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Lokesh J, Siriyappagouder P, Fernandes JMO. Unravelling the temporal and spatial variation of fungal phylotypes from embryo to adult stages in Atlantic salmon. Sci Rep 2024; 14:981. [PMID: 38200059 PMCID: PMC10781754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50883-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Early microbial colonization has a profound impact on host physiology during different stages of ontogeny. Although several studies have focused on early bacterial colonization and succession, the composition and role of fungal communities are poorly known in fish. Here, we sequenced the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of fungi to profile the mycobiome associated with the eggs, hatchlings and intestine of Atlantic salmon at various freshwater and marine stages. In most of the stages studied, fungal diversity was lower than bacterial diversity. There were several stage-specific fungal phylotypes belonging to different stages of ontogeny but some groups, such as Candida tropicalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Alternaria metachromatica, Davidiella tassiana and Humicola nigrescens, persisted during successive stages of ontogeny. We observed significant changes in the intestinal fungal communities during the first feeding. Prior to first feeding, Humicola nigrescens dominated, but Saccharomyces cerevisiae (10 weeks post hatch) and Candida tropicalis (12 weeks post hatch) became dominant subsequently. Seawater transfer resulted in a decrease in alpha diversity and an increase in Candida tropicalis abundance. We also observed notable variations in beta diversity and composition between the different farms. Overall, the present study sheds light on the fungal communities of Atlantic salmon from early ontogeny to adulthood. These novel findings will also be useful in future studies investigating host-microbiota interactions in the context of developing better nutritional and health management strategies for Atlantic salmon farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jep Lokesh
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA. INRAE, NUMEA, Saint-Pée-Sur-Nivelle, France.
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Huang Y, Yu C, Sun C, Saleem M, Li P, Li B, Wang C. β-Glucosidase VmGlu2 Contributes to the Virulence of Valsa mali in Apple Tree. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:695112. [PMID: 34394036 PMCID: PMC8361449 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.695112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The apple tree canker is caused by Valsa mali, which produces major pathogenic factors involving multiple cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) and toxins. The β-glucosidases are among the main CWDEs, and thus, they play important roles in the virulence of necrotrophic pathogens. However, the specific roles of β-glucosidases in the virulence of V. mlai remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified a β-glucosidase gene, VmGlu2, which was upregulated during the V. mali infection. We found that VmGlu2 protein had high enzyme activity of β-glucosidase using p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) as a substrate, while the VmGlu2 could convert phloridzin to phloretin with the release of glucose. The deletion and overexpression of VmGlu2 showed no effect on vegetative growth, but gene deletion mutants of V. mlai showed significantly reduced pycnidia formation. The gene deletion mutants had lower β-glucosidase activities and toxin levels as compared to the wild-type strain. Therefore, these mutants showed a reduced virulence. Moreover, the overexpression of VmGlu2 did not affect toxin levels, but it significantly enhanced β-glucosidase activities, which resulted in an increased pathogenicity. Thus, we conclude that VmGlu2 is required for the full virulence of V. mali. These results provide valuable evidence to the complex role of CWDEs in the fungal pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunlei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cuicui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Pingliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baohua Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Marden CL, McDonald R, Schreier HJ, Watts JEM. Investigation into the fungal diversity within different regions of the gastrointestinal tract of Panaque nigrolineatus, a wood-eating fish. AIMS Microbiol 2017; 3:749-761. [PMID: 29152603 PMCID: PMC5687512 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2017.4.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Amazonian catfish, Panaque nigrolineatus have several physiological adaptions enabling the scraping and consumption of wood (xylivory), facilitating a detritivorous dietary strategy. Composed of lignocellulose, wood is a difficult substrate to degrade and as yet, it is unclear whether the fish obtains any direct nutritional benefits from wood ingestion and degradation. However, there are numerous systems that rely on microbial symbioses to provide energy and other nutritional benefits for host organisms via lignocellulose decomposition. While previous studies on the microbial community of P. nigrolineatus have focused upon the bacterial population, the role of fungi in lignocellulose degradation in the fish has not yet been examined. This study describes the detection of fungi within the fish gastrointestinal tract. Using next generation sequencing, the effects of diet on enteric fungal populations were examined in each gastrointestinal tract region. Fungal species were found to vary in different regions of the gastrointestinal tract as a function of diet. This study is the first to examine the fungal community in a xylivorous fish and results support the hypothesis that diet influences fungal distribution and diversity within the gastrointestinal tract of P. nigrolineatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Marden
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK
| | - Ryan McDonald
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harold J Schreier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joy E M Watts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK
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Isolation of Phytase Producing Bacteria and Optimization of Phytase Production Parameters. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.6419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Awad GEA, Helal MMI, Danial EN, Esawy MA. Optimization of phytase production by Penicillium purpurogenum GE1 under solid state fermentation by using Box-Behnken design. Saudi J Biol Sci 2013; 21:81-8. [PMID: 24596503 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytase production by Penicillium purpurogenum GE1 isolated from soil around bean root nodules was investigated by solid state fermentation (SSF) using mixed substrates consisted of corn cob and corn bran. The SSF conditions were optimized by using one-variable-at-a-time strategy. The optimum conditions for phytase production were at 27 °C, pH 8 and 66% moisture content. The study of different carbon and nitrogen sources revealed that glucose and peptone registered the highest enzyme productivity (92 ± 5.6 U/g ds, 125 ± 4.9 U/g ds). Among different surfactants, maximum phytase productivity was observed with Tween 80 at 0.001 concentrations (170 ± 4.2 U/g ds). A Box-Behnken design was employed to investigate the optimization of the most significant variables affecting the enzyme production. Maximal phytase production was detected after the addition of (g/5 g ds): 0.75 glucose, 0.375 peptone and 0, 01 tween 80. This result represented an improvement in phytase production of 2.6 folds when compared to that previously obtained using the basal medium under the same cultivation conditions. The generated model was found to be very adequate for phytase production (90% accuracy) as the experimental value was 444 ± 3.5 U/g ds compared to 401 U/g ds for the predicted value. In brief, the production of phytase using corn cob and corn bran is a novel and cheap way for the production of this important enzyme and opens a new way for researchers to discover and explore this arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada E A Awad
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M I Helal
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Enas N Danial
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt ; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Girls Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona A Esawy
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Petrova S, Andreev A, Bakalova N, Benadova R, Kolev D. Purification and Biochemical Characteristics of β-Glucosidase from Aspergillus Awamori K-1. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2002.10819160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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de Palma-Fernandez ER, Gomes E, da Silva R. Purification and characterization of two beta-glucosidases from the thermophilic fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2002; 47:685-90. [PMID: 12630320 DOI: 10.1007/bf02818672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
beta-Glucosidase from the fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus grown on semi-solid fermentation medium (using ground corncob as substrate) was partially purified in 5 steps--ultrafiltration, ethanol precipitation, gel filtration and 2 anion exchange chromatography runs, and characterized. After the first anion exchange chromatography, beta-glucosidase activity was eluted in 3 peaks (Gl-1, Gl-2, Gl-3). Only the Gl-2 and Gl-3 fractions were adsorbed on the gel matrix. Gl-2 and Gl-3 exhibited optimum pH at 4.5 and 4.0, respectively. The temperature optimum of both glucosidases was at 75-80 degrees C. The pH stability of Gl-2 (4.0-9.0) was higher than Gl-3 (5.5-8.5); both enzyme activities showed similar patterns of thermostability. Under conditions of denaturing gel chromatography the molar mass of Gl-2 and Gl-3 was 175 and 157 kDa, respectively. Using 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside as substrate, Km values of 1.17 +/- 0.35 and 1.38 +/- 0.86 mmol/L were determined for Gl-2 and Gl-3, respectively. Both enzymes were inhibited by Ag+ and stimulated by Ca2+.
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