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Sun H, Gao Y, Ma X, Deng Y, Bi L, Li L. Mechanism and application of feedback loops formed by mechanotransduction and histone modifications. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101061. [PMID: 39071110 PMCID: PMC11282412 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation is the key physical factor in cell environment. Mechanotransduction acts as a fundamental regulator of cell behavior, regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and exhibiting specific signature alterations during the pathological process. As research continues, the role of epigenetic science in mechanotransduction is attracting attention. However, the molecular mechanism of the synergistic effect between mechanotransduction and epigenetics in physiological and pathological processes has not been clarified. We focus on how histone modifications, as important components of epigenetics, are coordinated with multiple signaling pathways to control cell fate and disease progression. Specifically, we propose that histone modifications can form regulatory feedback loops with signaling pathways, that is, histone modifications can not only serve as downstream regulators of signaling pathways for target gene transcription but also provide feedback to regulate signaling pathways. Mechanotransduction and epigenetic changes could be potential markers and therapeutic targets in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sun
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yafang Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Xinyu Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yizhou Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Lintao Bi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Lisha Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
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2
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Custodio L, Malone S, Bardo MT, Turner JR. Nicotine and opioid co-dependence: Findings from bench research to clinical trials. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 134:104507. [PMID: 34968525 PMCID: PMC10986295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Concomitant use of tobacco and opioids represents a growing public health concern. In fact, the mortality rate due to smoking-related illness approaches 50% among SUD patients. Cumulative evidence demonstrates that the vulnerability to drugs of abuse is influenced by behavioral, environmental, and genetic factors. This review explores the contribution of genetics and neural mechanisms influencing nicotine and opioid reward, respiration, and antinociception, emphasizing the interaction of cholinergic and opioid receptor systems. Despite the substantial evidence demonstrating nicotine-opioid interactions within the brain and on behavior, the currently available pharmacotherapies targeting these systems have shown limited efficacy for smoking cessation on opioid-maintained smokers. Thus, further studies designed to identify novel targets modulating both nicotinic and opioid receptor systems may lead to more efficacious approaches for co-morbid nicotine dependence and opioid use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Custodio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Samantha Malone
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael T Bardo
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jill R Turner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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3
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Ji CH, Gu JH, Liu Y, Tang WQ, Guan W, Huang J, Chen YM, Xu DW, Jiang B. Hippocampal MSK1 regulates the behavioral and biological responses of mice to chronic social defeat stress: Involving of the BDNF-CREB signaling and neurogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 195:114836. [PMID: 34774532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common psychiatric diseases in the 21st century, while its pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. Currently, besides to the monoaminergic system, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling is one of the most attractive signaling pathways for treating depression. Mitogen and stress-activated kinase (MSK) 1 and 2 are nuclear proteins activated downstream of the ERK1/2 or p38 MAPK pathways, and it has been demonstrated that MSKs are involved in the BDNF-CREB signaling. Here we assumed that MSKs may play a role in depression, and various methods including the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model of depression, western blotting, immunofluorescence and virus-mediated gene transfer were used together. It was found that CSDS fully enhanced the expression of both phosphorylated MSK1 and total MSK1 in the hippocampus but not the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). CSDS did not influence the expression of phosphorylated MSK2 and total MSK2 in the two brain regions. Genetic over-expression of hippocampal MSK1 fully prevented not only the CSDS-induced depressive-like behaviors but also the CSDS-induced dysfunction in the hippocampal BDNF-CREB signaling and neurogenesis in mice, while genetic knockdown of hippocampal MSK1 aggravated the CSDS-induced depressive-like symptomatology in mice. Our results collectively suggest that although CSDS evidently enhances the activity of hippocampal MSK1, it is not a contributor to the CSDS-induced dysfunction in the brain but a defensive feedback regulator which protects against CSDS. Therefore, hippocampal MSK1 participates in the pathogenesis of depression and is a feasible and potential antidepressant target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hui Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang-Hong Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Qian Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Mei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Da-Wei Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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4
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Transcriptional signatures in prefrontal cortex confer vulnerability versus resilience to food and cocaine addiction-like behavior. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9076. [PMID: 33907201 PMCID: PMC8079697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive reward-seeking despite harmful consequences. The mechanisms underlying addiction are orchestrated by transcriptional reprogramming in the reward system of vulnerable subjects. This study aims at revealing gene expression alterations across different types of addiction. We analyzed publicly available transcriptome datasets of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) from a palatable food and a cocaine addiction study. We found 56 common genes upregulated in the PFC of addicted mice in these two studies, whereas most of the differentially expressed genes were exclusively linked to either palatable food or cocaine addiction. Gene ontology analysis of shared genes revealed that these genes contribute to learning and memory, dopaminergic synaptic transmission, and histone phosphorylation. Network analysis of shared genes revealed a protein–protein interaction node among the G protein-coupled receptors (Drd2, Drd1, Adora2a, Gpr6, Gpr88) and downstream targets of the cAMP signaling pathway (Ppp1rb1, Rgs9, Pde10a) as a core network in addiction. Upon extending the analysis to a cell-type specific level, some of these common molecular players were selectively expressed in excitatory neurons, oligodendrocytes, and endothelial cells. Overall, computational analysis of publicly available whole transcriptome datasets provides new insights into the molecular basis of addiction-like behaviors in PFC.
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Abstract
The MAPK pathway is a prominent intracellular signaling pathway regulating various intracellular functions. Components of this pathway are mutated in a related collection of congenital syndromes collectively referred to as neuro-cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes (NCFC) or Rasopathies. Recently, it has been appreciated that these disorders are associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In addition, idiopathic ASD has also implicated the MAPK signaling cascade as a common pathway that is affected by many of the genetic variants that have been found to be linked to ASDs. This chapter describes the components of the MAPK pathway and how it is regulated. Furthermore, this chapter will highlight the various functions of the MAPK pathway during both embryonic development of the central nervous system (CNS) and its roles in neuronal physiology and ultimately, behavior. Finally, we will summarize the perturbations to MAPK signaling in various models of autism spectrum disorders and Rasopathies to highlight how dysregulation of this pivotal pathway may contribute to the pathogenesis of autism.
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Sellers KJ, Watson IA, Gresz RE, Raval P, Srivastava DP. Cyto-nuclear shuttling of afadin is required for rapid estradiol-mediated modifications of histone H3. Neuropharmacology 2018; 143:153-162. [PMID: 30268521 PMCID: PMC6277849 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens have been shown to rapidly regulate local signalling at synapses and within the nucleus. The result of these signalling events is to rapidly modulate synapse structure and function, as well as epigenetic mechanisms including histone modifications. Ultimately these mechanisms are thought to contribute to long-lasting changes in neural circuitry, and thus influence cognitive functions such as learning and memory. However, the mechanisms by which estrogen-mediated local synaptic and nuclear signalling events are coordinated are not well understood. In this study we have found that the scaffold protein afadin, (also known as AF-6), undergoes a bi-directional trafficking to both synaptic and nuclear compartment in response to acute 17β-estradiol (estradiol) treatment, in mixed sex neuronal cultures derived from fetal cortex. Interestingly, nuclear accumulation of afadin was coincidental with an increase in the phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 10 (H3S10p). This epigenetic modification is associated with the remodeling of chromatin into an open euchromatin state, allowing for transcriptional activation and related learning and memory processes. Critically, the cyto-nuclear trafficking of afadin was required for estradiol-dependent H3S10p. We further determined that nuclear accumulation of afadin is sufficient to induce phosphorylation of the mitogentic kinases ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) within the nucleus. Moreover, nuclear pERK1/2 was required for estradiol-dependent H3S10p. Taken together, we propose a model whereby estradiol induces the bi-directional trafficking of afadin to synaptic and nuclear sub-compartments. Within the nucleus, afadin is required for increased pERK1/2 which in turn is required for H3S10p. Therefore this represents a mechanism through which estrogens may be able to coordinate both synaptic and nucleosomal events within the same neuronal population. 17β-estradiol targets afadin to membrane and nuclear subcompartments. Histone H3 is rapidly phosphorylated by 17β-estradiol. Histone H3 phosphorylation by 17β-estradiol requires afadin nuclear accumulation. 17β-estradiol-mediated ERK1/2 activation is required for histone H3 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Sellers
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Iain A Watson
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Rahel E Gresz
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Pooja Raval
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Deepak P Srivastava
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, UK.
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Salery M, Dos Santos M, Saint-Jour E, Moumné L, Pagès C, Kappès V, Parnaudeau S, Caboche J, Vanhoutte P. Activity-Regulated Cytoskeleton-Associated Protein Accumulates in the Nucleus in Response to Cocaine and Acts as a Brake on Chromatin Remodeling and Long-Term Behavioral Alterations. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:573-584. [PMID: 27567310 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Addiction relies on persistent alterations of neuronal properties, which depends on gene regulation. Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) is an immediate early gene that modulates neuronal plasticity underlying learning and memory. Its role in cocaine-induced neuronal and behavioral adaptations remains elusive. METHODS Acute cocaine-treated mice were used for quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemistry, and confocal imaging from striatum. Live imaging and transfection assays for Arc overexpression were performed from primary cultures. Molecular and behavioral adaptations to cocaine were studied from Arc-deficient mice and their wild-type littermates. RESULTS Arc messenger RNA and proteins are rapidly induced in the striatum after acute cocaine administration, via an extracellular-signal regulated kinase-dependent de novo protein synthesis. Although detected in dendrites, Arc accumulates in the nucleus in active zones of transcription, where it colocalizes with phospho-Ser10-histone H3, an important component of nucleosomal response. In vitro, Arc overexpression downregulates phospho-Ser10-histone H3 without modifying extracellular-signal regulated kinase phosphorylation in the nucleus. In vivo, Arc-deficient mice display decreased heterochromatin domains, a high RNA-polymerase II activity and enhanced c-Fos expression. These mice presented an exacerbated psychomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference induced by low doses of cocaine. CONCLUSIONS Cocaine induces the rapid induction of Arc and its nuclear accumulation in striatal neurons. Locally, it alters the nucleosomal response, and acts as a brake on chromatin remodeling and gene regulation. These original observations posit Arc as a major homeostatic modulator of molecular and behavioral responses to cocaine. Thus, modulating Arc levels may provide promising therapeutic approaches in drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Salery
- INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine; Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Marc Dos Santos
- INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine; Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Estefani Saint-Jour
- INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine; Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Lara Moumné
- INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine; Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Christiane Pagès
- INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine; Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Kappès
- INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine; Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Parnaudeau
- INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine; Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Jocelyne Caboche
- INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine; Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Peter Vanhoutte
- INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine; Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Paris, France.
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8
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Tochiki KK, Maiarú M, Norris C, Hunt SP, Géranton SM. The mitogen and stress-activated protein kinase 1 regulates the rapid epigenetic tagging of dorsal horn neurons and nocifensive behaviour. Pain 2016; 157:2594-2604. [PMID: 27482631 PMCID: PMC5065054 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 10 (p-H3S10) is a marker of active gene transcription. Using cognitive models of neural plasticity, p-H3S10 was shown to be downstream of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling in the hippocampus. In this study, we show that nociceptive signalling after peripheral formalin injection increased p-H3S10 expression in the ipsilateral dorsal horn. This increase was maximal 30 minutes after formalin injection and occurred mainly within p-ERK-positive neurons. Spinal p-H3S10-enhanced expression was also observed in neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R), c-Fos, and Zif268 positive neurons and was inhibited by ablation of serotonergic descending controls. The mitogen and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1) is downstream of ERK and can induce p-H3S10. We found that, after formalin injection, most phospho-MSK1 (p-MSK1)-positive cells (87% ± 3%) expressed p-ERK and the majority of p-H3S10-positive cells (85% ± 5%) expressed p-MSK1. Inhibition of ERK activity with the MEK inhibitor SL327 reduced formalin-induced p-ERK, p-MSK1, and p-H3S10, demonstrating that spinal p-MSK1 and p-H3S10 were at least partly downstream of ERK signalling. Crucially, pharmacological blockade of spinal MSK1 activity with the novel MSK1 inhibitor SB727651A inhibited formalin-induced spinal p-H3S10 and nocifensive behaviour. These findings are the first to establish the involvement of p-H3S10 and its main kinase, MSK1, in ERK regulation of nociception. Given the general importance of ERK signalling in pain processing, our results suggest that p-H3S10 could play a role in the response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri K. Tochiki
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Maiarú
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caspar Norris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P. Hunt
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sandrine M. Géranton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Shevelkin AV, Nikitin VP, Sherstnev VV. Neurotransmitters selectively change the phosphorylation of H3 histone in identified neurons of the snail Helix lucorum. NEUROCHEM J+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712416030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Reyskens KMSE, Arthur JSC. Emerging Roles of the Mitogen and Stress Activated Kinases MSK1 and MSK2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:56. [PMID: 27376065 PMCID: PMC4901046 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen- and stress-activated kinases (MSK) 1 and 2 are nuclear proteins activated downstream of the ERK1/2 or p38 MAPK pathways. MSKs phosphorylate multiple substrates, including CREB and Histone H3, and their major role is the regulation of specific subsets of Immediate Early genes (IEG). While MSKs are expressed in multiple tissues, their levels are high in immune and neuronal cells and it is in these systems most is known about their function. In immunity, MSKs have predominantly anti-inflammatory roles and help regulate production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In the CNS they are implicated in neuronal proliferation and synaptic plasticity. In this review we will focus on recent advances in understanding the roles of MSKs in the innate immune system and neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M S E Reyskens
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee Dundee, UK
| | - J Simon C Arthur
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee Dundee, UK
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11
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Giacomini C, Mahajani S, Ruffilli R, Marotta R, Gasparini L. Lamin B1 protein is required for dendrite development in primary mouse cortical neurons. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:35-47. [PMID: 26510501 PMCID: PMC4694760 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-05-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamin B1, a key component of the nuclear lamina, plays an important role in brain development and function. A duplication of the human lamin B1 (LMNB1) gene has been linked to adult-onset autosomal dominant leukodystrophy, and mouse and human loss-of-function mutations in lamin B1 are susceptibility factors for neural tube defects. In the mouse, experimental ablation of endogenous lamin B1 (Lmnb1) severely impairs embryonic corticogenesis. Here we report that in primary mouse cortical neurons, LMNB1 overexpression reduces axonal outgrowth, whereas deficiency of endogenous Lmnb1 results in aberrant dendritic development. In the absence of Lmnb1, both the length and complexity of dendrites are reduced, and their growth is unresponsive to KCl stimulation. This defective dendritic outgrowth stems from impaired ERK signaling. In Lmnb1-null neurons, ERK is correctly phosphorylated, but phospho-ERK fails to translocate to the nucleus, possibly due to delocalization of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) at the nuclear envelope. Taken together, these data highlight a previously unrecognized role of lamin B1 in dendrite development of mouse cortical neurons through regulation of nuclear shuttling of specific signaling molecules and NPC distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Giacomini
- Molecular Neurodegeneration Lab, Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sameehan Mahajani
- Molecular Neurodegeneration Lab, Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberta Ruffilli
- Electron Microscopy Lab, Nanochemistry Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Marotta
- Electron Microscopy Lab, Nanochemistry Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Gasparini
- Molecular Neurodegeneration Lab, Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, 16163 Genoa, Italy
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12
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Farris SP, Harris RA, Ponomarev I. Epigenetic modulation of brain gene networks for cocaine and alcohol abuse. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:176. [PMID: 26041984 PMCID: PMC4438259 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine and alcohol are two substances of abuse that prominently affect the central nervous system (CNS). Repeated exposure to cocaine and alcohol leads to longstanding changes in gene expression, and subsequent functional CNS plasticity, throughout multiple brain regions. Epigenetic modifications of histones are one proposed mechanism guiding these enduring changes to the transcriptome. Characterizing the large number of available biological relationships as network models can reveal unexpected biochemical relationships. Clustering analysis of variation from whole-genome sequencing of gene expression (RNA-Seq) and histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) events (ChIP-Seq) revealed the underlying structure of the transcriptional and epigenomic landscape within hippocampal postmortem brain tissue of drug abusers and control cases. Distinct sets of interrelated networks for cocaine and alcohol abuse were determined for each abusive substance. The network approach identified subsets of functionally related genes that are regulated in agreement with H3K4me3 changes, suggesting cause and effect relationships between this epigenetic mark and gene expression. Gene expression networks consisted of recognized substrates for addiction, such as the dopamine- and cAMP-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein PPP1R1B/DARPP-32 and the vesicular glutamate transporter SLC17A7/VGLUT1 as well as potentially novel molecular targets for substance abuse. Through a systems biology based approach our results illustrate the utility of integrating epigenetic and transcript expression to establish relevant biological networks in the human brain for addiction. Future work with laboratory models may clarify the functional relevance of these gene networks for cocaine and alcohol, and provide a framework for the development of medications for the treatment of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Farris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol & Addiction Research and The College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, USA
| | - Robert A Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol & Addiction Research and The College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, USA
| | - Igor Ponomarev
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol & Addiction Research and The College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, USA
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13
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VanLeeuwen JE, Rafalovich I, Sellers K, Jones KA, Griffith TN, Huda R, Miller RJ, Srivastava DP, Penzes P. Coordinated nuclear and synaptic shuttling of afadin promotes spine plasticity and histone modifications. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:10831-10842. [PMID: 24567331 PMCID: PMC4036196 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.536391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of a neuron to transduce extracellular signals into long lasting changes in neuronal morphology is central to its normal function. Increasing evidence shows that coordinated regulation of synaptic and nuclear signaling in response to NMDA receptor activation is crucial for long term memory, synaptic tagging, and epigenetic signaling. Although mechanisms have been proposed for synapse-to-nuclear communication, it is unclear how signaling is coordinated at both subcompartments. Here, we show that activation of NMDA receptors induces the bi-directional and concomitant shuttling of the scaffold protein afadin from the cytosol to the nucleus and synapses. Activity-dependent afadin nuclear translocation peaked 2 h post-stimulation, was independent of protein synthesis, and occurred concurrently with dendritic spine remodeling. Moreover, activity-dependent afadin nuclear translocation coincides with phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 10 (H3S10p), a marker of epigenetic modification. Critically, blocking afadin nuclear accumulation attenuated activity-dependent dendritic spine remodeling and H3 phosphorylation. Collectively, these data support a novel model of neuronal nuclear signaling whereby dual-residency proteins undergo activity-dependent bi-directional shuttling from the cytosol to synapses and the nucleus, coordinately regulating dendritic spine remodeling and histone modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Eric VanLeeuwen
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Igor Rafalovich
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Katherine Sellers
- Department of Neuroscience and Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, The James Black Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly A Jones
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Theanne N Griffith
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Rafiq Huda
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Richard J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Deepak P Srivastava
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Department of Neuroscience and Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, The James Black Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611.
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Zamora-Martinez ER, Edwards S. Neuronal extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity as marker and mediator of alcohol and opioid dependence. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 8:24. [PMID: 24653683 PMCID: PMC3949304 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early pioneering work in the field of biochemistry identified phosphorylation as a crucial post-translational modification of proteins with the ability to both indicate and arbitrate complex physiological processes. More recent investigations have functionally linked phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) to a variety of neurophysiological mechanisms ranging from acute neurotransmitter action to long-term gene expression. ERK phosphorylation serves as an intracellular bridging mechanism that facilitates neuronal communication and plasticity. Drugs of abuse, including alcohol and opioids, act as artificial yet powerful rewards that impinge upon natural reinforcement processes critical for survival. The graded progression from initial exposure to addiction (or substance dependence) is believed to result from drug- and drug context-induced adaptations in neuronal signaling processes across brain reward and stress circuits following excessive drug use. In this regard, commonly abused drugs as well as drug-associated experiences are capable of modifying the phosphorylation of ERK within central reinforcement systems. In addition, chronic drug and alcohol exposure may drive ERK-regulated epigenetic and structural alterations that underlie a long-term propensity for escalating drug use. Under the influence of such a neurobiological vulnerability, encountering drug-associated cues and contexts can produce subsequent alterations in ERK signaling that drive relapse to drug and alcohol seeking. Current studies are determining precisely which molecular and regional ERK phosphorylation-associated events contribute to the addiction process, as well as which neuroadaptations need to be targeted in order to return dependent individuals to a healthy state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva R Zamora-Martinez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Scott Edwards
- Department of Physiology and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
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15
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Ciccarelli A, Giustetto M. Role of ERK signaling in activity-dependent modifications of histone proteins. Neuropharmacology 2014; 80:34-44. [PMID: 24486378 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well-established that neuronal intracellular signaling governed by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK/MAPK) plays a crucial role in long-term adaptive changes that occur during cognitive processes. ERK is a downstream component of a conserved signaling module that is activated by the serine/threonine kinase, Raf, which activates the MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK)1/2 protein kinases, which, in turn, activate ERK1/2. This signaling pathway has been reported to be activated in numerous physiological conditions due to a variety of stimuli, ranging from the activation of ionotropic glutamatergic receptors to metabotropic dopaminergic receptors and neurotrophin receptors. Interestingly, activated ERK can have early and late downstream effects at both the nuclear and synaptic levels. Locally, ERK signaling results in transient changes in the efficacy of synaptic transmission by modifying both pre- and post-synaptic targets. Once translocated into the nucleus, ERK signaling may control transcription by targeting several different regulators of gene expression such as transcription factors and histone proteins. ERK function is considered fundamental in processes such as long-term memory storage and drug addiction, by means of its role in activity-dependent epigenetic modifications that occur in the brain. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of ERK action in the neuroepigenetic processes underlying physiological responses, cognitive processes and drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ciccarelli
- University of Turin, Department of Neuroscience, C.so M. D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizio Giustetto
- University of Turin, Department of Neuroscience, C.so M. D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience-Italy, C.so M. D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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16
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Increased histone H3 phosphorylation in neurons in specific brain structures after induction of status epilepticus in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77710. [PMID: 24147063 PMCID: PMC3797699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) induces pathological and morphological changes in the brain. Recently, it has become clear that excessive neuronal excitation, stress and drug abuse induce chromatin remodeling in neurons, thereby altering gene expression. Chromatin remodeling is a key mechanism of epigenetic gene regulation. Histone H3 phosphorylation is frequently used as a marker of chromatin remodeling and is closely related to the upregulation of mRNA transcription. In the present study, we analyzed H3 phosphorylation levels in vivo using immunohistochemistry in the brains of mice with pilocarpine-induced SE. A substantial increase in H3 phosphorylation was detected in neurons in specific brain structures. Increased H3 phosphorylation was dependent on neuronal excitation. In particular, a robust upregulation of H3 phosphorylation was detected in the caudate putamen, and there was a gradient of phosphorylated H3+ (PH3+) neurons along the medio-lateral axis. After unilateral ablation of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the distribution of PH3+ neurons changed in the caudate putamen. Moreover, our histological analysis suggested that, in addition to the well-known MSK1 (mitogen and stress-activated kinase)/H3 phosphorylation/c-fos pathway, other signaling pathways were also activated. Together, our findings suggest that a number of genes involved in the pathology of epileptogenesis are upregulated in PH3+ brain regions, and that H3 phosphorylation is a suitable indicator of strong neuronal excitation.
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17
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Sillivan SE, Whittard JD, Jacobs MM, Ren Y, Mazloom AR, Caputi FF, Horvath M, Keller E, Ma’ayan A, Pan YX, Chiang LW, Hurd YL. ELK1 transcription factor linked to dysregulated striatal mu opioid receptor signaling network and OPRM1 polymorphism in human heroin abusers. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:511-9. [PMID: 23702428 PMCID: PMC4070524 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abuse of heroin and prescription opiate medications has grown to disturbing levels. Opioids mediate their effects through mu opioid receptors (MOR), but minimal information exists regarding MOR-related striatal signaling relevant to the human condition. The striatum is a structure central to reward and habitual behavior and neurobiological changes in this region are thought to underlie the pathophysiology of addiction disorders. METHODS We examined molecular mechanisms related to MOR in postmortem human brain striatal specimens from a homogenous European Caucasian population of heroin abusers and control subjects and in an animal model of heroin self-administration. Expression of ets-like kinase 1 (ELK1) was examined in relation to polymorphism of the MOR gene OPRM1 and drug history. RESULTS A characteristic feature of heroin abusers was decreased expression of MOR and extracellular regulated kinase signaling networks, concomitant with dysregulation of the downstream transcription factor ELK1. Striatal ELK1 in heroin abusers associated with the polymorphism rs2075572 in OPRM1 in a genotype dose-dependent manner and correlated with documented history of heroin use, an effect reproduced in an animal model that emphasizes a direct relationship between repeated heroin exposure and ELK1 dysregulation. A central role of ELK1 was evidenced by an unbiased whole transcriptome microarray that revealed ~20% of downregulated genes in human heroin abusers are ELK1 targets. Using chromatin immune precipitation, we confirmed decreased ELK1 promoter occupancy of the target gene Use1. CONCLUSIONS ELK1 is a potential key transcriptional regulatory factor in striatal disturbances associated with heroin abuse and relevant to genetic mutation of OPRM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E. Sillivan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - John D. Whittard
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Michelle M. Jacobs
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Yanhua Ren
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Amin R. Mazloom
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Francesca F. Caputi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Monika Horvath
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eva Keller
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Avi Ma’ayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Ying-Xian Pan
- Department of Neurology and the Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | | | - Yasmin L. Hurd
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
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18
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Shvetsov AV, Zachepilo TG, Vaido AI, Kamyshev NG, Lopatina NG. On epigenetic regulation of the process of formation of long-term memory. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093013020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Rotllant D, Pastor-Ciurana J, Armario A. Stress-induced brain histone H3 phosphorylation: contribution of the intensity of stressors and length of exposure. J Neurochem 2013; 125:599-609. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Rotllant
- Institute of Neurosciences; Red de Transtornos Adictivos (RTA, Instituto de Salud Carlos III); and Animal Physiology Unit (School of Biosciences); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Pastor-Ciurana
- Institute of Neurosciences; Red de Transtornos Adictivos (RTA, Instituto de Salud Carlos III); and Animal Physiology Unit (School of Biosciences); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Antonio Armario
- Institute of Neurosciences; Red de Transtornos Adictivos (RTA, Instituto de Salud Carlos III); and Animal Physiology Unit (School of Biosciences); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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20
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Schmidt HD, McGinty JF, West AE, Sadri-Vakili G. Epigenetics and psychostimulant addiction. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:a012047. [PMID: 23359110 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic drug exposure alters gene expression in the brain and produces long-term changes in neural networks that underlie compulsive drug taking and seeking. Exactly how drug-induced changes in synaptic plasticity and subsequent gene expression are translated into persistent neuroadaptations remains unclear. Emerging evidence suggests that complex drug-induced neuroadaptations in the brain are mediated by highly synchronized and dynamic patterns of gene regulation. Recently, it has become clear that epigenetic mechanisms contribute to drug-induced structural, synaptic, and behavioral plasticity by regulating expression of gene networks. Here we review how alterations in histone modifications, DNA methylation, and microRNAs regulate gene expression and contribute to psychostimulant addiction with a focus on the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression following chronic cocaine exposure. Identifying epigenetic signatures that define psychostimulant addiction may lead to novel, efficacious treatments for drug craving and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath D Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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21
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Ciccarelli A, Calza A, Santoru F, Grasso F, Concas A, Sassoè-Pognetto M, Giustetto M. Morphine withdrawal produces ERK-dependent and ERK-independent epigenetic marks in neurons of the nucleus accumbens and lateral septum. Neuropharmacology 2013; 70:168-79. [PMID: 23347952 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic changes such as covalent modifications of histone proteins represent complex molecular signatures that provide a cellular memory of previously experienced stimuli without irreversible changes of the genetic code. In this study we show that new gene expression induced in vivo by morphine withdrawal occurs with concomitant epigenetic modifications in brain regions critically involved in drug-dependent behaviors. We found that naloxone-precipitated withdrawal, but not chronic morphine administration, caused a strong induction of phospho-histone H3 immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell/core and in the lateral septum (LS), a change that was accompanied by augmented H3 acetylation (lys14) in neurons of the NAc shell. Morphine withdrawal induced the phosphorylation of the epigenetic factor methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) in Ser421 both in the LS and the NAc shell. These epigenetic changes were accompanied by the activation of members of the ERK pathway as well as increased expression of the immediate early genes (IEG) c-fos and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc/Arg3.1). Using a pharmacological approach, we found that H3 phosphorylation and IEG expression were partially dependent on ERK activation, while MeCP2 phosphorylation was fully ERK-independent. These findings provide new important information on the role of the ERK pathway in the regulation of epigenetic marks and gene expression that may concur to regulate in vivo the cellular changes underlying the onset of the opioid withdrawal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ciccarelli
- University of Turin, Department of Neuroscience, C.so M. D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
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22
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Maze I, Noh KM, Allis CD. Histone regulation in the CNS: basic principles of epigenetic plasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:3-22. [PMID: 22828751 PMCID: PMC3521967 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Postmitotic neurons are subject to a vast array of environmental influences that require the nuclear integration of intracellular signaling events to promote a wide variety of neuroplastic states associated with synaptic function, circuit formation, and behavioral memory. Over the last decade, much attention has been paid to the roles of transcription and chromatin regulation in guiding fundamental aspects of neuronal function. A great deal of this work has centered on neurodevelopmental and adulthood plasticity, with increased focus in the areas of neuropharmacology and molecular psychiatry. Here, we attempt to provide a broad overview of chromatin regulation, as it relates to central nervous system (CNS) function, with specific emphasis on the modes of histone posttranslational modifications, chromatin remodeling, and histone variant exchange. Understanding the functions of chromatin in the context of the CNS will aid in the future development of pharmacological therapeutics aimed at alleviating devastating neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Maze
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyung-Min Noh
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - C David Allis
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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23
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Shevelkin AV, Efimova OI, Nikitin VP, Anokhin KV, Sherstnev VV. Specific Changes in c-fos Expression and Colocalization with DNA in Identified Neuronal Nuclei of Edible Snail Following Neurotransmitter Application. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 153:734-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-012-1813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Queisser G, Wiegert S, Bading H. Structural dynamics of the cell nucleus: basis for morphology modulation of nuclear calcium signaling and gene transcription. Nucleus 2012; 2:98-104. [PMID: 21738832 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.2.2.15116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal morphology plays an essential role in signal processing in the brain. Individual neurons can undergo use-dependent changes in their shape and connectivity, which affects how intracellular processes are regulated and how signals are transferred from one cell to another in a neuronal network. Calcium is one of the most important intracellular second messengers regulating cellular morphologies and functions. In neurons, intracellular calcium levels are controlled by ion channels in the plasma membrane such as NMDA receptors (NMDARs), voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) and certain α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) as well as by calcium exchange pathways between the cytosol and internal calcium stores including the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Synaptic activity and the subsequent opening of ligand and/or voltage-gated calcium channels can initiate cytosolic calcium transients which propagate towards the cell soma and enter the nucleus via its nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) embedded in the nuclear envelope. We recently described the discovery that in hippocampal neurons the morphology of the nucleus affects the calcium dynamics within the nucleus. Here we propose that nuclear infoldings determine whether a nucleus functions as an integrator or detector of oscillating calcium signals. We outline possible ties between nuclear mophology and transcriptional activity and discuss the importance of extending the approach to whole cell calcium signal modeling in order to understand synapse-to-nucleus communication in healthy and dysfunctional neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Queisser
- Goethe Center for Scientific Computing, Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, University Frankfurt am Main, Kettenhofweg, Frankfurt am Main.
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25
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Network, cellular, and molecular mechanisms underlying long-term memory formation. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2012; 15:73-115. [PMID: 22976275 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2012_229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The neural network stores information through activity-dependent synaptic plasticity that occurs in populations of neurons. Persistent forms of synaptic plasticity may account for long-term memory storage, and the most salient forms are the changes in the structure of synapses. The theory proposes that encoding should use a sparse code and evidence suggests that this can be achieved through offline reactivation or by sparse initial recruitment of the network units. This idea implies that in some cases the neurons that underwent structural synaptic plasticity might be a subpopulation of those originally recruited; However, it is not yet clear whether all the neurons recruited during acquisition are the ones that underwent persistent forms of synaptic plasticity and responsible for memory retrieval. To determine which neural units underlie long-term memory storage, we need to characterize which are the persistent forms of synaptic plasticity occurring in these neural ensembles and the best hints so far are the molecular signals underlying structural modifications of the synapses. Structural synaptic plasticity can be achieved by the activity of various signal transduction pathways, including the NMDA-CaMKII and ACh-MAPK. These pathways converge with the Rho family of GTPases and the consequent ERK 1/2 activation, which regulates multiple cellular functions such as protein translation, protein trafficking, and gene transcription. The most detailed explanation may come from models that allow us to determine the contribution of each piece of this fascinating puzzle that is the neuron and the neural network.
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26
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Bodai L, Marsh JL. A novel target for Huntington's disease: ERK at the crossroads of signaling. Bioessays 2011; 34:142-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Rotllant D, Armario A. Brain pattern of histone H3 phosphorylation after acute amphetamine administration: its relationship to brain c-fos induction is strongly dependent on the particular brain area. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:1073-81. [PMID: 22063717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence strongly suggests a critical role of chromatin remodelling in the acute and chronic effects of addictive drugs. We reasoned that Immunohistochemical detection of certain histone modifications may be a more specific tool than induction of immediate early genes (i.e. c-fos) to detect brain areas and neurons that are critical for the action of addictive drugs. Thus, in the present work we studied in adult male rats the effects of a high dose of amphetamine on brain pattern of histone H3 phosphorylation in serine 10 (pH3S(10)) and c-fos expression. We firstly observed that amphetamine-induced an increase in the number of pH3S(10) positive neurons in a restricted number of brain areas, with maximum levels at 30 min after the drug administration that declined at 90 min in most areas. In a second experiment we studied colocalization of pH3S(10) immunoreactivity (pH3S(10)-IR) and c-fos expression. Amphetamine increased c-fos expression in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsal striatum, nucleus accumbens (Acb), major Island of Calleja (ICjM), central amygdala (CeA), bed nucleus of stria terminalis lateral dorsal (BSTld) and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Whereas no evidence for increase in pH3S(10) positive neurons was found in the mPFC and the PVN, in the striatum and the Acb basically all pH3S(10) positive neurons showed colocalization with c-fos. In ICjM, CeA and BSTld a notable degree of colocalization was found, but an important number of neurons expressing c-fos were negative for pH3S(10). The present results give support to the hypothesis that amphetamine-induced pH3S(10)-IR showed a more restricted pattern than brain c-fos induction, being this difference strongly dependent on the particular brain area studied. It is likely that those nuclei and neurons showing pH3S(10)-IR are more specifically associated to important effects of the drug, including neural plasticity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder'.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rotllant
- Institut de Neurociències, Red de Trastornos Adictivos and Animal Physiology Unit (School of Biosciences), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Stojic L, Jasencakova Z, Prezioso C, Stützer A, Bodega B, Pasini D, Klingberg R, Mozzetta C, Margueron R, Puri PL, Schwarzer D, Helin K, Fischle W, Orlando V. Chromatin regulated interchange between polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2)-Ezh2 and PRC2-Ezh1 complexes controls myogenin activation in skeletal muscle cells. Epigenetics Chromatin 2011; 4:16. [PMID: 21892963 PMCID: PMC3180244 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8935-4-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polycomb group (PcG) genes code for chromatin multiprotein complexes that are responsible for maintaining gene silencing of transcriptional programs during differentiation and in adult tissues. Despite the large amount of information on PcG function during development and cell identity homeostasis, little is known regarding the dynamics of PcG complexes and their role during terminal differentiation. Results We show that two distinct polycomb repressive complex (PRC)2 complexes contribute to skeletal muscle cell differentiation: the PRC2-Ezh2 complex, which is bound to the myogenin (MyoG) promoter and muscle creatine kinase (mCK) enhancer in proliferating myoblasts, and the PRC2-Ezh1 complex, which replaces PRC2-Ezh2 on MyoG promoter in post-mitotic myotubes. Interestingly, the opposing dynamics of PRC2-Ezh2 and PRC2-Ezh1 at these muscle regulatory regions is differentially regulated at the chromatin level by Msk1 dependent methyl/phospho switch mechanism involving phosphorylation of serine 28 of the H3 histone (H3S28ph). While Msk1/H3S28ph is critical for the displacement of the PRC2-Ezh2 complex, this pathway does not influence the binding of PRC2-Ezh1 on the chromatin. Importantly, depletion of Ezh1 impairs muscle differentiation and the chromatin recruitment of MyoD to the MyoG promoter in differentiating myotubes. We propose that PRC2-Ezh1 is necessary for controlling the proper timing of MyoG transcriptional activation and thus, in contrast to PRC2-Ezh2, is required for myogenic differentiation. Conclusions Our data reveal another important layer of epigenetic control orchestrating skeletal muscle cell terminal differentiation, and introduce a novel function of the PRC2-Ezh1 complex in promoter setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovorka Stojic
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zuzana Jasencakova
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carolina Prezioso
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandra Stützer
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Beatrice Bodega
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology and Genetics for Medical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Pasini
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, c/o IFOM-IEO Campus, Milan, Italy
| | - Rebecca Klingberg
- Leibniz-Institut fuer Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Department of Chemical Biology/Protein Chemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chiara Mozzetta
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Universitè Paris Diderot Paris 7, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Margueron
- Curie Institute, Unité de Génétique et Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
| | - Pier Lorenzo Puri
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,The Sanford Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Leibniz-Institut fuer Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Department of Chemical Biology/Protein Chemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristian Helin
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Fischle
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valerio Orlando
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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Carulla P, Bribián A, Rangel A, Gavín R, Ferrer I, Caelles C, del Río JA, Llorens F. Neuroprotective role of PrPC against kainate-induced epileptic seizures and cell death depends on the modulation of JNK3 activation by GluR6/7-PSD-95 binding. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:3041-54. [PMID: 21757544 PMCID: PMC3164453 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-04-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein. When mutated or misfolded, the pathogenic form (PrP(SC)) induces transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. In contrast, PrP(C) has a number of physiological functions in several neural processes. Several lines of evidence implicate PrP(C) in synaptic transmission and neuroprotection since its absence results in an increase in neuronal excitability and enhanced excitotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, PrP(C) has been implicated in the inhibition of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA)-mediated neurotransmission, and prion protein gene (Prnp) knockout mice show enhanced neuronal death in response to NMDA and kainate (KA). In this study, we demonstrate that neurotoxicity induced by KA in Prnp knockout mice depends on the c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) pathway since Prnp(o/o)Jnk3(o/o) mice were not affected by KA. Pharmacological blockage of JNK3 activity impaired PrP(C)-dependent neurotoxicity. Furthermore, our results indicate that JNK3 activation depends on the interaction of PrP(C) with postsynaptic density 95 protein (PSD-95) and glutamate receptor 6/7 (GluR6/7). Indeed, GluR6-PSD-95 interaction after KA injections was favored by the absence of PrP(C). Finally, neurotoxicity in Prnp knockout mice was reversed by an AMPA/KA inhibitor (6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione) and the GluR6 antagonist NS-102. We conclude that the protection afforded by PrP(C) against KA is due to its ability to modulate GluR6/7-mediated neurotransmission and hence JNK3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Carulla
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Bribián
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandra Rangel
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosalina Gavín
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Caelles
- Cellular Signalling, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Franc Llorens
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Abstract
Although the critical role for epigenetic mechanisms in development and cell differentiation has long been appreciated, recent evidence reveals that these mechanisms are also employed in postmitotic neurons as a means of consolidating and stabilizing cognitive-behavioral memories. In this review, we discuss evidence for an "epigenetic code" in the central nervous system that mediates synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. We consider how specific epigenetic changes are regulated and may interact with each other during memory formation and how these changes manifest functionally at the cellular and circuit levels. We also describe a central role for mitogen-activated protein kinases in controlling chromatin signaling in plasticity and memory. Finally, we consider how aberrant epigenetic modifications may lead to cognitive disorders that affect learning and memory, and we review the therapeutic potential of epigenetic treatments for the amelioration of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Day
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
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31
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Abstract
Drug-induced alterations in gene expression throughout the reward circuitry of the brain are likely components of the persistence of the drug-addicted state. Recent studies examining the molecular mechanisms controlling drug-induced transcriptional, behavioral, and synaptic plasticity have indicated a direct role for chromatin remodeling in the regulation and stability of drug-mediated neuronal gene programs, and the subsequent promulgation of addictive behaviors. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of chromatin phenomena--or epigenetics, by one definition--that contribute to drug addiction, with the hope that such mechanistic insights may aid in the development of novel therapeutics for future treatments of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Maze
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA
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32
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Pérez-Cadahía B, Drobic B, Davie JR. Activation and function of immediate-early genes in the nervous system. Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 89:61-73. [PMID: 21326363 DOI: 10.1139/o10-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immediate-early genes have important roles in processes such as brain development, learning, and responses to drug abuse. Further, immediate-early genes play an essential role in cellular responses that contribute to long-term neuronal plasticity. Neuronal plasticity is a characteristic of the nervous system that is not limited to the first stages of brain development but persists in adulthood and seems to be an inherent feature of everyday brain function. The plasticity refers to the neuron's capability of showing short- or long-lasting phenotypic changes in response to different stimuli and cellular scenarios. In this review, we focus on the immediate-early genes encoding transcription factors (AP-1 and Egr) that are relevant for neuronal responses. Our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in the induction of the immediate-early genes is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Pérez-Cadahía
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
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33
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Martin E, Betuing S, Pagès C, Cambon K, Auregan G, Deglon N, Roze E, Caboche J. Mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1-induced neuroprotection in Huntington's disease: role on chromatin remodeling at the PGC-1-alpha promoter. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:2422-34. [PMID: 21493629 PMCID: PMC3098728 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder due to abnormal polyglutamine expansion in huntingtin protein (Exp-Htt). This expansion causes protein aggregation, leading to neuronal dysfunction and death. We have previously shown that mitogen- and stress-activated kinase (MSK-1), a nuclear protein kinase involved in chromatin remodeling through histone H3 phosphorylation, is deficient in the striatum of HD patients and model mice. Restoring MSK-1 expression in cultured striatal cells prevented neuronal dysfunction and death induced by Exp-Htt. Here we extend these observations in a rat model of HD based on striatal lentiviral expression of Exp-Htt (LV-Exp-HTT). MSK-1 overexpression attenuated Exp-Htt-induced down-regulation of DARPP-32 expression 4 and 10 weeks after infection and enhanced NeuN staining after 10 weeks. LV-MSK-1 induced constitutive hyperphosphorylation of H3 and cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB), indicating that MSK-1 has spontaneous catalytic activity. MSK-1 overexpression also upregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator alpha (PGC-1α), a transcriptional co-activator involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation indicated that transcriptional regulation of PGC-1α is directly linked to increased binding of MSK-1, along with H3 and CREB phosphorylation of the PGC-1α promoter. MSK-1 knock-out mice showed spontaneous striatal atrophy as they aged, as well as higher susceptibility to systemic administration of the mitochondrial neurotoxin 3-NP. These results indicate that MSK-1 activation is an important and key event in the signaling cascade that regulates PGC-1α expression. Strategies aimed at restoring MSK-1 expression in the striatum might offer a new therapeutic approach to HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Martin
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies du Système Nerveux central, UMR CNRS-7224 et UMRS-INSERM952, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France
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34
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Activity-dependent calcium signaling and ERK-MAP kinases in neurons: a link to structural plasticity of the nucleus and gene transcription regulation. Cell Calcium 2010; 49:296-305. [PMID: 21163523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activity-dependent gene expression is important for the formation and maturation of neuronal networks, neuronal survival and for plastic modifications within mature networks. At the level of individual neurons, expression of new protein is required for dendritic branching, synapse formation and elimination. Experience-driven synaptic activity induces membrane depolarization, which in turn evokes intracellular calcium transients that are decoded according to their source and strength by intracellular calcium sensing proteins. In order to activate the gene transcription machinery of the cell, calcium signals have to be conveyed from the site of their generation in the cytoplasm to the cell nucleus. This can occur via a variety of mechanisms and with different kinetics depending on the source and amplitude of calcium influx. One mechanism involves the propagation of calcium itself, leading to nuclear calcium transients that subsequently activate transcription. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade represents a second central signaling module that transduces information from the site of calcium signal generation at the plasma membrane to the nucleus. Nuclear signaling of the MAPK cascades catalyzes the phosphorylation of transcription factors but also regulates gene transcription more globally at the level of chromatin remodeling as well as through its recently identified role in the modulation of nuclear shape. Here we discuss the possible mechanisms by which the MAPKs ERK1 and ERK2, activated by synaptically evoked calcium influx, can signal to the nucleus and regulate gene transcription. Moreover, we describe how MAPK-dependent structural plasticity of the nuclear envelope enhances nuclear calcium signaling and suggest possible implications for the regulation of gene transcription in the context of nuclear geometry.
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35
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Gao C, Gill MB, Tronson NC, Guedea AL, Guzmán YF, Huh KH, Corcoran KA, Swanson GT, Radulovic J. Hippocampal NMDA receptor subunits differentially regulate fear memory formation and neuronal signal propagation. Hippocampus 2010; 20:1072-82. [PMID: 19806658 PMCID: PMC2891656 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Activation of NMDA receptors (NMDAR) in the hippocampus is essential for the formation of contextual and trace memory. However, the role of individual NMDAR subunits in the molecular mechanisms contributing to these memory processes is not known. Here we demonstrate, using intrahippocampal injection of subunit-selective compounds, that the NR2A-preferring antagonist impaired contextual and trace fear conditioning as well as learning-induced increase of the nuclear protein c-Fos. The NR2B-specific antagonist, on the other hand, selectively blocked trace fear conditioning without affecting c-Fos levels. Studies with cultured primary hippocampal neurons, further showed that synaptic and extrasynaptic NR2A and NR2B differentially regulate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2/mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (ERK1/2/MSK1)/c-Fos pathway. Activation of the synaptic population of NMDAR induced cytosolic, cytoskeletal, and perinuclear phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (pERK1/2). The nuclear propagation of pERK1/2 signals, revealed by upregulation of the downstream nuclear targets pMSK1 and c-Fos, was blocked by a preferential NR2A but not by a specific NR2B antagonist. Conversely, activation of total (synaptic and extrasynaptic) NMDAR engaged receptors with NR2B subunits, and resulted in membrane retention of pERK1/2 without inducing pMSK1 and c-Fos. Stimulation of extrasynaptic NMDAR alone was consistently ineffective at activating ERK signaling. The discrete contribution of synaptic and total NR2A- and NR2B-containing NMDAR to nuclear transmission vs. membrane retention of ERK signaling may underlie their specific roles in the formation of contextual and trace fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Gao
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and The Asher Center for the Study and Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Martin B. Gill
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Natalie C. Tronson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and The Asher Center for the Study and Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anita L. Guedea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and The Asher Center for the Study and Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yomayra F. Guzmán
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and The Asher Center for the Study and Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kyu Hwan Huh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and The Asher Center for the Study and Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kevin A. Corcoran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and The Asher Center for the Study and Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Geoffrey T. Swanson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jelena Radulovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and The Asher Center for the Study and Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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36
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Bredy TW, Sun YE, Kobor MS. How the epigenome contributes to the development of psychiatric disorders. Dev Psychobiol 2010; 52:331-42. [PMID: 20127889 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics commonly refers to the developmental process by which cellular traits are established and inherited without a change in DNA sequence. These mechanisms of cellular memory also orchestrate gene expression in the adult brain and recent evidence suggests that the "epigenome" represents a critical interface between environmental signals, activation, repression and maintenance of genomic responses, and persistent behavior. We here review the current state of knowledge regarding the contribution of the epigenome toward the development of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Bredy
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QC 4072, Australia.
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37
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Sharma SK. Protein acetylation in synaptic plasticity and memory. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 34:1234-40. [PMID: 20219532 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of proteins regulate various processes in the cells. The seminal role of phosphorylation in synaptic plasticity and memory has been established using several different model systems. Recently, an important role for another posttranslational modification, acetylation, particularly of histones, has emerged in these processes. This review focuses on the role of activity-dependent protein acetylation in synaptic plasticity and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv K Sharma
- National Brain Research Centre, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Manesar, Haryana, India.
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38
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Drobic B, Pérez-Cadahía B, Yu J, Kung SKP, Davie JR. Promoter chromatin remodeling of immediate-early genes is mediated through H3 phosphorylation at either serine 28 or 10 by the MSK1 multi-protein complex. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:3196-208. [PMID: 20129940 PMCID: PMC2879512 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon activation of the ERK and p38 MAPK pathways, the MSK1/2-mediated nucleosomal response, including H3 phosphorylation at serine 28 or 10, is coupled with the induction of immediate-early (IE) gene transcription. The outcome of this response, varying with the stimuli and cellular contexts, ranges from neoplastic transformation to neuronal synaptic plasticity. Here, we used sequential co-immunoprecipitation assays and sequential chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays on mouse fibroblast 10T1/2 and MSK1 knockdown 10T1/2 cells to show that H3 serine 28 and 10 phosphorylation leads to promoter remodeling. MSK1, in complexes with phospho-serine adaptor 14-3-3 proteins and BRG1 the ATPase subunit of the SWI/SNF remodeler, is recruited to the promoter of target genes by transcription factors such as Elk-1 or NF-kappaB. Following MSK1-mediated H3 phosphorylation, BRG1 associates with the promoter of target genes via 14-3-3 proteins, which act as scaffolds. The recruited SWI/SNF remodels nucleosomes at the promoter of IE genes enabling the binding of transcription factors like JUN and the onset of transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Drobic
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0V9, Canada
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39
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Synaptic activity induces dramatic changes in the geometry of the cell nucleus: interplay between nuclear structure, histone H3 phosphorylation, and nuclear calcium signaling. J Neurosci 2010; 29:14687-700. [PMID: 19940164 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1160-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic activity initiates many adaptive responses in neurons. Here we report a novel form of structural plasticity in dissociated hippocampal cultures and slice preparations. Using a recently developed algorithm for three-dimensional image reconstruction and quantitative measurements of cell organelles, we found that many nuclei from hippocampal neurons are highly infolded and form unequally sized nuclear compartments. Nuclear infoldings are dynamic structures, which can radically transform the geometry of the nucleus in response to neuronal activity. Action potential bursting causing synaptic NMDA receptor activation dramatically increases the number of infolded nuclei via a process that requires the ERK-MAP kinase pathway and new protein synthesis. In contrast, death-signaling pathways triggered by extrasynaptic NMDA receptors cause a rapid loss of nuclear infoldings. Compared with near-spherical nuclei, infolded nuclei have a larger surface and increased nuclear pore complex immunoreactivity. Nuclear calcium signals evoked by cytosolic calcium transients are larger in small nuclear compartments than in the large compartments of the same nucleus; moreover, small compartments are more efficient in temporally resolving calcium signals induced by trains of action potentials in the theta frequency range (5 Hz). Synaptic activity-induced phosphorylation of histone H3 on serine 10 was more robust in neurons with infolded nuclei compared with neurons with near-spherical nuclei, suggesting a functional link between nuclear geometry and transcriptional regulation. The translation of synaptic activity-induced signaling events into changes in nuclear geometry facilitates the relay of calcium signals to the nucleus, may lead to the formation of nuclear signaling microdomains, and could enhance signal-regulated transcription.
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40
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Davie JR, Drobic B, Perez-Cadahia B, He S, Espino PS, Sun JM, Chen HY, Dunn KL, Wark L, Mai S, Khan DH, Davie SN, Lu S, Peltier CP, Delcuve GP. Nucleosomal response, immediate-early gene expression and cell transformation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 50:135-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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41
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Sanchis-Segura C, Lopez-Atalaya JP, Barco A. Selective boosting of transcriptional and behavioral responses to drugs of abuse by histone deacetylase inhibition. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34:2642-54. [PMID: 19727068 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Histone acetylation and other modifications of the chromatin are important regulators of gene expression and, consequently, may contribute to drug-induced behaviors and neuroplasticity. Earlier studies have shown that a reduction in histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity results in the enhancement of some psychostimulant-induced behaviors. In this study, we extend those seminal findings by showing that the administration of the HDAC inhibitor sodium butyrate enhances morphine-induced locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference. In contrast, this compound has no effects on the development of morphine tolerance and dependence. Similar effects were observed for cocaine and ethanol-induced behaviors. These behavioral changes were accompanied by a selective boosting of a component of the transcriptional program activated by chronic morphine administration that included circadian clock genes and other genes relevant to addictive behavior. Our results support a specific function for histone acetylation and the epigenetic modulation of transcription at a reduced number of biologically relevant loci on non-homeostatic, long-lasting, drug-induced behavioral plasticity.
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42
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Abstract
Alterations in gene expression are implicated in the pathogenesis of several neuropsychiatrie disorders, including drug addiction and depression, increasing evidence indicates that changes in gene expression in neurons, in the context of animal models of addiction and depression, are mediated in part by epigenetic mechanisms that alter chromatin structure on specific gene promoters. This review discusses recent findings from behavioral, molecular, and bioinformatic approaches that are being used to understand the complex epigenetic regulation of gene expression in brain by drugs of abuse and by stress. These advances promise to open up new avenues for improved treatments of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Renthal
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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43
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Trifilieff P, Lavaur J, Pascoli V, Kappès V, Brami-Cherrier K, Pagès C, Micheau J, Caboche J, Vanhoutte P. Endocytosis controls glutamate-induced nuclear accumulation of ERK. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 41:325-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Brami-Cherrier K, Roze E, Girault JA, Betuing S, Caboche J. Role of the ERK/MSK1 signalling pathway in chromatin remodelling and brain responses to drugs of abuse. J Neurochem 2009; 108:1323-35. [PMID: 19183268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.05879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse induce neuroadaptations through regulation of gene expression. Although much attention has focused on transcription factor activities, new concepts have recently emerged on the role of chromatin remodelling as a prerequisite for regulation of gene expression in neurons. Thus, for transcription to occur, chromatin must be decondensed, a dynamic process that depends on post-translational modifications of histones. We review here these modifications with a particular emphasis on the role of histone H3 phosphorylation at the promoter of specific genes, including c-fos and c-jun. We trace the signalling pathways involved in H3 phosphorylation and provide evidence for a role of mitogen and stress-activated protein kinase-1 (MSK1) downstream from the MAPK/extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) cascade. In response to cocaine, MSK1 controls an early phase of histone H3 phosphorylation at the c-fos promoter in striatal neurons. MSK1 action may be potentiated by the concomitant inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 by nuclear translocation of dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein Mr = 32 000. H3 phosphorylation by MSK1 is critically involved in c-fos transcription, and cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. Thus, ERK plays a dual role in gene regulation and drug addiction by direct activation of transcription factors and by chromatin remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Brami-Cherrier
- UMR 7102, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, [corrected] Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6, Paris, France
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45
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Abstract
The nervous system contains a multitude of cell types which are specified during development by cascades of transcription factors acting combinatorially. Some of these transcription factors are only active during development, whereas others continue to function in the mature nervous system to maintain appropriate gene-expression patterns in differentiated cells. Underpinning the function of the nervous system is its plasticity in response to external stimuli, and many transcription factors are involved in regulating gene expression in response to neuronal activity, allowing us to learn, remember and make complex decisions. Here we review some of the recent findings that have uncovered the molecular mechanisms that underpin the control of gene regulatory networks within the nervous system. We highlight some recent insights into the gene-regulatory circuits in the development and differentiation of cells within the nervous system and discuss some of the mechanisms by which synaptic transmission influences transcription-factor activity in the mature nervous system. Mutations in genes that are important in epigenetic regulation (by influencing DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications) have long been associated with neuronal disorders in humans such as Rett syndrome, Huntington's disease and some forms of mental retardation, and recent work has focused on unravelling their mechanisms of action. Finally, the discovery of microRNAs has produced a paradigm shift in gene expression, and we provide some examples and discuss the contribution of microRNAs to maintaining dynamic gene regulatory networks in the brain.
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46
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Renthal W, Nestler EJ. Epigenetic mechanisms in drug addiction. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:341-50. [PMID: 18635399 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Changes in gene expression in brain reward regions are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis and persistence of drug addiction. Recent studies have begun to focus on the molecular mechanisms by which drugs of abuse and related environmental stimuli, such as drug-associated cues or stress, converge on the genome to alter specific gene programs. Increasing evidence suggests that these stable gene expression changes in neurons are mediated in part by epigenetic mechanisms that alter chromatin structure on specific gene promoters. This review discusses recent findings from behavioral, molecular and bioinformatic approaches being used to understand the complex epigenetic regulation of gene expression by drugs of abuse. This novel mechanistic insight might open new avenues for improved treatments of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Renthal
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9070, USA
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47
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Kim YH, Lee DH, Jeong JH, Guo ZS, Lee YJ. Quercetin augments TRAIL-induced apoptotic death: involvement of the ERK signal transduction pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75:1946-58. [PMID: 18377872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Combined treatment with quercetin and TRAIL induced cytotoxicity and enhanced annexin V staining and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage in human prostate cancer cell lines DU-145 and PC-3. These indicators of apoptosis resulted from the activation of caspase-8, -9, and -3. Although the expression levels of FLIPs, cIAP1, cIAP2, and the Bcl-2 family were not changed in quercetin-treated cells, significant downregulation of survivin occurred. Knockdown survivin by siRNA significantly increased TRAIL-induced apoptosis. We hypothesized that quercetin-induced activation of MAPK (ERK, p38, JNK) is responsible for downregulation of survivin gene expression. To test this hypothesis, we selectively inhibited MAPK during treatment with quercetin. Our data demonstrated that inhibitor of ERK (PD98059), but not p38 MAPK (SB203580) or JNK (SP600125), significantly maintained the intracellular level of survivin during treatment with quercetin. Interestingly, PD98059 also prevented quercetin-induced deacetylation of histone H3. Data from survivin promoter activity assay suggest that the Sp1 transcription factor binds to the survivin promoter region and quercetin inhibits its binding activity through deacetylation of histone H3. Quercetin-induced activation of the ERK-MSK1 signal transduction pathway may be responsible for deacetylation of histone H3. Taken together, our findings suggest that quercetin enhances TRAIL induced apoptosis by inhibition of survivin expression, through ERK-MSK1-mediated deacetylation of H3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ho Kim
- Department of Immunology College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan 602-702, Republic of Korea
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Glutamate-Dependent Transcriptional Regulation in Bergmann Glia Cells: Involvement of p38 MAP Kinase. Neurochem Res 2008; 33:1277-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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A TAT-DEF-Elk-1 peptide regulates the cytonuclear trafficking of Elk-1 and controls cytoskeleton dynamics. J Neurosci 2008; 27:14448-58. [PMID: 18160653 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2279-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Elk-1 plays a key role in cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. This role is thought to arise from its phosphorylation by activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), a critical posttranslational event for the transcriptional activity of the ternary complex composed of Elk-1 and a dimer of serum response factor (SRF) at the serum response element (SRE) regulatory site of transcription. In addition to its nuclear localization, Elk-1 is found in the dendrites and soma of neuronal cells and recent evidence implicate a cytoplasmic proapoptotic function of Elk-1, via its association with the mitochondrial permeability transition pore complex. Thus, the nuclear versus cytoplasmic localization of Elk-1 seems to be crucial for its biological function. In this study we show that the excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, induces an ERK-dependent Elk-1 activation and nuclear relocalization. We demonstrate that Elk-1 phosphorylation on Ser383/389 has a dual function and triggers both Elk-1 nuclear translocation and SRE-dependent gene expression. Mutating these sites into inactive residues or using a synthetic penetrating peptide (TAT-DEF-Elk-1), which specifically interferes with the DEF docking domain of Elk-1, prevents Elk-1 nuclear translocation without interfering with ERK nor MSK1 (mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1), a CREB kinase downstream from ERK- activation. This results in a differential regulation of glutamate-induced IEG regulation when compared with classical inhibitors of the ERK pathway. Using the TAT-DEF-Elk-1 peptide or the dominant-negative version of Elk-1, we show that Elk-1 phosphorylation controls dendritic elongation, SRF and Actin expression levels as well as cytoskeleton dynamics.
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Roze E, Bettuing S, Deyts C, Marcon E, Brami‐Cherrier K, Pagès C, Humbert S, Mérienne K, Caboche J. Mitogen‐ and stress‐activated protein kinase‐1 deficiency is involved in expanded‐huntingtin‐induced transcriptional dysregulation and striatal death. FASEB J 2007; 22:1083-93. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-9814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Roze
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie‐Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7102ParisFrance
- Service de NeurologieHôpital Saint‐AntoineAssitance Publique‐Hôpitaux de ParisParisFrance
| | | | - Carole Deyts
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie‐Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7102ParisFrance
| | - Estelle Marcon
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie‐Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7102ParisFrance
| | | | - Christiane Pagès
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie‐Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7102ParisFrance
| | | | - Karine Mérienne
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et CellulaireDépartement de pathologie moléculaire; INSERM, U596; CNRS, UMR 7104IllkirchFrance
| | - Jocelyne Caboche
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie‐Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7102ParisFrance
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