6. J Physiol Biochem 2015; 72:33-44. [PMID: 26638215 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-015-0453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the development of brain edema post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been indicated. The present study was designed to investigate the effect(s) of administration of progesterone (P) and/or estrogen (E) on brain water content, AQP4 expression, and IL-6 levels post-TBI. The ovariectomized rats were divided into 11 groups: sham, one vehicle, two vehicles, E1, E2, P1, P2, E1 + P1, E1 + P2, E2 + P1, and E2 + P2. The brain AQP4 expression, IL-6 levels, and water content were evaluated 24 h after TBI induced by Marmarou's method. The low (E1 and P1) and high (E2 and P2) doses of estrogen and progesterone were administered 30 min post-TBI. The results showed that brain water content and AQP4 expression decreased in the E1, E2, P1, and P2-treated groups. The administration of E1 decreased IL-6 levels. Addition of progesterone decreased the inhibitory effect of E1 and E2 on the accumulation of water in the brain. Administration of E1 + P1 and E1 + P2 decreased the inhibitory effect of E1 on the IL-6 levels and AQP4 protein expression. Our findings suggest that estrogen or progesterone by itself has more effective roles in decrease of brain edema than combination of both. Possible mechanism may be mediated by the alteration of AQP4 and IL-6 expression. However, further studies are required to verify the exact mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Soltani
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Nader Shahrokhi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamabbas Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School of Afzalipour, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Behshad Mofid
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Bahonar Hospital of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Vaziri
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School of Afzalipour, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Oklinski MK, Choi HJ, Kwon TH. Peripheral nerve injury induces aquaporin-4 expression and astrocytic enlargement in spinal cord. Neuroscience 2015; 311:138-52. [PMID: 26480815 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4), a water channel protein, is expressed mainly in the perivascular end-feet of astrocytes in the brain and spinal cord. Dysregulation of AQP4 is critically associated with abnormal water transport in the astrocytes. We aimed to examine whether peripheral nerve injury (PNI) could induce the changes of AQP4 expression and astrocytic morphology in the spinal cord. Two different PNI models [partial sciatic nerve transection (PST) and chronic constriction injury (CCI)] were established on the left sciatic nerve in Sprague-Dawley rats, which decreased the pain withdrawal threshold in the ipsilateral hind paws. Both PNI models were associated with a persistent up-regulation of AQP4 in the ipsilateral dorsal horn at the lower lumbar region over 3 weeks, despite an absence of direct injury to the spinal cord. Three-dimensional reconstruction of astrocytes was made and morphometric analysis was done. Up-regulation of AQP4 was accompanied by a significant increase in the length and volume of astrocytic processes and the number of branch points. The most prominent changes were present in the distal processes of the astrocytes and the changes were maintained throughout the whole experimental period. Extravasation of systemically administered tracers Evans Blue and sodium fluorescein was not seen in both models. Taken together, PNI was associated with a long-lasting AQP4 up-regulation and enlargement of astrocytic processes in the spinal cord in rats, both of which were not related to the disruption of blood-spinal cord barrier. The findings could provide novel insights on the understanding of pathophysiology of spinal cords after PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Oklinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41944, South Korea
| | - H-J Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41944, South Korea
| | - T-H Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41944, South Korea.
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Sugimoto N, Leu H, Inoue N, Shimizu M, Toma T, Kuroda M, Saito T, Wada T, Yachie A. The critical role of lipopolysaccharide in the upregulation of aquaporin 4 in glial cells treated with Shiga toxin. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:78. [PMID: 26385393 PMCID: PMC4575422 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2011, there was an outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections in Japan. Approximately 62 % of patients with hemolytic-uremic syndrome also showed symptoms of encephalopathy. To determine the mechanisms of onset for encephalopathy during STEC infections, we conducted an in vitro study with glial cell lines and primary glial cells. Results Shiga toxin 2 (Stx-2) in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or LPS alone activates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in glial cells. Similarly, Stx-2 in combination with LPS, or LPS alone increases expression levels of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in glial cells. It is possible that overexpression of AQP4 results in a rapid and increased influx of osmotic water across the plasma membrane into cells, thereby inducing cell swelling and cerebral edema. Conclusions We have showed that a combination of Stx-2 and LPS induced apoptosis of glial cells recently. Glial cells are indispensable for cerebral homeostasis; therefore, their dysfunction and death impairs cerebral homeostasis and results in encephalopathy. We postulate that the onset of encephalopathy in STEC infections occurs when Stx-2 attacks vascular endothelial cells of the blood–brain barrier, inducing their death. Stx-2 and LPS then attack the exposed glial cells that are no longer in contact with the endothelial cells. AQP4 is overexpressed in glial cells, resulting in their swelling and adversely affecting cerebral homeostasis. Once cerebral homeostasis is affected in such a way, encephalopathy is the likely result in STEC patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-015-0184-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotoshi Sugimoto
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Hue Leu
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan. .,Dan Phuong General Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Natsumi Inoue
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Masaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Toma
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Mondo Kuroda
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Takekatsu Saito
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Taizo Wada
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Yachie
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Gupta RK, Prasad S. Age-Dependent Alterations in the Interactions of NF-κB and N-myc with GLT-1/EAAT2 Promoter in the Pericontusional Cortex of Mice Subjected to Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3377-3388. [PMID: 26081154 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major risk factors of dementia, aging, and cognitive impairments, etc. We have previously reported that expression of the astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT-1/EAAT2 is downregulated in the pericontusional cortex of adult and old mice in post-TBI time-dependent manner, and the process of decline starts before in old than in adult TBI mice. However, relationship between age- and TBI-dependent alterations in GLT-1/EAAT2 expression and interactions of transcription factors NF-κB and N-myc with their cognate GLT-1/EAAT2 promoter sequences, an important step of its transcriptional control, is not known. To understand this, we developed TBI mouse model by modified chronic head injury (CHI) method, analyzed expression of GFAP, TNF-α, and AQP4 by RT-PCR for its validation, and analyzed interactions of NF-κB and N-myc with GLT-1/EAAT2 promoter sequences by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Our EMSA data revealed that interactions of NF-κB and N-myc with GLT-1/EAAT2 promoter sequences was significantly elevated in the ipsi-lateral cortex of both adult and old TBI mice in post-TBI time-dependent manner; however, these interactions started immediately in the old compared to that in adult TBI mice, which could be attributed to our previously reported age- and post-TBI time-dependent differential expression of GLT-1/EAAT2 in the pericontusional cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaneesh K Gupta
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - S Prasad
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India.
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45
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Yang JY, Xue X, Tian H, Wang XX, Dong YX, Wang F, Zhao YN, Yao XC, Cui W, Wu CF. Role of microglia in ethanol-induced neurodegenerative disease: Pathological and behavioral dysfunction at different developmental stages. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:321-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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46
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Tang G, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Lu Y, Wang Y, Huang J, Li Y, Chen X, Gu X, Wang Y, Yang GY. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Maintain Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity by Inhibiting Aquaporin-4 Upregulation After Cerebral Ischemia. Stem Cells 2014; 32:3150-62. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Tang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqun Liu
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Lu
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Huang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Yaning Li
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Gu
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Yongting Wang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai People's Republic of China
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48
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Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in adult rat brain from binge ethanol exposure: abrogation by docosahexaenoic acid. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101223. [PMID: 25029343 PMCID: PMC4100731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence that brain edema and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels have roles in experimental binge ethanol-induced neurodegeneration has stimulated interest in swelling/edema-linked neuroinflammatory pathways leading to oxidative stress. We report here that neurotoxic binge ethanol exposure produces comparable significant effects in vivo and in vitro on adult rat brain levels of AQP4 as well as neuroinflammation-linked enzymes: key phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family members and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). In adult male rats, repetitive ethanol intoxication (3 gavages/d for 4 d, ∼9 g/kg/d, achieving blood ethanol levels ∼375 mg/dl; “Majchrowicz” model) significantly increased AQP4, Ca+2-dependent PLA2 GIVA (cPLA2), phospho-cPLA2 GIVA (p-cPLA2), secretory PLA2 GIIA (sPLA2) and PARP-1 in regions incurring extensive neurodegeneration in this model—hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and olfactory bulb—but not in two regions typically lacking neurodamage, frontal cortex and cerebellum. Also, ethanol reduced hippocampal Ca+2-independent PLA2 GVIA (iPLA2) levels and increased brain “oxidative stress footprints” (4-hydroxynonenal-adducted proteins). For in vitro studies, organotypic cultures of rat hippocampal-entorhinocortical slices of adult age (∼60 d) were ethanol-binged (100 mM or ∼450 mg/dl) for 4 d, which augments AQP4 and causes neurodegeneration (Collins et al. 2013). Reproducing the in vivo results, cPLA2, p-cPLA2, sPLA2 and PARP-1 were significantly elevated while iPLA2 was decreased. Furthermore, supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), known to quell AQP4 and neurodegeneration in ethanol-treated slices, blocked PARP-1 and PLA2 changes while counteracting endogenous DHA reduction and increases in oxidative stress footprints (3-nitrotyrosinated proteins). Notably, the PARP-1 inhibitor PJ-34 suppressed binge ethanol-dependent neurodegeneration, indicating PARP upstream involvement. The results with corresponding models support involvement of AQP4- and PLA2-associated neuroinflammatory pro-oxidative pathways in the neurodamage, with potential regulation by PARP-1 as well. Furthermore, DHA emerges as an effective inhibitor of these binge ethanol-dependent neuroinflammatory pathways as well as associated neurodegeneration in adult-age brain.
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Lieury A, Chanal M, Androdias G, Reynolds R, Cavagna S, Giraudon P, Confavreux C, Nataf S. Tissue remodeling in periplaque regions of multiple sclerosis spinal cord lesions. Glia 2014; 62:1645-58. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lieury
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Marie Chanal
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Géraldine Androdias
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
- Service de Neurologie A and Eugène Devic Foundation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon (Lyon University Hospital); Bron France
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Wolfson Neuroscience Laboratories, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine; London United Kingdom
| | - Sylvie Cavagna
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
| | - Pascale Giraudon
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
| | - Christian Confavreux
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
- Service de Neurologie A and Eugène Devic Foundation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon (Lyon University Hospital); Bron France
| | - Serge Nataf
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
- Banque de Cellules et de Tissus, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon (Lyon University Hospital); Lyon France
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Ding Z, Zhang J, Xu J, Sheng G, Huang G. Propofol administration modulates AQP-4 expression and brain edema after traumatic brain injury. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:615-22. [PMID: 23494261 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9549-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The increased intracranial pressure caused by brain edema following traumatic brain injury (TBI) always leads to poor patient prognosis. Aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) plays an important role in edema formation and resolution, which may provide a novel therapeutic target for edema treatment. In this present study, we found that propofol treatment, within a short time, after TBI significantly reduced brain edema in a controlled cortical injury rat model and suppressed in vivo expression of AQP-4. The ameliorating effect of propofol was associated with attenuated expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In addition, the regulatory effect of propofol on AQP-4 expression was investigated in cultured astrocytes. Results showed that propofol could block the stimulatory effect of IL-1β and TNF-α on AQP-4 expression in cultured astrocytes. We also found that both NFκB and p38/MAPK pathways were involved in IL-1β and TNF-α-induced AQP-4 expression and that propofol functions as a dual inhibitor of NFκB and p38/MAPK pathways. In conclusion, treatment with propofol, within a short time, after TBI attenuates cerebral edema and reduces the expression of AQP-4. Propofol modulates acute AQP-4 expression by attenuating IL-1β and TNF-α expression and inhibiting IL-1β and TNF-α induced AQP-4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Ding
- Emergency Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China,
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