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Kashtanova DA, Mamchur AA, Dzhumaniyazova IH, Ivanov MV, Erema VV, Zelenova EA, Yakovchik AY, Gusakova MS, Rumyantseva AM, Terekhov MV, Matkava LR, Akopyan AA, Strazhesko ID, Yudin VS, Makarov VV, Kraevoy SA, Tkacheva ON, Yudin SM. Cognitive impairment in long-living adults: a genome-wide association study, polygenic risk score model and molecular modeling of the APOE protein. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1273825. [PMID: 37953886 PMCID: PMC10637623 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1273825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive impairment is an irreversible, aging-associated condition that robs people of their independence. The purpose of this study was to investigate possible causes of this condition and propose preventive options. Methods We assessed cognitive status in long-living adults aged 90+ (n = 2,559) and performed a genome wide association study using two sets of variables: Mini-Mental State Examination scores as a continuous variable (linear regression) and cognitive status as a binary variable (> 24, no cognitive impairment; <10, impairment) (logistic regression). Results Both variations yielded the same polymorphisms, including a well-known marker of dementia, rs429358in the APOE gene. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that this polymorphism leads to changes in the structure of alpha helices and the mobility of the lipid-binding domain in the APOE protein. Conclusion These changes, along with higher LDL and total cholesterol levels, could be the mechanism underlying the development of cognitive impairment in older adults. However, this polymorphism is not the only determining factor in cognitive impairment. The polygenic risk score model included 45 polymorphisms (ROC AUC 69%), further confirming the multifactorial nature of this condition. Our findings, particularly the results of PRS modeling, could contribute to the development of early detection strategies for predisposition to cognitive impairment in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Kashtanova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. A. Mamchur
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - I. H. Dzhumaniyazova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - M. V. Ivanov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - V. V. Erema
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - E. A. Zelenova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. Y. Yakovchik
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - M. S. Gusakova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. M. Rumyantseva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - M. V. Terekhov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - L. R. Matkava
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. A. Akopyan
- Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - I. D. Strazhesko
- Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - V. S. Yudin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - V. V. Makarov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - S. A. Kraevoy
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - O. N. Tkacheva
- Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - S. M. Yudin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks”, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Jha NK, Chen WC, Kumar S, Dubey R, Tsai LW, Kar R, Jha SK, Gupta PK, Sharma A, Gundamaraju R, Pant K, Mani S, Singh SK, Maccioni RB, Datta T, Singh SK, Gupta G, Prasher P, Dua K, Dey A, Sharma C, Mughal YH, Ruokolainen J, Kesari KK, Ojha S. Molecular mechanisms of developmental pathways in neurological disorders: a pharmacological and therapeutic review. Open Biol 2022; 12:210289. [PMID: 35291879 PMCID: PMC8924757 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental signalling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch and Sonic hedgehog play a central role in nearly all the stages of neuronal development. The term 'embryonic' might appear to be a misnomer to several people because these pathways are functional during the early stages of embryonic development and adulthood, albeit to a certain degree. Therefore, any aberration in these pathways or their associated components may contribute towards a detrimental outcome in the form of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and stroke. In the last decade, researchers have extensively studied these pathways to decipher disease-related interactions, which can be used as therapeutic targets to improve outcomes in patients with neurological abnormalities. However, a lot remains to be understood in this domain. Nevertheless, there is strong evidence supporting the fact that embryonic signalling is indeed a crucial mechanism as is manifested by its role in driving memory loss, motor impairments and many other processes after brain trauma. In this review, we explore the key roles of three embryonic pathways in modulating a range of homeostatic processes such as maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity, mitochondrial dynamics and neuroinflammation. In addition, we extensively investigated the effect of these pathways in driving the pathophysiology of a range of disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and diabetic neuropathy. The concluding section of the review is dedicated to neurotherapeutics, wherein we identify and list a range of biological molecules and compounds that have shown enormous potential in improving prognosis in patients with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Wei-Chih Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Rajni Dubey
- Department of Medicine Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Medicine Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan,Department of Information Technology Office, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan,Graduate Institute of Data Science, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Rohan Kar
- Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (IIMA), Gujarat 380015, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Rohit Gundamaraju
- ER Stress and Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia
| | - Kumud Pant
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era deemed to be University Dehradun Uttarakhand, 248002 Dehradun, India
| | - Shalini Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Indian Scientific Education and Technology Foundation, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Ricardo B. Maccioni
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Functional Medicine, International Center for Biomedicine (ICC) and Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Tirtharaj Datta
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, 302017 Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, India,Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, and
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yasir Hayat Mughal
- Department of Health Administration, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, and,Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 00076, Finland
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Domingues R, Pereira C, Cruz MT, Silva A. Therapies for Alzheimer's disease: a metabolic perspective. Mol Genet Metab 2021; 132:162-172. [PMID: 33549409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia in the elderly. Currently, there are over 50 million cases of dementia worldwide and it is expected that it will reach 136 million by 2050. AD is described as a neurodegenerative disease that gradually compromises memory and learning capacity. Patients often exhibit brain glucose hypometabolism and are more susceptible to develop type 2 diabetes or insulin resistance in comparison with age-matched controls. This suggests that there is a link between both pathologies. Glucose metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid cycle are tightly related to mitochondrial performance and energy production. Impairment of both these pathways can evoke oxidative damage on mitochondria and key proteins linked to several hallmarks of AD. Glycation is also another type of post-translational modification often reported in AD, which might impair the function of proteins that participate in metabolic pathways thought to be involved in this illness. Despite needing further research, therapies based on insulin treatment, usage of anti-diabetes drugs or some form of dietary intervention, have shown to be promising therapeutic approaches for AD in its early stages of progression and will be unveiled in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Domingues
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Claúdia Pereira
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Ana Silva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal.
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Gondkar K, Sathe G, Joshi N, Nair B, Pandey A, Kumar P. Integrated Proteomic and Phosphoproteomics Analysis of DKK3 Signaling Reveals Activated Kinase in the Most Aggressive Gallbladder Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030511. [PMID: 33670899 PMCID: PMC7997438 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DKK3 is a secreted protein, which belongs to a family of Wnt antagonists and acts as a potential tumor suppressor in gallbladder cancer. To further understand its tumor suppressor functions, we overexpressed DKK3 in 3 GBC cell lines. We have employed high-resolution mass spectrometry and tandem mass tag (TMT) multiplexing technology along with immobilized metal affinity chromatography to enrich phosphopeptides to check the downstream regulators. In this study, we reported for the first time the alteration in the phosphorylation of 14 kinases upon DKK3 overexpression. In addition, we observed DKK3 induced hyper phosphorylation of 2 phosphatases: PPP1R12A and PTPRA, which have not been reported previously. Canonical pathway analysis of altered molecules indicated differential enrichment of signaling cascades upon DKK3 overexpression in all the 3 cell lines. Protein kinase A signaling, Sirtuin signaling pathway, and Cell Cycle Control of Chromosomal Replication were observed to be differentially activated in the GBC cell lines. Our study revealed, DKK3 overexpression has differential effect based on the aggressive behavior of the cell lines. This study expands the understanding of DKK3-mediated signaling events and can be used as a primary factor for understanding the complex nature of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Gondkar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India; (K.G.); (G.S.); (N.J.)
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690525, India;
| | - Gajanan Sathe
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India; (K.G.); (G.S.); (N.J.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, India;
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, India
| | - Neha Joshi
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India; (K.G.); (G.S.); (N.J.)
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, India
| | - Bipin Nair
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690525, India;
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, India;
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, India
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India; (K.G.); (G.S.); (N.J.)
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690525, India;
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, India
- Correspondence:
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5
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Pellegrini L, Bonfio C, Chadwick J, Begum F, Skehel M, Lancaster MA. Human CNS barrier-forming organoids with cerebrospinal fluid production. Science 2020; 369:eaaz5626. [PMID: 32527923 PMCID: PMC7116154 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a vital liquid, providing nutrients and signaling molecules and clearing out toxic by-products from the brain. The CSF is produced by the choroid plexus (ChP), a protective epithelial barrier that also prevents free entry of toxic molecules or drugs from the blood. Here, we establish human ChP organoids with a selective barrier and CSF-like fluid secretion in self-contained compartments. We show that this in vitro barrier exhibits the same selectivity to small molecules as the ChP in vivo and that ChP-CSF organoids can predict central nervous system (CNS) permeability of new compounds. The transcriptomic and proteomic signatures of ChP-CSF organoids reveal a high degree of similarity to the ChP in vivo. Finally, the intersection of single-cell transcriptomics and proteomic analysis uncovers key human CSF components produced by previously unidentified specialized epithelial subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pellegrini
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Claudia Bonfio
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Jessica Chadwick
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Farida Begum
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Mark Skehel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Madeline A Lancaster
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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6
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Tay L, Leung B, Yeo A, Chan M, Lim WS. Elevations in Serum Dickkopf-1 and Disease Progression in Community-Dwelling Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:278. [PMID: 31680933 PMCID: PMC6803458 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Disruption of Wnt signaling has been implicated in dysfunctional synaptic plasticity, the degree of which correlates with Alzheimer's disease severity. We sought to examine whether serum levels of Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1), a Wnt antagonist, are associated with global disease progression in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild-to-moderate AD. Methods: We prospectively followed 88 older adults with MCI and mild-to-moderate AD attending a Memory Clinic. Cognitive performance, functional performance and neuropsychological symptoms were assessed at baseline and after 1 year. We reviewed neuroimaging for white matter changes and medial temporal atrophy, and performed ApoE genotyping at baseline. Serum Dkk-1 was assayed at baseline and 1 year, along with blood biomarkers of inflammation and endocrine dysfunction. We defined global disease progression ("progressors") as an increase in Clinical Dementia Rating Sum-of-Boxes (CDR-SB) score by >2 points at 1 year. Results: Fifteen (17.0%) participants had global disease progression. At baseline, there was no difference in cognitive performance and neuropsychiatric symptoms between groups, although progressors were more impaired in instrumental activities of daily living (p = 0.008). Progressors had significantly greater deterioration in cognitive performance (p = 0.002), with significantly worse functional performance and more severe neuropsychiatric symptoms (p = 0.042) at follow-up. Serum inflammatory and endocrine biomarkers at baseline and 1 year were similar between progressors and non-progressors. Serum Dkk-1 had increased significantly from baseline amongst progressors, while non-progressors exhibited decremental Dkk-1 over time (Dkk-1change: 354.304 ± 670.467 vs. -173.582 ± 535.676 ng/ml, p = 0.001). Adjusting for age, gender and baseline cognitive performance, incremental Dkk-1 independently predicted global cognitive decline (p = 0.012). Conclusion: Our results suggest progressively dysfunctional Wnt signaling through Dkk-1 antagonism contributes to disease progression amongst older adults with MCI and mild-moderate AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tay
- Department of General Medicine, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bernard Leung
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Health and Social Sciences, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Audrey Yeo
- Institute of Geriatrics and Active Ageing, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark Chan
- Institute of Geriatrics and Active Ageing, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Shiong Lim
- Institute of Geriatrics and Active Ageing, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Granno S, Nixon-Abell J, Berwick DC, Tosh J, Heaton G, Almudimeegh S, Nagda Z, Rain JC, Zanda M, Plagnol V, Tybulewicz VLJ, Cleverley K, Wiseman FK, Fisher EMC, Harvey K. Downregulated Wnt/β-catenin signalling in the Down syndrome hippocampus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7322. [PMID: 31086297 PMCID: PMC6513850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43820-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological mechanisms underlying Down syndrome (DS)/Trisomy 21, including dysregulation of essential signalling processes remain poorly understood. Combining bioinformatics with RNA and protein analysis, we identified downregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the hippocampus of adult DS individuals with Alzheimer's disease and the 'Tc1' DS mouse model. Providing a potential underlying molecular pathway, we demonstrate that the chromosome 21 kinase DYRK1A regulates Wnt signalling via a novel bimodal mechanism. Under basal conditions, DYRK1A is a negative regulator of Wnt/β-catenin. Following pathway activation, however, DYRK1A exerts the opposite effect, increasing signalling activity. In summary, we identified downregulation of hippocampal Wnt/β-catenin signalling in DS, possibly mediated by a dose dependent effect of the chromosome 21-encoded kinase DYRK1A. Overall, we propose that dosage imbalance of the Hsa21 gene DYRK1A affects downstream Wnt target genes. Therefore, modulation of Wnt signalling may open unexplored avenues for DS and Alzheimer's disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Granno
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jonathon Nixon-Abell
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel C Berwick
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- School of Health, Life and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK6 7AA, UK
| | - Justin Tosh
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - George Heaton
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Sultan Almudimeegh
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Zenisha Nagda
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Jean-Christophe Rain
- Hybrigenics Services - Fondation Jérôme Lejeune, 3-5 Impasse Reille, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Manuela Zanda
- UCL Genetics Institute, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Vincent Plagnol
- UCL Genetics Institute, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Victor L J Tybulewicz
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, Kings Cross, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN, UK
- London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), London, UK
| | - Karen Cleverley
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Frances K Wiseman
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), London, UK
| | - Elizabeth M C Fisher
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), London, UK
| | - Kirsten Harvey
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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8
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Hsu WH, Shen YC, Shiao YJ, Kuo CH, Lu CK, Lin TY, Ku WC, Lin YL. Combined proteomic and metabolomic analyses of cerebrospinal fluid from mice with ischemic stroke reveals the effects of a Buyang Huanwu decoction in neurodegenerative disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209184. [PMID: 30645580 PMCID: PMC6333407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the most common causes of death worldwide and is a major cause of acquired disability in adults. However, there is still a need for an effective drug for its treatment. Buyang Huanwu decoction (BHD), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, has long been used clinically to aid neurological recovery after stroke. To establish potential clinical indicators of BHD efficacy in stroke treatment and prognosis, we conducted a combined proteomic and metabolomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples in a mouse stroke model. CSF samples were obtained from male mice with acute ischemic stroke induced by middle cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (CI/R) injury, some of which were then treated with BHD. Label-free quantitative proteomics was conducted using nano-LC-MS/MS on an LTQ Orbitrap mass and metabolomic analysis was performed using nanoprobe NMR and UHPLC-QTOF-MS. The results showed that several proteins and metabolites were present at significantly different concentrations in the CSF samples from mice with CI/R alone and those treated with BHD. These belonged to pathways related to energy demand, inflammatory signaling, cytoskeletal regulation, Wnt signaling, and neuroprotection against neurodegenerative diseases. In conclusion, our in silico data suggest that BHD treatment is not only protective but can also ameliorate defects in pathways affected by neurological disorders. These data shed light on the mechanism whereby BHD may be effective in the treatment and prevention of stroke-related neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Chiang Shen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Kuo
- Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Kuang Lu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yuan Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Ku
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YLL); (WCK)
| | - Yun-Lian Lin
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YLL); (WCK)
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9
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Buechler J, Salinas PC. Deficient Wnt Signaling and Synaptic Vulnerability in Alzheimer's Disease: Emerging Roles for the LRP6 Receptor. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2018; 10:38. [PMID: 30425633 PMCID: PMC6218458 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse dysfunction and loss represent critical early events in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). While extensive research has elucidated the direct synaptotoxic effects of Amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers, less is known about how signaling pathways at the synapse are affected by Aβ. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic vulnerability in AD is key to illuminating the determinants of AD susceptibility and will unveil novel therapeutic avenues. Canonical Wnt signaling through the Wnt co-receptor LRP6 has a critical role in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of synaptic connections in the adult brain. Accumulating evidence suggests that deficient Wnt signaling may contribute to AD pathology. In particular, LRP6 deficiency compromises synaptic function and stability, and contributes to Aß production and plaque formation. Here, we review the role of Wnt signaling for synaptic maintenance in the adult brain and the contribution of aberrant Wnt signaling to synaptic degeneration in AD. We place a focus on emerging evidence implicating the LRP6 receptor as an important modulator of AD risk and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Buechler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia C Salinas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Impaired Wnt Signaling in the Prefrontal Cortex of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:873-891. [PMID: 29804228 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1103-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Wnt pathway is involved in synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival, and alterations in Wnt signaling have previously been reported both in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study sought to evaluate Wnt signaling pathway interplay integrity across prefrontal lobe structures in AD patients compared to normal aging. Using the open-access BrainCloud™ database, 84 gene expression profiles and clustering effect were analyzed in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (PFC) across a time span of 21-78 years of age. Next, expression levels of the selected genes were investigated in post-mortem brain tissue from 30 AD patients and 30 age-matched controls in three interdependent brain areas of the PFC. Results were assessed in relation to Braak stage and cognitive impairment of the patients. We found a general age-related factor in Wnt pathway genes with a group of genes being closely interrelated in their expression across the time span investigated in healthy individuals. This interrelation was altered in the AD brains studied, as several genes presented aberrant transcription, even though not always being altered at protein levels. Noteworthy, beta(β)-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK3β) showed a dynamic switch in protein levels and activity, especially in the orbitofrontal cortex and the medial frontal gyrus. A significant decrease in β-catenin protein levels were inversely associated with increased GSK3β tyrosine activating phosphorylation, in addition to downstream effects associated with disease progression and cognitive decline. This study is the first that comprehensively evaluates Wnt signaling pathway in the prefrontal cortical lobe structures of AD brains, in relation to age-related coordinated Wnt signaling changes. Our findings further support that increased kinase activity of GSK3β is associated with AD pathology in the PFC.
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Gunn‐Moore D, Kaidanovich‐Beilin O, Iradi MCG, Gunn‐Moore F, Lovestone S. Alzheimer's disease in humans and other animals: A consequence of postreproductive life span and longevity rather than aging. Alzheimers Dement 2017; 14:195-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danièlle Gunn‐Moore
- University of Edinburgh Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute Easter Bush Campus Roslin UK
| | | | - María Carolina Gallego Iradi
- University of Florida, College of Medicine Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases Gainesville FL USA
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12
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Sodium selenate activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling and repressed amyloid-β formation in a triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2017; 297:36-49. [PMID: 28711506 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidences show that selenium dietary intake is inversely associated with the mortality of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Sodium selenate has been reported to reduce neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in the tauopathic mouse models, but its effects on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and APP processing remain unknown during AD formation. In this paper, triple transgenic AD mice (3×Tg-AD) had been treated with sodium selenate in drinking water for 10month before the detection of hippocampal pathology. Increased Aβ generation, tau hyperphosphorylation and neuronal apoptosis were found in the hippocampus of AD model mouse. Down-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is closely associated with the alteration of AD pathology. Treatment with sodium selenate significantly promoted the activity of protein phosphatases of type 2A (PP2A) and repressed the hallmarks of AD. Activation of PP2A by sodium selenate could increase active β-catenin level and inhibit GSK3β activity in the hippocampal tissue and primarily cultured neurons of AD model mouse, leading to activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and transactivation of target genes, including positively-regulated genes c-myc, survivin, TXNRD2 and negatively-regulated gene BACE1. Meanwhile, APP phosphorylation was also reduced on the Thr668 residue after selenate treatment, causing the decreases of APP cleavage and Aβ generation. These findings reveal that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a potential target for prevention of AD and sodium selenate may be developed as a new drug for AD treatment.
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Robinson RAS, Amin B, Guest PC. Multiplexing Biomarker Methods, Proteomics and Considerations for Alzheimer’s Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 974:21-48. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-52479-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Dickkopf-related Protein 3 as a Sensitive and Specific Marker for Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks. Otol Neurotol 2016; 37:299-303. [PMID: 26837002 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000000954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can be identified by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Dickkopf-related protein 3 (DKK3). BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid leakage from the subarachnoid space is a potentially alarming condition that, left unrepaired, may result in increased risk of meningitis and encephalitis. Current biochemical methods of CSF leak detection involve using beta-2-transferrin-based or beta trace protein-based assays, both of which, at present, have limitations that hinder practical clinical application. This study presents the immunological detection of the CSF-enriched protein DKK3 as a method for detection of a CSF leak. METHODS Antibodies against DKK3 were generated in rabbits and goats immunized with recombinant human DKK3. Varying dilutions and combinations of human CSF and serum were tested on immunoblots and sandwich ELISA using antibodies to DKK3. RESULTS ELISA data show that there is a negligible amount of detectable DKK3 in serum samples compared with CSF samples. Inclusion of sera (up to 30%) in a sample containing CSF failed to produce a positive signal, whereas concentrations of CSF as low as 1% produced a positive signal. The minimum concentration required for reliable CSF detection in a sandwich ELISA was determined to be 0.5 μl. CONCLUSION ELISA sandwich assays for DKK3 can reliably detect the presence of as little as 0.5 μl of human CSF, even in the presence of excessive serum. This study provides quantitative evidence of the utility of DKK3 immunoreactivity as an assay for the presence of CSF in samples that contain contaminating sera. The robustness of this assay has allowed for the development of a rapid, point of care test for the detection of CSF in clinical and surgical setting.
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15
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Dkk3 prevents familial dilated cardiomyopathy development through Wnt pathway. J Transl Med 2016; 96:239-48. [PMID: 26641069 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the role of Dickkopf 3 (Dkk3) on the pathogenesis of familial dilated cardiomyopathy (FDCM), and whether and how Dkk3 interferes with Wnt signaling in heart tissues remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that strong Dkk3 expression was markedly downregulated in adult hearts from WT mice, and Dkk3 expression was upregulated suddenly in hearts from DCM mouse models. Using Dkk3 transgenic and knockout mice, as well as cTnT(R141W) transgenic mice, which manifests progressive chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction and has pathologic phenotypes similar to human DCM patients, we determined that transgenic expression of Dkk3 increased survival rate, improved cardiac morphology breakage and dysfunction, and ameliorated cardiac pathological changes in the cTnT(R141W) mice. In contrast, Dkk3 knockout reduced the survival rate and aggravated the pathological phenotypes of the cTnT(R141W) mice. The protective effects of Dkk3 appeared clearly at 3 months of age, peaked at 6 months of age, and decreased at 10 months of age in the cTnT(R141W) mice. Furthermore, we determined that Dkk3 upregulated Dvl1 (Dishevelled 1) and key proteins of the canonical Wnt pathway (cytoplasmic and nuclear β-catenin, c-Myc, and Axin2) and downregulated key proteins of the noncanonical Wnt pathway (c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMKII), and histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4)). In contrast, Dkk3 knockout reversed these changes in the cTnT(R141W) mice. In summary, Dkk3 could prevent FDCM development in mice, especially in the compensatory stage, and probably through activation of the canonical and inhibition of the noncanonical Wnt pathway, which suggested that Dkk3 could serve as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
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Neely BA, Soper JL, Gulland FMD, Bell PD, Kindy M, Arthur JM, Janech MG. Proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) with domoic acid toxicosis identifies proteins associated with neurodegeneration. Proteomics 2015; 15:4051-63. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Neely
- Department of Medicine; Division of Nephrology; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
| | | | | | - P. Darwin Bell
- Department of Medicine; Division of Nephrology; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
| | - Mark Kindy
- Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
- Department of Veterans’ Affairs; Research Service; Charleston SC USA
| | - John M. Arthur
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Nephrology; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock AR USA
| | - Michael G. Janech
- Department of Medicine; Division of Nephrology; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
- Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
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Bruggink KA, Kuiperij HB, Gloerich J, Otte-Höller I, Rozemuller AJM, Claassen JAHR, Küsters B, Verbeek MM. Dickkopf-related protein 3 is a potential Aβ-associated protein in Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurochem 2015; 134:1152-62. [PMID: 26119087 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is the most prominent protein in Alzheimer's disease (AD) senile plaques. In addition, Aβ interacts with a variety of Aβ-associated proteins (AAPs), some of which can form complexes with Aβ and influence its clearance, aggregation or toxicity. Identification of novel AAPs may shed new light on the pathophysiology of AD and the metabolic fate of Aβ. In this study, we aimed to identify new AAPs by searching for proteins that may form soluble complexes with Aβ in CSF, using a proteomics approach. We identified the secreted Wnt pathway protein Dickkopf-related protein 3 (Dkk-3) as a potential Aβ-associated protein. Using immunohistochemistry on human AD brain tissue, we observed that (i) Dkk-3 co-localizes with Aβ in the brain, both in diffuse and classic plaques. (ii) Dkk-3 is expressed in neurons and in blood vessel walls in the brain and (iii) is secreted by leptomeningeal smooth muscle cells in vitro. Finally, measurements using ELISA revealed that (iv) Dkk-3 protein is abundantly present in both cerebrospinal fluid and serum, but its levels are similar in non-demented controls and patients with AD, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Our study demonstrates that Dkk-3 is a hitherto unidentified Aβ-associated protein which, given its relatively high cerebral concentrations and co-localization with Aβ, is potentially involved in AD pathology. In this study, we propose that Dickkopf-related protein-3 (Dkk-3) might be a novel Amyloid-β (Aβ) associated protein. We demonstrate that Dkk-3 is expressed in the brain, especially in vessel walls, and co-localizes with Aβ in senile plaques. Furthermore, Dkk-3 levels in cerebrospinal fluid strongly correlate with Aβ40 levels, but were not suitable to discriminate non-demented controls and patients with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Bruggink
- Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H Bea Kuiperij
- Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolein Gloerich
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Proteomics Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Otte-Höller
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen A H R Claassen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Benno Küsters
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel M Verbeek
- Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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Ludwig J, Federico G, Prokosch S, Küblbeck G, Schmitt S, Klevenz A, Gröne HJ, Nitschke L, Arnold B. Dickkopf-3 Acts as a Modulator of B Cell Fate and Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2624-34. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Scuderi C, Stecca C, Valenza M, Ratano P, Bronzuoli MR, Bartoli S, Steardo L, Pompili E, Fumagalli L, Campolongo P, Steardo L. Palmitoylethanolamide controls reactive gliosis and exerts neuroprotective functions in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1419. [PMID: 25210802 PMCID: PMC4540191 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Given the complex heterogeneity of pathological changes occurring in Alzheimer's disease (AD), any therapeutic effort absolutely requires a multi-targeted approach, because attempts addressing only a single event may result ineffective. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), a naturally occurring lipid amide between palmitic acid and ethanolamine, seems to be a compound able to fulfill the criteria of a multi-factorial therapeutic approach. Here, we describe the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities of systemic administration of PEA in adult male rats given intrahippocampal injection of beta amyloid 1-42 (Aβ 1-42). Moreover, to investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the effects induced by PEA, we co-administered PEA with the GW6471, an antagonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α). We found that Aβ 1-42 infusion results in severe changes of biochemical markers related to reactive gliosis, amyloidogenesis, and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. Interestingly, PEA was able to restore the Aβ 1-42-induced alterations through PPAR-α involvement. In addition, results from the Morris water maze task highlighted a mild cognitive deficit during the reversal learning phase of the behavioral study. Similarly to the biochemical data, also mnestic deficits were reduced by PEA treatment. These data disclose novel findings about the therapeutic potential of PEA, and suggest novel strategies that hopefully could have the potential not just to alleviate the symptoms but also to modify disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Scuderi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘Vittorio Erspamer'—SAPIENZA University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, Rome 5–00185, Italy
| | - C Stecca
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘Vittorio Erspamer'—SAPIENZA University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, Rome 5–00185, Italy
| | - M Valenza
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases—The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - P Ratano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘Vittorio Erspamer'—SAPIENZA University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, Rome 5–00185, Italy
| | - M R Bronzuoli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘Vittorio Erspamer'—SAPIENZA University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, Rome 5–00185, Italy
| | - S Bartoli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘Vittorio Erspamer'—SAPIENZA University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, Rome 5–00185, Italy
| | - L Steardo
- Department of Psychiatry—University of Naples SUN, Largo Madonna delle Grazie, Naples 1—80138, Italy
| | - E Pompili
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics—SAPIENZA University of Rome, Via A. Borelli 50, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - L Fumagalli
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics—SAPIENZA University of Rome, Via A. Borelli 50, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - P Campolongo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘Vittorio Erspamer'—SAPIENZA University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, Rome 5–00185, Italy
| | - L Steardo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘Vittorio Erspamer'—SAPIENZA University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, Rome 5–00185, Italy
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Alfonso RJ, Gorroño-Etxebarria I, Rabano M, Vivanco MDM, Kypta R. Dickkopf-3 alters the morphological response to retinoic acid during neuronal differentiation of human embryonal carcinoma cells. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 74:1243-54. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miriam Rabano
- Cell Biology and Stem Cells Unit; CIC bioGUNE; Spain
| | | | - Robert Kypta
- Cell Biology and Stem Cells Unit; CIC bioGUNE; Spain
- Department of Surgery and Cancer; Imperial College London; United Kingdom
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21
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Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:233-42. [PMID: 24733653 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that takes about a decade to develop, making early diagnosis possible. Clinically, the diagnosis of AD is complicated, costly, and inaccurate, so it is urgent to find specific biomarkers. Due to its multifactorial nature, a panel of biomarkers for the multiple pathologies of AD, such as cerebral amyloidogenesis, neuronal dysfunction, synapse loss, oxidative stress, and inflammation, are most promising for accurate diagnosis. Highly sensitive and high-throughput proteomic techniques can be applied to develop a panel of novel biomarkers for AD. In this review, we discuss the metabolism and diagnostic performance of the well-established core candidate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (β-amyloid, total tau, and hyperphosphorylated tau). Meanwhile, novel promising CSF biomarkers, especially those identified by proteomics, updated in the last five years are also extensively discussed. Furthermore, we provide perspectives on how biomarker discovery for AD is evolving.
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Godoy JA, Rios JA, Zolezzi JM, Braidy N, Inestrosa NC. Signaling pathway cross talk in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:23. [PMID: 24679124 PMCID: PMC3977891 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-12-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies suggest energy failure and accumulative intracellular waste play a causal role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in particular. AD is characterized by extracellular amyloid deposits, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, cholinergic deficits, synaptic loss, inflammation and extensive oxidative stress. These pathobiological changes are accompanied by significant behavioral, motor, and cognitive impairment leading to accelerated mortality. Currently, the potential role of several metabolic pathways associated with AD, including Wnt signaling, 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1, silent mating-type information regulator 2 homolog 1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1-α (PGC-1α) have widened, with recent discoveries that they are able to modulate several pathological events in AD. These include reduction of amyloid-β aggregation and inflammation, regulation of mitochondrial dynamics, and increased availability of neuronal energy. This review aims to highlight the involvement of these new set of signaling pathways, which we have collectively termed "anti-ageing pathways", for their potentiality in multi-target therapies against AD where cellular metabolic processes are severely impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Godoy
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE); Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juvenal A Rios
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE); Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan M Zolezzi
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Nady Braidy
- Center for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE); Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Purro SA, Galli S, Salinas PC. Dysfunction of Wnt signaling and synaptic disassembly in neurodegenerative diseases. J Mol Cell Biol 2014; 6:75-80. [PMID: 24449494 PMCID: PMC4344549 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjt049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that regulate synapse formation have been well documented. However, little is known about the factors that modulate synaptic stability. Synapse loss is an early and invariant feature of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease. Notably, in AD the extent of synapse loss correlates with the severity of the disease. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie synaptic maintenance is crucial to reveal potential targets that will allow the development of therapies to protect synapses. Wnts play a central role in the formation and function of neuronal circuits. Moreover, Wnt signaling components are expressed in the adult brain suggesting their role in synaptic maintenance in the adult. Indeed, blockade of Wnts with the Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) causes synapse disassembly in mature hippocampal cells. Dkk1 is elevated in brain biopsies from AD patients and animal models. Consistent with these findings, Amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers induce the rapid expression of Dkk1. Importantly, Dkk1 neutralizing antibodies protect synapses against Aβ toxicity, indicating that Dkk1 is required for Aβ-mediated synapse loss. In this review, we discuss the role of Wnt signaling in synapse maintenance in the adult brain, particularly in relation to synaptic loss in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A Purro
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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24
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Panaccione I, Napoletano F, Forte AM, Kotzalidis GD, Del Casale A, Rapinesi C, Brugnoli C, Serata D, Caccia F, Cuomo I, Ambrosi E, Simonetti A, Savoja V, De Chiara L, Danese E, Manfredi G, Janiri D, Motolese M, Nicoletti F, Girardi P, Sani G. Neurodevelopment in schizophrenia: the role of the wnt pathways. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:535-58. [PMID: 24403877 PMCID: PMC3763761 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x113119990037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the role of Wnt pathways in the neurodevelopment of schizophrenia. METHODS SYSTEMATIC PUBMED SEARCH, USING AS KEYWORDS ALL THE TERMS RELATED TO THE WNT PATHWAYS AND CROSSING THEM WITH EACH OF THE FOLLOWING AREAS: normal neurodevelopment and physiology, neurodevelopmental theory of schizophrenia, schizophrenia, and antipsychotic drug action. RESULTS Neurodevelopmental, behavioural, genetic, and psychopharmacological data point to the possible involvement of Wnt systems, especially the canonical pathway, in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and in the mechanism of antipsychotic drug action. The molecules most consistently found to be associated with abnormalities or in antipsychotic drug action are Akt1, glycogen synthase kinase3beta, and beta-catenin. However, the extent to which they contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia or to antipsychotic action remains to be established. CONCLUSIONS The study of the involvement of Wnt pathway abnormalities in schizophrenia may help in understanding this multifaceted clinical entity; the development of Wnt-related pharmacological targets must await the collection of more data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Panaccione
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Napoletano
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Maria Forte
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio D. Kotzalidis
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Del Casale
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Rapinesi
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Brugnoli
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Serata
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Caccia
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cuomo
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Ambrosi
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Simonetti
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Savoja
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Lavinia De Chiara
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Danese
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Delfina Janiri
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Girardi
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Centro Lucio Bini, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sani
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Centro Lucio Bini, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Rome, Italy
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Zenzmaier C, Sampson N, Plas E, Berger P. Dickkopf-related protein 3 promotes pathogenic stromal remodeling in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Prostate 2013; 73:1441-52. [PMID: 23765731 PMCID: PMC3842835 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compartment-specific epithelial and stromal expression of the secreted glycoprotein Dickkopf-related protein (Dkk)-3 is altered in age-related proliferative disorders of the human prostate. This study aimed to determine the effect of Dkk-3 on prostate stromal remodeling that is stromal proliferation, fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation and expression of angiogenic factors in vitro. METHODS Lentiviral-delivered overexpression and shRNA-mediated knockdown of DKK3 were applied to primary human prostatic stromal cells (PrSCs). Cellular proliferation was analyzed by BrdU incorporation ELISA. Expression of Dkk-3, apoptosis-related genes, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and angiogenic factors were analyzed by qPCR, Western blot analysis or ELISA. Fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation was monitored by smooth muscle cell actin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 mRNA and protein levels. The relevance of Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways was assessed by cytoplasmic/nuclear β-catenin levels and phosphorylation of AKT. RESULTS Knockdown of DKK3 significantly attenuated PrSC proliferation as well as fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation and increased the expression of the vessel stabilizing factor angiopoietin-1. DKK3 knockdown did not affect subcellular localization or levels of β-catenin but attenuated AKT phosphorylation in PrSCs. Consistently the PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002 mimicked the effects of DKK3 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS Dkk-3 promotes fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation and regulates expression of angiopoietin-1 in prostatic stroma potentially via enhancing PI3K/AKT signaling. Thus, elevated Dkk-3 in the stroma of the diseased prostate presumably regulates stromal remodeling by enhancing proliferation and differentiation of stromal cells and contributing to the angiogenic switch observed in BPH and PCa. Therefore, Dkk-3 represents a potential therapeutic target for stromal remodeling in BPH and PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zenzmaier
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
- *Correspondence to: Christoph Zenzmaier, PhD, Peter Berger, PhD, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. E-mail: ,
| | - Natalie Sampson
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Eugen Plas
- Department of Urology, Hanusch HospitalVienna, Austria
| | - Peter Berger
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
- *Correspondence to: Christoph Zenzmaier, PhD, Peter Berger, PhD, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. E-mail: ,
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26
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Serata D, Kotzalidis GD, Riozzi B, Storto M, Panaccione I, Romano S, Rapinesi C, Porfiri GM, Casolla B, Del Casale A, Curto M, Caloro M, Girardi N, Savoja V, Nicoletti F, Tatarelli R, Girardi P. Increased serum Dickkopf-1 levels in drug-abusing psychotic patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 36:239-44. [PMID: 22122879 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) is an inhibitor of the canonical Wnt pathway, which is known to be impaired in both psychotic and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we examined serum DKK1 levels as an indicator of ongoing neurodegeneration in psychotic patients, with or without a recent or current history of drug abuse. METHODS We measured serum DKK1 levels by ELISA in 22 inpatients with psychosis and no history of drug abuse, 22 with psychosis and drug abuse, and 16 controls. We rated psychopathology using the following rating scales: the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS); the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) severity scale; and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale. Extrapyramidal motor symptoms were assessed by the Simpson-Angus Neurological Rating Scale (NRS). RESULTS Inpatients with psychosis and comorbid substance abuse showed significantly higher serum DKK1 levels than inpatients with psychosis and no comorbid substance abuse or controls. Comorbid patients had earlier onset, longer duration of psychosis, and more severe extrapyramidal motor symptoms. However, we did not find any significant correlation between DKK1 levels and rating scale scores. CONCLUSION Psychosis led to elevated serum DKK1 levels, and substance abuse led to a further increase. Knowing that there is a correlation between brain and blood levels of DKK1, we speculate that the observed increase in DKK1 levels reflects drug-induced neurotoxicity in our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Serata
- NESMOS Department (Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs), School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University-Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy.
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Florentinus AK, Bowden P, Sardana G, Diamandis EP, Marshall JG. Identification and quantification of peptides and proteins secreted from prostate epithelial cells by unbiased liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using goodness of fit and analysis of variance. J Proteomics 2011; 75:1303-17. [PMID: 22120120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The proteins secreted by prostate cancer cells (PC3(AR)6) were separated by strong anion exchange chromatography, digested with trypsin and analyzed by unbiased liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with an ion trap. The spectra were matched to peptides within proteins using a goodness of fit algorithm that showed a low false positive rate. The parent ions for MS/MS were randomly and independently sampled from a log-normal population and therefore could be analyzed by ANOVA. Normal distribution analysis confirmed that the parent and fragment ion intensity distributions were sampled over 99.9% of their range that was above the background noise. Arranging the ion intensity data with the identified peptide and protein sequences in structured query language (SQL) permitted the quantification of ion intensity across treatments, proteins and peptides. The intensity of 101,905 fragment ions from 1421 peptide precursors of 583 peptides from 233 proteins separated over 11 sample treatments were computed together in one ANOVA model using the statistical analysis system (SAS) prior to Tukey-Kramer honestly significant difference (HSD) testing. Thus complex mixtures of proteins were identified and quantified with a high degree of confidence using an ion trap without isotopic labels, multivariate analysis or comparing chromatographic retention times.
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28
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Zenzmaier C, Heitz M, Klocker H, Buck M, Gardiner RA, Berger P. Elevated levels of Dickkopf-related protein 3 in seminal plasma of prostate cancer patients. J Transl Med 2011; 9:193. [PMID: 22071168 PMCID: PMC3240830 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of Dkk-3, a secreted putative tumor suppressor, is altered in age-related proliferative disorders of the human prostate. We now investigated the suitability of Dkk-3 as a diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer (PCa) in seminal plasma (SP). METHODS SP samples were obtained from 81 patients prior to TRUS-guided prostate biopsies on the basis of elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA; > 4 ng/mL) levels and/or abnormal digital rectal examination. A sensitive indirect immunoenzymometric assay for Dkk-3 was developed and characterized in detail. SP Dkk-3 and PSA levels were determined and normalized to total SP protein. The diagnostic accuracies of single markers including serum PSA and multivariate models to discriminate patients with positive (N = 40) and negative (N = 41) biopsy findings were investigated. RESULTS Biopsy-confirmed PCa showed significantly higher SP Dkk-3 levels (100.9 ± 12.3 vs. 69.2 ± 9.4 fmol/mg; p = 0.026). Diagnostic accuracy (AUC) of SP Dkk-3 levels (0.633) was enhanced in multivariate models by including serum PSA (model A; AUC 0.658) or both, serum and SP PSA levels (model B; AUC 0.710). In a subpopulation with clinical follow-up > 3 years post-biopsy to ensure veracity of negative biopsy status (positive biopsy N = 21; negative biopsy N = 25) AUCs for SP Dkk-3, model A and B increased to 0.667, 0.724 and 0.777, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In multivariate models to detect PCa, inclusion of SP Dkk-3 levels, which were significantly elevated in biopsy-confirmed PCa patients, improved the diagnostic performance compared with serum PSA only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zenzmaier
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria.
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29
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Fernández-Martos CM, González-Fernández C, González P, Maqueda A, Arenas E, Rodríguez FJ. Differential expression of Wnts after spinal cord contusion injury in adult rats. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27000. [PMID: 22073235 PMCID: PMC3206916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury is a major cause of disability that has no clinically accepted treatment. Functional decline following spinal cord injury is caused by mechanical damage, secondary cell death, reactive gliosis and a poor regenerative capacity of damaged axons. Wnt proteins are a family of secreted glycoproteins that play key roles in different developmental processes although little is known of the expression patterns and functions of Wnts in the adult central nervous system in normal or diseased states. FINDINGS Using qRT-PCR analysis, we demonstrate that mRNA encoding most Wnt ligands and soluble inhibitors are constitutively expressed in the healthy adult spinal cord. Strikingly, contusion spinal cord injury induced a time-dependent increase in Wnt mRNA expression from 6 hours until 28 days post-injury, and a narrow peak in the expression of soluble Wnt inhibitors between 1 and 3 days post-injury. These results are consistent with the increase in the migration shift, from day 1 to 7, of the intracellular Wnt signalling component, Dishevelled-3. Moreover, after an initial decrease by 1 day, we also found an increase in phosphorylation of the Wnt co-receptor, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6, and an increase in active β-catenin protein, both of which suffer a dramatic change, from a homogeneous expression pattern in the grey matter to a disorganized injury-induced pattern. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a role for Wnts in spinal cord homeostasis and injury. We demonstrate that after injury Wnt signalling is activated via the Wnt/β-catenin and possibly other pathways. These findings provide an important foundation to further address the function of individual Wnt proteins in vivo and the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pau González
- Laboratorio de Neurología Molecular, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (HNP), Toledo, Spain
| | - Alfredo Maqueda
- Laboratorio de Neurología Molecular, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (HNP), Toledo, Spain
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Molecular Neurobiology Unit, MBB, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zhu P, Bowden P, Zhang D, Marshall JG. Mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins from human blood. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:685-732. [PMID: 24737629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to convey the accelerating rate and growing importance of mass spectrometry applications to human blood proteins and peptides. Mass spectrometry can rapidly detect and identify the ionizable peptides from the proteins in a simple mixture and reveal many of their post-translational modifications. However, blood is a complex mixture that may contain many proteins first expressed in cells and tissues. The complete analysis of blood proteins is a daunting task that will rely on a wide range of disciplines from physics, chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, electromagnetic instrumentation, mathematics and computation. Therefore the comprehensive discovery and analysis of blood proteins will rank among the great technical challenges and require the cumulative sum of many of mankind's scientific achievements together. A variety of methods have been used to fractionate, analyze and identify proteins from blood, each yielding a small piece of the whole and throwing the great size of the task into sharp relief. The approaches attempted to date clearly indicate that enumerating the proteins and peptides of blood can be accomplished. There is no doubt that the mass spectrometry of blood will be crucial to the discovery and analysis of proteins, enzyme activities, and post-translational processes that underlay the mechanisms of disease. At present both discovery and quantification of proteins from blood are commonly reaching sensitivities of ∼1 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peihong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3
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31
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Untergasser G, Martowicz A, Hermann M, Töchterle S, Meyer D. Distinct expression patterns of dickkopf genes during late embryonic development of Danio rerio. Gene Expr Patterns 2011; 11:491-500. [PMID: 21889616 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dickkopf (dkk) genes belong to the family of secreted wnt-inhibitors with conserved cysteine-rich domains. In contrast to the prototype dkk1, dkk3 does not modulate canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Until now, neither functions nor interaction partners of dkk3 in lower vertebrates have been described. In this study we cloned two dkk3 homologues dkk3a(dkk3l) and dkk3b(dkk3) and a dkk1 homologue dkk1a of the zebrafish and studied their expression patterns during embryonic development in comparison to the known dkk1b gene. Moreover, mutants with defects in hedgehog signalling (smo), notch (mib) signalling, nodal signalling (Zoep) or retinoic acid synthesis (neckless) were analyzed for changes in dkk3 gene expression. In situ hybridization analyses showed a dynamic expression of dkk1a and dkk1b primarily in epidermal structures of the otic vesicle, lens, branchial arches and fin folds. While dkk1a was expressed mainly in deep tissues, dkk1b expression was mainly found in protrusions at the outer surface of the branchial arch epidermis. In contrast, dkk3 genes showed expression in different tissues. Strong signals for dkk3a(dkk3l) were present in various neuronal structures of the head, whereas dkk3b(dkk3) expression was restricted mainly to endocrine cells of the pancreas and to the brachial arches. In summary, both dkk3 genes display a unique and distinct expression pattern in late embryonic development, pointing to a specific role during neuronal and pancreatic cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerold Untergasser
- Division of Internal Medicine V, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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32
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Cummings JL. Biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease drug development. Alzheimers Dement 2011; 7:e13-44. [PMID: 21550318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Developing new therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is critically important to avoid the impending public health disaster imposed by this common disorder. Means must be found to prevent, delay the onset, or slow the progression of AD. These goals will be achieved by identifying disease-modifying therapies and testing them in clinical trials. Biomarkers play an increasingly important role in AD drug development. In preclinical testing, they assist in decisions to develop an agent. Biomarkers in phase I provide insights into toxic responses and drug metabolism and in Phase II proof-of-concept trials they facilitate go/no-go decisions and dose finding. Biomarkers can play a role in identifying presymptomatic patients or specific patient subgroups. They can provide evidence of target engagement before clinical changes can be expected. Brain imaging can serve as a primary outcome in Phase II trials and as a key secondary outcome in Phase III trials. Magnetic resonance imaging is currently best positioned for use in large multicenter clinical trials. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) measures of amyloid beta protein (Aβ), tau protein, and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) protein are sensitive and specific to the diagnosis of AD and may serve as inclusion criteria and possibly as outcomes in clinical trials targeting relevant pathways. Plasma measures of Aβ are of limited diagnostic value but may provide important information as a measure of treatment response. A wide variety of measures of detectable products of cellular processes are being developed as possible biomarkers accessible in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma or serum. Surrogate markers that can function as outcomes in pivotal trials and reliably predict clinical outcomes are needed to facilitate primary prevention trials of asymptomatic persons where clinical measures may be of limited value. Fit-for-purpose biomarkers are increasingly available to guide AD drug development decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
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Synaptic Wnt signaling-a contributor to major psychiatric disorders? J Neurodev Disord 2011; 3:162-74. [PMID: 21533542 PMCID: PMC3180925 DOI: 10.1007/s11689-011-9083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is a key pathway that helps organize development of the nervous system. It influences cell proliferation, cell fate, and cell migration in the developing nervous system, as well as axon guidance, dendrite development, and synapse formation. Given this wide range of roles, dysregulation of Wnt signaling could have any number of deleterious effects on neural development and thereby contribute in many different ways to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. Some major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorders, are coming to be understood as subtle dysregulations of nervous system development, particularly of synapse formation and maintenance. This review will therefore touch on the importance of Wnt signaling to neurodevelopment generally, while focusing on accumulating evidence for a synaptic role of Wnt signaling. These observations will be discussed in the context of current understanding of the neurodevelopmental bases of major psychiatric diseases, spotlighting schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. In short, this review will focus on the potential role of synapse formation and maintenance in major psychiatric disorders and summarize evidence that defective Wnt signaling could contribute to their pathogenesis via effects on these late neural differentiation processes.
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Chi-square comparison of tryptic peptide-to-protein distributions of tandem mass spectrometry from blood with those of random expectation. Anal Biochem 2010; 409:189-94. [PMID: 20977879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics uses tandem mass spectrometers and correlation algorithms to match peptides and their fragment spectra to amino acid sequences. The replication of multiple liquid chromatography experiments with electrospray ionization of peptides and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) produces large sets of MS/MS spectra. There is a need to assess the quality of large sets of experimental results by statistical comparison with that of random expectation. Classical frequency-based statistics such as goodness-of-fit tests for peptide-to-protein distributions could be used to calculate the probability that an entire set of experimental results has arisen by random chance. The frequency distributions of authentic MS/MS spectra from human blood were compared with those of false positive MS/MS spectra generated by a computer, or instrument noise, using the chi-square test. Here the mechanics of the chi-square test to compare the results in toto from a set of LC-ESI-MS/MS experiments with those of random expectation is detailed. The chi-square analysis of authentic spectra demonstrates unambiguously that the analysis of blood proteins separated by partition chromatography prior to tryptic digestions has a low probability that the cumulative peptide-to-protein distribution is the same as that of random or noise false positive spectra.
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35
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Thambisetty M, Lovestone S. Blood-based biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: challenging but feasible. Biomark Med 2010; 4:65-79. [PMID: 20387303 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-based biomarkers present a considerable challenge: technically, as blood is a complex tissue and conceptually, as blood lacks direct contact with brain. Nonetheless, increasing evidence suggests that there is a blood protein signature, and possibly a transcript signature, that might act to increase confidence in diagnosis, be used to predict progression in either disease or prodromal states, and that may also be used to monitor disease progression. Evidence for this optimism comes partly from candidate protein studies, including those suggesting that amyloid-beta measures might have value in prediction and those studies of inflammatory markers that consistently show change in Alzheimer's disease, and partly from true proteomics studies that are beginning to identify markers in blood that replicate across studies and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav Thambisetty
- Laboratory of Personality & Cognition, Intramural Research Program, National Institue on Aging, NIH, USA
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