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Nakashima S, Iwamoto T, Takanashi M, Ogawara KI, Maruyama M, Higaki K. Effect of Excessive Serotonin on Pharmacokinetics of Cephalexin after Oral Administration: Studies with Serotonin-Excessive Model Rats. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2163-2178. [PMID: 35799082 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Serotonin (5-HT) is important for gastrointestinal functions, but its role in drug absorption remains to be clarified. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics and oral absorption of cephalexin (CEX) were examined under 5-HT-excessive condition to understand the role of 5-HT. METHODS 5-HT-excessive rats were prepared by multiple intraperitoneal dosing of 5-HT and clorgyline, an inhibitor for 5-HT metabolism, and utilized to examine the pharmacokinetics, absorption behavior and the intestinal permeability for CEX. RESULTS Higher levels of 5-HT in brain, plasma and small intestines were recognized in 5-HT-excessive rats, where the oral bioavailability of CEX was significantly enhanced. The intestinal mucosal transport via passive diffusion of CEX was significantly increased, while its transport via PEPT1 was markedly decreased specifically in the jejunal segment, which was supported by the decrease in PEPT1 expression on brush border membrane (BBM) of intestinal epithelial cells. Since no change in antipyrine permeability and significant increase in FITC dextran-4 permeability were observed in 5-HT-excessive rats, the enhanced permeability for CEX would be attributed to the opening of tight junction, which was supported by the significant decrease in transmucosal electrical resistance. In 5-HT-excessive rats, furthermore, total body clearance of CEX tended to be larger and the decrease in PEPT2 expression on BBM in kidneys was suggested to be one of the reasons for it. CONCLUSIONS 5-HT-excessive condition enhanced the oral bioavailability of CEX in rats, which would be attributed to the enhanced permeability across the intestinal mucosa via passive diffusion through the paracellular route even though the transport via PEPT1 was decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Nakashima
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.,Global CMC Regulatory Office, Regulatory Affairs Department, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 3-2-27 Otedori Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-10021, Japan
| | - Takeharu Iwamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.,Scientific Crime Laboratory, Kanagawa Prefectural Police Head Quarter, 155-1 Yamashita-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 231-0023, Japan
| | - Masashi Takanashi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.,Central Hyogo Area, Hanshin Dispensing Pharmacy, I & H Co., Ltd., 1-18 Ohmasu-cho, Ashiya, Hyogo, 659-0066, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Ogawara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.,Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyamakita, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Masato Maruyama
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Higaki
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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Ohta R, Sano C. Serotonin Syndrome Triggered by Overuse of Caffeine and Complicated With Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: A Case Report. Cureus 2022; 14:e22468. [PMID: 35345760 PMCID: PMC8942071 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin syndrome is a rare complication occurring in patients with psychiatric disorders that are treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). There are various triggers for serotonin syndrome, including non-SSRI antidepressants. In rare cases, serotonin syndrome may be triggered by nonmedicinal foods, such as coffee. The patient described in this case report was a 65-year-old woman with a past medical history of major depression and a diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease who presented to our medical center with chief complaints of nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness. She had previously been prescribed paroxetine hydrochloride hydrate for depression, and she was prescribed levodopa and carbidopa for Parkinson’s disease. She also drank 20 cups of coffee in a short period of time two days prior to admission due to excessive sleepiness. She was diagnosed with serotonin syndrome based on her clinical symptomology, which included diaphoresis, mydriasis, fine tremor, myoclonus, hypertension, and tachycardia. She was treated with diazepam and cyproheptadine hydrochloride hydrate. Later, she experienced muscle pain with increased creatinine kinase levels after she failed to take levodopa and carbidopa. These findings were suggestive of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. The patient was treated with supportive care. Excessive coffee intake triggers serotonin syndrome by promoting 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) secretion. Patients with psychiatric diseases that necessitate treatment with SSRIs should be educated regarding caffeine consumption. Moreover, patients presenting with agitation and drowsiness should be evaluated for serotonin syndrome within the differential diagnosis. Patients with depression and Parkinson’s syndrome should be evaluated for associated comorbidities, particularly serotonin syndrome and neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
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Tran HQ, Lee Y, Shin EJ, Jang CG, Jeong JH, Mouri A, Saito K, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. PKCδ Knockout Mice Are Protected from Dextromethorphan-Induced Serotonergic Behaviors in Mice: Involvements of Downregulation of 5-HT 1A Receptor and Upregulation of Nrf2-Dependent GSH Synthesis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7802-7821. [PMID: 29468562 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether a specific serotonin (5-HT) receptor-mediated mechanism was involved in dextromethorphan (DM)-induced serotonergic behaviors. We firstly observed that the activation of 5-HT1A receptor, but not 5-HT2A receptor, contributed to DM-induced serotonergic behaviors in mice. We aimed to determine whether the upregulation of 5-HT1A receptor induced by DM facilitates the specific induction of certain PKC isoform, because previous reports suggested that 5-HT1A receptor activates protein kinase C (PKC). A high dose of DM (80 mg/kg, i.p.) induced a selective induction of PKCδ out of PKCα, PKCβI, PKCβII, PKCξ, and PKCδ in the hypothalamus of wild-type (WT) mice. More importantly, 5-HT1A receptor co-immunoprecipitated PKCδ in the presence of DM. Consistently, rottlerin, a pharmacological inhibitor of PKCδ, or PKCδ knockout significantly protected against increases in 5-HT1A receptor gene expression, 5-HT turnover rate, and serotonergic behaviors induced by DM. Treatment with DM resulted in an initial increase in nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation and DNA-binding activity, γ-glutamylcysteine (GCL) mRNA expression, and glutathione (GSH) level. This compensative induction was further potentiated by rottlerin or PKCδ knockout. However, GCL mRNA and GSH/GSSG levels were decreased 6 and 12 h post-DM. These decreases were attenuated by PKCδ inhibition. Our results suggest that interaction between 5-HT1A receptor and PKCδ is critical for inducing DM-induced serotonergic behaviors and that inhibition of PKCδ attenuates the serotonergic behaviors via downregulation of 5-HT1A receptor and upregulation of Nrf2-dependent GSH synthesis.
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MESH Headings
- Acetophenones/pharmacology
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Benzopyrans/pharmacology
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Dextromethorphan
- Down-Regulation
- Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase/genetics
- Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase/metabolism
- Glutathione/biosynthesis
- Glutathione Disulfide/metabolism
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Hypothermia, Induced
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase C-delta/metabolism
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Quyen Tran
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngho Lee
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
- Aino University, Ibaraki, 576-0012, Japan
- Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate and Research, Nagoya, 468-0069, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Yin P, Knolhoff AM, Rosenberg HJ, Millet LJ, Gillette MU, Sweedler JV. Peptidomic analyses of mouse astrocytic cell lines and rat primary cultured astrocytes. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:3965-73. [PMID: 22742998 DOI: 10.1021/pr201066t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play an active role in the modulation of synaptic transmission by releasing cell-cell signaling molecules in response to various stimuli that evoke a Ca2+ increase. We expand on recent studies of astrocyte intracellular and secreted proteins by examining the astrocyte peptidome in mouse astrocytic cell lines and rat primary cultured astrocytes, as well as those peptides secreted from mouse astrocytic cell lines in response to Ca2+-dependent stimulations. We identified 57 peptides derived from 24 proteins with LC-MS/MS and CE-MS/MS in the astrocytes. Among the secreted peptides, four peptides derived from elongation factor 1, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, peroxiredoxin-5, and galectin-1 were putatively identified by mass-matching to peptides confirmed to be found in astrocytes. Other peptides in the secretion study were mass-matched to those found in prior peptidomics analyses on mouse brain tissue. Complex peptide profiles were observed after stimulation, suggesting that astrocytes are actively involved in peptide secretion. Twenty-six peptides were observed in multiple stimulation experiments but not in controls and thus appear to be released in a Ca2+-dependent manner. These results can be used in future investigations to better understand stimulus-dependent mechanisms of astrocyte peptide secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Cecala C, Rubakhin SS, Mitchell JW, Gillette MU, Sweedler JV. A hyphenated optical trap capillary electrophoresis laser induced native fluorescence system for single-cell chemical analysis. Analyst 2012; 137:2965-72. [PMID: 22543409 PMCID: PMC3558031 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35198f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell measurements allow a unique glimpse into cell-to-cell heterogeneity; even small changes in selected cells can have a profound impact on an organism's physiology. Here an integrated approach to single-cell chemical sampling and assay are described. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with laser-induced native fluorescence (LINF) has the sensitivity to characterize natively fluorescent indoles and catechols within individual cells. While the separation and detection approaches are well established, the sampling and injection of individually selected cells requires new approaches. We describe an optimized system that interfaces a single-beam optical trap with CE and multichannel LINF detection. A cell is localized within the trap and then the capillary inlet is positioned near the cell using a computer-controlled micromanipulator. Hydrodynamic injection allows cell lysis to occur within the capillary inlet, followed by the CE separation and LINF detection. The use of multiple emission wavelengths allows improved analyte identification based on differences in analyte fluorescence emission profiles and migration time. The system enables injections of individual rat pinealocytes and quantification of their endogenous indoles, including serotonin, N-acetyl-serotonin, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, tryptophol and others. The amounts detected in individual cells incubated in 5-hydroxytryptophan ranged from 10(-14) mol to 10(-16) mol, an order of magnitude higher than observed in untreated pinealocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Cecala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Stanislav S. Rubakhin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Jennifer W. Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Martha U. Gillette
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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Nautiyal KM, Dailey CA, Jahn JL, Rodriquez E, Son NH, Sweedler JV, Silver R. Serotonin of mast cell origin contributes to hippocampal function. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2347-59. [PMID: 22632453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, serotonin, an important neurotransmitter and trophic factor, is synthesized by both mast cells and neurons. Mast cells, like other immune cells, are born in the bone marrow and migrate to many tissues. We show that they are resident in the mouse brain throughout development and adulthood. Measurements based on capillary electrophoresis with native fluorescence detection indicate that a significant contribution of serotonin to the hippocampal milieu is associated with mast cell activation. Compared with their littermates, mast cell-deficient C57BL/6 Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice have profound deficits in hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory and in hippocampal neurogenesis. These deficits are associated with a reduction in cell proliferation and in immature neurons in the dentate gyrus, but not in the subventricular zone - a neurogenic niche lacking mast cells. Chronic treatment with fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, reverses the deficit in hippocampal neurogenesis in mast cell-deficient mice. In summary, the present study demonstrates that mast cells are a source of serotonin, that mast cell-deficient C57BL/6 Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice have disrupted hippocampus-dependent behavior and neurogenesis, and that elevating serotonin in these mice, by treatment with fluoxetine, reverses these deficits. We conclude that mast cells contribute to behavioral and physiological functions of the hippocampus and note that they play a physiological role in neuroimmune interactions, even in the absence of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Nautiyal
- Psychology Department, Columbia University, 406 Schermerhorn Hall, 1190 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA
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Squires LN, Rubakhin SS, Wadhams AA, Talbot KN, Nakano H, Moroz LL, Sweedler JV. Serotonin and its metabolism in basal deuterostomes: insights from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Xenoturbella bocki. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:2647-54. [PMID: 20639426 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.042374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT), an important molecule in metazoans, is involved in a range of biological processes including neurotransmission and neuromodulation. Both its creation and release are tightly regulated, as is its removal. Multiple neurochemical pathways are responsible for the catabolism of 5-HT and are phyla specific; therefore, by elucidating these catabolic pathways we glean greater understanding of the relationships and origins of various transmitter systems. Here, 5-HT catabolic pathways were studied in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Xenoturbella bocki, two organisms occupying distinct positions in deuterostomes. The 5-HT-related compounds detected in these organisms were compared with those reported in other phyla. In S. purpuratus, 5-HT-related metabolites include N-acetyl serotonin, gamma-glutamyl-serotonin and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid; the quantity and type were found to vary based on the specific tissues analyzed. In addition to these compounds, varying levels of tryptamine were also seen. Upon addition of a 5-HT precursor and a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, 5-HT itself was detected. In similar experiments using X. bocki tissues, the 5-HT-related compounds found included 5-HT sulfate, gamma-glutamyl-serotonin and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, as well as 5-HT and tryptamine. The sea urchin metabolizes 5-HT in a manner similar to both gastropod mollusks, as evidenced by the detection of gamma-glutamyl-serotonin, and vertebrates, as indicated by the presence of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid and N-acetyl serotonin. In contrast, 5-HT metabolism in X. bocki appears more similar to common protostome 5-HT catabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah N Squires
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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