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Mamsa R, Prabhavalkar KS, Bhatt LK. Crosstalk between NLRP3 inflammasome and calpain in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:3719-3731. [PMID: 37652164 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid plaques are considered to be the pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroinflammation further aggravates the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Calpains and NOD-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes are involved in the neuroinflammatory pathway and affect the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Hyperactivation of calpains is responsible for the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, thereby affecting each other's molecular mechanism and causing astrogliosis, microgliosis, and neuronal dysfunction. Further, calpain hyperactivation is also associated with calcium homeostasis that acts as one of the triggers in the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Calpain activity is required for the maturation of interleukin-1β, a key mediator of neuroinflammatory responses. The membrane potential/calcium/calpain/caspase-1 axis acts as an unconventional regulator of inflammasomes. The complex crosstalk between NLRP3 inflammasome and calpain leads to a series of events. Targeting the molecular mechanism associated with calpain-NLRP3 inflammasome activation and regulation can be a therapeutic and prophylactic perspective towards Alzheimer's disease. This review discusses calpains and NLRP3 inflammasome crosstalk in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumaiza Mamsa
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Kedar S Prabhavalkar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
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Park JH, Chung CG, Park SS, Lee D, Kim KM, Jeong Y, Kim ES, Cho JH, Jeon YM, Shen CKJ, Kim HJ, Hwang D, Lee SB. Cytosolic calcium regulates cytoplasmic accumulation of TDP-43 through Calpain-A and Importin α3. eLife 2020; 9:60132. [PMID: 33305734 PMCID: PMC7748415 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic accumulation of TDP-43 in motor neurons is the most prominent pathological feature in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A feedback cycle between nucleocytoplasmic transport (NCT) defect and TDP-43 aggregation was shown to contribute to accumulation of TDP-43 in the cytoplasm. However, little is known about cellular factors that can control the activity of NCT, thereby affecting TDP-43 accumulation in the cytoplasm. Here, we identified via FRAP and optogenetics cytosolic calcium as a key cellular factor controlling NCT of TDP-43. Dynamic and reversible changes in TDP-43 localization were observed in Drosophila sensory neurons during development. Genetic and immunohistochemical analyses identified the cytosolic calcium-Calpain-A-Importin α3 pathway as a regulatory mechanism underlying NCT of TDP-43. In C9orf72 ALS fly models, upregulation of the pathway activity by increasing cytosolic calcium reduced cytoplasmic accumulation of TDP-43 and mitigated behavioral defects. Together, these results suggest the calcium-Calpain-A-Importin α3 pathway as a potential therapeutic target of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyang Park
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Protein dynamics-based proteotoxicity control laboratory, Basic research lab, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Geon Chung
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Protein dynamics-based proteotoxicity control laboratory, Basic research lab, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soon Park
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Protein dynamics-based proteotoxicity control laboratory, Basic research lab, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Davin Lee
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Protein dynamics-based proteotoxicity control laboratory, Basic research lab, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Kim
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjin Jeong
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Protein dynamics-based proteotoxicity control laboratory, Basic research lab, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seon Kim
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Dementia research group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Cho
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Protein dynamics-based proteotoxicity control laboratory, Basic research lab, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Jeon
- Dementia research group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - C-K James Shen
- Taipei Medical University/Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- Dementia research group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Bae Lee
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Protein dynamics-based proteotoxicity control laboratory, Basic research lab, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Dementia research group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Bonifacino T, Rebosio C, Provenzano F, Torazza C, Balbi M, Milanese M, Raiteri L, Usai C, Fedele E, Bonanno G. Enhanced Function and Overexpression of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors 1 and 5 in the Spinal Cord of the SOD1 G93A Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis during Disease Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184552. [PMID: 31540330 PMCID: PMC6774337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu)-mediated excitotoxicity is a major cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and our previous work highlighted that abnormal Glu release may represent a leading mechanism for excessive synaptic Glu. We demonstrated that group I metabotropic Glu receptors (mGluR1, mGluR5) produced abnormal Glu release in SOD1G93A mouse spinal cord at a late disease stage (120 days). Here, we studied this phenomenon in pre-symptomatic (30 and 60 days) and early-symptomatic (90 days) SOD1G93A mice. The mGluR1/5 agonist (S)-3,5-Dihydroxyphenylglycine (3,5-DHPG) concentration dependently stimulated the release of [3H]d-Aspartate ([3H]d-Asp), which was comparable in 30- and 60-day-old wild type mice and SOD1G93A mice. At variance, [3H]d-Asp release was significantly augmented in 90-day-old SOD1G93A mice and both mGluR1 and mGluR5 were involved. The 3,5-DHPG-induced [3H]d-Asp release was exocytotic, being of vesicular origin and mediated by intra-terminal Ca2+ release. mGluR1 and mGluR5 expression was increased in Glu spinal cord axon terminals of 90-day-old SOD1G93A mice, but not in the whole axon terminal population. Interestingly, mGluR1 and mGluR5 were significantly augmented in total spinal cord tissue already at 60 days. Thus, function and expression of group I mGluRs are enhanced in the early-symptomatic SOD1G93A mouse spinal cord, possibly participating in excessive Glu transmission and supporting their implication in ALS. Please define all abbreviations the first time they appear in the abstract, the main text, and the first figure or table caption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy.
| | - Claudia Rebosio
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy.
| | - Francesca Provenzano
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy.
| | - Carola Torazza
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy.
| | - Matilde Balbi
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy.
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Luca Raiteri
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Cesare Usai
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR), 16149 Genova, Italy.
| | - Ernesto Fedele
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy.
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy.
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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Horn A, Jaiswal JK. Cellular mechanisms and signals that coordinate plasma membrane repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3751-3770. [PMID: 30051163 PMCID: PMC6541445 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2888-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane forms the barrier between the cytoplasm and the environment. Cells constantly and selectively transport molecules across their plasma membrane without disrupting it. Any disruption in the plasma membrane compromises its selective permeability and is lethal, if not rapidly repaired. There is a growing understanding of the organelles, proteins, lipids, and small molecules that help cells signal and efficiently coordinate plasma membrane repair. This review aims to summarize how these subcellular responses are coordinated and how cellular signals generated due to plasma membrane injury interact with each other to spatially and temporally coordinate repair. With the involvement of calcium and redox signaling in single cell and tissue repair, we will discuss how these and other related signals extend from single cell repair to tissue level repair. These signals link repair processes that are activated immediately after plasma membrane injury with longer term processes regulating repair and regeneration of the damaged tissue. We propose that investigating cell and tissue repair as part of a continuum of wound repair mechanisms would be of value in treating degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Horn
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, 20010-2970, USA
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jyoti K Jaiswal
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, 20010-2970, USA.
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
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Scicchitano BM, Dobrowolny G, Sica G, Musarò A. Molecular Insights into Muscle Homeostasis, Atrophy and Wasting. Curr Genomics 2018; 19:356-369. [PMID: 30065611 PMCID: PMC6030854 DOI: 10.2174/1389202919666180101153911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle homeostasis is guaranteed by a delicate balance between synthesis and degradation of cell proteins and its alteration leads to muscle wasting and diseases. In this review, we describe the major anabolic pathways that are involved in muscle growth and homeostasis and the proteolytic systems that are over-activated in muscle pathologies. Modulation of these pathways comprises an attractive target for drug intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Maria Scicchitano
- Istituto di Istologia e Embriologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1-00168, Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriella Dobrowolny
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gigliola Sica
- Istituto di Istologia e Embriologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1-00168, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Musarò
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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Averna M, Bavestrello M, Cresta F, Pedrazzi M, De Tullio R, Minicucci L, Sparatore B, Salamino F, Pontremoli S, Melloni E. Abnormal activation of calpain and protein kinase Cα promotes a constitutive release of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cystic fibrosis patients. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 604:103-12. [PMID: 27349634 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) is physiologically involved in remodeling the extracellular matrix components but its abnormal release has been observed in several human pathologies. We here report that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), isolated from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients homozygous for F508del-cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), express constitutively and release at high rate MMP9 due to the alteration in their intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. This spontaneous and sustained MMP9 secretion may contribute to the accumulation of this protease in fluids of CF patients. Conversely, in PBMCs isolated from healthy donors, expression and secretion of MMP9 are undetectable but can be evoked, after 12 h of culture, by paracrine stimulation which also promotes an increase in [Ca(2+)]i. We also demonstrate that in both CF and control PBMCs the Ca(2+)-dependent MMP9 secretion is mediated by the concomitant activation of calpain and protein kinase Cα (PKCα), and that MMP9 expression involves extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation. Our results are supported by the fact that either the inhibition of Ca(2+) entry or chelation of [Ca(2+)]i as well as the inhibition of single components of the signaling pathway or the restoration of CFTR activity all promote the reduction of MMP9 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Averna
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) - Biochemistry Section, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy.
| | - Margherita Bavestrello
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) - Biochemistry Section, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Cresta
- Cystic Fibrosis Pediatric Center, G. Gaslini Hospital, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Science Mother and Child, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Pedrazzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) - Biochemistry Section, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberta De Tullio
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) - Biochemistry Section, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Minicucci
- Cystic Fibrosis Pediatric Center, G. Gaslini Hospital, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Science Mother and Child, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Bianca Sparatore
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) - Biochemistry Section, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Franca Salamino
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) - Biochemistry Section, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Sandro Pontremoli
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) - Biochemistry Section, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Edon Melloni
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) - Biochemistry Section, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy
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7
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Hristova M, Habibovic A, Veith C, Janssen-Heininger YMW, Dixon AE, Geiszt M, van der Vliet A. Airway epithelial dual oxidase 1 mediates allergen-induced IL-33 secretion and activation of type 2 immune responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:1545-1556.e11. [PMID: 26597162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The IL-1 family member IL-33 plays a critical role in type 2 innate immune responses to allergens and is an important mediator of allergic asthma. The mechanisms by which allergens provoke epithelial IL-33 secretion are still poorly understood. OBJECTIVE Based on previous findings indicating involvement of the NADPH oxidase dual oxidase 1 (DUOX1) in epithelial wound responses, we explored the potential involvement of DUOX1 in allergen-induced IL-33 secretion and potential alterations in airways of asthmatic patients. METHODS Cultured human or murine airway epithelial cells or mice were subjected to acute challenge with Alternaria alternata or house dust mite, and secretion of IL-33 and activation of subsequent type 2 responses were determined. The role of DUOX1 was explored by using small interfering RNA approaches and DUOX1-deficient mice. Cultured nasal epithelial cells from healthy subjects or asthmatic patients were evaluated for DUOX1 expression and allergen-induced responses. RESULTS In vitro or in vivo allergen challenge resulted in rapid airway epithelial IL-33 secretion, which depended critically on DUOX1-mediated activation of epithelial epidermal growth factor receptor and the protease calpain-2 through a redox-dependent mechanism involving cysteine oxidation within epidermal growth factor receptor and the tyrosine kinase Src. Primary nasal epithelial cells from patients with allergic asthma were found to express increased DUOX1 and IL-33 levels and demonstrated enhanced IL-33 secretion in response to allergen challenge compared with values seen in nasal epithelial cells from nonasthmatic subjects. CONCLUSION Our findings implicate epithelial DUOX1 as a pivotal mediator of IL-33-dependent activation of innate airway type 2 immune responses to common airborne allergens and indicate that enhanced DUOX1 expression and IL-33 secretion might present important contributing features of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Hristova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt
| | - Aida Habibovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt
| | - Carmen Veith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt
| | | | - Anne E Dixon
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt
| | - Miklos Geiszt
- Department of Physiology and Lendület Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt.
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Adebayo OL, Sandhir R, Adenuga GA. Protective roles of selenium and zinc against postnatal protein‐undernutrition‐induced alterations in Ca
2+
‐homeostasis leading to cognitive deficits in Wistar rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 43:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun L. Adebayo
- Department of Chemical SciencesCollege of Natural SciencesRedeemer's UniversityP.M.B. 230EdeOsun StateNigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science BuildingPanjab UniversityChandigarh160014India
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical SciencesOlabisi Onabanjo UniversityP.M.B. 2005, Remo CampusIkenneOgun StateNigeria
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science BuildingPanjab UniversityChandigarh160014India
| | - Gbenga A. Adenuga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical SciencesOlabisi Onabanjo UniversityP.M.B. 2005, Remo CampusIkenneOgun StateNigeria
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Wee LJK, Low HM. SVM-based prediction of the calpain degradome using Bayes Feature Extraction. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2013; 2012:5534-40. [PMID: 23367183 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2012.6347248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Calpains belong to a family of calcium-dependent cysteine proteases which are implicated in a myriad of pathologies such as cancer and neurodegeneration. Despite extensive experimental studies on these proteases, our knowledge of the calpain degradome is still limited. Using a dataset of 341 unique, experimentally verified calpain cleavage sites, we conducted extensive sequence analyses and discovered novel residue propensities in the region flanking the cleavage site which could be modeled for prediction using machine learning algorithms. We have developed a series of computational models incorporating support vector machines and Bayes Feature Extraction for the prediction of calpain cleavage sites. The best models achieved AROC and accuracy scores ranging from 0.79 to 0.93 and 71% to 86% respectively when tested on independent test sets. We predicted calpain cleavage sites on proteins from the receptor tyrosine kinase family and discovered potential sites of cleavage at critical regulatory domains. The results suggest a novel role of calpains as a direct regulator of receptor tyrosine kinase activity in cell survival and cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J K Wee
- Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore, Singapore 138632.
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10
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Escalante AM, McGrath RT, Karolak MR, Dorr RT, Lynch RM, Landowski TH. Preventing the autophagic survival response by inhibition of calpain enhances the cytotoxic activity of bortezomib in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 71:1567-76. [PMID: 23572175 PMCID: PMC3669633 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2156-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bortezomib, a first-generation proteasome inhibitor, induces an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, which ultimately leads to dysregulation of intracellular Ca(2+) and apoptotic cell death. This study investigated the role of the Ca(2+)-dependent enzyme, calpain, in bortezomib cytotoxicity. A novel therapeutic combination was evaluated in which HIV protease inhibitors were used to block calpain activity and enhance bortezomib cytotoxicity in myeloma cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Bortezomib-mediated cell death was examined using assays for apoptosis (Annexin V staining), total cell death (trypan blue exclusion), and growth inhibition (MTT). The effects of calpain on bortezomib-induced cytotoxicity were investigated using siRNA knockdown or pharmaceutical inhibitors. Enzyme activity assays and immunofluorescence analysis were used to identify mechanistic effects. RESULTS Inhibition of the Ca(2+)-dependent cysteine protease calpain, either by pharmacologic or genetic means, enhances or accelerates bortezomib-induced myeloma cell death. The increase in cell death is not associated with an increase in caspase activity, nor is there evidence of greater inhibition of proteasome activity, suggesting an alternate, calpain-regulated mechanism of bortezomib-induced cell death. Bortezomib initiates an autophagic response in myeloma cells associated with cell survival. Inhibition of calpain subverts the cytoprotective function of autophagy leading to increased bortezomib-mediated cell death. Combination therapy with bortezomib and the calpain-blocking HIV protease inhibitor, nelfinavir, reversed bortezomib resistance and induced near-complete tumor regressions in an SCID mouse xenograft model of myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aluvia M Escalante
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Room 4963B, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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11
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Nguyen HT, Sawmiller DR, Wu Q, Maleski JJ, Chen M. Evidence supporting the role of calpain in the α-processing of amyloid-β precursor protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 420:530-5. [PMID: 22480599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid plaques are a hallmark of the aging and senile dementia brains, yet their mechanism of origins has remained elusive. A central issue is the regulatory mechanism and identity of α-secretase, a protease responsible for α-processing of amyloid-β precursor protein (APP). A remarkable feature of this enzyme is its high sensitivity to a wide range of cellular stimulators, many of which are agonists for Ca(2+) signaling. This feature, together with previous work in our laboratory, has suggested that calpain, a Ca(2+)-dependent protease, plays a key role in APP α-processing. In this study we report that overexpression of the μ-calpain gene in HEK293 cells resulted in a 2.7-fold increase of the protein levels. Measurements of intracellular calpain enzymatic activity revealed that the calpain overexpressing cells displayed a prominent elevation of the activity compared to wild-type cells. When the cells were stimulated by nicotine, glutamate or phorbol 12,13-dibutylester, the activity increase was even more remarkable and sensitive to calpeptin, a calpain inhibitor. Meanwhile, APP secretion from the calpain overexpressing cells was robustly increased under both resting and stimulated conditions over wild-type cells. Furthermore, cell surface biotinylation experiments showed that μ-calpain was clearly detected among the cell surface proteins. These data together support our view that calpain should be a reasonable candidate for α-secretase for further study. This model is discussed with an interesting fact that three other deposited proteins (tau, spectrin and crystalline) are also the known substrates of calpain. Finally we discuss some current misconceptions in senile dementia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey T Nguyen
- Aging Research Laboratory, Bay Pines VA Medical Center, Bay Pines, FL 33744, USA
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12
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The atypical calpains: evolutionary analyses and roles in Caenorhabditis elegans cellular degeneration. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002602. [PMID: 22479198 PMCID: PMC3315469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The calpains are physiologically important Ca2+-activated regulatory proteases, which are divided into typical or atypical sub-families based on constituent domains. Both sub-families are present in mammals, but our understanding of calpain function is based primarily on typical sub-family members. Here, we take advantage of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, which expresses only atypical calpains, to extend our knowledge of the phylogenetic evolution and function of calpains. We provide evidence that a typical human calpain protein with a penta EF hand, detected using custom profile hidden Markov models, is conserved in ancient metazoans and a divergent clade. These analyses also provide evidence for the lineage-specific loss of typical calpain genes in C. elegans and Ciona, and they reveal that many calpain-like genes lack an intact catalytic triad. Given the association between the dysregulation of typical calpains and human degenerative pathologies, we explored the phenotypes, expression profiles, and consequences of inappropriate reduction or activation of C. elegans atypical calpains. These studies show that the atypical calpain gene, clp-1, contributes to muscle degeneration and reveal that clp-1 activity is sensitive to genetic manipulation of [Ca2+]i. We show that CLP-1 localizes to sarcomeric sub-structures, but is excluded from dense bodies (Z-disks). We find that the muscle degeneration observed in a C. elegans model of dystrophin-based muscular dystrophy can be suppressed by clp-1 inactivation and that nemadipine-A inhibition of the EGL-19 calcium channel reveals that Ca2+ dysfunction underlies the C. elegans MyoD model of myopathy. Taken together, our analyses highlight the roles of calcium dysregulation and CLP-1 in muscle myopathies and suggest that the atypical calpains could retain conserved roles in myofilament turnover. Calpains are calcium activated non-lysosomal proteases that cleave proteins with exquisite selectivity. Proteins can be activated by calpain cleavage, because they are released from inhibitory constraints, or they can be targeted for further degradation to facilitate their normal physiological turnover or to promote cellular remodelling. Inappropriate calpain activity can lead to degenerative pathologies and cancers. Our understanding of calpain function is based primarily on typical calpains, which carry EF hand motifs that bind Ca2+ or mediate dimerization; however, typical and atypical calpains, which lack EF hand motifs, are both present in mammals. Hence, any therapeutic intervention designed to suppress degenerative conditions, particularly those caused by elevated Ca2+ levels, should also consider the potential involvement of atypical calpains. We have taken advantage of the model organism C. elegans, which only encodes atypical calpain proteins, to gain an understanding of the evolution and activities of these proteins. We show that the CLP-1 atypical calpain is normally expressed in muscle and localizes to sarcomeric sub-structures. We find that CLP-1 contributes to the muscle degeneration observed in a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Our studies also highlight the importance of calcium dysregulation in promoting CLP-1 activity and muscle degeneration.
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Higuchi M, Iwata N, Matsuba Y, Takano J, Suemoto T, Maeda J, Ji B, Ono M, Staufenbiel M, Suhara T, Saido TC. Mechanistic involvement of the calpain-calpastatin system in Alzheimer neuropathology. FASEB J 2011; 26:1204-17. [PMID: 22173972 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-187740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) accumulation causes neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unresolved. Given that Aβ perturbs calcium homeostasis in neurons, we investigated the possible involvement of calpain, a calcium-activated neutral protease. We first demonstrated close postsynaptic association of calpain activation with Aβ plaque formation in brains from both patients with AD and transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing amyloid precursor protein (APP). Using a viral vector-based tracer, we then showed that axonal termini were dynamically misdirected to calpain activation-positive Aβ plaques. Consistently, cerebrospinal fluid from patients with AD contained a higher level of calpain-cleaved spectrin than that of controls. Genetic deficiency of calpastatin (CS), a calpain-specific inhibitor protein, augmented Aβ amyloidosis, tau phosphorylation, microgliosis, and somatodendritic dystrophy, and increased mortality in APP-Tg mice. In contrast, brain-specific CS overexpression had the opposite effect. These findings implicate that calpain activation plays a pivotal role in the Aβ-triggered pathological cascade, highlighting a target for pharmacological intervention in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Higuchi
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Hong JM, Teitelbaum SL, Kim TH, Ross FP, Kim SY, Kim HJ. Calpain-6, a target molecule of glucocorticoids, regulates osteoclastic bone resorption via cytoskeletal organization and microtubule acetylation. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:657-65. [PMID: 20814968 PMCID: PMC3179291 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) inhibit the resorptive capacity of the osteoclast by disrupting its cytoskeleton. We find that calpain-6 (Capn6), a unique, nonproteolytic member of its family, is suppressed 12-fold by dexamethasone (DEX) in the bone-degrading cell. While Capn6 abundance parallels commitment of naive bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) to the osteoclast phenotype, its excess or deletion does not affect the cell's differentiation. On the other hand, Capn6 localizes to the sealing zone, and its overexpression promotes osteoclast spreading and large actin ring formation, eventuating in stimulated bone degradation. Conversely, Capn6 knockdown impairs cytoskeletal organization and the cell's resorptive capacity. Capn6 complexes with tubulin, and its absence inhibits microtubule acetylation and stability in the osteoclast. Knockdown of Capn6 also reduces β(3)-integrin subunit protein, another essential regulator of osteoclast cytoskeletal function. Reflecting Capn6 as a target molecule of GCs, microtubule stability and acetylation, as well as the expression of β(3)-integrin protein, are similarly suppressed in DEX-treated osteoclasts. Moreover, overexpression of Capn6 rescues GC-mediated disruption of osteoclast cytoskeleton. Thus Capn6 promotes cytoskeletal organization and microtubule stability in osteoclasts, and its inhibition may mediate the resorption-arresting properties of GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Hong
- Skeletal Diseases Genome Research Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
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15
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Imai S, Shimazawa M, Nakanishi T, Tsuruma K, Hara H. Calpain inhibitor protects cells against light-induced retinal degeneration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 335:645-52. [PMID: 20823194 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.171298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Calpains are activated by excessive light exposure and related to retinal degeneration. We investigated the protective effects of ((1S)-1-((((1S)-1-benzyl-3-cyclopropylamino-2,3-di-oxopropyl)amino)carbonyl)-3-methylbutyl)carbamic acid 5-methoxy-3-oxapentyl ester (SNJ-1945), a calpain inhibitor, against light-induced retinal degeneration in mice. SNJ-1945 was orally administrated at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg at 30 min before and just after light exposure. Light-induced calpain activation was evaluated by using proteolysis of α-spectrin and p35 (a neuron-specific activator for cyclin-dependent kinase 5). The effects of SNJ-1945 against light-induced retinal damage were examined by the thickness of the outer nuclear layer (ONL). Photoreceptor apoptosis was assessed by counting terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells in ONL. Retinal functions were measured in terms of a- and b-wave amplitudes by using an electroretinogram. As the mechanism of SNJ-1945, caspase-3/7 measurement was carried out. SNJ-1945 inhibited the proteolysis of α-spectrin and p35 by light exposure and presented a decrease in the numbers of TUNEL-positive cells and ONL atrophy. Furthermore, SNJ-1945 presented a decrease in a- and b-wave amplitude and caspase-3/7 activation induced by light exposure. These findings suggest that the activation of calpain plays a pivotal role in photoreceptor degeneration by light exposure, and SNJ-1945 may be a candidate for effectively treating diseases related to photoreceptor degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Imai
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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Pretreatment with pancaspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK) delays but does not prevent intraperitoneal heat-killed group B Streptococcus-induced preterm delivery in a pregnant mouse model. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2009; 2009:749432. [PMID: 20069051 PMCID: PMC2801448 DOI: 10.1155/2009/749432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspases and apoptosis are thought to play a role in infection-associated preterm-delivery. We have shown that in vitro treatment with pancaspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK protects trophoblasts from microbial antigen-induced apoptosis. Objective. To examine whether in vivo administration of Z-VAD-FMK would prevent infection-induced preterm-delivery. Methods. We injected 14.5 day-pregnant-mice with heat-killed group B streptococcus (HK-GBS). Apoptosis within placentas and membranes was assessed by TUNEL staining. Calpain expression and caspase-3 activation were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Preterm-delivery was defined as expulsion of a fetus within 48 hours after injection. Results. Intrauterine (i.u.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) HK-GBS injection led to preterm-delivery and induced apoptosis in placentas and membranes at 14 hours. The expression of calpain, a caspase-independent inducer of apoptosis, was increased in placenta. Treatment with the specific caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (i.p.) prior to HK-GBS (i.p.) delayed but did not prevent preterm-delivery. Conclusion. Caspase-dependent apoptosis appears to play a role in the timing but not the occurrence of GBS-induced preterm delivery in the mouse.
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Cortesio CL, Perrin BJ, Bennin DA, Huttenlocher A. Actin-binding protein-1 interacts with WASp-interacting protein to regulate growth factor-induced dorsal ruffle formation. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 21:186-97. [PMID: 19910490 PMCID: PMC2801713 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-02-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors show that the mammalian actin binding protein-1 (mAbp1) is required for PDGF-induced dorsal ruffle formation. mAbp1 interacts directly with WASp Interacting Protein (WIP) through its SH3 domain, and this interaction is important for regulating dorsal ruffle formation. Growth factor stimulation induces the formation of dynamic actin structures known as dorsal ruffles. Mammalian actin-binding protein-1 (mAbp1) is an actin-binding protein that has been implicated in regulating clathrin-mediated endocytosis; however, a role for mAbp1 in regulating the dynamics of growth factor–induced actin-based structures has not been defined. Here we show that mAbp1 localizes to dorsal ruffles and is necessary for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-mediated dorsal ruffle formation. Despite their structural similarity, we find that mAbp1 and cortactin have nonredundant functions in the regulation of dorsal ruffle formation. mAbp1, like cortactin, is a calpain 2 substrate and the preferred cleavage site occurs between the actin-binding domain and the proline-rich region, generating a C-terminal mAbp1 fragment that inhibits dorsal ruffle formation. Furthermore, mAbp1 directly interacts with the actin regulatory protein WASp-interacting protein (WIP) through its SH3 domain. Finally, we demonstrate that the interaction between mAbp1 and WIP is important in regulating dorsal ruffle formation and that WIP-mediated effects on dorsal ruffle formation require mAbp1. Taken together, these findings identify a novel role for mAbp1 in growth factor–induced dorsal ruffle formation through its interaction with WIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa L Cortesio
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Shimazawa M, Suemori S, Inokuchi Y, Matsunaga N, Nakajima Y, Oka T, Yamamoto T, Hara H. A Novel Calpain Inhibitor, ((1S)-1-((((1S)-1-Benzyl-3-cyclopropylamino-2,3-di-oxopropyl)amino)carbonyl)-3-methylbutyl)carbamic Acid 5-Methoxy-3-oxapentyl Ester (SNJ-1945), Reduces Murine Retinal Cell Death In Vitro and In Vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 332:380-7. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.156612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Calcium-sensing beyond neurotransmitters: functions of synaptotagmins in neuroendocrine and endocrine secretion. Biosci Rep 2009; 29:245-59. [PMID: 19500075 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20090031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and hormones are released through the regulated exocytosis of SVs (synaptic vesicles) and LDCVs (large dense-core vesicles), a process that is controlled by calcium. Synaptotagmins are a family of type 1 membrane proteins that share a common domain structure. Most synaptotagmins are located in brain and endocrine cells, and some of these synaptotagmins bind to phospholipids and calcium at levels that trigger regulated exocytosis of SVs and LDCVs. This led to the proposed synaptotagmin-calcium-sensor paradigm, that is, members of the synaptotagmin family function as calcium sensors for the regulated exocytosis of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and hormones. Here, we provide an overview of the synaptotagmin family, and review the recent mouse genetic studies aimed at understanding the functions of synaptotagmins in neurotransmission and endocrine-hormone secretion. Also, we discuss potential roles of synaptotagmins in non-traditional endocrine systems.
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Kamber D, Erez H, Spira ME. Local calcium-dependent mechanisms determine whether a cut axonal end assembles a retarded endbulb or competent growth cone. Exp Neurol 2009; 219:112-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 05/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Baliova M, Knab A, Franekova V, Jursky F. Modification of the cytosolic regions of GABA transporter GAT1 by calpain. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:288-94. [PMID: 19576516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic regions of sodium dependent neurotransmitter transporters regulate their surface density and transporting function by interconnecting themselves with intracellular signaling pathways. Here we show that calpain activation in rat brain synaptosomes leads to cleavage of both N- and C-terminal regions of GABA transporter GAT1. In the C-terminal region, calpain removes a short segment of amino acids involved in binding of GAT1 to a high-density PDZ anchoring matrix. Using a protein pull-down assay, we found that C-terminal truncation of GAT1 results in modification of its interacting proteome in vitro. Results indicate that calpain activation/inhibition in GABAergic terminals may influence the scaffolding and surface expression of GABA transporter GAT1 under normal conditions or imbalance GAT1-mediated GABAergic transmission under pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Baliova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 21, 84251 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Mingorance-Le Meur A, Mohebiany AN, O'Connor TP. Varicones and growth cones: two neurite terminals in PC12 cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4334. [PMID: 19183810 PMCID: PMC2629561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat adrenal pheochromocytoma PC12 cell line is one of the traditional models for the study of neurite outgrowth and growth cone behavior. To clarify to what extent PC12 neurite terminals can be compared to neuronal growth cones, we have analyzed their morphology and protein distribution in fixed PC12 cells by immunocytochemistry. Our results show that that PC12 cells display a special kind of neurite terminal that includes a varicosity in close association with a growth cone. This hybrid terminal, or "varicone", is characterized by the expression of specific markers not typically present in neuronal growth cones. For example, we show that calpain-2 is a specific marker of varicones and can be detected even before the neurite develops. Our data also shows that a fraction of PC12 neurites end in regular growth cones, which we have compared to hippocampal neurites as a control. We also report the extraordinary incidence of varicones in the literature referred to as "growth cones". In summary, we provide evidence of two different kinds of neurite terminals in PC12 cells, including a PC12-specific terminal, which implies that care must be taken when using them as a model for neuronal growth cones or neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mingorance-Le Meur
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Khoutorsky A, Spira ME. Activity-dependent calpain activation plays a critical role in synaptic facilitation and post-tetanic potentiation. Learn Mem 2009; 16:129-41. [DOI: 10.1101/lm.1275709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
A wide variety of peptidases associate with vital biological pathways, but the origin and evolution of their tremendous diversity are poorly defined. Application of the MEROPS classification to a comprehensive set of genomes yields a simple pattern of peptidase distribution and provides insight into the organization of proteolysis in all forms of life. Unexpectedly, a near ubiquitous core set of peptidases is shown to contain more types than those unique to higher multicellular organisms. From this core group, an array of eukaryote-specific peptidases evolved to yield well known intracellular and extracellular processes. The paucity of peptidase families unique to higher metazoa suggests gains in proteolytic network complexity required a limited number of biochemical inventions. These findings provide a framework for deeper investigation into the evolutionary forces that shaped each peptidase family and a roadmap to develop a timeline for their expansion as an interconnected system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Page
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Khoutorsky A, Spira ME. Calpain inhibitors alter the excitable membrane properties of cultured aplysia neurons. J Neurophysiol 2008; 100:2784-93. [PMID: 18684908 DOI: 10.1152/jn.90487.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The calpain superfamily of calcium-dependent papain-like cysteine proteases constitutes highly conserved proteases that function to posttranslationally modify substrates by partial proteolysis. Calpains are known to proteolyze >100 substrates that lack strong sequence homology. Consequently, the calpain superfamily has been implicated in playing a central role in diverse physiological and pathological processes. Investigation of the physiological functions of calpains, on the one hand, and the need to develop pharmacological reagents to inhibit calpain-mediated pathological processes, on the other hand, led to the development of numerous calpain inhibitors. Using cultured Aplysia neurons and voltage-clamp analysis, we report here that the calpain inhibitors calpeptin, MG132, and the calpain inhibitor XII inhibit voltage-gated potassium conductance and moderately reduce the sodium conductance. These consequently lead to spike broadening and increased calcium influx. Such alterations of the excitable membrane properties may alter the normal patterns of neuronal and muscle electrical activities and thus should be taken into account when evaluating the effects of calpain inhibitors as protective/therapeutic drugs and as research tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Khoutorsky
- Department of Neurobiology, The Life Sciences Institute, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Mruk DD, Silvestrini B, Cheng CY. Anchoring junctions as drug targets: role in contraceptive development. Pharmacol Rev 2008; 60:146-80. [PMID: 18483144 DOI: 10.1124/pr.107.07105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, cell-cell interactions are mediated in part by cell junctions, which underlie tissue architecture. Throughout spermatogenesis, for instance, preleptotene leptotene spermatocytes residing in the basal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium must traverse the blood-testis barrier to enter the adluminal compartment for continued development. At the same time, germ cells must also remain attached to Sertoli cells, and numerous studies have reported extensive restructuring at the Sertoli-Sertoli and Sertoli-germ cell interface during germ cell movement across the seminiferous epithelium. Furthermore, the proteins and signaling cascades that regulate adhesion between testicular cells have been largely delineated. These findings have unveiled a number of potential "druggable" targets that can be used to induce premature release of germ cells from the seminiferous epithelium, resulting in transient infertility. Herein, we discuss a novel approach with the aim of developing a nonhormonal male contraceptive for future human use, one that involves perturbing adhesion between Sertoli and germ cells in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores D Mruk
- Population Council, Center for Biomedical Research, The Mary M Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Denny P, Hagen FK, Hardt M, Liao L, Yan W, Arellanno M, Bassilian S, Bedi GS, Boontheung P, Cociorva D, Delahunty CM, Denny T, Dunsmore J, Faull KF, Gilligan J, Gonzalez-Begne M, Halgand F, Hall SC, Han X, Henson B, Hewel J, Hu S, Jeffrey S, Jiang J, Loo JA, Ogorzalek Loo RR, Malamud D, Melvin JE, Miroshnychenko O, Navazesh M, Niles R, Park SK, Prakobphol A, Ramachandran P, Richert M, Robinson S, Sondej M, Souda P, Sullivan MA, Takashima J, Than S, Wang J, Whitelegge JP, Witkowska HE, Wolinsky L, Xie Y, Xu T, Yu W, Ytterberg J, Wong DT, Yates JR, Fisher SJ. The proteomes of human parotid and submandibular/sublingual gland salivas collected as the ductal secretions. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:1994-2006. [PMID: 18361515 DOI: 10.1021/pr700764j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Saliva is a body fluid with important functions in oral and general health. A consortium of three research groups catalogued the proteins in human saliva collected as the ductal secretions: 1166 identifications--914 in parotid and 917 in submandibular/sublingual saliva--were made. The results showed that a high proportion of proteins that are found in plasma and/or tears are also present in saliva along with unique components. The proteins identified are involved in numerous molecular processes ranging from structural functions to enzymatic/catalytic activities. As expected, the majority mapped to the extracellular and secretory compartments. An immunoblot approach was used to validate the presence in saliva of a subset of the proteins identified by mass spectrometric approaches. These experiments focused on novel constituents and proteins for which the peptide evidence was relatively weak. Ultimately, information derived from the work reported here and related published studies can be used to translate blood-based clinical laboratory tests into a format that utilizes saliva. Additionally, a catalogue of the salivary proteome of healthy individuals allows future analyses of salivary samples from individuals with oral and systemic diseases, with the goal of identifying biomarkers with diagnostic and/or prognostic value for these conditions; another possibility is the discovery of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Denny
- School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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