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Ahmad F, Ahmad S, Husain A, Pandey N, Khubaib M, Sharma R. Role of inflammatory cytokine burst in neuro-invasion of Japanese Encephalitis virus infection: an immunotherapeutic approaches. J Neurovirol 2024; 30:251-265. [PMID: 38842651 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Japanese Encephalitis remains a significant global health concern, contributing to millions of deaths annually worldwide. Microglial cells, as key innate immune cells within the central nervous system (CNS), exhibit intricate cellular structures and possess molecular phenotypic plasticity, playing pivotal roles in immune responses during CNS viral infections. Particularly under viral inflammatory conditions, microglial cells orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses to mitigate viral invasion and dampen inflammatory reactions. This review article comprehensively summarizes the pathophysiology of viral invasion into the CNS and the cellular interactions involved, elucidating the roles of various immune mediators, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, in neuroinflammation. Leveraging this knowledge, strategies for modulating inflammatory responses and attenuating hyperactivation of glial cells to mitigate viral replication within the brain are discussed. Furthermore, current chemotherapeutic and antiviral drugs are examined, elucidating their mechanisms of action against viral replication. This review aims to provide insights into therapeutic interventions for Japanese Encephalitis and related viral infections, ultimately contributing to improved outcomes for affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Ahmad
- IIRC-3 Immunobiochemistry Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shad Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad, 224001 Uttar Pradesh, India., 224001, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Adil Husain
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Niharika Pandey
- IIRC-3 Immunobiochemistry Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Khubaib
- IIRC-3 Immunobiochemistry Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rolee Sharma
- IIRC-3 Immunobiochemistry Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Department of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, CSJM University, Kanpur, 228024, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Zhang L, Nan X, Zhou D, Wang X, Zhu S, Li Q, Jia F, Zhu B, Si Y, Cao S, Ye J. Japanese encephalitis virus NS1 and NS1' protein disrupts the blood-brain barrier through macrophage migration inhibitory factor-mediated autophagy. J Virol 2024; 98:e0011624. [PMID: 38591880 PMCID: PMC11092347 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00116-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses in the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) serogroup, such as JEV, West Nile virus, and St. Louis encephalitis virus, can cause severe neurological diseases. The nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is a multifunctional protein of flavivirus that can be secreted by infected cells and circulate in the host bloodstream. NS1' is an additional form of NS1 protein with 52 amino acids extension at its carboxy-terminal and is produced exclusively by flaviviruses in the JEV serogroup. In this study, we demonstrated that the secreted form of both NS1 and NS1' can disrupt the blood-brain barrier (BBB) of mice, with NS1' exhibiting a stronger effect. Using the in vitro BBB model, we found that treatment of soluble recombinant JEV NS1 or NS1' protein increases the permeability of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) and leads to the degradation of tight junction proteins through the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Consistently, NS1' protein exhibited a more pronounced effect compared to NS1 in these cellular processes. Further research revealed that the increased expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is responsible for triggering autophagy after NS1 or NS1' treatment in hBMECs. In addition, TLR4 and NF-κB signaling was found to be involved in the activation of MIF transcription. Moreover, administering the MIF inhibitor has been shown to decrease viral loads and mitigate inflammation in the brains of mice infected with JEV. This research offers a novel perspective on the pathogenesis of JEV. In addition, the stronger effect of NS1' on disrupting the BBB compared to NS1 enhances our understanding of the mechanism by which flaviviruses in the JEV serogroup exhibit neurotropism.IMPORTANCEJapanese encephalitis (JE) is a significant viral encephalitis worldwide, caused by the JE virus (JEV). In some patients, the virus cannot be cleared in time, leading to the breach of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and invasion of the central nervous system. This invasion may result in cognitive impairment, behavioral disturbances, and even death in both humans and animals. However, the mechanism by which JEV crosses the BBB remains unclear. Previous studies have shown that the flavivirus NS1 protein plays an important role in causing endothelial dysfunction. The NS1' protein is an elongated form of NS1 protein that is particularly produced by flaviviruses in the JEV serogroup. This study revealed that both the secreted NS1 and NS1' of JEV can disrupt the BBB by breaking down tight junction proteins through the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, and NS1' is found to have a stronger effect compared to NS1 in this process. In addition, JEV NS1 and NS1' can stimulate the expression of MIF, which triggers autophagy via the ERK signaling pathway, leading to damage to BBB. Our findings reveal a new function of JEV NS1 and NS1' in the disruption of BBB, thereby providing the potential therapeutic target for JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaowei Nan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dengyuan Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xugang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuo Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiuyan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fan Jia
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bibo Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Youhui Si
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shengbo Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Mohapatra S, Chakraborty T, Basu A. Japanese Encephalitis virus infection in astrocytes modulate microglial function: Correlation with inflammation and oxidative stress. Cytokine 2023; 170:156328. [PMID: 37567102 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) is a neurotropic virus which has the propensity to infect neuronal and glial cells of the brain. Astrocyte-microglia crosstalk leading to the secretion of various factors plays a major role in controlling encephalitis in brain. This study focused on understanding the role of astrocytic mediators that further shaped the microglial response towards JEV infection. METHODS After establishing JEV infection in C8D1A (mouse astrocyte cell line) and primary astrocyte enriched cultures (PAEC), astrocyte supernatant was used for preparation of conditioned media. Astrocyte supernatant was treated with UV to inactivate JEV and the supernatant was added to N9 culture media in ratio 1:1 for preparation of conditioned media. N9 microglial cells post treatment with astrocyte conditioned media and JEV infection were checked for expression of various inflammatory genes by qRT-PCR, levels of secreted cytokines in N9 cell supernatant were checked by cytometric bead array. N9 cell lysates were checked for expression of proteins - pNF-κβ, IBA-1, NS3 and RIG-I by western blotting. Viral titers were measured in N9 supernatant by plaque assays. Immunocytochemistry experiments were done to quantify the number of infected microglial cells after astrocyte conditioned medium treatment. Expression of different antioxidant enzymes was checked in N9 cells by western blotting, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by fluorimetry using DCFDA dye. RESULTS N9 microglial cells post treatment with JEV-infected astrocyte conditioned media and JEV infection were activated, showed an upsurge in expression of inflammatory genes and cytokines both at the transcript and protein levels. These N9 cells showed a decrease in quantity of viral titers and associated viral proteins in comparison to control cells (not treated with conditioned media but infected with JEV). Also, N9 cells upon conditioned media treatment and JEV infection were more prone to undergo oxidative stress as observed by the decreased expression of antioxidant enzymes SOD-1, TRX-1 and increased secretion of reactive oxygen species (ROS). CONCLUSION Astrocytic mediators like TNF-α, MCP-1 and IL-6 influence microglial response towards JEV infection by promoting inflammation and oxidative stress in them. As a result of increased microglial inflammation and secretion of ROS, viral replication is lessened in conditioned media treated and JEV infected microglial cells as compared to control cells with no conditioned media treatment but only JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuti Mohapatra
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana 122052, India
| | | | - Anirban Basu
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana 122052, India.
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Wang K, Sun C, Dumčius P, Zhang H, Liao H, Wu Z, Tian L, Peng W, Fu Y, Wei J, Cai M, Zhong Y, Li X, Yang X, Cui M. Open source board based acoustofluidic transwells for reversible disruption of the blood-brain barrier for therapeutic delivery. Biomater Res 2023; 27:69. [PMID: 37452381 PMCID: PMC10349484 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a crucial but dynamic structure that functions as a gatekeeper for the central nervous system (CNS). Managing sufficient substances across the BBB is a major challenge, especially in the development of therapeutics for CNS disorders. METHODS To achieve an efficient, fast and safe strategy for BBB opening, an acoustofluidic transwell (AFT) was developed for reversible disruption of the BBB. The proposed AFT was consisted of a transwell insert where the BBB model was established, and a surface acoustic wave (SAW) transducer realized using open-source electronics based on printed circuit board techniques. RESULTS In the AFT device, the SAW produced acousto-mechanical stimulations to the BBB model resulting in decreased transendothelial electrical resistance in a dose dependent manner, indicating the disruption of the BBB. Moreover, SAW stimulation enhanced transendothelial permeability to sodium fluorescein and FITC-dextran with various molecular weight in the AFT device. Further study indicated BBB opening was mainly attributed to the apparent stretching of intercellular spaces. An in vivo study using a zebrafish model demonstrated SAW exposure promoted penetration of sodium fluorescein to the CNS. CONCLUSIONS In summary, AFT effectively disrupts the BBB under the SAW stimulation, which is promising as a new drug delivery methodology for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Povilas Dumčius
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanlin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenlin Wu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangfei Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Peng
- College of Engineering Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongqing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Jun Wei
- iRegene Therapeutics Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Cai
- iRegene Therapeutics Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK.
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Frank JC, Song BH, Lee YM. Mice as an Animal Model for Japanese Encephalitis Virus Research: Mouse Susceptibility, Infection Route, and Viral Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050715. [PMID: 37242385 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a zoonotic flavivirus, is principally transmitted by hematophagous mosquitoes, continually between susceptible animals and incidentally from those animals to humans. For almost a century since its discovery, JEV was geographically confined to the Asia-Pacific region with recurrent sizable outbreaks involving wildlife, livestock, and people. However, over the past decade, it has been detected for the first time in Europe (Italy) and Africa (Angola) but has yet to cause any recognizable outbreaks in humans. JEV infection leads to a broad spectrum of clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic conditions to self-limiting febrile illnesses to life-threatening neurological complications, particularly Japanese encephalitis (JE). No clinically proven antiviral drugs are available to treat the development and progression of JE. There are, however, several live and killed vaccines that have been commercialized to prevent the infection and transmission of JEV, yet this virus remains the main cause of acute encephalitis syndrome with high morbidity and mortality among children in the endemic regions. Therefore, significant research efforts have been directed toward understanding the neuropathogenesis of JE to facilitate the development of effective treatments for the disease. Thus far, multiple laboratory animal models have been established for the study of JEV infection. In this review, we focus on mice, the most extensively used animal model for JEV research, and summarize the major findings on mouse susceptibility, infection route, and viral pathogenesis reported in the past and present, and discuss some unanswered key questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Frank
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Byung-Hak Song
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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Marshall EM, Koopmans MPG, Rockx B. A Journey to the Central Nervous System: Routes of Flaviviral Neuroinvasion in Human Disease. Viruses 2022; 14:2096. [PMID: 36298652 PMCID: PMC9611789 DOI: 10.3390/v14102096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many arboviruses, including viruses of the Flavivirus genera, are known to cause severe neurological disease in humans, often with long-lasting, debilitating sequalae in surviving patients. These emerging pathogens impact millions of people worldwide, yet still relatively little is known about the exact mechanisms by which they gain access to the human central nervous system. This review focusses on potential haematogenous and transneural routes of neuroinvasion employed by flaviviruses and identifies numerous gaps in knowledge, especially regarding lesser-studied interfaces of possible invasion such as the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and novel routes such as the gut-brain axis. The complex balance of pro-inflammatory and antiviral immune responses to viral neuroinvasion and pathology is also discussed, especially in the context of the hypothesised Trojan horse mechanism of neuroinvasion. A greater understanding of the routes and mechanisms of arboviral neuroinvasion, and how they differ between viruses, will aid in predictive assessments of the neuroinvasive potential of new and emerging arboviruses, and may provide opportunity for attenuation, development of novel intervention strategies and rational vaccine design for highly neurovirulent arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhang YG, Chen HW, Zhang HX, Wang K, Su J, Chen YR, Wang XR, Fu ZF, Cui M. EGFR Activation Impairs Antiviral Activity of Interferon Signaling in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells During Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:894356. [PMID: 35847084 PMCID: PMC9279666 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.894356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) is thought to be a critical step to induce viral encephalitis with compromised blood–brain barrier (BBB), and the mechanisms involved in this process are not completely understood. In this study, we found that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is related to JEV escape from interferon-related host innate immunity based on a STRING analysis of JEV-infected primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) and mouse brain. At the early phase of the infection processes, JEV induced the phosphorylation of EGFR. In JEV-infected hBMECs, a rapid internalization of EGFR that co-localizes with the endosomal marker EEA1 occurred. Using specific inhibitors to block EGFR, reduced production of viral particles was observed. Similar results were also found in an EGFR-KO hBMEC cell line. Even though the process of viral infection in attachment and entry was not noticeably influenced, the induction of IFNs in EGFR-KO hBMECs was significantly increased, which may account for the decreased viral production. Further investigation demonstrated that EGFR downstream cascade ERK, but not STAT3, was involved in the antiviral effect of IFNs, and a lowered viral yield was observed by utilizing the specific inhibitor of ERK. Taken together, the results revealed that JEV induces EGFR activation, leading to a suppression of interferon signaling and promotion of viral replication, which could provide a potential target for future therapies for the JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao-Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Su
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Ru Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang-Ru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen-Fang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Min Cui
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Zou SS, Zou QC, Xiong WJ, Cui NY, Wang K, Liu HX, Lou WJ, Higazy D, Zhang YG, Cui M. Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell-Derived HMGB1 Facilitates Monocyte Adhesion and Transmigration to Promote JEV Neuroinvasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:701820. [PMID: 34532298 PMCID: PMC8439198 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.701820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) induces high morbidity and mortality, including potentially permanent neurological sequelae. However, the mechanisms by which viruses cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and invade into the central nervous system (CNS) remain unclear. Here, we show that extracellular HMGB1 facilitates immune cell transmigration. Furthermore, the migration of immune cells into the CNS dramatically increases during JEV infection which may enhance viral clearance, but paradoxically expedite the onset of Japanese encephalitis (JE). In this study, brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) were utilized for the detection of HMGB1 release, and leucocyte, adhesion, and the integrity of the BBB in vitro. Genetically modified JEV-expressing EGFP (EGFP-JEV) and the BBB model were established to trace JEV-infected immune cell transmigration, which mimics the process of viral neuroinfection. We find that JEV causes HMGB1 release from BMECs while increasing adhesion molecules. Recombinant HMGB1 enhances leukocyte-endothelium adhesion, facilitating JEV-infected monocyte transmigration across endothelia. Thus, JEV successfully utilizes infected monocytes to spread into the brain, expanding inside of the brain, and leading to the acceleration of JE onset, which was facilitated by HMGB1. HMGB1-promoted monocyte transmigration may represent the mechanism of JEV neuroinvasion, revealing potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Song Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing-Cui Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Jing Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning-Yi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao-Xuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Juan Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Doaa Higazy
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
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9
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Taftaf R, Liu X, Singh S, Jia Y, Dashzeveg NK, Hoffmann AD, El-Shennawy L, Ramos EK, Adorno-Cruz V, Schuster EJ, Scholten D, Patel D, Zhang Y, Davis AA, Reduzzi C, Cao Y, D'Amico P, Shen Y, Cristofanilli M, Muller WA, Varadan V, Liu H. ICAM1 initiates CTC cluster formation and trans-endothelial migration in lung metastasis of breast cancer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4867. [PMID: 34381029 PMCID: PMC8358026 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters mediate metastasis at a higher efficiency and are associated with lower overall survival in breast cancer compared to single cells. Combining single-cell RNA sequencing and protein analyses, here we report the profiles of primary tumor cells and lung metastases of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). ICAM1 expression increases by 200-fold in the lung metastases of three TNBC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). Depletion of ICAM1 abrogates lung colonization of TNBC cells by inhibiting homotypic tumor cell-tumor cell cluster formation. Machine learning-based algorithms and mutagenesis analyses identify ICAM1 regions responsible for homophilic ICAM1-ICAM1 interactions, thereby directing homotypic tumor cell clustering, as well as heterotypic tumor-endothelial adhesion for trans-endothelial migration. Moreover, ICAM1 promotes metastasis by activating cellular pathways related to cell cycle and stemness. Finally, blocking ICAM1 interactions significantly inhibits CTC cluster formation, tumor cell transendothelial migration, and lung metastasis. Therefore, ICAM1 can serve as a novel therapeutic target for metastasis initiation of TNBC. Circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters are more efficient at mediating metastasis as compared to single cells and are associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. Here, the authors show that ICAM1 is enriched in CTC clusters and its loss suppresses cell-cell interaction and CTC cluster formation, and propose ICAM1 as a therapeutic target for treating breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokana Taftaf
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Driskill Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Salendra Singh
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yuzhi Jia
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nurmaa K Dashzeveg
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew D Hoffmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lamiaa El-Shennawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erika K Ramos
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Driskill Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Valery Adorno-Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emma J Schuster
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Driskill Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Scholten
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Driskill Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dhwani Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Youbin Zhang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew A Davis
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Carolina Reduzzi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Paolo D'Amico
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - William A Muller
- Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vinay Varadan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Huiping Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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10
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Sharma KB, Vrati S, Kalia M. Pathobiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 81:100994. [PMID: 34274157 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus, spread by the bite of carrier Culex mosquitoes. The subsequent disease caused is Japanese encephalitis (JE), which is the leading global cause of virus-induced encephalitis. The disease is predominant in the entire Asia-Pacific region with the potential of global spread. JEV is highly neuroinvasive with symptoms ranging from mild fever to severe encephalitis and death. One-third of JE infections are fatal, and half of the survivors develop permanent neurological sequelae. Disease prognosis is determined by a series of complex and intertwined signaling events dictated both by the virus and the host. All flaviviruses, including JEV replicate in close association with ER derived membranes by channelizing the protein and lipid components of the ER. This leads to activation of acute stress responses in the infected cell-oxidative stress, ER stress, and autophagy. The host innate immune and inflammatory responses also enter the fray, the components of which are inextricably linked to the cellular stress responses. These are especially crucial in the periphery for dendritic cell maturation and establishment of adaptive immunity. The pathogenesis of JEV is a combination of direct virus induced neuronal cell death and an uncontrolled neuroinflammatory response. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the JEV life cycle and how the cellular stress responses dictate the pathobiology and resulting immune response. We also deliberate on how modulation of these stress pathways could be a potential strategy to develop therapeutic interventions, and define the persisting challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bala Sharma
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.
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11
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Khou C, Díaz-Salinas MA, da Costa A, Préhaud C, Jeannin P, Afonso PV, Vignuzzi M, Lafon M, Pardigon N. Comparative analysis of neuroinvasion by Japanese encephalitis virulent and vaccine viral strains in an in vitro model of human blood-brain barrier. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252595. [PMID: 34086776 PMCID: PMC8177624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the major cause of viral encephalitis in South East Asia. It has been suggested that, as a consequence of the inflammatory process during JEV infection, there is disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) tight junctions that in turn allows the virus access to the central nervous system (CNS). However, what happens at early times of JEV contact with the BBB is poorly understood. In the present work, we evaluated the ability of both a virulent and a vaccine strain of JEV (JEV RP9 and SA14-14-2, respectively) to cross an in vitro human BBB model. Using this system, we demonstrated that both JEV RP9 and SA14-14-2 are able to cross the BBB without disrupting it at early times post viral addition. Furthermore, we find that almost 10 times more RP9 infectious particles than SA14-14 cross the model BBB, indicating this BBB model discriminates between the virulent RP9 and the vaccine SA14-14-2 strains of JEV. Beyond contributing to the understanding of early events in JEV neuroinvasion, we demonstrate this in vitro BBB model can be used as a system to study the viral determinants of JEV neuroinvasiveness and the molecular mechanisms by which this flavivirus crosses the BBB during early times of neuroinvasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Khou
- Unité de Recherche et d’Expertise Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Groupe Arbovirus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marco Aurelio Díaz-Salinas
- Unité de Recherche et d’Expertise Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Groupe Arbovirus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Anaelle da Costa
- Unité de Neuro-Immunologie Virale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Patricia Jeannin
- Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Philippe V. Afonso
- Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Unité des Populations Virales et Pathogenèse, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Monique Lafon
- Unité de Neuro-Immunologie Virale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Pardigon
- Unité de Recherche et d’Expertise Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Groupe Arbovirus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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12
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Liu YG, Chen Y, Wang X, Zhao P, Zhu Y, Qi Z. Ezrin is essential for the entry of Japanese encephalitis virus into the human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:1330-1341. [PMID: 32538298 PMCID: PMC7473060 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1757388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) remains the predominant cause of viral encephalitis worldwide. It reaches the central nervous system upon crossing the blood-brain barrier through pathogenic mechanisms that are not completely understood. Here, using a high-throughput siRNA screening assay combined with verification experiments, we found that JEV enters the primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) through a caveolae-mediated endocytic pathway. The role of ezrin, an essential host factor for JEV entry based on our screening, in caveolae-mediated JEV internalization was investigated. We observed that JEV internalization in HBMEC is largely dependent on ezrin-mediated actin cytoskeleton polymerization. Moreover, Src, a protein predicted by a STRING database search, was found to be required in JEV entry. By a variety of pharmacological inhibition and immunoprecipitation assays, we found that Src, ezrin, and caveolin-1 were sequentially activated and formed a complex during JEV infection. A combination of in vitro kinase assay and subcellular analysis demonstrated that ezrin is essential for Src-caveolin-1 interactions. In vivo, both Src and ezrin inhibitors protected ICR suckling mice against JEV-induced mortality and diminished mouse brain viral load. Therefore, JEV entry into HBMEC requires the activation of the Src-ezrin-caveolin-1 signalling axis, which provides potential targets for restricting JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Gang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,College of Basic Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University Shanghai), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,College of Basic Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University Shanghai), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhe Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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13
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Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB), which protects the CNS from pathogens, is composed of specialized brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) joined by tight junctions and ensheathed by pericytes and astrocyte endfeet. The stability of the BBB structure and function is of great significance for the maintenance of brain homeostasis. When a neurotropic virus invades the CNS via a hematogenous or non-hematogenous route, it may cause structural and functional disorders of the BBB, and also activate the BBB anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory innate immune response. This article focuses on the structural and functional changes that occur in the three main components of the BBB (endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes) in response to infection with neurotropic viruses transmitted by hematogenous routes, and also briefly describes the supportive effect of three cells on the BBB under normal physiological conditions. For example, all three types of cells express several PRRs, which can quickly sense the virus and make corresponding immune responses. The pro-inflammatory immune response will exacerbate the destruction of the BBB, while the anti-inflammatory immune response, based on type I IFN, consolidates the stability of the BBB. Exploring the details of the interaction between the host and the pathogen at the BBB during neurotropic virus infection will help to propose new treatments for viral encephalitis. Enhancing the defense function of the BBB, maintaining the integrity of the BBB, and suppressing the pro-inflammatory immune response of the BBB provide more ideas for limiting the neuroinvasion of neurotropic viruses. In the future, these new treatments are expected to cooperate with traditional antiviral methods to improve the therapeutic effect of viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, People's Republic of China
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14
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Interferon-λ Attenuates Rabies Virus Infection by Inducing Interferon-Stimulated Genes and Alleviating Neurological Inflammation. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040405. [PMID: 32268591 PMCID: PMC7232327 DOI: 10.3390/v12040405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies, caused by rabies virus (RABV), is a fatal neurological disease that still causes more than 59,000 human deaths each year. Type III interferon IFN-λs are cytokines with type I IFN-like antiviral activities. Although IFN-λ can restrict the infection for some viruses, especially intestinal viruses, the inhibitory effect against RABV infection remains undefined. In this study, the function of type III IFN against RABV infection was investigated. Initially, we found that IFN-λ2 and IFN-λ3 could inhibit RABV replication in cells. To characterize the role of IFN-λ in RABV infection in a mouse model, recombinant RABVs expressing murine IFN-λ2 or IFN-λ3, termed as rB2c-IFNλ2 or rB2c-IFNλ3, respectively, were constructed and rescued. It was found that expression of IFN-λ could reduce the pathogenicity of RABV and limit viral spread in the brains by different infection routes. Furthermore, expression of IFN-λ could induce the activation of the JAK-STAT pathway, resulting in the production of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). It was also found that rRABVs expressing IFN-λ could reduce the production of inflammatory cytokines in primary astrocytes and microgila cells, restrict the opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and prevent excessive infiltration of inflammatory cells into the brain, which could be responsible for the neuronal damage caused by RABV. Consistently, IFN-λ was found to maintain the integrity of tight junction (TJ) protein ZO-1 of BBB to alleviate neuroinflammation in a transwell model. Our study underscores the role of IFN-λ in inhibiting RABV infection, which potentiates IFN-λ as a possible therapeutic agent for the treatment of RABV infection.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T. Hsieh
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Ashley L. St. John
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Mitoma H, Manto M. Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier During Neuroinflammatory and Neuroinfectious Diseases. NEUROIMMUNE DISEASES 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121618 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-19515-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the organ of highest metabolic demand, utilizing over 25% of total body glucose utilization via an enormous vasculature with one capillary every 73 μm, the brain evolves a barrier at the capillary and postcapillary venules to prevent toxicity during serum fluctuations in metabolites and hormones, to limit brain swelling during inflammation, and to prevent pathogen invasion. Understanding of neuroprotective barriers has since evolved to incorporate the neurovascular unit (NVU), the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, and the presence of CNS lymphatics that allow leukocyte egress. Identification of the cellular and molecular participants in BBB function at the NVU has allowed detailed analyses of mechanisms that contribute to BBB dysfunction in various disease states, which include both autoimmune and infectious etiologies. This chapter will introduce some of the cellular and molecular components that promote barrier function but may be manipulated by inflammatory mediators or pathogens during neuroinflammation or neuroinfectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mitoma
- Medical Education Promotion Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium, Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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17
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Mustafá YM, Meuren LM, Coelho SVA, de Arruda LB. Pathways Exploited by Flaviviruses to Counteract the Blood-Brain Barrier and Invade the Central Nervous System. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:525. [PMID: 30984122 PMCID: PMC6447710 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infection by different flaviviruses may cause severe neurologic syndromes, through pathogenic mechanisms that are still largely unknown. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), West Nile virus (WNV), Zika virus (ZIKV), yellow fever virus (YFV), dengue virus (DENV), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) are believed to reach the central nervous system by a hematogenous route, upon crossing the blood-brain barrier. Although the disruption of BBB during flavivirus infection has been largely evidenced in experimental models, the relevance of BBB breakdown for virus entering the brain was not completely elucidated. In vitro models of BBB had demonstrated that these viruses replicated in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), which induced downregulation of tight junction proteins and increased the permeability of the barrier. Other reports demonstrated that infection of BMECs allowed the basolateral release of infectious particles, without a remarkable cytopathic effect, what might be sufficient for virus invasion. Virus replication and activation of other cells associated to the BBB, mostly astrocytes and microglia, were also reported to affect the endothelial barrier permeability. This event might occur simultaneously or after BMECs infection, being a secondary effect leading to BBB disruption. Importantly, activation of BMECs, astrocytes, and microglia by flaviviruses was associated to the expression and secretion of inflammatory mediators, which are believed to recruit leukocytes to the CNS. The leukocyte infiltrate could further mediate viral invasion through a Trojan horse mechanism and might contribute to BBB breakdown and to neurological alterations. This review discussed the previous studies regarding in vitro and in vivo models of JEV, WNV, ZIKV, YFV, DENV, and TBEV infection and addressed the pathways for BBB overcome and invasion of the CNS described for each virus infection, aiming to increment the knowledge and stimulate further discussion about the role of BBB in the neuropathogenesis of flavivirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Mucunã Mustafá
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lana Monteiro Meuren
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sharton Vinícius Antunes Coelho
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Barros de Arruda
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Chen WY, Chang CY, Li JR, Wang JD, Wu CC, Kuan YH, Liao SL, Wang WY, Chen CJ. Anti-inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects of Fungal Immunomodulatory Protein Involving Microglial Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113678. [PMID: 30469316 PMCID: PMC6274830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia polarization of classical activation state is crucial to the induction of neuroinflammation, and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Fungal immunomodulatory proteins are emerging health-promoting natural substances with multiple pharmacological activities, including immunomodulation. Herein, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective potential of fungal immunomodulatory protein extracted from Ganoderma microsporum (GMI) in an in vitro rodent model of primary cultures. Using primary neuron/glia cultures consisting of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, a GMI showed an alleviating effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-induced inflammatory mediator production and neuronal cell death. The events of neuroprotection caused by GMI were accompanied by the suppression of Nitric Oxide (NO), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, along with the inhibition of microglia activation. Mechanistic studies showed that the suppression of microglia pro-inflammatory polarization by GMI was accompanied by the resolution of oxidative stress, the preservation of protein tyrosine phosphatase and serine/threonine phosphatase activity, and the reduction of NF-κB, AP-1, cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), along with signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat1) transcriptional activities and associated upstream activators. These findings suggest that GMI may have considerable potential towards the treatment of neuroinflammation-mediated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Yi Chang
- Department of Surgery, Feng Yuan Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Jian-Ri Li
- Division of Urology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
| | - Jiaan-Der Wang
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health Care, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Cheng Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
- Department of Financial Engineering, Providence University, Taichung 433, Taiwan.
- Department of Data Science and Big Data Analytics, Providence University, Taichung 433, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Su-Lan Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Yi Wang
- Department of Nursing, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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Baluni M, Fatima T, Zia A, Himanshu Reddy D, Dhole TN. Association of ICAM-1 (K469E) and MCP-1-2518 A > G polymorphism with risk of Japanese encephalitis in North Indian population. Cytokine 2018; 111:420-427. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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20
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Wang K, Wang H, Lou W, Ma L, Li Y, Zhang N, Wang C, Li F, Awais M, Cao S, She R, Fu ZF, Cui M. IP-10 Promotes Blood-Brain Barrier Damage by Inducing Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Production in Japanese Encephalitis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1148. [PMID: 29910805 PMCID: PMC5992377 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis is a neuropathological disorder caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which is characterized by severe pathological neuroinflammation and damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Inflammatory cytokines/chemokines can regulate the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins and are believed to be a leading cause of BBB disruption, but the specific mechanisms remain unclear. IP-10 is the most abundant chemokine produced in the early stage of JEV infection, but its role in BBB disruption is unknown. The administration of IP-10-neutralizing antibody ameliorated the decrease in TJ proteins and restored BBB integrity in JEV-infected mice. In vitro study showed IP-10 and JEV treatment did not directly alter the permeability of the monolayers of endothelial cells. However, IP-10 treatment promoted tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production and IP-10-neutralizing antibody significantly reduced the production of TNF-α. Thus, TNF-α could be a downstream cytokine of IP-10, which decreased TJ proteins and damaged BBB integrity. Further study indicated that JEV infection can stimulate upregulation of the IP-10 receptor CXCR3 on astrocytes, resulting in TNF-α production through the JNK-c-Jun signaling pathway. Consequently, TNF-α affected the expression and cellular distribution of TJs in brain microvascular endothelial cells and led to BBB damage during JEV infection. Regarding regulation of the BBB, the IP-10/TNF-α cytokine axis could be considered a potential target for the development of novel therapeutics in BBB-related neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Haili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjuan Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Longhuan Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunchuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Awais
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Jhang, Jhang, Pakistan
| | - Shengbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruiping She
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,Departments of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
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21
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Patabendige A, Michael BD, Craig AG, Solomon T. Brain microvascular endothelial-astrocyte cell responses following Japanese encephalitis virus infection in an in vitro human blood-brain barrier model. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 89:60-70. [PMID: 29635016 PMCID: PMC5984247 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) remains a leading cause of encephalitis, globally, which continues to grow in importance despite the availability of vaccines. Viral entry into the brain can occur via the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and inflammation at the BBB is a common final pathway in many brain infections. However, the role of the BBB during JEV infection and the contribution of the endothelial and astrocytic cell inflammation in facilitating virus entry into the brain are incompletely understood. We established a BBB model using human brain endothelial cells (HBECs) and human astrocytes. HBECs are polarised, and therefore the model was inoculated by JEV from the apical side to simulate the in vivo situation. The effects of JEV on the BBB permeability and release of inflammatory mediators from both apical and basolateral sides, representing the blood and the brain side respectively were investigated. JEV infected HBECs with limited active virus production, before crossing the BBB and infecting astrocytes. Control of JEV production by HBECs was associated with a significant increase in permeability, and with elevation of many host mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, cellular adhesion molecules, and matrix metalloproteases. When compared to the controls, significantly higher amounts of mediators were released from the apical side as opposed to the basolateral side. The increased release of mediators over time also correlated with increased BBB permeability. Treatment with dexamethasone led to a significant reduction in the release of interleukin 6 (IL6), C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) from the apical side with a reduction in BBB disruption and no change in JEV production. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that JEV infection of the BBB triggers the production of a range of host mediators from both endothelial cells and astrocytes, which control JEV production but disrupt BBB integrity thus allowing virus entry into the brain. Dexamethasone treatment controlled the host response and limited BBB disruption in the model without increasing JEV production, supporting a re-investigation of its use therapeutically. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infects human brain endothelial cells (HBECs). This triggers the production of a range of host mediators from both HBECs and astrocytes. JEV infection adversely affects blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Dexamethasone treatment following JEV infection reduces the inflammation. Dexamethasone restores BBB integrity without increasing the levels of JEV particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adjanie Patabendige
- The Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; The Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.
| | - Benedict D Michael
- The Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK; Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | | | - Tom Solomon
- The Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK
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22
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Chang CY, Li JR, Ou YC, Lin SY, Wang YY, Chen WY, Hu YH, Lai CY, Chang CJ, Chen CJ. Interplay of inflammatory gene expression in pericytes following Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 66:230-243. [PMID: 28690034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a pathological hallmark and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Japanese encephalitis. Although brain pericytes show regulatory effects on neuroinflammation, their involvement in Japanese encephalitis-associated neuroinflammation is not understood. Here, we demonstrated that brain microvascular pericytes could be an alternative cellular source for the induction and/or amplification of neuroinflammation caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. Infection of cultured pericytes with JEV caused profound production of IL-6, RANTES, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Mechanistic studies revealed that JEV infection elicited an elevation of the toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)/MyD88 signaling axis, leading to the activation of NF-κB through IKK signaling and p65 phosphorylation as well as cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) via phosphorylation. We further demonstrated that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) could be an alternative regulator in transducing signals to NF-κB, CREB, and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) through the phosphorylation mechanism. Released IL-6 and RANTES played an active role in the disruption of endothelial barrier integrity and leukocyte chemotaxis, respectively. cPLA2/PGE2 had a role in activating NF-κB and CREB DNA-binding activities and inflammatory cytokine transcription via the EP2/cAMP/PKA mechanism in an autocrine loop. These inflammatory responses and biochemical events were also detected in the brain of JEV-infected mice. The current findings suggest that pericytes might have pathological relevance in Japanese encephalitis-associated neuroinflammation through a TLR7-related mechanism. The consequences of pericyte activation are their ability to initiate and/or amplify inflammatory cytokine expression by which cellular function of endothelial cells and leukocytes are regulated in favor of CNS infiltration by leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Chang
- Department of Surgery, Feng Yuan Hospital, Taichung City 420, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ri Li
- Division of Urology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chuan Ou
- Division of Urology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yi Lin
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yu Wang
- Division of Family Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hui Hu
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Lai
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Jung Chang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung City 406, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan.
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23
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Wang C, Zhang N, Qi L, Yuan J, Wang K, Wang K, Ma S, Wang H, Lou W, Hu P, Awais M, Cao S, Fu ZF, Cui M. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Inhibit T Follicular Helper Cell Immune Response in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3094-3105. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Arai A, Yoshida H, Hayakari R, Matsumiya T, Kawaguchi S, Seya K, Tanaka H, Imaizumi T. Expression of CCL5 is induced by polyinosinic : polycytidylic acid in cultured hCMEC/D3 human brain microvascular endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akine Arai
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki University Faculty of Education; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Hidemi Yoshida
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki University Faculty of Education; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Ryo Hayakari
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki University Faculty of Education; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Tomoh Matsumiya
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki University Faculty of Education; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Shogo Kawaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology ; Hirosaki University Faculty of Education; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seya
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki University Faculty of Education; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics; Hirosaki University Hospital; Hirosaki University Faculty of Education; Hirosaki Japan
- Department of School Health Science; Hirosaki University Faculty of Education; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Tadaatsu Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki University Faculty of Education; Hirosaki Japan
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25
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Lannes N, Summerfield A, Filgueira L. Regulation of inflammation in Japanese encephalitis. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:158. [PMID: 28807053 PMCID: PMC5557552 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Uncontrolled inflammatory response of the central nervous system is a hallmark of severe Japanese encephalitis (JE). Although inflammation is necessary to mount an efficient immune response against virus infections, exacerbated inflammatory response is often detrimental. In this context, cells of the monocytic lineage appear to be important forces driving JE pathogenesis. Main body Brain-infiltrating monocytes, macrophages and microglia play a major role in central nervous system (CNS) inflammation during JE. Moreover, the role of inflammatory monocytes in viral neuroinvasion during JE and mechanisms of cell entry into the CNS remains unclear. The identification of cellular and molecular actors in JE inflammatory responses may help to understand the mechanisms behind excessive inflammation and to develop therapeutics to treat JE patients. This review addresses the current knowledge about mechanisms of virus neuroinvasion, neuroinflammation and therapeutics critical for JE outcome. Conclusion Understanding the regulation of inflammation in JE is challenging. Elucidation of the remaining open questions will help to the development of therapeutic approaches avoiding detrimental inflammatory responses in JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Lannes
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Langassstrasse 122, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, Fribourg, Switzerland
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26
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Al-Obaidi MMJ, Bahadoran A, Har LS, Mui WS, Rajarajeswaran J, Zandi K, Manikam R, Sekaran SD. Japanese encephalitis virus disrupts blood-brain barrier and modulates apoptosis proteins in THBMEC cells. Virus Res 2017; 233:17-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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K Singh S, Kulshreshtha D, K Singh A, K Maurya P, K Thacker A. Acute Encephalitis Syndrome in Adults and Its Correlation with Cytokine Levels in the Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid. Jpn J Infect Dis 2016; 70:374-377. [PMID: 28003589 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2016.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is a major health problem in developing countries including India. Neuronal injury in encephalitis is attributed to direct toxicity from pathogens and proinflammatory cytokines. In this study, we assessed cytokine levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and their correlation with clinical symptoms. In our study, patients with AES for a duration of less than 2 weeks underwent brain imaging followed by CSF analysis for routine parameters and viral studies. We assessed interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) levels in the serum samples of all patients and in 50 CSF samples and compared them with serum cytokine levels of 64 age- and sex-matched controls. Of the 87 AES patients, 13 had Japanese encephalitis (JE). Serum IL-6, IL-10, and RANTES levels were significantly elevated in patients with AES compared with that in controls. Serum IL-10 levels were significantly reduced while RANTES levels were significantly elevated in patients who died. CSF IL-6 and IL-10 levels were significantly elevated in the non-JE group compared with that in JE patients. RANTES levels in the CSF were high in patients who had no seizures. IL-10 exerts its anti-inflammatory effect by modulating the innate and adaptive immune response, thus limiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Higher IL-10 levels were found to be protective in patients with acute encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dinkar Kulshreshtha
- Department of Neurology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences
| | - Ajai K Singh
- Department of Neurology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences
| | - Pradeep K Maurya
- Department of Neurology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences
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28
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Marks FS, Almeida LL, Driemeier D, Canal C, Barcellos DESN, Guimarães JA, Reck J. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) increases the expression of endothelial adhesion/junction molecules. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:870-875. [PMID: 27522934 PMCID: PMC5052378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus disease, a complex multisystem syndrome in domestic pigs. Despite the significant economic losses caused by porcine circovirus disease, the mechanisms of pathogenesis underlying the clinical findings remain largely unclear. As various reports have highlighted the potential key role of vascular lesions in the pathogenesis of porcine circovirus disease, the aim of this work was to investigate effects of PCV2 infection on vascular endothelial cells, focusing on cell viability and expression of adhesion/junction molecules. PCV2 infection reduced endothelial cell viability, while viral infection did not affected the viability of several other classical cell lines. Also, PCV2 infection in endothelial cells displayed a dual/biphasic effect: initially, infection increased ICAM-1 expression, which can favor leukocyte recruitment and emigration to tissues and possibly inducing characteristic porcine circovirus disease inflammatory lesions; then, secondarily, infection caused an increase in zonula occludens 1 tight junction protein (ZO-1) expression, which in turn can result in difficulties for cell traffic across the endothelium and a potential impairment the immune response in peripheral tissues. These virus-induced endothelial changes could directly impact the inflammatory process of porcine circovirus disease and associated vascular/immune system disturbances. Data suggest that, among the wide range of effects induced by PCV2 on the host, endothelial modulation can be a pivotal process which can help to explain PCV2 pathogenesis in some porcine circovirus disease presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura L Almeida
- Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Canal
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - David E S N Barcellos
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jorge A Guimarães
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Centro de Biotecnologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Reck
- Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil.
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29
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Transcriptional regulation of miR-15b by c-Rel and CREB in Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22581. [PMID: 26931521 PMCID: PMC4773857 DOI: 10.1038/srep22581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been well known to play diverse roles in viral infection at the level of posttranscriptional repression. However, much less is understood about the mechanism by which miRNAs are regulated during viral infection. It is likely that both host and virus contain factors to modulate miRNA expression. Here we report the up-regulation of microRNA-15b (miR-15b) in vitro upon infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Analysis of miR-15b precursor, pri-miR-15b and pre-miR-15b, suggest that the regulation occurs transcriptionally. Further, we identified the transcriptional regulatory region of miR-15b that contains consensus binding motif for NF-κB subunit c-Rel and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), which are known as transcription factor to regulate gene expression. By promoter fusion and mutational analyses, we demonstrated that c-Rel and CREB bind directly to the promoter elements of miR-15b, which are responsible for miR-15b transcription in response to JEV infection. Finally, we showed that pharmacological inhibition of ERK and NF-κB signaling pathway blocked induction of miR-15b in JEV infection, suggesting important roles of ERK and NF-κB pathway in the regulation of miR-15b gene. Therefore, our observations indicate that induced expression of miR-15b is modulated by c-Rel and CREB in response to JEV infection.
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Chang CY, Li JR, Ou YC, Chen WY, Liao SL, Raung SL, Hsiao AL, Chen CJ. Enterovirus 71 infection caused neuronal cell death and cytokine expression in cultured rat neural cells. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:789-800. [PMID: 26399559 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fatal enterovirus type-71 (EV71) cases are associated with central nervous system infection characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration and activation, cytokine overproduction, and neuronal cell death. Although EV71 antigen has been detected in neurons and glia, the molecular mechanisms underlying EV71-associated neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death are not fully understood. Using cultured rodent neural cell models, we found that EV71 infection preferentially caused cell death in neurons but not brain-resident immune cells astrocytes and microglia. Neurons, astrocytes, and microglia responded to EV71 infection by releasing distinct profiles of cytokines, including nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and glutamate. EV71 infection-induced neuronal cell death correlated well with the elevated production of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and glutamate as well as activation of microglia. Exogenous addition studies further demonstrated the neurotoxic potential of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and glutamate. EV71 infection-induced cytokine expression was accompanied by activation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and NF-κB. Intriguingly, EV71 susceptibility was accompanied by infection-elevated neuronal human scavenger receptor class B member 2 expression in cultured neural cells with age-dependent manner. Biochemical and pharmacological studies revealed that after EV71 infection, microglia and accompanied cytokines play an active role in triggering bystander damage to neurons involving the tyrosine kinase/MAPKs/NF-κB signaling cascade. These data suggest that bystander damage caused by activated glia particularly the microglia could be an alternative mechanism of EV71-associated neuronal cell death. However, its clinical importance and implication require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Chang
- Department of Surgery, Feng-Yuan Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ri Li
- Division of Urology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chuan Ou
- Division of Urology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Su-Lan Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shue-Ling Raung
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - An-Lu Hsiao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Chang CY, Li JR, Chen WY, Ou YC, Lai CY, Hu YH, Wu CC, Chang CJ, Chen CJ. Disruption of in vitro endothelial barrier integrity by Japanese encephalitis virus-Infected astrocytes. Glia 2015; 63:1915-1932. [PMID: 25959931 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) characteristics are induced and maintained by crosstalk between brain microvascular endothelial cells and neighboring cells. Using in vitro cell models, we previously found that a bystander effect was a cause for Japanese encephalitis-associated endothelial barrier disruption. Brain astrocytes, which neighbor BBB endothelial cells, play roles in the maintenance of BBB integrity. By extending the scope of relevant studies, a potential mechanism has been shown that the activation of neighboring astrocytes could be a cause of disruption of endothelial barrier integrity during the course of Japanese encephalitis viral (JEV) infection. JEV-infected astrocytes were found to release biologically active molecules that activated ubiquitin proteasome, degraded zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-5, and disrupted endothelial barrier integrity in cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells. JEV infection caused astrocytes to release vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2/MMP-9). Our data demonstrated that VEGF and IL-6 released by JEV-infected astrocytes were critical for the proteasomal degradation of ZO-1 and the accompanying disruption of endothelial barrier integrity through the activation of Janus kinase-2 (Jak2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) signaling as well as the induction of ubiquitin-protein ligase E3 component, n-recognin-1 (Ubr 1) in endothelial cells. MMP-induced endothelial barrier disruption was accompanied by MMP-mediated proteolytic degradation of claudin-5 and ubiquitin proteasome-mediated degradation of ZO-1 via extracellular VEGF release. Collectively, these data suggest that JEV infection could activate astrocytes and cause release of VEGF, IL-6, and MMP-2/MMP-9, thereby contributing, in a concerted action, to the induction of Japanese encephalitis-associated BBB breakdown. GLIA 2015;63:1915-1932.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Chang
- Department of Surgery, Fong-Yuan Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ri Li
- Division of Urology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chuan Ou
- Division of Urology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Lai
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hui Hu
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Financial and Computational Mathematics, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Jung Chang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Central Taiwan University of Sciences and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for General Education, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, HungKuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Viral Infection of the Central Nervous System and Neuroinflammation Precede Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection. J Virol 2015; 89:5602-14. [PMID: 25762733 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00143-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Japanese encephalitis is an acute zoonotic, mosquito-borne disease caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Japanese encephalitis is characterized by extensive inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) and disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, the pathogenic mechanisms contributing to the BBB disruption are not known. Here, using a mouse model of intravenous JEV infection, we show that virus titers increased exponentially in the brain from 2 to 5 days postinfection. This was accompanied by an early, dramatic increase in the level of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the brain. Enhancement of BBB permeability, however, was not observed until day 4, suggesting that viral entry and the onset of inflammation in the CNS occurred prior to BBB damage. In vitro studies revealed that direct infection with JEV could not induce changes in the permeability of brain microvascular endothelial cell monolayers. However, brain extracts derived from symptomatic JEV-infected mice, but not from mock-infected mice, induced significant permeability of the endothelial monolayer. Consistent with a role for inflammatory mediators in BBB disruption, the administration of gamma interferon-neutralizing antibody ameliorated the enhancement of BBB permeability in JEV-infected mice. Taken together, our data suggest that JEV enters the CNS, propagates in neurons, and induces the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which result in the disruption of the BBB. IMPORTANCE Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, resulting in 70,000 cases each year, in which approximately 20 to 30% of cases are fatal, and a high proportion of patients survive with serious neurological and psychiatric sequelae. Pathologically, JEV infection causes an acute encephalopathy accompanied by BBB dysfunction; however, the mechanism is not clear. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of BBB disruption in JEV infection is important. Our data demonstrate that JEV gains entry into the CNS prior to BBB disruption. Furthermore, it is not JEV infection per se, but the inflammatory cytokines/chemokines induced by JEV infection that inhibit the expression of TJ proteins and ultimately result in the enhancement of BBB permeability. Neutralization of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) ameliorated the enhancement of BBB permeability in JEV-infected mice, suggesting that IFN-γ could be a potential therapeutic target. This study would lead to identification of potential therapeutic avenues for the treatment of JEV infection.
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Gupta N, Hegde P, Lecerf M, Nain M, Kaur M, Kalia M, Vrati S, Bayry J, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Kaveri SV. Japanese encephalitis virus expands regulatory T cells by increasing the expression of PD-L1 on dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1363-74. [PMID: 24643627 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) pathogenesis need to be thoroughly explored to delineate therapeutic approaches. It is believed that JEV manipulates the innate and adaptive compartments of the host's immune system to evade immune response and cross the blood-brain barrier. The present study was thus designed to investigate the functional modulation of DCs after exposure to JEV and to assess the consequences on CD4(+) T-lymphocyte functions. Human monocyte-derived DCs were either infected with 1 MOI of live virus, UV-inactivated virus, or were mock-infected. Replication-competent JEV induced a significant increase in the expression of maturation markers 48 h postinfection, along with that of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1; also called B7-H1 and CD274). JEV-infected DCs expanded the Treg cells in allogenic mixed lymphocyte reactions. The expansion of Treg cells by JEV-infected DCs was significantly reduced upon blocking PD-L1 using an antagonist. In addition, JEV-infected DCs significantly altered the proliferation and reduced the polarization of Th cells toward the Th1-cell phenotype. The results, for the first time, suggest that JEV evades the host's immune system by modulating the crosstalk between DCs and T lymphocytes via the PD-L1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimesh Gupta
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, UMR S 1138, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 1138, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, Paris, France
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Kant Upadhyay R. Biomarkers in Japanese encephalitis: a review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:591290. [PMID: 24455705 PMCID: PMC3878288 DOI: 10.1155/2013/591290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
JE is a flavivirus generated dreadful CNS disease which causes high mortality in various pediatric groups. JE disease is currently diagnosed by measuring the level of viral antigens and virus neutralization IgM antibodies in blood serum and CSF by ELISA. However, it is not possible to measure various disease-identifying molecules, structural and molecular changes occurred in tissues, and cells by using such routine methods. However, few important biomarkers such as cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, neuro-imaging, brain mapping, immunotyping, expression of nonstructural viral proteins, systematic mRNA profiling, DNA and protein microarrays, active caspase-3 activity, reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, levels of stress-associated signaling molecules, and proinflammatory cytokines could be used to confirm the disease at an earlier stage. These biomarkers may also help to diagnose mutant based environment specific alterations in JEV genotypes causing high pathogenesis and have immense future applications in diagnostics. There is an utmost need for the development of new more authentic, appropriate, and reliable physiological, immunological, biochemical, biophysical, molecular, and therapeutic biomarkers to confirm the disease well in time to start the clinical aid to the patients. Hence, the present review aims to discuss new emerging biomarkers that could facilitate more authentic and fast diagnosis of JE disease and its related disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kant Upadhyay
- Department of Zoology, D. D. U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh 273009, India
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Shwetank, Date OS, Kim KS, Manjunath R. Infection of human endothelial cells by Japanese encephalitis virus: increased expression and release of soluble HLA-E. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79197. [PMID: 24236107 PMCID: PMC3827286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a single stranded RNA virus that infects the central nervous system leading to acute encephalitis in children. Alterations in brain endothelial cells have been shown to precede the entry of this flavivirus into the brain, but infection of endothelial cells by JEV and their consequences are still unclear. Productive JEV infection was established in human endothelial cells leading to IFN-β and TNF-α production. The MHC genes for HLA-A, -B, -C and HLA-E antigens were upregulated in human brain microvascular endothelial cells, the endothelial-like cell line, ECV 304 and human foreskin fibroblasts upon JEV infection. We also report the release/shedding of soluble HLA-E (sHLA-E) from JEV infected human endothelial cells for the first time. This shedding of sHLA-E was blocked by an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). In addition, MMP-9, a known mediator of HLA solubilisation was upregulated by JEV. In contrast, human fibroblasts showed only upregulation of cell-surface HLA-E. Addition of UV inactivated JEV-infected cell culture supernatants stimulated shedding of sHLA-E from uninfected ECV cells indicating a role for soluble factors/cytokines in the shedding process. Antibody mediated neutralization of TNF-α as well as IFNAR receptor together not only resulted in inhibition of sHLA-E shedding from uninfected cells, it also inhibited HLA-E and MMP-9 gene expression in JEV-infected cells. Shedding of sHLA-E was also observed with purified TNF-α and IFN-β as well as the dsRNA analog, poly (I:C). Both IFN-β and TNF-α further potentiated the shedding when added together. The role of soluble MHC antigens in JEV infection is hitherto unknown and therefore needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwetank
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Onkar S. Date
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kwang S. Kim
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Infection of pericytes in vitro by Japanese encephalitis virus disrupts the integrity of the endothelial barrier. J Virol 2013; 88:1150-61. [PMID: 24198423 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02738-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Though the compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a pathological hallmark of Japanese encephalitis-associated neurological sequelae, the underlying mechanisms and the specific cell types involved are not understood. BBB characteristics are induced and maintained by cross talk between brain microvascular endothelial cells and neighboring elements of the neurovascular unit. In this study, we show a potential mechanism of disruption of endothelial barrier integrity during the course of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection through the activation of neighboring pericytes. We found that cultured brain pericytes were susceptible to JEV infection but were without signs of remarkable cytotoxicity. JEV-infected pericytes were found to release biologically active molecules which activated ubiquitin proteasome, degraded zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and disrupted endothelial barrier integrity in cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells. Infection of pericytes with JEV was found to elicit elevated production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), which contributed to the aforementioned endothelial changes. We further demonstrated that ubiquitin-protein ligase E3 component n-recognin-1 (Ubr 1) was a key upstream regulator which caused proteasomal degradation of ZO-1 downstream of IL-6 signaling. During JEV central nervous system trafficking, endothelial cells rather than pericytes are directly exposed to cell-free viruses in the peripheral bloodstream. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that subsequent to primary infection of endothelial cells, JEV infection of pericytes might contribute to the initiation and/or augmentation of Japanese encephalitis-associated BBB breakdown in concerted action with other unidentified barrier disrupting factors.
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Agrawal T, Sharvani V, Nair D, Medigeshi GR. Japanese encephalitis virus disrupts cell-cell junctions and affects the epithelial permeability barrier functions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69465. [PMID: 23894488 PMCID: PMC3722119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a neurotropic flavivirus, which causes viral encephalitis leading to death in about 20-30% of severely-infected people. Although JEV is known to be a neurotropic virus its replication in non-neuronal cells in peripheral tissues is likely to play a key role in viral dissemination and pathogenesis. We have investigated the effect of JEV infection on cellular junctions in a number of non-neuronal cells. We show that JEV affects the permeability barrier functions in polarized epithelial cells at later stages of infection. The levels of some of the tight and adherens junction proteins were reduced in epithelial and endothelial cells and also in hepatocytes. Despite the induction of antiviral response, barrier disruption was not mediated by secreted factors from the infected cells. Localization of tight junction protein claudin-1 was severely perturbed in JEV-infected cells and claudin-1 partially colocalized with JEV in intracellular compartments and targeted for lysosomal degradation. Expression of JEV-capsid alone significantly affected the permeability barrier functions in these cells. Our results suggest that JEV infection modulates cellular junctions in non-neuronal cells and compromises the permeability barrier of epithelial and endothelial cells which may play a role in viral dissemination in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Agrawal
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon, India
| | - Vats Sharvani
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon, India
| | - Deepa Nair
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon, India
| | - Guruprasad R. Medigeshi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon, India
- * E-mail:
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