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Tovar R, de Ceglia M, Rodríguez-Pozo M, Vargas A, Gavito A, Suárez J, Boronat A, de la Torre R, de Fonseca FR, Baixeras E, Decara J. Hydroxytyrosol Linoleoyl Ether Ameliorates Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease Symptoms in Obese Zucker Rats. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1571-1583. [PMID: 38751648 PMCID: PMC11092116 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
A main hepatic consequence of obesity is metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), currently treated by improving eating habits and administrating fibrates yet often yielding suboptimal outcomes. Searching for a new therapeutic approach, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of hydroxytyrosol linoleoyl ether (HTLE), a dual Ppar-α agonist/Cb1 antagonist with inherent antioxidant properties, as an antisteatotic agent. Using lean and obese Zucker rats, they were administrated daily doses of HTLE (3 mg/kg) over a 15-day period, evaluating its safety profile, pharmacokinetics, impact on body weight, hepatic fat content, expression of key enzymes involved in lipogenesis/fatty acid oxidation, and antioxidant capacity. HTLE decreased the body weight and food intake in both rat genotypes. Biochemical analysis demonstrated a favorable safety profile for HTLE along with decreased concentrations of urea, total cholesterol, and aspartate aminotransferase AST transaminases in plasma. Notably, HTLE exhibited potent antisteatotic effects in obese rats, evidenced by a decrease in liver fat content and downregulation of lipogenesis-related enzymes, alongside increased expression of proteins controlling lipid oxidation. Moreover, HTLE successfully counteracted the redox imbalance associated with MAFLD in obese rats, attenuating lipid peroxidation and replenishing both glutathione levels and the overall antioxidant. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of triple-action strategies in managing MAFLD effectively. Based on our results in the Zucker rat model, HTLE emerges as a promising candidate with triple functionality as an anorexigenic, antisteatotic, and antioxidant agent, offering potential relief from MAFLD symptoms associated with obesity while exhibiting minimal side effects. In conclusion, our study positions HTLE as a highly promising compound for therapeutic intervention in MAFLD treatment, warranting further exploration in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Tovar
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
- Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga,
Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Marialuisa de Ceglia
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Pozo
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Antonio Vargas
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Ana Gavito
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
- Departamento
de Anatomía Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga,
Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Anna Boronat
- Grupo
de Farmacología Integrada y Neurociencia de Sistemas, Programa
de investigación en Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Hospital del Mar (IMIM), C/del Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Grupo
de Farmacología Integrada y Neurociencia de Sistemas, Programa
de investigación en Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Hospital del Mar (IMIM), C/del Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Elena Baixeras
- Departamento
de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario
de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Juan Decara
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, UGC Salud Mental, Av. Carlos Haya 82, Málaga 29010, Spain
- Departamento
de Anatomía Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga,
Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29010, Spain
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2
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Pérez-Martín E, Pérez-Revuelta L, Barahona-López C, Pérez-Boyero D, Alonso JR, Díaz D, Weruaga E. Oleoylethanolamide Treatment Modulates Both Neuroinflammation and Microgliosis, and Prevents Massive Leukocyte Infiltration to the Cerebellum in a Mouse Model of Neuronal Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119691. [PMID: 37298639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases involve an exacerbated neuroinflammatory response led by microglia that triggers cytokine storm and leukocyte infiltration into the brain. PPARα agonists partially dampen this neuroinflammation in some models of brain insult, but neuronal loss was not the triggering cause in any of them. This study examines the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of the PPARα agonist oleoylethanolamide (OEA) in the Purkinje Cell Degeneration (PCD) mouse, which exhibits striking neuroinflammation caused by aggressive loss of cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining, we quantified changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory markers, microglial density and marker-based phenotype, and overall leukocyte recruitment at different time points after OEA administration. OEA was found to modulate cerebellar neuroinflammation by increasing the gene expression of proinflammatory mediators at the onset of neurodegeneration and decreasing it over time. OEA also enhanced the expression of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective factors and the Pparα gene. Regarding microgliosis, OEA reduced microglial density-especially in regions where it is preferentially located in PCD mice-and shifted the microglial phenotype towards an anti-inflammatory state. Finally, OEA prevented massive leukocyte infiltration into the cerebellum. Overall, our findings suggest that OEA may change the environment to protect neurons from degeneration caused by exacerbated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Pérez-Martín
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute of Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Laura Pérez-Revuelta
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute of Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cristina Barahona-López
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute of Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - David Pérez-Boyero
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute of Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - José R Alonso
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute of Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - David Díaz
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute of Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eduardo Weruaga
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute of Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Fatty Acids: A Safe Tool for Improving Neurodevelopmental Alterations in Down Syndrome? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142880. [PMID: 35889838 PMCID: PMC9323400 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The triplication of chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome (DS), a genetic disorder that is characterized by intellectual disability (ID). The causes of ID start in utero, leading to impairments in neurogenesis, and continue into infancy, leading to impairments in dendritogenesis, spinogenesis, and connectivity. These defects are associated with alterations in mitochondrial and metabolic functions and precocious aging, leading to the early development of Alzheimer’s disease. Intense efforts are currently underway, taking advantage of DS mouse models to discover pharmacotherapies for the neurodevelopmental and cognitive deficits of DS. Many treatments that proved effective in mouse models may raise safety concerns over human use, especially at early life stages. Accumulating evidence shows that fatty acids, which are nutrients present in normal diets, exert numerous positive effects on the brain. Here, we review (i) the knowledge obtained from animal models regarding the effects of fatty acids on the brain, by focusing on alterations that are particularly prominent in DS, and (ii) the progress recently made in a DS mouse model, suggesting that fatty acids may indeed represent a useful treatment for DS. This scenario should prompt the scientific community to further explore the potential benefit of fatty acids for people with DS.
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Low-Concentrations of Fatty Acids Induce an Early Increase in IL-8 Levels in Normal Human Astrocytes. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040329. [PMID: 35448516 PMCID: PMC9031664 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) have been shown to exhibit a pro-inflammatory response in various cell types, but astrocytes have been mostly overlooked. FAs, both saturated and unsaturated, have previously been shown to induce pro-inflammatory responses in astrocytes at high concentrations of hundreds of µg/mL. SSO (Sulfo-N-succinimidyl Oleate sodium), an inhibitor of FA translocase CD36, has been shown to prevent inflammation in the mouse brain by acting on local microglia and infiltrating monocytes. Our hypothesis was that SSO treatment would also impact astrocyte pro-inflammatory response to FA. In order to verify our assumption, we evaluated the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in normal human astrocyte cell culture pre-treated (or not) with SSO, and then exposed to low concentrations of both saturated (palmitic acid) and unsaturated (oleic acid) FAs. As a positive control for astrocyte inflammation, we used fibrillary amyloid. Neither Aβ 1–42 nor FAs induced CD36 protein expression in human astrocytes in cell culture At low concentrations, both types of FAs induced IL-8 protein secretion, and this effect was specifically inhibited by SSO pre-treatment. In conclusion, low concentrations of oleic acid are able to induce an early increase in IL-8 expression in normal human astrocytes, which is specifically downregulated by SSO.
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5
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Olive Oil Improves While Trans Fatty Acids Further Aggravate the Hypomethylation of LINE-1 Retrotransposon DNA in an Environmental Carcinogen Model. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040908. [PMID: 35215560 PMCID: PMC8878525 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that is crucial for mammalian development and genomic stability. Aberrant DNA methylation changes have been detected not only in malignant tumor tissues; the decrease of global DNA methylation levels is also characteristic for aging. The consumption of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) as part of a balanced diet shows preventive effects against age-related diseases and cancer. On the other hand, consuming trans fatty acids (TFA) increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases as well as cancer. The aim of the study was to investigate the LINE-1 retrotransposon (L1-RTP) DNA methylation pattern in liver, kidney, and spleen of mice as a marker of genetic instability. For that, mice were fed with EVOO or TFA and were pretreated with environmental carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-a harmful substance known to cause L1-RTP DNA hypomethylation. Our results show that DMBA and its combination with TFA caused significant L1-RTP DNA hypomethylation compared to the control group via inhibition of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) enzymes. EVOO had the opposite effect by significantly decreasing DMBA and DMBA + TFA-induced hypomethylation, thereby counteracting their effects.
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Laurent AJ, Bindslev N, Vukojević V, Terenius L. Iso-α-acids in Nonalcoholic and Alcoholic Beer Stimulate Growth of Neuron-like SH-SY5Y Cells and Neuroepithelial Stem Cells. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2021; 1:11-20. [PMID: 37101982 PMCID: PMC10125168 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.1c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing popularity of nonalcoholic beer, the association between beer drinking and alcohol intake is lost. In the present study, we show that nonalcoholic beer can stimulate the expansion of neuron-like cell lines and neuroepithelial stem cells in culture, yielding an effect comparable to that of alcoholic beer. One ingredient in beer is hops, which is derived from the flower of hop plants. The female flower contains humulones, which are transformed into iso-α-acids during wort boiling and give beer its bitter taste. In this study, we tested the effects of these iso-α-acids and/or alcohol on the proliferation of neuron-like cells and neuroepithelial stem cells in culture. Iso-α-acids enhanced cell expansion, showing a bimodal dose-response curve with peaks around 2-30 nM and 2-5 μM, of which nanomolar concentrations are relevant in beer drinking. The more lipophilic trans-iso-α-acids, found to a greater extent in beer foam, are even more potent. Our results indicate that iso-α-acids, acting via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors could be responsible for the observed effects. Altogether, our results indicate that nonalcoholic beer with ingredients such as iso-α-acids stimulate the proliferation of neuroepithelial stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta J. Laurent
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niels Bindslev
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Vladana Vukojević
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Terenius
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Pérez-Martín E, Muñoz-Castañeda R, Moutin MJ, Ávila-Zarza CA, Muñoz-Castañeda JM, Del Pilar C, Alonso JR, Andrieux A, Díaz D, Weruaga E. Oleoylethanolamide Delays the Dysfunction and Death of Purkinje Cells and Ameliorates Behavioral Defects in a Mouse Model of Cerebellar Neurodegeneration. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1748-1767. [PMID: 33829414 PMCID: PMC8609004 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) is an endocannabinoid that has been proposed to prevent neuronal damage and neuroinflammation. In this study, we evaluated the effects of OEA on the disruption of both cerebellar structure and physiology and on the behavior of Purkinje cell degeneration (PCD) mutant mice. These mice exhibit cerebellar degeneration, displaying microtubule alterations that trigger the selective loss of Purkinje cells and consequent behavioral impairments. The effects of different doses (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) and administration schedules (chronic and acute) of OEA were assessed at the behavioral, histological, cellular, and molecular levels to determine the most effective OEA treatment regimen. Our in vivo results demonstrated that OEA treatment prior to the onset of the preneurodegenerative phase prevented morphological alterations in Purkinje neurons (the somata and dendritic arbors) and decreased Purkinje cell death. This effect followed an inverted U-shaped time-response curve, with acute administration on postnatal day 12 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) being the most effective treatment regimen tested. Indeed, PCD mice that received this specific OEA treatment regimen showed improvements in motor, cognitive and social functions, which were impaired in these mice. Moreover, these in vivo neuroprotective effects of OEA were mediated by the PPARα receptor, as pretreatment with the PPARα antagonist GW6471 (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) abolished them. Finally, our in vitro results suggested that the molecular effect of OEA was related to microtubule stability and structure since OEA administration normalized some alterations in microtubule features in PCD-like cells. These findings provide strong evidence supporting the use of OEA as a pharmacological agent to limit severe cerebellar neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Pérez-Martín
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neurosciences of Castile and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Muñoz-Castañeda
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neurosciences of Castile and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marie-Jo Moutin
- GIN, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble Institute Neurosciences, Inserm, U121638000, Grenoble, France
| | - Carmelo A Ávila-Zarza
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Statistics, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José M Muñoz-Castañeda
- Department of Theoretical, Atomic and Optical Physics, University of Valladolid, 47071, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carlos Del Pilar
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neurosciences of Castile and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José R Alonso
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neurosciences of Castile and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Annie Andrieux
- GIN, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble Institute Neurosciences, Inserm, U121638000, Grenoble, France
| | - David Díaz
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neurosciences of Castile and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Weruaga
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neurosciences of Castile and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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8
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Nango H, Kosuge Y. Present State and Future Perspectives of Prostaglandins as a Differentiation Factor in Motor Neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2097-2108. [PMID: 34032949 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spinal motor neurons have the longest axons that innervate the skeletal muscles of the central nervous system. Motor neuron diseases caused by spinal motor neuron cell death are incurable due to the unique and irreplaceable nature of their neural circuits. Understanding the mechanisms of neurogenesis, neuritogenesis, and synaptogenesis in motor neurons will allow investigators to develop new in vitro models and regenerative therapies for motor neuron diseases. In particular, small molecules can directly reprogram and convert into neural stem cells and neurons, and promote neuron-like cell differentiation. Prostaglandins are known to have a role in the differentiation and tissue regeneration of several cell types and organs. However, the involvement of prostaglandins in the differentiation of motor neurons from neural stem cells is poorly understood. The general cell line used in research on motor neuron diseases is the mouse neuroblastoma and spinal motor neuron fusion cell line NSC-34. Recently, our laboratory reported that prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin D2 enhanced the conversion of NSC-34 cells into motor neuron-like cells with neurite outgrowth. Moreover, we found that prostaglandin E2-differentiated NSC-34 cells had physiological and electrophysiological properties of mature motor neurons. In this review article, we provide contemporary evidence on the effects of prostaglandins, particularly prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin D2, on differentiation and neural conversion. We also discuss the potential of prostaglandins as candidates for the development of new therapeutic drugs for motor neuron diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nango
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kosuge
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan.
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9
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Armeli F, Bonucci A, Maggi E, Pinto A, Businaro R. Mediterranean Diet and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Neglected Role of Nutrition in the Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060790. [PMID: 34073983 PMCID: PMC8225112 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are a widespread cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, characterized by neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal depletion. The broad-spectrum neuroprotective activity of the Mediterranean diet is widely documented, but it is not yet known whether its nutritional and caloric balance can induce a modulation of the endocannabinoid system. In recent decades, many studies have shown how endocannabinoid tone enhancement may be a promising new therapeutic strategy to counteract the main hallmarks of neurodegeneration. From a phylogenetic point of view, the human co-evolution between the endocannabinoid system and dietary habits could play a key role in the pro-homeostatic activity of the Mediterranean lifestyle: this adaptive balance among our ancestors has been compromised by the modern Western diet, resulting in a “clinical endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome”. This review aims to evaluate the evidence accumulated in the literature on the neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties of the Mediterranean diet related to the modulation of the endocannabinoid system, suggesting new prospects for research and clinical interventions against neurodegenerative diseases in light of a nutraceutical paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Armeli
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (F.A.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Alessio Bonucci
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (F.A.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Elisa Maggi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (F.A.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Alessandro Pinto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rita Businaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (F.A.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Gao F, Wu J, Zhou Y, Huang J, Lu J, Qian Y. An appropriate ratio of unsaturated fatty acids is the constituent of hickory nut extract for neurite outgrowth in human SH-SY5Y cells. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:6346-6356. [PMID: 33312521 PMCID: PMC7723209 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hickory nuts (Carya cathayensis Sarg, CCS), a well-known Chinese medicinal nut, is thought to improve memory in Chinese folks. However, functional constituents have not been scientifically identified. In this study, human SH-SY5Y cells, combined with Q-TOF mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS) and standard substances, were used to evaluate the function in neuronal development and to identify constituents of CCS hydrophobic extracts (CCS-HE). Data showed that CCS-HE but not the control induced neurite outgrowth of SH-SY5Y cells in a dose-dependent manner, supported by which CCS-HE induced the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), neurofilament 160 (NF160), and neuronal peptide Y (NPY) mRNA. Q-TOF-MS analysis with standard substances indicated that linolenic acid (LNA), linoleic acid (LA), and oleic acid (OA) were the main constituents in CCS-HE. Furthermore, mixtures of these unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) at the natural ratio (1:8:16) significantly induced neurite outgrowth and gene expression of NGF, NF160, and NPY in a dose-dependent manner. However, the individual and alternative ratios were not effective to induce the neurite outgrowth and gene expression of NGF, NF160, and NPY. These data implicate that an appropriate ratio of UFAs is the main constituent for the neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine UnitSchool of Forestry and BiotechnologyZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine UnitSchool of Forestry and BiotechnologyZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yu Zhou
- Traditional Chinese Medicine UnitSchool of Forestry and BiotechnologyZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jianqin Huang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine UnitSchool of Forestry and BiotechnologyZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jidong Lu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine UnitSchool of Forestry and BiotechnologyZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yongchang Qian
- Traditional Chinese Medicine UnitSchool of Forestry and BiotechnologyZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
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11
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Matlock HG, Qiu F, Malechka V, Zhou K, Cheng R, Benyajati S, Whelchel A, Karamichos D, Ma JX. Pathogenic Role of PPARα Downregulation in Corneal Nerve Degeneration and Impaired Corneal Sensitivity in Diabetes. Diabetes 2020; 69:1279-1291. [PMID: 32213513 PMCID: PMC7243299 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) against diabetic keratopathy and corneal neuropathy. Corneal samples were obtained from human donors with and without diabetes. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and mice were orally treated with PPARα agonist fenofibrate. As shown by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, PPARα was downregulated in the corneas of humans with diabetes and diabetic rats. Immunostaining of β-III tubulin demonstrated that corneal nerve fiber metrics were decreased significantly in diabetic rats and mice, which were partially prevented by fenofibrate treatment. As evaluated using a Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer, corneal sensitivity was significantly decreased in diabetic mice, which was prevented by fenofibrate. PPARα -/- mice displayed progressive decreases in the corneal nerve fiber density. Consistently, corneal sensitivity was decreased in PPARα -/- mice relative to wild-type mice by 21 months of age. Diabetic mice showed increased incidence of spontaneous corneal epithelial lesion, which was prevented by fenofibrate while exacerbated by PPARα knockout. Western blot analysis revealed significantly altered neurotrophic factor levels in diabetic rat corneas, which were partially restored by fenofibrate treatment. These results indicate that PPARα protects the corneal nerve from degeneration induced by diabetes, and PPARα agonists have therapeutic potential in the treatment of diabetic keratopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Greg Matlock
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Fangfang Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Volha Malechka
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kelu Zhou
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Rui Cheng
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Siribhinya Benyajati
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Amy Whelchel
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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12
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Jagannathan L, Socks E, Balasubramanian P, McGowan R, Herdt TM, Kianian R, MohanKumar SMJ, MohanKumar PS. Oleic acid stimulates monoamine efflux through PPAR-α: Differential effects in diet-induced obesity. Life Sci 2020; 255:117867. [PMID: 32479954 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Obesity continues to be a growing health concern around the world, and elevated levels of free fatty acids as a result of high-fat intake might play a role in neuroendocrine alterations leading to obesity. However, it is unclear how fatty acids affect neuroendocrine functions and energy metabolism. Since hypothalamic monoamines play a crucial role in regulating neuroendocrine functions relating to energy balance, we investigated the direct effects of oleic acid on hypothalamic monoamines and hypothesized that oleic acid would activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), a nuclear transcription factor involved with fatty acid metabolism, to affect monoamines. We also hypothesized that this response would be subdued in diet-induced obesity (DIO). To test these hypotheses, hypothalami from Sprague Dawley and DIO rats were incubated with 0 (Control), 0.00132 mM, 0.132 mM, 1.32 mM oleic acid, 50 μM MK 886 (a selective PPAR- α antagonist), or oleic acid + MK 886 in Krebs Ringers Henseleit (KRH) solution. HPLC-EC was used to measure monoamine levels in perfusates. Oleic acid produced a significant increase in norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin levels in a dose-dependent manner, and incubation with MK886 blocked these effects. The effect of oleic acid on hypothalamic monoamines was attenuated in DIO rats. These findings suggest that PPARα probably plays an essential role in fatty acid sensing in the hypothalamus, by affecting monoamine efflux and DIO rats are resistant to the effects of oleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmikripa Jagannathan
- Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Departments of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, USA
| | - Emily Socks
- Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Departments of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, USA
| | | | - Robert McGowan
- Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Departments of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, USA
| | - Thomas M Herdt
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Reza Kianian
- Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | - Sheba M J MohanKumar
- Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | - P S MohanKumar
- Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA.
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13
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Alshelh Z, Mills EP, Kosanovic D, Di Pietro F, Macey PM, Vickers ER, Henderson LA. Effects of the glial modulator palmitoylethanolamide on chronic pain intensity and brain function. J Pain Res 2019; 12:2427-2439. [PMID: 31447580 PMCID: PMC6683964 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s209657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic neuropathic pain (NP) is a complex disease that results from damage or presumed damage to the somatosensory nervous system. Current treatment regimens are often ineffective. The major impediment in developing effective treatments is our limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Preclinical evidence suggests that glial changes are crucial for the development of NP and a recent study reported oscillatory activity differences within the ascending pain pathway at frequencies similar to that of cyclic gliotransmission in NP. Furthermore, there is evidence that glial modifying medications may be effective in treating NP. The aim of this Phase I open-label clinical trial is to determine whether glial modifying medication palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) will reduce NP and whether this is associated with reductions in oscillatory activity within the pain pathway. Methods: We investigated whether 6 weeks of PEA treatment would reduce pain and infra-slow oscillatory activity within the ascending trigeminal pathway in 22 individuals (17 females) with chronic orofacial NP. Results: PEA reduced pain in 16 (73%) of the 22 subjects, 11 subjects showed pain reduction of over 20%. Whilst both the responders and non-responders showed reductions in infra-slow oscillatory activity where orofacial nociceptor afferents terminate in the brainstem, only responders displayed reductions in the thalamus. Furthermore, functional connections between the brainstem and thalamus were altered only in responders. Conclusion: PEA is effective at relieving NP. This reduction is coupled to a reduction in resting oscillations along the ascending pain pathway that are likely driven by rhythmic astrocytic gliotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Alshelh
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emily P Mills
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Danny Kosanovic
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Flavia Di Pietro
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul M Macey
- School of Nursing and Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - E Russell Vickers
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Luke A Henderson
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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14
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Díaz D, Del Pilar C, Carretero J, Alonso JR, Weruaga E. Daily bone marrow cell transplantations for the management of fast neurodegenerative processes. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1702-1711. [PMID: 31272136 DOI: 10.1002/term.2925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapy has been proven to be a promising treatment for fighting neurodegenerative diseases. As neuronal replacement presents undeniable complications, the neuroprotection of live neurons arises as the most suitable therapeutic approach. Accordingly, the earlier the diagnosis and treatment, the better the prognosis. However, these diseases are commonly diagnosed when symptoms have already progressed towards an irreversible degenerative stage. This problem is especially dramatic when neurodegeneration is aggressive and rapidly progresses. One of the most interesting approaches for neuroprotection is the fusion between healthy bone marrow-derived cells and neurons, as the former can provide the latter with regular/protective genes without harming brain parenchyma. So far, this phenomenon has only been identified in Purkinje cells, whose death is the cause of different diseases like cerebellar ataxias. Here we have employed a model of aggressive cerebellar neurodegeneration, the Purkinje Cell Degeneration mouse, to optimize a cell therapy based on bone marrow-derived cell and cell fusion. Our findings show that the substitution of bone marrow in diseased animals by healthy bone marrow, even prior to the onset of neurodegeneration, is not fast enough to stop neuronal loss in time. Conversely, avoiding bone marrow replacement and ensuring a regular supply of healthy cells through continuous, daily transplants, the neurodegenerative milieu of PCD is enough to attract those transplanted elements. Furthermore, in the most affected cerebellar regions, more than a half of surviving neurons undergo a process of cell fusion. Therefore, this method deserves consideration as a means to impede neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Díaz
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Del Pilar
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Carretero
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Ramón Alonso
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Eduardo Weruaga
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neuroscience of Castile and Leon (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
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15
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Boujon V, Uhlemann R, Wegner S, Wright MB, Laufs U, Endres M, Kronenberg G, Gertz K. Dual PPARα/γ agonist aleglitazar confers stroke protection in a model of mild focal brain ischemia in mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:1127-1138. [PMID: 31147725 PMCID: PMC6647083 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) control the expression of genes involved in glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and cell differentiation. Here, we analyzed the effects of aleglitazar, a dual PPARα and PPARγ agonist with balanced affinity for either subtype, on subacute stroke outcome. Healthy young adult mice were subjected to transient 30 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo)/reperfusion. Daily treatment with aleglitazar was begun on the day of MCAo and continued until sacrifice. Blood glucose measurements and lipid profile did not differ between mice receiving aleglitazar and mice receiving vehicle after MCAo. Aleglitazar reduced the size of the ischemic lesion as assessed using NeuN immunohistochemistry on day 7. Sensorimotor performance on the rotarod was impaired during the first week after MCAo, an effect that was significantly attenuated by treatment with aleglitazar. Smaller lesion volume in mice treated with aleglitazar was accompanied by a decrease in mRNA transcription of IL-1β, Vcam-1, and Icam-1, suggesting that reduced proinflammatory signaling and reduced vascular inflammation in the ischemic hemisphere contribute to the beneficial effects of aleglitazar during the first week after stroke. Further experiments in primary murine microglia confirmed that aleglitazar reduces key aspects of microglia activation including NO production, release of proinflammatory cytokines, migration, and phagocytosis. In aggregate, a brief course of PPARα/γ agonist aleglitazar initiated post-event affords stroke protection and functional recovery in a model of mild brain ischemia. Our data underscores the theme of delayed injury processes such as neuroinflammation as promising therapeutic targets in stroke. Key messages PPARα/γ agonist aleglitazar improves stroke outcome after transient brain ischemia. Aleglitazar attenuates inflammatory responses in post-ischemic brain. Aleglitazar reduces microglia migration, phagocytosis, and release of cytokines. Beneficial effects of aleglitazar independent of glucose regulation. Aleglitazar provides extended window of opportunity for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Boujon
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie und Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Charité Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ria Uhlemann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie und Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Charité Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wegner
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie und Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Charité Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew B Wright
- pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Strekin AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie und Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Charité Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), 10115, Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Golo Kronenberg
- College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, and Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Karen Gertz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie und Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Charité Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Keilhoff G, Mbou RP, Lucas B, Schild L. The Differentiation of Spinal Cord Motor Neurons is Associated with Changes of the Mitochondrial Phospholipid Cardiolipin. Neuroscience 2019; 400:169-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Prorok T, Jana M, Patel D, Pahan K. Cinnamic Acid Protects the Nigrostriatum in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease via Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptorα. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:751-762. [PMID: 30612307 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-02705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common devastating human neurodegenerative disorder and despite intense investigation, no effective therapy is available for PD. Cinnamic acid, a naturally occurring aromatic fatty acid of low toxicity, is a precursor for the synthesis of a huge number of plant substances. This study highlights the neuroprotective effect of cinnamic acid in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD. Oral administration of cinnamic acid protected tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and TH fibers in the striatum of MPTP-insulted mice. Accordingly, oral cinnamic acid also normalized striatal neurotransmitters and improved locomotor activities in MPTP-intoxicated mice. While investigating mechanisms, we found that cinnamic acid induced the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), but not PPARβ, in primary mouse astrocytes. Cinnamic acid mediated protection of the nigrostriatal system and locomotor activities in WT and PPARβ (-/-), but not PPARα (-/-) mice from MPTP intoxication suggests that cinnamic acid requires the involvement of PPARα in protecting dopaminergic neurons in this model of PD. This study delineates a new function of cinnamic acid in protecting dopaminergic neurons via PPARα that could be beneficial for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Prorok
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA.,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St, Suite 310, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Malabendu Jana
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA.,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St, Suite 310, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Dhruv Patel
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA.,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St, Suite 310, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA. .,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St, Suite 310, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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18
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Lin C, Chen P, Chan H, Huang Y, Chang NW. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha accelerates neuronal differentiation and this might involve the mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 71:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chingju Lin
- Department of PhysiologyCollege of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
| | - Pei‐Yi Chen
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
| | - Hsu‐Chin Chan
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
| | - Yi‐Ping Huang
- Department of PhysiologyCollege of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
| | - Nai Wen Chang
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
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19
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Ng YW, Say YH. Palmitic acid induces neurotoxicity and gliatoxicity in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma and T98G human glioblastoma cells. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4696. [PMID: 29713567 PMCID: PMC5924683 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity-related central nervous system (CNS) pathologies like neuroinflammation and reactive gliosis are associated with high-fat diet (HFD) related elevation of saturated fatty acids like palmitic acid (PA) in neurons and astrocytes of the brain. Methods Human neuroblastoma cells SH-SY5Y (as a neuronal model) and human glioblastoma cells T98G (as an astrocytic model), were treated with 100–500 µM PA, oleic acid (OA) or lauric acid (LA) for 24 h or 48 h, and their cell viability was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimetylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The effects of stable overexpression of γ-synuclein (γ-syn), a neuronal protein recently recognized as a novel regulator of lipid handling in adipocytes, and transient overexpression of Parkinson’s disease (PD) α-synuclein [α-syn; wild-type (wt) and its pathogenic mutants A53T, A30P and E46K] in SH-SY5Y and T98G cells, were also evaluated. The effects of co-treatment of PA with paraquat (PQ), a Parkinsonian pesticide, and leptin, a hormone involved in the brain-adipose axis, were also assessed. Cell death mode and cell cycle were analyzed by Annexin V/PI flow cytometry. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was determined using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescien diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay and lipid peroxidation level was determined using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. Results MTT assay revealed dose- and time-dependent PA cytotoxicity on SH-SY5Y and T98G cells, but not OA and LA. The cytotoxicity was significantly lower in SH-SY5Y-γ-syn cells, while transient overexpression of wt α-syn or its PD mutants (A30P and E46K, but not A53T) modestly (but still significantly) rescued the cytotoxicity of PA in SH-SY5Y and T98G cells. Co-treatment of increasing concentrations of PQ exacerbated PA’s neurotoxicity. Pre-treatment of leptin, an anti-apoptotic adipokine, did not successfully rescue SH-SY5Y cells from PA-induced cytotoxicity—suggesting a mechanism of PA-induced leptin resistance. Annexin V/PI flow cytometry analysis revealed PA-induced increase in percentages of cells in annexin V-positive/PI-negative quadrant (early apoptosis) and subG0-G1 fraction, accompanied by a decrease in G2-M phase cells. The PA-induced ROS production and lipid peroxidation was at greater extent in T98G as compared to that in SH-SY5Y. Discussion In conclusion, PA induces apoptosis by increasing oxidative stress in neurons and astrocytes. Taken together, the results suggest that HFD may cause neuronal and astrocytic damage, which indirectly proposes that CNS pathologies involving neuroinflammation and reactive gliosis could be prevented via the diet regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Wen Ng
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) Kampar Campus, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Yee-How Say
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) Kampar Campus, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
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20
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Miville-Godbout E, Bourque M, Morissette M, Al-Sweidi S, Smith T, Jayasinghe D, Ritchie S, Di Paolo T. Plasmalogen precursor mitigates striatal dopamine loss in MPTP mice. Brain Res 2017; 1674:70-76. [PMID: 28830769 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ethanolamine plasmalogens (PlsEtn) are a class of glycerophospholipids characterized by a vinyl-ether bond at the sn-1 position that play an important role in the structure and function of membranes. Previous reports have suggested a link between reduced blood and brain PlsEtn levels and Parkinson's disease (PD). We recently reported that the DHA containing plasmalogen precursor PPI-1011 protected striatal dopamine (DA) against MPTP toxicity in mice. In this paper, we further investigate the specificity requirements of the lipid side chains by testing the oleic acid-containing plasmalogen precursor PPI-1025. Male mice were treated for 10days with daily oral administration of PPI-1025 (10, 50 or 200mg/kg). On day 5 mice received MPTP and were sacrificed on Day 11. Treatment with PPI-1025 prevented MPTP-induced decrease of DA and serotonin, as well as their metabolites. In addition, PPI-1025 treatment prevented the MPTP-induced decrease of the striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) specific binding. Significant positive correlations were measured between striatal DA concentrations and DAT or VMAT2 specific binding, as well as with serum plasmalogen concentrations. The neuroprotective effect of PPI-1025 displayed a bell-curve dose-dependency losing effect at the highest dose tested. The similar protective response of oleic and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-containing plasmalogen precursors suggests that the neuroprotection observed is not only due to DHA but to the oleic substituent and the plasmalogen backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Miville-Godbout
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec City, Qc G1V 4G2, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, 1050, Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, Qc G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mélanie Bourque
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec City, Qc G1V 4G2, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, 1050, Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, Qc G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marc Morissette
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec City, Qc G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sara Al-Sweidi
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec City, Qc G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Tara Smith
- Med-Life Discoveries LP, 104-407 Downey Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8, Canada
| | | | - Shawn Ritchie
- Med-Life Discoveries LP, 104-407 Downey Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8, Canada
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec City, Qc G1V 4G2, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, 1050, Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, Qc G1V 0A6, Canada.
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21
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Galán-Arriero I, Serrano-Muñoz D, Gómez-Soriano J, Goicoechea C, Taylor J, Velasco A, Ávila-Martín G. The role of Omega-3 and Omega-9 fatty acids for the treatment of neuropathic pain after neurotrauma. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1629-1635. [PMID: 28495596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosaexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), mediate neuroactive effects in experimental models of traumatic peripheral nerve and spinal cord injury. Cellular mechanisms of PUFAs include reduced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, enhanced neurotrophic support, and activation of cell survival pathways. Bioactive Omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid (OA) and 2-hydroxy oleic acid (2-OHOA), also show therapeutic effects in neurotrauma models. These FAs reduces noxious hyperreflexia and pain-related anxiety behavior following peripheral nerve injury and improves sensorimotor function following spinal cord injury (SCI), including facilitation of descending inhibitory antinociception. The relative safe profile of neuroactive fatty acids (FAs) holds promise for the future clinical development of these molecules as analgesic agents. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Lipid Therapy: Drugs Targeting Biomembranes edited by Pablo V. Escribá.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iriana Galán-Arriero
- Sensorimotor Function Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
| | - Diego Serrano-Muñoz
- Sensorimotor Function Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
| | - Julio Gómez-Soriano
- GIFTO, Nursing and Physiotherapy Faculty, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, 45072 Toledo, Spain.
| | - Carlos Goicoechea
- Pharmacology and Nutrition Department, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julian Taylor
- Sensorimotor Function Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain; Stoke Mandeville Spinal Research, National Spinal Injuries Centre, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, HP21 8AL Aylesbury, UK; Harris Manchester College, OX1 3TD University of Oxford, UK.
| | - Ana Velasco
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Gerardo Ávila-Martín
- Sensorimotor Function Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
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Zhang Y, Jiao G, Song C, Gu S, Brown RE, Zhang J, Zhang P, Gagnon J, Locke S, Stefanova R, Pelletier C, Zhang Y, Lu H. An Extract from Shrimp Processing By-Products Protects SH-SY5Y Cells from Neurotoxicity Induced by Aβ 25-35. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15030083. [PMID: 28327516 PMCID: PMC5367040 DOI: 10.3390/md15030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased evidence suggests that marine unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) can protect neurons from amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced neurodegeneration. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) assays showed that the acetone extract 4-2A obtained from shrimp Pandalus borealis industry processing wastes contained 67.19% monounsaturated FAs and 16.84% polyunsaturated FAs. The present study evaluated the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of 4-2A in Aβ25–35-insulted differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Cell viability and cytotoxicity were measured by using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Quantitative PCR and Western blotting were used to study the expression of neurotrophins, pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis-related genes. Administration of 20 μM Aβ25–35 significantly reduced SH-SY5Y cell viability, the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its tyrosine kinase TrkA receptor, as well as the level of glutathione, while increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its TrkB receptor. Aβ25–35 also increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and Caspase-3 expression. Treatment with 4-2A significantly attenuated the Aβ25–35-induced changes in cell viability, ROS, GSH, NGF, TrkA, TNF-α, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and Caspase-3, except for nitric oxide, BDNF and TrKB. In conclusion, 4-2A effectively protected SH-SY5Y cells against Aβ-induced neuronal apoptosis/death by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress and up-regulating NGF and TrKA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Zhang
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Guangling Jiao
- Coastal Zones Research Institute Inc., 232B, avenue de l'Église, Shippagan, NB E8S 1J2, Canada.
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| | - Cai Song
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Shelly Gu
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Richard E Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Junzeng Zhang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| | - Pingcheng Zhang
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Jacques Gagnon
- Coastal Zones Research Institute Inc., 232B, avenue de l'Église, Shippagan, NB E8S 1J2, Canada.
| | - Steven Locke
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Roumiana Stefanova
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| | - Claude Pelletier
- Coastal Zones Research Institute Inc., 232B, avenue de l'Église, Shippagan, NB E8S 1J2, Canada.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Hongyu Lu
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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Morales-Lázaro SL, Llorente I, Sierra-Ramírez F, López-Romero AE, Ortíz-Rentería M, Serrano-Flores B, Simon SA, Islas LD, Rosenbaum T. Inhibition of TRPV1 channels by a naturally occurring omega-9 fatty acid reduces pain and itch. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13092. [PMID: 27721373 PMCID: PMC5062500 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channel is mainly found in primary nociceptive afferents whose activity has been linked to pathophysiological conditions including pain, itch and inflammation. Consequently, it is important to identify naturally occurring antagonists of this channel. Here we show that a naturally occurring monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid, inhibits TRPV1 activity, and also pain and itch responses in mice by interacting with the vanilloid (capsaicin)-binding pocket and promoting the stabilization of a closed state conformation. Moreover, we report an itch-inducing molecule, cyclic phosphatidic acid, that activates TRPV1 and whose pruritic activity, as well as that of histamine, occurs through the activation of this ion channel. These findings provide insights into the molecular basis of oleic acid inhibition of TRPV1 and also into a way of reducing the pathophysiological effects resulting from its activation. TRPV1 channels are known to mediate pathological pain and itch. Here, the authors find a naturally occurring fatty acid, oleic acid, acts as a TRPV1 antagonist and can modulate capsaicin and histamine-mediated pain and itch response in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Morales-Lázaro
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico
| | - Itzel Llorente
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico
| | - Félix Sierra-Ramírez
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico
| | - Ana E López-Romero
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ortíz-Rentería
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico
| | - Barbara Serrano-Flores
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico
| | - Sidney A Simon
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, 327C Bryan Research Building, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - León D Islas
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito escolar s/n, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico
| | - Tamara Rosenbaum
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Coyoacan 04510, Mexico
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Decock A, Ongenaert M, De Wilde B, Brichard B, Noguera R, Speleman F, Vandesompele J. Stage 4S neuroblastoma tumors show a characteristic DNA methylation portrait. Epigenetics 2016; 11:761-771. [PMID: 27599161 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1226739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stage 4S neuroblastoma (NB) is a special type of NB found in infants with metastases at diagnosis and is associated with an excellent outcome due to its remarkable capacity to undergo spontaneous regression. As genomics have not been able to explain this intriguing clinical presentation, we here aimed at profiling the DNA methylome of stage 4S NB to better understand this phenomenon. To this purpose, differential methylation analyses between International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) stage 4S, stage 4 and stage 1/2 were performed, using methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) sequencing data of 14 stage 4S, 14 stage 4, and 13 stage 1/2 primary NB tumors (all MYCN non-amplified in order not to confound results). Stage 4S-specific hyper- and hypomethylated promoters were determined and further characterized for genomic localization and function by cytogenetic band enrichment, gene set enrichment, transcription factor target enrichment and differential RNA expression analyses. We show that specific chromosomal locations are enriched for stage 4S differentially methylated promoters and that stage 4S tumors show characteristic hypermethylation of specific subtelomeric promoters. Furthermore, genes involved in important oncogenic pathways, in neural crest development and differentiation, and in epigenetic processes are differentially methylated and expressed in stage 4S tumors. Based on these findings, we describe new biological mechanisms possibly contributing to the stage 4S-specific tumor biology and spontaneous regression. In conclusion, this study is the first to describe the highly characteristic stage 4S DNA methylome. These findings will open new avenues to further unravel the NB pathology in general and stage 4S disease specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Decock
- a Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium.,b Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG) , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Maté Ongenaert
- a Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Bram De Wilde
- a Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium.,b Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG) , Ghent , Belgium.,c Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Brichard
- d Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Rosa Noguera
- e Department of Pathology , Medical School, University of Valencia, and Health Research Institute INCLIVA , Valencia , Spain
| | - Frank Speleman
- a Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium.,b Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG) , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Jo Vandesompele
- a Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium.,b Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG) , Ghent , Belgium.,f Bioinformatics Institute Ghent - From Nucleotides to Networks (BIG N2N) , Ghent , Belgium
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25
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WY14643 Attenuates the Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairments in Mice. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2868-2879. [PMID: 27422264 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
WY14643 is a selective agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) with neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of WY14643 on cognitive impairments induced by scopolamine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. We conducted different behavior tests including the Y-maze, Morris water maze, and passive avoidance test to measure the cognitive functions of C57BL/6J mice after scopolamine and WY14643 treatment. It was found that WY14643 injection significantly attenuated the scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in these behavioral tests. Moreover, WY14643 treatment significantly enhanced the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling cascade in the hippocampus. The usage of both PPAR-α inhibitor GW6471 and BDNF system inhibitor K252a fully prevented the memory-enhancing effects of WY14643. Therefore, these findings suggest that WY14643 could improve the scopolamine-induced memory impairments, and these effects are mediated by the activation of PPAR-α and BDNF system, thereby exhibiting a cognition-enhancing potential.
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26
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Chang GQ, Karatayev O, Lukatskaya O, Leibowitz SF. Prenatal fat exposure and hypothalamic PPAR β/δ: Possible relationship to increased neurogenesis of orexigenic peptide neurons. Peptides 2016; 79:16-26. [PMID: 27002387 PMCID: PMC4872302 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Gestational exposure to a fat-rich diet, while elevating maternal circulating fatty acids, increases in the offspring's hypothalamus and amygdala the proliferation and density of neurons that express neuropeptides known to stimulate consummatory behavior. To understand the relationship between these phenomena, this study examined in the brain of postnatal offspring (day 15) the effect of prenatal fat exposure on the transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ, which is sensitive to fatty acids, and the relationship of PPAR β/δ to the orexigenic neuropeptides, orexin, melanin-concentrating hormone, and enkephalin. Prenatal exposure to a fat-rich diet compared to low-fat chow increased the density of cells immunoreactive for PPAR β/δ in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), perifornical lateral hypothalamus (PFLH), and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), but not the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus or basolateral amygdaloid nucleus. It also increased co-labeling of PPAR β/δ with the cell proliferation marker, BrdU, or neuronal marker, NeuN, and the triple labeling of PPAR β/δ with BrdU plus NeuN, indicating an increase in proliferation and density of new PPAR β/δ neurons. Prenatal fat exposure stimulated the double-labeling of PPAR β/δ with orexin or melanin-concentrating hormone in the PFLH and enkephalin in the PVN and CeA and also triple-labeling of PPAR β/δ with BrdU and these neuropeptides, indicating that dietary fat increases the genesis of PPAR β/δ neurons that produce these peptides. These findings demonstrate a close anatomical relationship between PPAR β/δ and the increased proliferation and density of peptide-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus and amygdala of fat-exposed offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-Q Chang
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - O Karatayev
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - O Lukatskaya
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S F Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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27
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Pérez-Martín M, Rivera P, Blanco E, Lorefice C, Decara J, Pavón FJ, Serrano A, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Suárez J. Environmental Enrichment, Age, and PPARα Interact to Regulate Proliferation in Neurogenic Niches. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:89. [PMID: 27013951 PMCID: PMC4783391 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) ligands have been shown to modulate recovery after brain insults such as ischemia and irradiation by enhancing neurogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the genetic deletion of PPARα receptors on the proliferative rate of neural precursor cells (NPC) in the adult brain. The study was performed in aged Pparα−/− mice exposed to nutritional (treats) and environmental (games) enrichments for 20 days. We performed immunohistochemical analyses of cells containing the replicating cell DNA marker 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU+) and the immature neuronal marker doublecortin (Dcx+) in the main neurogenic zones of the adult brain: subgranular zone of dentate gyrus (SGZ), subventricular zone of lateral ventricles (SVZ), and/or hypothalamus. Results indicated a reduction in the number of BrdU+ cells in the neurogenic zones analyzed as well as Dcx+ cells in the SGZ during aging (2, 6, and 18 months). Pparα deficiency alleviated the age-related reduction of NPC proliferation (BrdU+ cells) in the SVZ of the 18-months-old mice. While no genotype effect on NPC proliferation was detected in the SGZ during aging, an accentuated reduction in the number of Dcx+ cells was observed in the SGZ of the 6-months-old Pparα−/− mice. Exposing the 18-months-old mice to nutritional and environmental enrichments reversed the Pparα−/−-induced impairment of NPC proliferation in the neurogenic zones analyzed. The enriched environment did not modify the number of SGZ Dcx+ cells in the 18 months old Pparα−/− mice. These results identify PPARα receptors as a potential target to counteract the naturally observed decline in adult NPC proliferation associated with aging and impoverished environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Pérez-Martín
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Patricia Rivera
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo Blanco
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de MálagaMálaga, Spain; Departament de Pedagogia i Psicologia, Facultat d'Educació, Psicologia i Treball Social, Universitat de LleidaLleida, Spain
| | - Clara Lorefice
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain; UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Juan Decara
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pavón
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
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28
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WY14643 produces anti-depressant-like effects in mice via the BDNF signaling pathway. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1629-42. [PMID: 25388293 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Current anti-depressants are clinically effective only after several weeks of administration and always produce side effects. OBJECTIVES WY14643 is a selective agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α with neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects. Here, we investigated the anti-depressant effects of WY14643 in mice models of depression. METHODS We assessed the anti-depressant effects of WY14643 in the forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry studies were further performed to detect the effects of WY14643 on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway and hippocampal neurogenesis. The anti-BDNF antibody, BDNF signaling inhibitor, and tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor were also used to explore the anti-depressant mechanisms of WY14643. RESULTS WY14643 exhibited robust anti-depressant effects in the FST and TST and also protected against the CSDS stress in mice models. Moreover, WY14643 reversed the stress-induced elevation of corticosterone, deficiency of BDNF signaling pathway, and hippocampal neurogenesis. Blockade of BDNF signaling cascade, not the monoaminergic system, abolished all the anti-depressant effects of WY14643. CONCLUSIONS These data provide the first evidence that WY14643 exerts anti-depressant-like activity through promoting the BDNF signaling pathway.
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29
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Cheng YH, Lai SW, Chen PY, Chang JH, Chang NW. PPARα activation attenuates amyloid-β-dependent neurodegeneration by modulating Endo G and AIF translocation. Neurotox Res 2014; 27:55-68. [PMID: 25048111 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of a large amount of amyloid-β (Aβ42) in brain neurons is one of the debilitating characteristics of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we determined the effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) activation on neuronal degeneration using a model of Aβ42-induced cytotoxicity. We found that 0.5 μM Aβ42 induced DNA damage and apoptosis in NT2N cells after 6 h of treatment. Co-treatment of Aβ42-treated cells with Wy14643, a PPARα ligand, significantly increased cell viability after 24 h compared with cells treated with Aβ42 alone. There were no differences in the protein levels of caspase-3, Bcl-2/Bax or p53 between cells treated with Aβ42 alone and those treated with both Aβ42 and Wy14643. However, the addition of Wy14643 significantly suppressed the Aβ42-induced upregulation of Endo G and AIF protein levels. Immunohistochemical analyses further demonstrated that Wy14643 reduced the expression of Endo G and AIF translocated from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, which occurred concomitantly with the decrease in DNA damage in Aβ42-treated cells. Our data clearly show that PPARα activation prevents DNA damage and neuronal cell apoptosis by decreasing the expression and translocation of AIF/Endo G to the nucleus in a caspase-3- and p53-independent pathway in the NT2N cell model. This role of PPARα in promoting neuron survival suggests a possible clinical application in treating Aβ42-associated neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hsin Cheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, ROC
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30
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Polo-Hernández E, Tello V, Arroyo AA, Domínguez-Prieto M, de Castro F, Tabernero A, Medina JM. Oleic acid synthesized by stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD-1) in the lateral periventricular zone of the developing rat brain mediates neuronal growth, migration and the arrangement of prospective synapses. Brain Res 2014; 1570:13-25. [PMID: 24836198 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work has shown that oleic acid synthesized by astrocytes in response to serum albumin behaves as a neurotrophic factor in neurons, upregulating the expression of GAP-43 and MAP-2 proteins, which are respectively markers of axonal and dendrite growth. In addition, oleic acid promoted neuron migration and aggregation, resulting in clusters of neurons connected each other by the newly formed neurites. In this work we show that the presence of albumin or albumin plus oleic acid increases neuron migration in cultured explants of the lateral periventricular zone, resulting in an increase in the number of GAP-43-positive neurons leaving the explant. Upon silencing stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), a key enzyme in oleic acid synthesis by RNA of interference mostly prevented the effect of albumin but not that of albumin plus oleic acid, suggesting that the oleic acid synthesized due to the effect of albumin would be responsible for the increase in neuron migration. Oleic acid increased doublecortin (DCX) expression in cultured neurons, explants and organotypic slices, suggesting that DCX may mediate in the effect of oleic acid on neuron migration. The effect of oleic acid on neuron migration may be destined for the formation of synapses because the presence of oleic acid increased the expression of synaptotagmin and that of postsynaptic density protein (PDS-95), respectively markers of the pre- and postsynaptic compartments. In addition, confocal microscopy revealed the occurrence of points of colocalization between synaptotagmin and PDS-95, which is consistent with the idea that oleic acid promotes synapse arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Polo-Hernández
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
| | - Vega Tello
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
| | - Angel A Arroyo
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Fernando de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
| | - Arantxa Tabernero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
| | - José M Medina
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Salamanca, Spain.
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Lopez S, Bermudez B, Montserrat-de la Paz S, Jaramillo S, Varela LM, Ortega-Gomez A, Abia R, Muriana FJG. Membrane composition and dynamics: a target of bioactive virgin olive oil constituents. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:1638-56. [PMID: 24440426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous synthesis of lipids, which requires suitable dietary raw materials, is critical for the formation of membrane bilayers. In eukaryotic cells, phospholipids are the predominant membrane lipids and consist of hydrophobic acyl chains attached to a hydrophilic head group. The relative balance between saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated acyl chains is required for the organization and normal function of membranes. Virgin olive oil is the richest natural dietary source of the monounsaturated lipid oleic acid and is one of the key components of the healthy Mediterranean diet. Virgin olive oil also contains a unique constellation of many other lipophilic and amphipathic constituents whose health benefits are still being discovered. The focus of this review is the latest evidence regarding the impact of oleic acid and the minor constituents of virgin olive oil on the arrangement and behavior of lipid bilayers. We highlight the relevance of these interactions to the potential use of virgin olive oil in preserving the functional properties of membranes to maintain health and in modulating membrane functions that can be altered in several pathologies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Structure and Function: Relevance in the Cell's Physiology, Pathology and Therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Lopez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Beatriz Bermudez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Sara Jaramillo
- Laboratory of Phytochemicals and Food Quality, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, 41014 Seville, Spain
| | - Lourdes M Varela
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Almudena Ortega-Gomez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Rocio Abia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco J G Muriana
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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Cho YR, Lim JH, Kim MY, Kim TW, Hong BY, Kim YS, Chang YS, Kim HW, Park CW. Therapeutic effects of fenofibrate on diabetic peripheral neuropathy by improving endothelial and neural survival in db/db mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83204. [PMID: 24392081 PMCID: PMC3879243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural vascular insufficiency plays an important role in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor (PPAR)α has an endothelial protective effect related to activation of PPARγ coactivator (PGC)-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), but its role in DPN is unknown. We investigated whether fenofibrate would improve DPN associated with endothelial survival through AMPK-PGC-1α-eNOS pathway. Fenofibrate was given to db/db mice in combination with anti-flt-1 hexamer and anti-flk-1 heptamer (VEGFR inhibition) for 12 weeks. The db/db mice displayed sensory-motor impairment, nerve fibrosis and inflammation, increased apoptotic cells, disorganized myelin with axonal shrinkage and degeneration, fewer unmyelinated fibers, and endoneural vascular rarefaction in the sciatic nerve compared to db/m mice. These findings were exacerbated with VEGFR inhibition in db/db mice. Increased apoptotic cell death and endothelial dysfunction via inactivation of the PPARα-AMPK-PGC-1α pathway and their downstream PI3K-Akt-eNOS-NO pathway were noted in db/db mice, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human Schwann cells (HSCs) in high-glucose media. The effects were more prominent in response to VEGFR inhibition. In contrast, fenofibrate treatment ameliorated neural and endothelial damage by activating the PPARα-AMPK-PGC-1α-eNOS pathway in db/db mice, HUVECs and HSCs. Fenofibrate could be a promising therapy to prevent DPN by protecting endothelial cells through VEGF-independent activation of the PPARα-AMPK-PGC-1α-eNOS-NO pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Rim Cho
- Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hee Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Young Hong
- Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Sik Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Won Kim
- Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Whee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Voss U, Sand E, Olde B, Ekblad E. Enteric neuropathy can be induced by high fat diet in vivo and palmitic acid exposure in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81413. [PMID: 24312551 PMCID: PMC3849255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Obese and/or diabetic patients have elevated levels of free fatty acids and increased susceptibility to gastrointestinal symptoms. Since the enteric nervous system is pivotal in regulating gastrointestinal functions alterations or neuropathy in the enteric neurons are suspected to occur in these conditions. Lipid induced intestinal changes, in particular on enteric neurons, were investigated in vitro and in vivo using primary cell culture and a high fat diet (HFD) mouse model. Design Mice were fed normal or HFD for 6 months. Intestines were analyzed for neuronal numbers, remodeling and lipid accumulation. Co-cultures of myenteric neurons, glia and muscle cells from rat small intestine, were treated with palmitic acid (PA) (0 – 10−3 M) and / or oleic acid (OA) (0 – 10−3 M), with or without modulators of intracellular lipid metabolism. Analyses were by immunocyto- and histochemistry. Results HFD caused substantial loss of myenteric neurons, leaving submucous neurons unaffected, and intramuscular lipid accumulation in ileum and colon. PA exposure in vitro resulted in neuronal shrinkage, chromatin condensation and a significant and concentration-dependent decrease in neuronal survival; OA exposure was neuroprotective. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 inhibition, L-carnitine- or alpha lipoic acid supplementation all counteracted PA-induced neuronal loss. PA or OA alone both caused a significant and concentration-dependent loss of muscle cells in vitro. Simultaneous exposure of PA and OA promoted survival of muscle cells and increased intramuscular lipid droplet accumulation. PA exposure transformed glia from a stellate to a rounded phenotype but had no effect on their survival. Conclusions HFD and PA exposure are detrimental to myenteric neurons. Present results indicate excessive palmitoylcarnitine formation and exhausted L-carnitine stores leading to energy depletion, attenuated acetylcholine synthesis and oxidative stress to be main mechanisms behind PA-induced neuronal loss.High PA exposure is suggested to be a factor in causing diabetic neuropathy and gastrointestinal dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrikke Voss
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Elin Sand
- Department of Clinical Science Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Björn Olde
- Department of Clinical Science Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Ekblad
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Fandel D, Wasmuht D, Avila-Martín G, Taylor JS, Galán-Arriero I, Mey J. Spinal cord injury induced changes of nuclear receptors PPARα and LXRβ and modulation with oleic acid/albumin treatment. Brain Res 2013; 1535:89-105. [PMID: 23958344 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies with animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) pharmacological activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) and liver X receptors (LXR) were used to reduce tissue damage and promote behavioral recovery in animal models. We have studied the endogenous expression of the transcription factors PPARα and LXRβ in the chronic stage after SCI in rats. The immunohistochemical investigation revealed a long lasting increase in the level of PPARα in white matter in the vicinity of the lesion site. The source of this signal was identified in a subpopulation of astrocytes outside of the glial scar area. Intrathecal injections of oleic acid/albumin reduced the lesion-induced PPARα immunoreactivity. In addition, ependymal cells displayed a prominent PPARα signal in the non-injured spinal cord, and continued to express the receptor as they proliferated and migrated within the damaged tissue. The nuclear receptor LXRβ was detected at similar levels after SCI as in sham operated animals. We found high levels of immunoreactivity in the gray matter, while in the white matter it was present in subpopulations of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Macrophages that had accumulated within the center of the lesion contained LXRβ in their cell nuclei. Possible endogenous functions of PPARα and LXRβ after SCI are discussed, specifically the control of fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism and the regulation of inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fandel
- Laboratorio Regeneración Nerviosa, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla la Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Kim HY, Spector AA, Xiong ZM. A synaptogenic amide N-docosahexaenoylethanolamide promotes hippocampal development. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2011; 96:114-20. [PMID: 21810478 PMCID: PMC3215906 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the n-3 essential fatty acid that is highly enriched in the brain, increases neurite growth and synaptogenesis in cultured mouse fetal hippocampal neurons. These cellular effects may underlie the DHA-induced enhancement of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory functions. We found that N-docsahexaenoylethanolamide (DEA), an ethanolamide derivative of DHA, is a potent mediator for these actions. This is supported by the observation that DHA is converted to DEA by fetal mouse hippocampal neuron cultures and a hippocampal homogenate, and DEA is present endogenously in the mouse hippocampus. Furthermore, DEA stimulates neurite growth and synaptogenesis at substantially lower concentrations than DHA, and it enhances glutamatergic synaptic activities with concomitant increases in synapsin and glutamate receptor subunit expression in the hippocampal neurons. These findings suggest that DEA, an ethanolamide derivative of DHA, is a synaptogenic factor, and therefore we suggest utilizing the term 'synaptamide'. This brief review summarizes the neuronal production and actions of synaptamide and describes other N-docosahexaenoyl amides that are present in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, USA.
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Avila-Martin G, Galan-Arriero I, Gómez-Soriano J, Taylor J. Treatment of rat spinal cord injury with the neurotrophic factor albumin-oleic acid: translational application for paralysis, spasticity and pain. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26107. [PMID: 22046257 PMCID: PMC3202524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor dysfunction following incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) is often characterized by the debilitating symptoms of paralysis, spasticity and pain, which require treatment with novel pleiotropic pharmacological agents. Previous in vitro studies suggest that Albumin (Alb) and Oleic Acid (OA) may play a role together as an endogenous neurotrophic factor. Although Alb can promote basic recovery of motor function after iSCI, the therapeutic effect of OA or Alb-OA on a known translational measure of SCI associated with symptoms of spasticity and change in nociception has not been studied. Following T9 spinal contusion injury in Wistar rats, intrathecal treatment with: i) Saline, ii) Alb (0.4 nanomoles), iii) OA (80 nanomoles), iv) Alb-Elaidic acid (0.4/80 nanomoles), or v) Alb-OA (0.4/80 nanomoles) were evaluated on basic motor function, temporal summation of noxious reflex activity, and with a new test of descending modulation of spinal activity below the SCI up to one month after injury. Albumin, OA and Alb-OA treatment inhibited nociceptive Tibialis Anterior (TA) reflex activity. Moreover Alb-OA synergistically promoted early recovery of locomotor activity to 50 ± 10% of control and promoted de novo phasic descending inhibition of TA noxious reflex activity to 47 ± 5% following non-invasive electrical conditioning stimulation applied above the iSCI. Spinal L4-L5 immunohistochemistry demonstrated a unique increase in serotonin fibre innervation up to 4.2 ± 1.1 and 2.3 ± 0.3 fold within the dorsal and ventral horn respectively with Alb-OA treatment when compared to uninjured tissue, in addition to a reduction in NR1 NMDA receptor phosphorylation and microglia reactivity. Early recovery of voluntary motor function accompanied with tonic and de novo phasic descending inhibition of nociceptive TA flexor reflex activity following Alb-OA treatment, mediated via known endogenous spinal mechanisms of action, suggests a clinical application of this novel neurotrophic factor for the treatment of paralysis, spasticity and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Avila-Martin
- Neurología Experimental, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Castilla La-Mancha, Spain
| | - Iriana Galan-Arriero
- Neurología Experimental, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Castilla La-Mancha, Spain
| | - Julio Gómez-Soriano
- Neurología Experimental, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Castilla La-Mancha, Spain
- Escuela de Enfermería y Fisioterapia de Toledo, Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha, Toledo, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
| | - Julian Taylor
- Neurología Experimental, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Castilla La-Mancha, Spain
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Abstract
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, C22:6,n-3) has been shown to promote neurite growth and synaptogenesis in embryonic hippocampal neurons, supporting the importance of DHA known for hippocampus-related learning and memory function. In the present study, we demonstrate that DHA metabolism to DEA (N-docosahexaenoylethanolamide) is a significant mechanism for hippocampal neuronal development, contributing to synaptic function. We found that a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 potentiates DHA-induced neurite growth, synaptogenesis and synaptic protein expression. Active metabolism of DHA to DEA was observed in embryonic day 18 hippocampal neuronal cultures, which was increased further by URB597. Synthetic DEA promoted hippocampal neurite growth and synaptogenesis at substantially lower concentrations in comparison with DHA. DEA-treated neurons increased the expression of synapsins and glutamate receptor subunits and exhibited enhanced glutamatergic synaptic activity, as was the case for DHA. The DEA level in mouse fetal hippocampi was altered according to the maternal dietary supply of n-3 fatty acids, suggesting that DEA formation is a relevant in vivo process responding to the DHA status. In conclusion, DHA metabolism to DEA is a significant biochemical mechanism for neurite growth, synaptogenesis and synaptic protein expression, leading to enhanced glutamatergic synaptic function. The novel DEA-dependent mechanism offers a new molecular insight into hippocampal neurodevelopment and function.
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Fenofibrate increases neuronal vasoconstrictor response in mesenteric arteries from diabetic rats: Role of noradrenaline, neuronal nitric oxide and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 666:142-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Polo-Hernández E, De Castro F, García-García AG, Tabernero A, Medina JM. Oleic acid synthesized in the periventricular zone promotes axonogenesis in the striatum during brain development. J Neurochem 2010; 114:1756-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hiukka A, Maranghi M, Matikainen N, Taskinen MR. PPARalpha: an emerging therapeutic target in diabetic microvascular damage. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2010; 6:454-63. [PMID: 20567246 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2010.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The global pandemic of diabetes mellitus portends an alarming rise in the prevalence of microvascular complications, despite advanced therapies for hyperglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) is expressed in organs affected by diabetic microvascular disease (retina, kidney and nerves), and its expression is regulated specifically in these tissues. Experimental evidence suggests that PPARalpha activation attenuates or inhibits several mediators of vascular damage, including lipotoxicity, inflammation, reactive oxygen species generation, endothelial dysfunction, angiogenesis and thrombosis, and thus might influence intracellular signaling pathways that lead to microvascular complications. PPARalpha has emerged as a novel target to prevent microvascular disease, via both its lipid-related and lipid-unrelated actions. Despite strong experimental evidence of the potential benefits of PPARalpha agonists in the prevention of vascular damage, the evidence from clinical studies in patients with diabetes mellitus remains limited. Promising findings from the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study on microvascular outcomes are countered by elevations in participants' homocysteine and creatinine levels that might potentially attenuate the benefits of PPARalpha activation. This Review focuses on the role of PPARalpha activation in diabetic microvascular disease and highlights the available experimental and clinical evidence from studies of PPARalpha agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hiukka
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Biomedicum, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
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Hansen HS. Palmitoylethanolamide and other anandamide congeners. Proposed role in the diseased brain. Exp Neurol 2010; 224:48-55. [PMID: 20353771 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Acylethanolamides are formed in the brain "on demand" from membrane phospholipids called N-acylated phosphatidylethanolamines. The acylethanolamides are signaling molecules of lipid nature, and this lipofilicity suggests an autocrine function. The acylethanolamides include palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA), stearoylethanolamide (SEA), and several other quantitative minor species including anandamide (= arachidonoylethanolamide). PEA and OEA can activate several different receptors and inhibit some ion channels, e.g., PPARalpha, vanilloid receptor, K(+) channels (Kv4.3, Kv1.5), and OEA can activate GPR119 and inhibit ceramidases. Targets for SEA are less clear, but it has some cannabimimetic actions in rats in vivo. All acylethanolamides accumulate during neuronal injury, and injected OEA has neuroprotective effects, and PEA has anti-inflammatory effects as studied in the peripheral system. Several of the pharmacological effects seem to be mediated via activation of PPARalpha. Recently, injected OEA has been found to consolidate memories in rats. Inhibitors of the acylethanolamide-degrading enzyme FAAH can increase levels of all acylethanolamides including annandamide, and some of the pharmacological effects caused by these inhibitors may be explained by increased cerebral levels of OEA and PEA, e.g., suppression of nicotine-induced activation of dopamine neurons. Furthermore, through activation of PPARalpha, OEA and PEA may stimulate neurosteroid synthesis, thereby modulating several biological functions mediated by GABA(A) receptors. The existence of acylethanolamides in the mammalian brain has been known for decades, but it is first within the last few years that the putative biological functions of the three most abundant acylethanolamides species are starting to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald S Hansen
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
Fibrates, one group of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) activators, are lipid lowering drugs. Fibrates have been shown to attenuate brain tissue injury after focal cerebral ischemia. In this study, we investigated the impact of fenofibrate on cerebral blood flow (CBF) in male wild type and PPARalpha-null mice. Animals were treated for 7 days with fenofibrate and subjected to 2 h of filamentous middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion under isoflurane anesthesia. Cortical surface CBF was measured by laser speckle imaging. Regional CBF (rCBF) in nonischemic animals was measured by (14)C-iodoantipyrine autoradiography. Fenofibrate did not affect rCBF and mean arterial blood pressure in nonischemic animals. In ischemic animals, laser speckle imaging showed delayed expansions of ischemic area, which was attenuated by fenofibrate. Fenofibrate also enhanced CBF recovery after reperfusion. However, such effects of fenofibrate on CBF in the ischemic brain were not observed in PPARalpha-null mice. These findings show that fenofibrate improves CBF in the ischemic hemisphere. Moreover, fenofibrate requires PPARalpha expression for the cerebrovascular protective effects in the ischemic brain.
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Bento-Abreu A, Velasco A, Polo-Hernández E, Lillo C, Kozyraki R, Tabernero A, Medina JM. Albumin endocytosis via megalin in astrocytes is caveola- and Dab-1 dependent and is required for the synthesis of the neurotrophic factor oleic acid. J Neurochem 2009; 111:49-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Katakura M, Hashimoto M, Shahdat HM, Gamoh S, Okui T, Matsuzaki K, Shido O. Docosahexaenoic acid promotes neuronal differentiation by regulating basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors and cell cycle in neural stem cells. Neuroscience 2009; 160:651-60. [PMID: 19272428 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) enhances neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) isolated from rat embryonic day 14.5. However the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. One hypothesis supported by DHA controls the expression level of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, such as hairy and enhancer of split 1 (Hes1), Mash1, neurogenin1, and NeuroD; another is that previous studies in retinal progenitor cells DHA affects the cell cycle. In this study, we show that treatment with DHA under differentiation conditions without basic fibroblast growth factor, (1) increases Tuj-1 and MAP2 positive cells in NSCs, (2) that the expression level of Hes1 mRNA and protein decreased significantly from day 1 to day 4, on the other hand, the NeuroD mRNA expression level increased from day 1 to day 4 after treatment with DHA and (3) decreased the percentage of S-phase cells, which correlated with prolonged expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(kip1), suggesting that DHA enhances neuronal differentiation of NSCs, in part, by controlling the bHLH transcription factors and promoting cell cycle exit. We therefore speculate that DHA is one of the essential key molecules for neuronal differentiation of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Katakura
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
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Ramanan S, Kooshki M, Zhao W, Hsu FC, Robbins ME. PPARalpha ligands inhibit radiation-induced microglial inflammatory responses by negatively regulating NF-kappaB and AP-1 pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:1695-704. [PMID: 18852043 PMCID: PMC2648135 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Whole-brain irradiation (WBI) can lead to cognitive impairment several months to years after irradiation. Studies on rodents have shown a rapid and sustained increase in activated microglia (brain macrophages) following brain irradiation, contributing to a chronic inflammatory response and a corresponding decrease in hippocampal neurogenesis. Thus, alleviating microglial activation following radiation represents a key strategy to minimize WBI-induced morbidity. We hypothesized that pretreatment with peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha agonists would ameliorate the proinflammatory responses seen in the microglia following in vitro radiation. Irradiating BV-2 cells (a murine microglial cell line) with single doses (2-10 Gy) of (137)Cs gamma-rays led to increases in (1) the gene expression of IL-1beta and TNFalpha, (2) Cox-2 protein levels, and (3) intracellular ROS generation. In addition, an increase in the DNA-binding activity of redox-regulated proinflammatory transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB was observed. Pretreating BV-2 cells with the PPARalpha agonists GW7647 and Fenofibrate significantly inhibited the radiation-induced microglial proinflammatory response, in part, via decreasing (i) the nuclear translocation of the NF-kappaB p65 subunit and (ii) phosphorylation of the c-jun subunit of AP-1 in the nucleus. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that activation of PPARalpha can modulate the radiation-induced microglial proinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Ramanan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Bento-Abreu A, Velasco A, Polo-Hernndez E, Prez-Reyes PL, Tabernero A, Medina JM. Megalin is a receptor for albumin in astrocytes and is required for the synthesis of the neurotrophic factor oleic acid. J Neurochem 2008; 106:1149-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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