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Khan MM, Parikh V. Prospects for Neurotrophic Factor-Based Early Intervention in Schizophrenia: Lessons Learned from the Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs on Cognition, Neurogenesis, and Neurotrophic Factors. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2023; 22:289-303. [PMID: 35366786 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220401124151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although reducing psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia has been a major focus of therapeutic interventions for decades, improving cognition is considered a better predictor of functional outcomes. However, the most commonly prescribed antipsychotic drugs (APDs) show only marginal beneficial effects on cognition in patients with schizophrenia. The neural mechanisms underlying cognitive disturbances in schizophrenia remain unknown that making drug development efforts very challenging. Since neurotrophic factors are the primary architects of neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory, the findings from preclinical and clinical studies that assess changes in neurogenesis and neurotrophic factors and their relationship to cognitive performance in schizophrenia, and how these mechanisms might be impacted by APD treatment, may provide valuable clues in developing therapies to combat cognitive deficit in schizophrenia. Numerous evidence produced over the years suggests a deficit in a wide spectrum of neurotrophic factors in schizophrenia. Since schizophrenia is considered a neurodevelopmental disorder, early intervention with neurotrophic factors may be more effective in ameliorating the cognitive deficits and psychopathological symptoms associated with this pathology. In this context, results from initial clinical trials with neurotrophic factors and their future potential to improve cognition and psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Khan
- Laboratory of Translational Neurology and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Biotechnology, Era\'s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, and Faculty of Science, Era University, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Vinay Parikh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Lockington MR, Hughes RN. Effects of olanzapine on anxiety-related behaviour in male and female rats assessed after 21-24 and 42-45 days of chronic treatment. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:194-211. [PMID: 33229894 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Olanzapine can decrease anxiety and impair memory, but there is limited information about length of treatment or sex differences in its effectiveness. Therefore, effects of 21-24 and 41-45 days of treatment and sex differences on anxiety-related behaviour and spatial memory were assessed in PVG/c (PVG/c is the internationally recognised way of referring to this rat strain) male and female rats. From 70 days after birth (PND70), all rats received no drug or 6, 11 or 15 mg/kg/day olanzapine via drinking water. From PND91, they were given four daily tests in an open field, light-dark box, zero maze and Y maze, and then again 21 days later from PND112. At PND91-94, all olanzapine doses decreased open-field ambulation and walking, and 6 and 15 mg/kg/day decreased rearing, increased immobility while 15 mg/kg/day decreased shuttles in the light/dark box (all suggesting higher anxiety). At PND112-115, 11 mg/kg/day increased open-field ambulation, walking, rearing, centre occupancy and light/dark-box shuttles and light-side entries while decreasing open-field immobility and corner occupancy (all suggesting lower anxiety). There were also several results in the open field and light/dark box suggesting olanzapine decreased anxiety for males but increased it for females. A significant olanzapine-related preference for the novel Y-maze arm either improved spatial memory, or decreased anxiety. Olanzapine thus appeared anxiogenic after 21 days' treatment, becoming anxiolytic after 42 days. This could depend on the sex of the rats (females more responsive to lower doses), and the dose (11 mg/kg/day being most effective). Therefore, while olanzapine was generally anxiolytic, it also had some treatment length- and sex-related anxiogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly R Lockington
- School of Psychology Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Hino M, Kunii Y, Matsumoto J, Wada A, Nagaoka A, Niwa SI, Takahashi H, Kakita A, Akatsu H, Hashizume Y, Yamamoto S, Yabe H. Decreased VEGFR2 expression and increased phosphorylated Akt1 in the prefrontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 82:100-8. [PMID: 27484635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Akt signaling pathway involves various cellular processes and depends on extracellular stimuli. Since Akt signaling participates in cytoprotection, synapse plasticity, axon extension, and neurotransmission in the nervous system, alteration in Akt signaling might be a potential cause of schizophrenia. In this study, we performed multiplex fluorescent bead based immunoassays for members of the Akt signaling pathway in postmortem brains of controls and patients with schizophrenia. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2/KDR) was significantly decreased in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of patients with schizophrenia, and the expression level of VEGFR2 was inversely correlated with the positive symptom subscale of the Diagnostic Instrument for Brain Studies (DIBS) in patients with schizophrenia. There was also an increase in phosphorylated Akt1 in the PFC in the patients, though the ratio of phospho/total Akt1 is not significantly different. In the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) there was no significant difference in expression and phosphorylation levels of Akt signaling proteins. Genetic analysis revealed a significant correlation of a SNP of KDR (rs7692791) with ERK1/2 and Akt1 phospho/total rates. Since VEGFR2 participates in angiogenesis and neurotrophic activation, either or both functions might be responsible for onset of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Hino
- Departments of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 960-1295 Fukushima, Japan.
| | - Yasuto Kunii
- Departments of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 960-1295 Fukushima, Japan
| | - Junya Matsumoto
- Departments of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 960-1295 Fukushima, Japan
| | - Akira Wada
- Departments of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 960-1295 Fukushima, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nagaoka
- Departments of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 960-1295 Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Niwa
- Departments of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 960-1295 Fukushima, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Aizu Medical Center, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 969-3492 Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 951-8585 Niigata, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathological Neuroscience, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 951-8585 Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Akatsu
- Department of Community-based Medical Education/Department of Community-based Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan; Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, 441-8124, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hashizume
- Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, 441-8124, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sakon Yamamoto
- Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, 441-8124, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirooki Yabe
- Departments of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 960-1295 Fukushima, Japan
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Murua A, Orive G, Hernández RM, Pedraz JL. Emerging technologies in the delivery of erythropoietin for therapeutics. Med Res Rev 2011; 31:284-309. [PMID: 19967731 DOI: 10.1002/med.20184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering the function of proteins and their roles in signaling pathways is one of the main goals of biomedical research, especially from the perspective of uncovering pathways that may ultimately be exploited for therapeutic benefit. Over the last half century, a greatly expanded understanding of the biology of the glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin (Epo) has emerged from regulator of the circulating erythrocyte mass to a widely used therapeutic agent. Originally viewed as the renal hormone responsible for erythropoiesis, recent in vivo studies in animal models and clinical trials demonstrate that many other tissues locally produce Epo independent of its effects on red blood cell mass. Thus, not only its hematopoietic activity but also the recently discovered nonerythropoietic actions in addition to new drug delivery systems are being thoroughly investigated in order to fulfill the specific Epo release requirements for each therapeutic approach. The present review focuses on updating the information previously provided by similar reviews and recent experimental approaches are presented to describe the advances in Epo drug delivery achieved in the last few years and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Murua
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, SLFPB-EHU, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Ma D, Chan MK, Lockstone HE, Pietsch SR, Jones DNC, Cilia J, Hill MD, Robbins MJ, Benzel IM, Umrania Y, Guest PC, Levin Y, Maycox PR, Bahn S. Antipsychotic Treatment Alters Protein Expression Associated with Presynaptic Function and Nervous System Development in Rat Frontal Cortex. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:3284-97. [DOI: 10.1021/pr800983p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ma
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Man K. Chan
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Helen E. Lockstone
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Sandra R. Pietsch
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Declan N. C. Jones
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Jackie Cilia
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Mark D. Hill
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Melanie J. Robbins
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Isabel M. Benzel
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Yagnesh Umrania
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Paul C. Guest
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Yishai Levin
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Peter R. Maycox
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT, U.K., and Psychiatry CEDD, New Frontiers Science Park, GlaxoSmithKline, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, U.K
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